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Boana platanera sp. nov. La Marca, Escalona, Castellanos, Rojas-Runjaic, Crawford, Señaris, Fouquet, Giaretta, and Castroviejo-Fisher (Figs. 2, 4–6, 8J, 10) Suggested common name: Banana tree dwelling frog (rana platanera, in Spanish). Boana xerophylla —populations north of the Orinoco River, Dubois (2017); Rojas-Runjaic & Infante-Rivero (2018); populations north of the Orinoco River, Barrio-Amorós et al. (2019); populations north of the Orinoco River, Escalona et al. (2019a); Cañizales (2020). Hypsiboas xerophyllus —populations north of the Orinoco River, Orrico et al. (2017). Hypsiboas crepitans —populations north of the Orinoco River, Faivovich et al. (2005); populations north of the Orinoco River, Köhler (2010); Lehtinen (2014); Guarnizo et al. (2015). Hyla crepitans — Lutz (1927); Shreve (1947); Alemán (1953); Ginés (1959); Röhl (1959); Rivero (1961); Fouquette (1966); Solano de Chacín (1968); Kenny (1969); populations north of the Orinoco River, Duellman (1970, 1997, 2001); populations north of the Orinoco River, Cochran & Goin (1970); Donoso-Barros & León (1972); Yústiz (1976); Kluge (1979); La Marca (1992); Kime et al. (2000); Lynch & Vargas Ramírez (2000); Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga (2001); Bernal et al. (2004); Nava (2005); populations from Colombia and Panama, Vanzolini & Myers (2015). Holotype. Adult male, ULABG 7758 (field number MES 018; Figs. 2, 4), from 2 km of La Soledad, on the road from Barinitas to Santo Domingo, Barinas state, Venezuela (08º48’26’’ N, 70º30’46’’ W [datum: WGS 84]; 947 m asl; Fig. 7A), collected by Enrique La Marca, Moisés Escalona, and Iván Mendoza, on June 13, 2012. Paratypes. Three adult male specimens, ULABG 7759–7761, topotypes, same data as holotype (Fig. 5). Three adult male specimens, ULABG 7762–7764, from La Soledad, Barinas state, Venezuela (08º48’35’’ N, 70º31’31’’ W [datum: WGS 84] 980 m asl), collected by Enrique La Marca, Moisés Escalona, and Iván Mendoza, on June 13, 2012. Referred specimens. Up to 497 specimens were used to assess the genetic and phenotypic variation, although they are not included in the type series. In addition, we analyzed the calls of eleven non-vouchered specimens. See Appendices 1–3 for details. Generic placement. The new species is assigned to Boana, within the B. faber group (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005), based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1). Definition. The new species is defined by the combination of the following characters: (1) moderately large size, snout-vent length (SVL) 54.33–74.74 mm in females (n = 76) and 46.57–63.34 mm in males (n = 195); (2) head narrower than body, flat in dorsal view; (3) snout truncated (slightly rounded in some individuals) in dorsal and lateral view; nostrils protuberant; (4) horizontal pupil; first half of palpebral membrane densely pigmented with black dots; (5) supratympanic fold extents posteriorly from posterior eye corner and slopes downward to a point above arm insertion; (6) distance between tympanum and eye equal to or shorter than half tympanum diameter; (7) forearm relatively more robust than arm; fingers moderately long and slender with large rounded discs; (8) adult males with prepollical spine, protruding through distal end in some cases; (9) hand-web formula I 0–0 II (1–1 +)– (1–1 +) III 1.5–(2 - –2 +) IV; (10) foot-web formula I 1.5–1 + II (2 - –2 +)–(2–3 -) III 3–(2 - –3 -) IV (3–3 -)–(3 - –3 +) V; (11) cloacal opening at thighs upper level, with supracloacal fold directed posteriorly; pericloacal region dark-brown with a white-colored crenulated supracloacal fold; (12) skin areolate on throat, chest, belly, and ventral surfaces of thighs; (13) dorsal skin smooth, slightly granulated on flanks; (14) poorly developed ulnar fold extending along finger IV external side; (15) tarsal fold poorly evident; (16) calcars absent; (17) adult males with vocal sac single, median, subgular, and moderately distensible (Fig. 6H); (18) dorsal coloration is variable at night, from almost uniform pale yellowish ocher, reddish brown, to conspicuously marbled with more or less well-defined dark-brown marks, and an irregular or broad X-shaped on the mid dorsum (Fig. 6); (19) in preservative, palms and soles pale cream-colored, hand and foot webs cream with dark brown flecks, especially on foot. Diagnosis. Character states of compared species are given in parentheses. Boana platanera is sister of B. xerophylla (Fig. 1) and it can be diagnosed from the latter by the following combination of adult male characters: a pale orange-yellow or light brown coloration on dorsum (dark brown to green tones; Fig. 8I, J); presence of black or dark brown speckles in the anterior half of the palpebral membrane (absent; Fig. 9); pericloacal region dark brown (cream); advertisement call with shorter, 28−71 ms, first note length (79–124 ms in call type I and 85−110 ms in call type II), composed of five notes (one note in call type I). Although not diagnostic, the following characters may help to differentiate both species: the new species has a statistically significant larger body (46.57–63.34 mm) than B. xerophylla (45.13–56.71 mm) (Table 2 in Escalona et al. 2019a); in preservative, the gular region is cream with dark brown or black flecks near to the jaw border (cream and sometimes with few dark brown speckles on the border of the jaw; Fig. 9); advertisement call with statistically significant longer pulse interval (11−23 ms) than B. xerophylla (12–14 ms in call type I and 11−14 ms in call type II); statistically significant longer second phase length (137−312 ms) than B. xerophylla (73−150 ms in call type II). Boana platanera is sympatric with B. pugnax in lowland western and central Venezuela, as well as some regions in Colombia and Panama. The new species is distinguished from B. pugnax by having a pale orange-yellow or light brown coloration on dorsum (dark-brown to dark-grey tones; Fig. 8G, J); the anterior half of the palpebral membrane densely pigmented (poorly pigmented); dorsal surfaces of finger and toe discs usually cream, when pigmented, pale gray (dark); calcar absent (poorly developed); a complex advertisement call composed of five notes (simple call of one note). Although not diagnostic, B. platanera is distinguished from B. pugnax by having a statistically significant smaller body (males: B. platanera: 46.57–63.34 mm; B. pugnax: 55.85–74.80 mm [sample from western Venezuela]; Table 4); and a statistically significant longer advertisement call (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. pugnax: 156–258 ms). The new species differs from Boana crepitans by having a pale orange-yellow or light brown coloration on dorsum (gray-cream tones to dark brown; Fig. 8H, J); advertisement call composed of five notes (two notes). Although not diagnostic, the new species has a statistically significant shorter ETD (eye to tympanum distance; B. platanera: 0.96–2.78 mm) than B. crepitans (1.99–3.29 mm) (Tables 1–2 in Escalona et al. 2019a); statistically significant shorter advertisement call (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. crepitans: 368−473 ms), with a statistically significant shorter second phase (B. platanera: 137−312 ms; B. crepitans: 278−367 ms) (Tables 2, 3 in Escalona et al. 2019a). Boana platanera differs from B. rosenbergi by having a smooth dorsum, thighs, and flanks (rough or with tubercles in at least one of these regions; Fig. 8F, J); smaller body size (males: B. platanera: 46.57–63.34 mm; B. rosenbergi: 75.55–83.98 mm); presence of black dots on anterior half of the palpebral membrane (absent); ulnar fold smooth (slightly crenulated); and a complex advertisement call (simple in B. rosenbergi) with shorter duration (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. rosenbergi: 551–759 ms) (Table 2). The new species differs from Boana exastis by having a smooth dorsum, thighs, and flanks (rough or with tubercles in at least one of these regions; Fig. 8D, J); smaller body size (males: B. platanera: 46.57–63.34 mm; B. exastis: 81.1–99.0 mm); presence of black dots on anterior half of the palpebral membrane (absent); poorly-defined dermal fringes on limbs (crenulated dermal fringes), less webbing in hands and feet (more extensive webbing in hands and feet), absence of cloacal plate (presence); absence of calcars (presence); complex advertisement call (simple in B. exastis), with shorter duration (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. exastis: 807–1229 ms) (Table 2). Boana platanera differs from B. lundii by having a smooth dorsum, thighs, and flanks (rough or with tubercles in at least one of these regions; Fig. 8E, J); presence of black dots on anterior half of the palpebral membrane (absence); poorly-defined dermal fringes on limbs (well defined); less webbing in hands and feet (more webbing in hands and feet); absence of calcars (presence); complex advertisement call (simple), with shorter duration (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. lundii: 834–1228 ms) (Table 2). The new species differs from Boana pardalis by having a smooth dorsum, thighs, and flanks (rough or with tubercles in at least one these regions; Fig. 8C, J); presence of black dots on first half of the palpebral membrane (absence); poorly-defined dermal fringes on limbs (crenulated); less webbing in hands and feet (more webbing in hands and feet); absence of cloacal plate (presence); absence of calcars (presence); complex advertisement call (simple), with longer duration (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. pardalis: 117–143 ms), composed of 4–6 notes (one) (Table 2). Boana platanera differs from B. faber by having a smaller body size (males: B. platanera: 46.57–63.34 mm; B. faber: 77.90–97.08 mm); presence of black dots on anterior half of the palpebral membrane (absence); ulnar fold present (absent); cream gular coloration with dark-brown flecks near to the jaw border (dark); complex advertisement call (simple), longer advertisement call (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. faber: 75–121 ms), composed of 4–6 notes (one note), with higher fundamental frequency (B. platanera: 542.7−1125.0 Hz; B. faber: 344.5–447.9 Hz) (Table 2). Boana platanera is readily distinguishable from B. albomarginata by having a smooth dorsal skin (slightly granular in B. albomarginata), a pale orange-yellow coloration with dark-brown marks, irregular or broad X-shaped on the dorsum and dark-brown bars on flanks and thighs (green with some white spots on the dorsum; Fig. 8A, J); supratympanic fold slopes downward to a point above arm insertion (supratympanic extends posteriorly until half of the laterodorsal region); absence of calcar (presence); complex advertisement call (simple), with longer duration (B. platanera: 200−451 ms; B. albomarginata: 166–185 ms), with 4–6 notes (one note), and lower fundamental frequency (B. platanera: 542.7−1125.0 Hz; B. albomarginata: 1136.9–1231.7 Hz) (Table 2).Although not diagnostic, the new species is larger bodied (males: B. platanera: 51.97–59.08 mm; B. albomarginata: 44.68–53.6 mm). Holotype description. Adult male in a good state of preservation (Fig. 4), with a piece of tissue sampled from the right thigh. Morphometric measurements of the holotype are presented in Table 5. Body slender; head wider than long (HW/HeL = 1.06); snout truncated in lateral and dorsal views; nostrils protuberant, oblique and directed dorsolaterally; internarial distance smaller (66 %) than eye-to-nostril distance; eye diameter, upper eyelid width and interorbital distance approximately equal to tympanum diameter; canthus rostralis rounded, almost indistinct; loreal region concave; lips not flared; eyes large (ED/HeL = 0.28), protruding; interorbital region and dorsal surface of snout slightly concave. Tympanum conspicuous, nearly circular; tympanic membrane differentiated; tympanic annulus well-defined, with upper border concealed by the tympanic membrane. Vocal sac single, subgular; vocal slits large, located at the posterolateral edge of the mouth floor. Tongue wider than long, cordiform, slightly notched behind; almost completely attached to mouth floor. Choanae elliptical, widely separate. Vomerine teeth massive; vomerine processes arched, slightly separate and between choanae. Arms slender; forearms more robust than upper arms; an inconspicuous crenulated fringe along forearm ventroexternal surface and prolateral side finger IV (more conspicuous on right forearm). Hand with an elliptical and flat palmar tubercle and an inconspicuous thenar tubercle; prepollex well-developed, with a single curved spine (Fig. 4); numerous small supernumerary tubercles scattered on the palm; relative fingers length: III>IV>II>I; subarticular tubercles single, rounded to conical and prominent; fingers discs large, expanded and nearly circular; disc on first finger slightly smaller than those of other fingers; third finger disc diameter about 50 % of eye diameter and approximately 60 % of tympanum diameter; hand-webbing formula: I 0–0 II 1 + –1 III 1.5–2 + IV. Legs long and slender; thigh length slightly longer than shank length (FL/TL = 1.01); without calcars—the protrusion of the skin fold on the right heel, which resembles a calcar, is caused by the fixation position of the hind limbs, with the feet oriented posteriorly; tarsal fringe not evident; foot with an elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle; outer metatarsal tubercle not evident; subarticular tubercles single, rounded and prominent; supernumerary tubercles scarce, small, and flat; toes extensively webbed, with rounded and expanded disks; foot-web formula: I 1.5–1 + II 2 + –2 III 3–3 - IV 3–3 + V. Skin on dorsal surfaces smooth; throat, chest, belly and ventral surface of thighs areolate; supracloacal fold crenulated; pericloacal region tuberculate. Color of euthanized holotype. The holotype was photographed two minutes after anesthesia and the following description was based in those photographs. Dorsum with a large dark brown irregular blotch over an olive background; flanks olive with vertical narrow brown bands; groin and postero-ventral part of flank orange; throat and chest dark gray; chin olive with dark brown markings; upper part of venter gray; middle and lower part of venter reddish orange, with gray tubercles; upper parts of extremities gray to olive, with brown bands or markings; foot web reddish; iris light greenish gray with fine dark venation. Color of holotype in preservative. Dorsum pale brown with dark-brown irregular blotches without a defined pattern, darker on dorsum than on head (Fig. 4); upper surface of arms pale brown, with one dark-brown incomplete band on forearm, wider on the external edge; dorsal surface of hands with one dark-brown incomplete band (more evident on the right hand); third and fourth fingers with the same coloration of arms; first and second fingers pale cream colored; dorsal surface of thighs pale brown with dark brown bars that form an irregular reticular pattern; dorsal surface of shanks, metatarsus and toes pale brown with dark brown blotches without a defined pattern; webbing on hands cream colored with dark brown flecks. Flanks cream with dark-brown vertical lines. Pericloacal region dark brown surrounded by white. Ventral surfaces of arms, forearms and hand palms pale cream; pattern on dorsal surface of thigh partially extended to ventral surface; lower edge of thighs pale cream; shanks pale brown with dark brown blotches; metatarsus, feet and foot-web cream with numerous dark brown flecks; throat cream with dark brown flecks, mostly in borders of the mouth; chest and belly pale cream. Variation in morphology. The variation of external measurements, as well as hand and foot webbing formula of some type specimens and from all the specimens examined is shown in Table 5. There is sexual dimorphism in body size, with males generally smaller than females (males: 46.57–63.34 mm; females: 54.33–74.74 mm), and by the presence of a prominent prepollical spine in males (Figs. 5, 6). Color variation in life. When active at night, adult specimens have a yellow, tan, to light brown coloration, with brown patterns (irregular in shape or with a broad X-shaped blotch near the head; some specimens have a brown vertebral line) on dorsum (Figs. 6A, 7C). Brown dots are spread on the flanks, above the upper lip, on the limbs, and on the webbings. Some specimens have a brown line delimiting the supratympanic fold. Some specimens have apparent scars on the dorsum. There is a brown blotch with a white line on the upper margin on heels and cloacal region. There are several vertical brown bars on flanks and transversal brown bars on the thighs. White coloration predominates along all the ventral surfaces, with strong orange or pinkish tones on the belly, arms, and thighs. In some specimens, the dorsal brown bars of the thighs are projected on the internal portion. The tarsus has two colorations delimited by the tarsal fold. The outer portion of the tarsus has a brown coloration with orange tones, while the internal portion has orange coloration. Some specimens have some brown spots around the mandible, on the upper portion of the thigh, and/or the webbing at the hands and foots. During the day, when normally are inactive, they have a pale cream coloration (Fig. 6E). The brown patterns and spots, when visible, are pale gray, and the bars on the flanks and thighs are dark brown almost black. Juvenile specimens have a pale green coloration with black diffuse dots on the dorsum (Fig. 6F). During the night, the iris around the pupil is metallic gray color and the outer area is pale emerald (Fig. 6A, C, D). Color variation in preservative. Coloration pattern of paratopotypes in preservative is depicted in Fig. 5. Specimens from localities other than the type locality show some color variation, as follows: dorsum occasionally may be uniformly pale-brown (e.g., ULABG 2950, 2951, 7755, 7803), sometimes bearing two scapular dark brown spots (e.g., ULABG 5338), or few scattered small dots on sacral region (e.g., ULABG 5337, 5338) or dorsum (e.g., ULABG 7745). Some specimens tend to have an ashy background with irregular markings (e.g., ULABG 5060, 6902, 7753) and, very rarely, have a lichen aspect (e.g., ULABG 7756, 7757). More often, dorsum bears large blotches that may be irregular, Published as part of Escalona, Moisés, Marca, Enrique La, Castellanos, Michelle, Fouquet, Antoine, Crawford, Andrew J., Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M., Giaretta, Ariovaldo A., Señaris, J. 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(2017) Current and predicted distribution of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Colombia, a hotspot of amphibian biodiversity. Biotropica, 49 (5), 685 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / btp. 12457","Marquez, M., Nava-Gonzalez, F., Sanchez, D., Calcagno, M. & Lampo, M. (2010) Immunological clearance of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection at a pathogen-optimal temperature in the hylid frog Hypsiboas crepitans. EcoHealth, 7 (3), 380 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10393 - 010 - 0350 - x","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition. IUCN, Gland, and Cambridge, iv + 32 pp. [https: // portals. iucn. org / library / node / 10315]","La Marca, E. (1996) First record of Hyla pugnax (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) in Venezuela. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society, 32 (2), 35 - 42.","Escalona, M., Prieto-Torres, D. & Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M. (2017) Unveiling the geographic distribution of Boana pugnax (Schmidt, 1857) (Anura, Hylidae) in Venezuela: new state records, range extension, and potential distribution. Check List, 13, 671 - 681."]}

Atelopus is among the most threatened of all amphibian genera. Most species of harlequin frogs disappeared more than two decades ago and only a few still exist. From ten critically endangered Atelopus species endemic to Venezuela, Atelopus cruciger is the only one that can be located at present. To assess the status of remnant populations of A. cruciger and to provide the demographic data for designing in situ management programs, we estimated: (1) the population size; (2) the apparent survival; and (3) the recruitment rates of one remnant population using mark-recapture data. The adult population size varied (69117), and this variation was not related to that of abundance indices based on visual counts at the river margins. Thus, caution is recommended when using visual counts as an index of abundance in Atelopus, because capture rates differ significantly among months and between seasons. Despite the observed variations, this population appears to be stable. Previous reports suggest that species of Atelopus are long-lived. For populations of long-lived species to remain approximately constant, recruitment must be low. Our mark-recapture study, however, showed that adults tend to remain in the population for approximately 15 mo, but an average of 165 new frogs are recruited every year. Although immigration and emigration are possibilities, the site fidelity and the absence of nearby streams suggests that movement in and out of the study area is less important than births and deaths. Under the proposed hypothesis of a short life expectancy/high recruitment, the risk of extinction must be lower than previously thought.

Pristimantis muchimuk Barrio-Amorós, Mesa, Brewer-Carías & McDiarmid, 2010 (Figures 6–7, Tables 1–2) Material examined. A female (MHNLS 19652, Holotype), from a step of the northern face of Churí-tepui (base camp of the Muchimuk-Expedition 2009), Macizo de Chimantá, Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana municipality, Bolívar state, Venezuela (05° 16 ' 45 "N, 62 °00' 56 "W; elevation 2325 m), collected on May 2009, by I. Elorza, J. Mesa and C. Brewer-Carías; three males (MHNLS 20495 – 97, field numbers PS 342 – 44, respectively) one female (MHNLS 20505, field number PS 353) and a juvenile (MHNLS 20506, field number PS 354), from Churí-tepui, Macizo de Chimantá, Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana municipality, Bolívar state, Venezuela (05° 15 ' 16.6 "N, 62 °00' 31.6 "W; elevation 2383 m), collected on July 29 –30, 2011, by F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic, P.E. Salerno and G.B. Pauly. Remarks. Barrio-Amorós et al. (2010) described Pristimantis muchimuk based only on a single female (holotype MHNLS 19652) which was poorly preserved and dehydrated. The ventral skin was described as smooth; however, observations of this character, both in life and in preservative, based on the five new specimens, show that the ventral skin is areolate (or coarsely areolate) rather than smooth, and that the smooth aspect of the ventral skin in the holotype is an artifact of its poor state of preservation. Additionally, Barrio-Amorós et al. (2010) did not mention the color pattern of the axillae, groins and hidden parts of the hind limbs because the description of color in life was based on a single photograph of the holotype in profile (Fig. 6 a). The inspection of the new series of Pristimantis muchimuk indicates that all specimens (three adult males, one female, and one juvenile) have a bright red coloration in these regions (Figs. 6 b–d, 7 a–d). This coloration may be a fixed character in P. m u c h i m u k and may be useful for identification because it is not common in other Pristimantis of the Guiana Shield region. Based on the above mentioned differences, and observations of additional diagnostic characters in the males from the new series, we propose an amended diagnosis for this species. Diagnosis amended. (1) body size small, with adult females ranging from 20.5–25.2 mm SVL, and adult males from 18.1–19.4 mm SVL; (2) dorsal skin shagreen to warty, warts smooth, low and flat, with a barely distinguishable middorsal raphe; (3) ventral skin areolate to coarsely areolate; (4) tympanic annulus and membrane absent; (5) snout rounded in dorsal view, rounded to nearly truncate in profile; (6) canthus rostralis nearly straight in dorsal view; rounded in cross section; (7) upper eyelid smooth, with one barely discernible tubercle; (8) choanae small, oval; (9) dentigerous processes transverse to diagonal, small, posterior and medial to choanae, each bearing one to five teeth; (10) tongue rounded posteriorly; (11) males without vocal slits or nuptial pads; (12) FI shorter than FII; (13) fingers with lateral keels; (14) ulnar tubercles absent; (15) tarsal tubercles and calcars absent; (16) tarsal fold absent (17) inner metatarsal tubercle oval, three times the size of the round outer metatarsal tubercle; (18) toes with lateral fringes; (19) basal webbing between TIII –TV; (20) TV longer than TIII; (21) axillae and groins colored bright red in life. Variation. Pristimantis muchimuk does not have gender-specific coloration, and is quite variable in color pattern in both sexes (Fig. 6 a–f). Additionally, males lack vocal slits and nuptial pads, making it very difficult to differentiate males and females at first glance. Except for size (females larger than males) no other sexually dimorphic characters are noticeable. Males and females of similar size could only be identified by dissection and gonad examination. Adult females range from 20.5–25.2 (n = 2), and adult males from 18.1–19.4 (n = 3). Variation of morphometric characters is shown in Table 1. Head length ranges from 39.2–41.1 % SVL (n = 5), and maximum head width from 37.6–38.6 % SVL (n = 5). The ratio EN/ED is slightly variable but every eye-naris distance is smaller than eye diameter (0.8 –1.0 [n = 5]). Also, the ratio UEW/IO is somewhat variable in males (0.7–0.9 [n = 3]), but variation in this ratio is not appreciable in females (UEW/IO = 0.7; n = 2). The snout is slightly shorter and more variable in males than females (males: 1.1–1.3 [n = 3], vs. females: 1.2–1.3 [n = 2]), but always larger than eye diameter. Hand length ranges from 24.6 –27.0% SVL (n = 5) with hands slightly larger in females than males (females: 26.1 –27.0% SVL [n = 2], vs. males: 24.6–25.2 % SVL [n = 3]). Shank length ranges from 48.6–50.9 % SVL (n = 5) but in this case, males have shanks slightly longer than females (males: 50.1–50.9 % SVL [n = 3], vs. females: 48.6–49.2 % [n = 2]). Variation in other morphometric ratios is not relevant. Ventral skin of belly coarsely areolate in MHNLS 20495 and 20497 (males), areolate in MHNLS 20496 (male) and 20505 (female); slightly areolate in MHNLS 20506 (juvenile). Snout rounded in dorsal view and profile in MHNLS 20495–20497 and 20505, subacuminate in dorsal view in the juvenile MHNLS 20506 (nearly truncate in profile in the holotype). Tubercle on upper eyelid absent in MHNLS 20505, barely visible in all other specimens in life (not visible in preservative). Dentigerous processes and number of teeth somewhat variable: diagonal and very low dentigerous processes, with one to two teeth in MHNLS 20497; diagonal, prominent and also with two to three teeth in MHNLS 20496; transverse, prominent and with two to three teeth in MHNLS 20495; almost transverse and prominent, with three to four teeth in MHNLS 20505. One ulnar tubercle barely visible (near the hand) in MHNLS 20496 and 20497, not visible in the other specimens examined. Bright red coloration on axillae, groins and hidden parts of the hind limbs variable in extent and intensity (Figs. 7 a–d), but present in the five new specimens collected. No additional variation was observed in other discrete morphological characters. Advertisement call. Calls of Pristimantis muchimuk were recorded on the night of June 30 th 2011 between 2200 and 2300 h at an air temperature of approximately 13 °C. We recorded advertisement calls of two males that were calling at the border of a Bonnetia roraimae forest adjacent to a creek (Churí-tepui, 0 5 ° 15.257 ’N, 62 ° 00.472’ W). The two males were calling in close proximity, and several calls by individual 1 needed to be excluded from the analyses because they overlapped with calls of individual 2. As a result, we analyzed 11 calls from individual 1 and 25 from individual 2. A summary of the call parameters for each male and for both averaged can be found in Table 2. We could not be certain that the recorded males were in fact the males collected because the calling individuals were hidden inside Brocchinia hechtioides tubes (Bromeliaceae) and within rosettes of Orectanthe sp. (Xyridaceae). Nonetheless, no other species of frog was found at that spot, the males collected were adult, and were found in the sites from which the calls emanated. Low Freq. (Hz) High Freq. (Hz) Call length (s) Dom. Freq. (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) X? ± SD X? ± SD X? ± SD X? ± SD X? ± SD The calls of Pristimantis muchimuk consist of a single soft note that resembles two pieces of glass lightly bumping each other. Calls are performed in bouts, and the longest bout recorded had a total of 25 calls. The call rate was 2.07 calls/sec for individual 1 and 1.72 calls/sec for individual 2, counting only within-bout time. For individual 2, inter-call intervals decreased throughout the bout, with an average inter-call interval of 0.95 s at the beginning of the bout (first five calls) and 0.45 s at the end of the call bout (last five calls). The average call duration was 0.041 s (range: 0.027– 0.062 s). The average dominant (fundamental) frequency was 2684.45 Hz with a frequency range between 2180–3399 Hz (Fig. 8). Comparisons with calls of other Guiana Shield highland Pristimantis . Of the six highland Pristimantis with described advertisement calls, Pristimantis muchimuk has a similar call structure to P. aureoventris of Wei Assiputepui and Mount Roraima (Kok et al. 2011), P. pruinatus of Cerro Yaví (type 2 call of Myers & Donnelly 1996), and P. yuruaniensis of Yuruaní-tepui (Rödder & Jungfer 2008), in that they all produce bouts of single note calls of similar duration and call rate. Note, that what we and others (Myers & Donnelly 1996, Kok et al. 2011) have considered a call bout consisting of multiple calls, others (Myers & Donnelly 1997, Rödder & Jungfer 2008) termed a single call consisting of multiple pulses. In terms of spectral structure, the most similar call is P. pruinatus in that it is the only other vocalization that lacks visible harmonics, has a similar dominant frequency (2440–2660 Hz), and lacks frequency modulation (Myers & Donnelly 1996). However, inter-call interval is shorter in P. muchimuk (0.397– 2.199 s) than in P. pruinatus (1.5– 2.9 s; Myers & Donnelly 1996), and more similar to P. yuruaniensis (0.504– 1.968 s; Rödder & Jungfer 2008). Pristimantis yuruaniensis has much lower dominant frequency (1.86–2.08), with two visible harmonics (Rödder & Jungfer 2008). Pristimantis aureoventris has a much longer inter-call interval (3.097 ± 0.275) as well as obvious harmonics and frequency modulation of the first note (Kok et al. 2011). The remaining two highland species differ from P. m u c h i m u k in that P. cantitans has a longer inter-call interval of 2.3– 7.8 s (Myers & Donnelly 1996), and P. memorans has calls which were described as loud “tinks” in groups of 1–4 (Myers & Donnelly 1997). Distribution. Pristimantis muchimuk is known only from two locations, both on the summit of Churí-tepui (Barrio-Amorós et al. 2010; this work), and separated by a distance of ca. 2.8 km (Fig. 1). The altitudinal range is 2325–2383 m. Churí-tepui is one of the 11 mountains that makes up the Chimantá massif and is located in the southern section of the massif, reaches a maximum elevation of ca. 2500 m and has a summit area of 47.5 km 2 (Huber 1995). Habitat and natural history. The five new specimens of P. m u c h i m u k were found at night within a 10 m radius; all were a few meters from a small seasonal creek, found in vegetation 0.2 to 1.2 m above the ground, and within a small grove of Bonnetia roraimae (Figs. 9 a–b). The first three individuals, all adult males, were collected the evening of June 29, 2011 between 2100 and 2115 h. There had been periodic rain throughout the day. The presence of the frogs was detected by their chorusing activity. The first male (MHNLS 20495) was collected from a green side leaf of a Brocchinia hechtioides; this individual was perched on the upper surface of the leaf and retreated further back into the leaf axil upon disturbance. The second male (MHNLS 20496) was also collected from a Brocchinia hechtioides but this time from within the central tube of the plant. The third male (MHNLS 20497) was found within the green leaves that make up the rosette of an Orectanthe sp. The following evening, after no rain since the previous night, chorusing activity was again detected from the same Bonnetia roraimae grove, although the chorusing activity was less intense than the previous evening. Nevertheless, calls from two males were recorded. Furthermore, two individuals were found including a female (MHNLS 20505) and a juvenile (MHNLS 20506); both were found in side leaves of Brocchinia hechtioides. The female (20.5 mm SVL) was smaller than the female holotype (25.2 mm SVL) described by Barrio-Amorós et al. (2010), but the presence of large oviducal eggs discovered via dissection indicated that it was an adult. Although the chorus was loud enough to be heard from approximately 20 m away, no other calls were detected in the area outside of the small Bonnetia grove. Interestingly, there were no other close areas with both Bonnetia trees and a flowing creek, thus suggesting that the two components together may be indicative of a breeding habitat. Although there are few available observations of Pristimantis species that inhabit high-elevation tepui summits, some patterns seem to be emerging. First, most species, including P. abakapa, P. aureoventris, P. marahuaka, P. m u c h i m u k, P. pruinatus, and P. yaviensis, seem to be largely nocturnal and associated with vegetation (Barrio-Amorós et al. 2010, Kok et al. 2011, Myers & Donnelly 1996, Fuentes-Ramos & Barrio- Amorós 2004). The exceptions include P. cantitans, which calls during the day and night and was found in vegetation and also below moss mats over sandstone (Myers & Donnelly 1996) and P. yuruaniensis which, at least in captivity, showed diurnal as well as nocturnal activity (Rödder & Jungfer 2008). Second, although specific plant associations have only been described for P. abakapa, P. aureoventris, P. marahuaka and P. m u c h i m u k (Fuentes- Ramos & Barrio-Amorós 2004, Barrio-Amorós et al. 2010, Kok et al. 2011, and this work), there appears to be close associations with Brocchinia sp. for all four species, with Orectanthe sp. for P. m u c h i m u k and P. aureoventris, and with Heliamphora sp. for P. marahuaka.

A new species of Hyalinobatrachium of the fleischmanni group, H. mondolfii, is described from the Orinoco delta floodplains in Venezuela. This new species can be distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: parietal peritoneum clear, pericardium white, visceral and hepatic peritoneum white, color in life pale green with diminute yellow spots and, in preservative, cream with small dark melanophores (visible only under magnification), bones white in life, extense webbing, snout round in dorsal view and inclinate in lateral view, dorsal skin granulate and a advertisement call with a fundamental frequency greater than 5000 Hz. Se describe una nueva especie de Hyalinobatrachium del grupo fleischmanni, H. mondolfii, de las planicies inundables del delta del río Orinoco, Venezuela. Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii se distingue del resto de las especies del grupo por la siguiente combinación de caracteres: peritoneo parietal translúcido, pericardio y peritoneos visceral y hepático blancos, coloración dorsal en vida verde claro con diminutos puntos amarillos y en preservativo crema uniforme con diminutos melanóforos oscuros (visibles solo bajo magnificación, huesos blancos en vida, palmeadura de manos y pies extensa, cabeza redondeada en vista dorsal e inclinada en vista lateral, piel dorsal granular y un canto con frecuencia fundamental superior a los 5 000 Hz.