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The decrease in soil fertility is the main cause of low crops yields in Burkina Faso. It is therefore necessary to make a supply of fertilizers to increase yields. This is the reason why during the 2015 rainy season from July to October, a study was conducted on sesame fertilization in Souri located in the Province du Mouhoun. The goal of our study is to fertilize plants with increasing doses of mineral fertilizers at different application dates on sesame. The objective is to determine the optimum dose and date of fertilizer application to increase the yields. For this purpose four NPK (14-23-14) fertilizer treatments have been experimented with following doses NPK0 (0kg.ha-1), NPK50 (50 kg.ha-1) NPK100 (100kg.ha-1) NPK150 (150 kg.ha-1) with three application dates (sowing, 15 DAS, 30 DAS) in Fisher’s completely randomized blocks with four replications in split-plot. The results showed that NPK doses had an effect on sesame throughout morphological development (height, number of ramifications, number of capsules) and yield performance. Yields have increased according to the doses applied in the following order: NPK0 (226 kg.ha-1) < NPK50 (348 kg.ha-1)

Au Burkina Faso, l’élevage occupe plus de 80% des ménages ruraux et constitue le troisième produit d’exportation après l’or et le coton. De type extensif, cet élevage est basé essentiellement sur l’exploitation des ressources naturelles. Ainsi, il doit s’adapter aux grandes variations saisonnières et interannuelles des ressources en biomasse végétale et en eau. Or les aléas climatiques, l’étendue et la qualité des pâturages, de même que les contraintes rendent l’activité pastorale souvent précaire. C’est ainsi que cette étude a été initiée dans le but de contribuer à améliorer la production fourragère. Dans cette étude, Mucuna pruriens a été cultivé en serre et inoculé avec deux inocula de champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires. Les paramètres de croissance ont été mesurés à 30 et 60 jours après semis. La biomasse aérienne, racinaire et totale a été évaluée à 60 jours après semis. Les résultats montrent une amélioration de la croissance en hauteur du mucuna de 225,76%, de la biomasse aérienne de 56,79%, la biomasse racinaire de 70% et la biomasse totale de 61,16% par rapport au témoin non inoculé. Cette étude a montré des résultats intéressants et mérite d’être approfondie par des essais in situ tout en étendant l’étude sur les inoculations rhizobiennes.Mots clés : Mucuna, inoculation mycorhizienne, champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires. English Title: Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi strains on Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC growth under controlled conditionIn Burkina Faso, breeding occupies more than 80% of rural households and is the third export product after gold and cotton. Extensive type, this breeding is based essentially on the exploitation of natural resources. Thus, it must adapt to large seasonal and interannual variations in plant biomass and water resources. Climatic hazards, the extent and quality of pastures, as well as constraints make pastoral activity often precarious. Therefore, this study was initiated with the aim of helping to improve forage production. In this study, Mucuna pruriens was grown in a greenhouse and inoculated with two inocula of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The growth parameters were measured at 30 and 60 days after sowing. Shoot, root and total biomass was evaluated at 60 days after sowing. The results show an improvement in the height growth of mucuna by 225.76%, shoot biomass by 56.79%, root biomass by 70% and total biomass by 61.16% compared to the control. This study showed interesting results and deserves to be deepened by in situ tests while extending the study of rhizobial inoculations. Keywords: Mucuna, mycorrhizal inoculation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Macrotyloma geocarpum est une légumineuse dont sa culture est largement abandonnée au profit de celle d’autres légumineuses. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’identifier les écotypes performants à partir d’une caractérisation agromorphologique dans les conditions pluviales. Les résultats ont montré une diversité phénotypique entre les écotypes pour les caractères couleur du tégument, couleur des fleurs et du pétiole. L’analyse de variance a révélé une faible variabilité entre les caractères quantitatifs. La classification ascendante hiérarchique a mis en évidence 3 ensembles de diversité agro-morphologique. Le premier groupe constitué de 3 écotypes à graines noires, est caractérisé par un nombre important de feuilles trifoliolées à la floraison, un cycle du semis à la floraison intermédiaire et un poids de 100 bonnes graines élevé. Le second groupe compte un seul écotype à graines blanches, caractérisé par un cycle de floraison précoce, un nombre de feuilles trifoliolées faible et un poids de 100 bonnes graines faible. Le troisième groupe constitué de 3 écotypes à graines noires, est caractérisé par un cycle de floraison tardif, un nombre de feuilles trifoliolées moyen et un poids de 100 bonnes graines moyen. Ces résultats pourront contribuer à la création de variétés performantes répondant aux attentes des producteurs et consommateurs.Mots clés: Culture négligée, génotypes, caractères, variabilité, climat. English Title: Agro-morphological evaluation of seven earth lens (Macrotyloma geocarpum) ecotypes cultivated in Burkina FasoMacrotyloma geocarpum is a legume whose cultivation is largely abandoned in favor of that of other legumes. The objective of this study was to identify successful ecotypes based on agromorphological characterization in rainfed conditions. The results showed phenotypic diversity between the ecotypes for seed coat color, flower color and petiole color. Analysis of Variance revealed little variability between quantitative traits. The hierarchical ascending classification has highlighted 3 sets of agro-morphological diversity. The first group consisting of 3 black-seeded ecotypes is characterized by a large number of trifoliate leaves at flowering, a cycle of sowing at intermediate flowering and a high weight of 100 good seeds. The second group has only one white-seeded ecotype characterized by an early flowering cycle, a low trifoliate leaf count and a low good seed weight of 100. The third group of 3 black-seeded ecotypes is characterized by a late flowering cycle, a medium number of trifoliate leaves and a medium weight of 100 good seeds. These results can contribute to the creation of high-performance varieties that meet the expectations of producers and consumers.Keywords: Neglected crop, Genotypes, characters, variability, climate.

Au Burkina Faso, le sésame est essentiellement une culture de rente. Sa production augmente progressivement alors que son rendement baisse d’année en année. Ceci est lié à la pauvreté du sol en éléments minéraux tels que l’azote et le phosphore assimilable entrainant une augmentation des superficies emblavées pour cette culture et une utilisation des intrants chimiques de plus en plus grande. Or les intrants chimiques ont montré leurs limites dans leur utilisation. C’est ainsi que cette étude a été initiée afin de contribuer à l’amélioration de la production agricole durable. Dans cette étude le sésame a été cultivé en serre et inoculé avec deux inocula mycorhiziens indigènes. Les paramètres de croissance ont été mesurés à 30 et 60 jours après semis. La biomasse aérienne, racinaire et totale ont été évaluées à 60 jours après semis. Les résultats montrent une amélioration de la croissance en hauteur de 431,25%, taux de croissance relative en hauteur de 145,87%, diamètre au collet de 163,92%, biomasse aérienne de 102,9%, biomasse racinaire de 126,67% et de la biomasse totale de 110,1% par l’inoculation. Cette étude a montré des résultats prometteurs et mérite d’être approfondie par des essais aux champs. Mots clés : Sésame, inoculation mycorhizienne, champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires, Burkina Faso. English Title: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) response to mycorrhizal inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to Burkina Faso In Burkina Faso, sesame is essentially a cash crop. Its production is gradually increasing while its yield decreases. This is linked to the soil poverty in mineral elements such as available nitrogen and phosphorus leading to an increase in the area sown for this crop and an increasing use of chemical inputs. However, chemical inputs have shown their limits in their use. This is how this study was initiated to help improve sustainable agricultural production. In this study, sesame was grown in greenhouse and inoculated with two inocula of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M1 and M2) from Burkina Faso. The growth parameters were measured at 30 and 60 days after sowing. Shoot, root and total biomass were assessed at 60 days after sowing. The results obtained show an improvement in height growth of 431.25%, the relative growth rate in height of 145.87%, the collar diameter of 163.92%, the aboveground biomass of 102.9%, root biomass of 126.67% and total biomass of 110.1% of plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared to the inoculated control. This study has shown promising results and deserves to be deepened by field tests to assess the effect of this inoculation on sesame yield.Keywords: Sesame, mycorrhizal inoculation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Burkina Faso.

Le manque de methodes standardisees pour la pepiniere d’oignon a suscite la presente etude. Elle a pour objectif d’evaluer deux pratiques culturales de pepiniere d’oignon a travers les caracteristiques vegetatives des plantules. A cet effet cinq varietes (Bati, Damani, Cara, Karibou et Safari) et deux milieux de conduite de pepiniere : terre et alveole ont ete mis en comparaison sur le site experimental de l’Universite Peleforo GON COULIBALY de Korhogo de janvier a fevrier 2020. Sur terre, trois doses de semis (3, 4 et 5 g/m2) et dans les alveoles trois graines par poquet ont ete experimentees. Les donnees morphologiques ont ete collectees 40 jours apres semis. Le logiciel SPSS 22.0 a ete utilise pour le traitement statistique des donnees collectees. Une analyse de variance incorporant la comparaison des moyennes selon Newman et Keuls au seuil de 5% a ete realisee pour comparer les caracteristiques morphologiques des differentes varietes entre elles. Il ressort de cette etude que les plantules elevees dans les alveoles ont eu en moyenne les tailles les plus elevees (17,32 cm). Sur terre, les tailles ont varie de 14,77 cm (dose de 05 g/m2) a 16,09 cm (dose 03 et 04 g/m2). Les doses de semis 03 et 04 g/m2 ont enregistre les plantules les plus robustes relativement au nombre de feuilles (03), les poids frais (0,35 g) et sec (0,035 g) et le taux de matiere seche (10%). Les varietes Damani, Karibou et Safari ont eu les meilleures performances relativement aux caracteristiques morphologiques. La robustesse de la plantule est correlee positivement a sa taille et au nombre de feuilles. Au vu des resultats, la pepiniere d’oignon peut etre conduite dans les alveoles ou sur terre a la dose 04 g/m2. La selection des plantules en pepiniere peut se faire en se basant uniquement sur la taille de la plantule et le nombre de feuilles. The lack of standardized methods for the onion nursery prompted this study. Its objective was to evaluate two cultivation practices of the onion nursery through the vegetative characteristics of the seedlings. For this purpose, five varieties (Bati, Damani, Cara, Karibou and Safari) and two nursery management: soil and well plate, were compared on the experimental site of Peleforo GON COULIBALY University in Korhogo from January to February 2020. On soil, three doses of seeding (3, 4 and 5 g/m2) and, in the plate, 3 seeds/holes were tested. Morphological data were collected 40 days after sowing. In this sample, SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical data processing. An analysis of variance incorporating the comparison of means according to Newman and Keuls at the 5% threshold was used to compare the morphological characteristics of the different varieties. It appears from this study that the seedlings reared in the well plate were averagely the highest with 17.32 cm. On soil, the heights varied from 14.77 cm (dose 05 g/m2) to 16.09 cm (dose 03 and 04 g/m2). Seeding doses of 03 and 04 g/m2 recorded the most robust seedlings in relation to the number of leaves (03), fresh (0.35 g) and dry (0.035 g) weights and dry matter rate of 10%. The Damani, Karibou and Safari varieties had the best performances concerning morphological characteristics. The robustness of the seedling is positively related to its size and the number of leaves. Besides well pate, a seeding rate of 04 g/m2 can be recommended for the management of the nursery on soil. The selection of seedlings in the nursery can be done based only on the size of the seedling and the number of leaves.

In this research, microstructure and mechanical properties of stir rheocast AA2024/TiB2 metal matrix composite have been investigated. The working temperature was 640℃, which was the selected semisolid temperature that corresponds to 40% of the solid fraction. Two weight percentage, 4 wt%, and 6 wt% of the TiB2 reinforcements were added to the matrix. The field emission scanning electron microscope micrographs of the developed composites showed a uniform distribution of the particles in the case of the 2 wt% and 4 wt% of the reinforcements. However, the particles agglomerated as the weight percentages of the reinforcement increases to 6%. The optical microscope of the liquid cast sample showed the dendritic structure, whereas the rheocast samples showed a globular structure. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the distribution of the reinforcements in the matrix and the formation of some intermetallic compounds. Mechanical properties significantly improved by the addition of the reinforcements in the matrix. An increase in tensile strength of 13.3%, 40%, 28%, and 5% was achieved for the unreinforced rheocast sample, 2 wt%, 4 wt%, and 6 wt% reinforced rheocast samples respectively, compared to the liquid cast sample. An increase in 20% of hardness was attained for the composite with 2 wt% TiB2 compared to the liquid cast sample. According to the fractography analysis, small dimples were observed on the fractured surface of the unreinforced rheocast sample, whereas small and large voids were dominant on the fractured surface of the 2 wt% composite, which shows the ductile fracture mode.

To explain the transition between the southern mixedwood and the northern coniferous bioclimatic domains that are dominated, respectively, by balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), 59 sites were selected throughout the two bioclimatic domains. The regeneration (seedling abundance) and mortality (difference between seedlings and saplings) of balsam fir seedlings were compared within and between bioclimatic domains. We also determined the soil types (clay and till), summer growing degree-days above 5 °C (GDD_5), and total summer precipitation (PP_MA). Balsam fir regeneration was strongly linked to parental trees and was higher in the mixedwood bioclimatic domain than in the coniferous domain, with higher regeneration occurring on till than on clay soils. Mortality was higher on till than on clay soils due to competition between balsam fir seedlings, with other species having either no effect or decreasing mortality. Unlike PP_MA, GDD_5 positively influenced balsam fir regeneration. The dynamics of balsam fir stands in the coniferous bioclimatic domain were attributed to a decrease in balsam fir regeneration and to an increase in its mortality, most likely due to a lack of suitable establishment substrates (till soils) and cooler temperatures. Small balsam fir populations still persist in the northernmost latitudes of the species’ range, mainly where parental trees occur on good establishment substrates. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the effect of species, climate, and site condition on latitudinal vegetation dynamics at a global scale.

Un suivi de parcelles expérimentales a été mis en place sur des prairies du parc départemental du Sausset en 2002, afin d’étudier l’impact de la fauche et du semis sur les prairies mésophiles. Cette étude, initialement suivie par Biotope, a été reprise en 2012 par le Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien. Ce présent travail constitue le suivi effectué en 2020.Des relevés floristiques ont été réalisés à l’occasion de deux passages sur la saison en 2020 sur quatre parcelles, l’une ensemencée en 2002 et non fauchée, une seconde ensemencée et fauchée deux fois par an, une troisième non ensemencée et non fauchée et enfin une quatrième non ensemencée et fauchée deux fois par an. Une parcelle témoin, représentative de la gestion la plupart des prairies du parc du Sausset, non ensemencée et faisant l’objet d’une fauche extensive, a également été inventoriée. Les résultats mettent en évidence une progression des espèces d’ourlet au détriment des espèces prairiales sur l’ensemble des parcelles. La fauche biannuelle limite significativement l’ourlification, favorise le développement des espèces prairiales et a tendance à augmenter la proportion de recouvrement graminéen par rapport aux prairies non fauchées. Les parcelles fauchées semblent plus riches en espèces, elles-mêmes réparties plus équitablement, et permettre d’appauvrir les sols, historiquement assez eutrophes, bien que ces tendances n’aient pas été confirmés statistiquement. Le semis n’a actuellement plus d’effet sur la diversité floristique et la trophie des sols. La réalisation de trois relevés par placette est recommandée afin d’améliorer la qualité des prochains suivis.La poursuite du suivi est préconisée notamment pour préciser l’effet d’une fauche biannuelle par rapport à une fauche extensive et éventuellement de tester un nouveau mélange de semences.

This paper presents 18 semisses of Hadrian that surfaced as a group in 2001; they were presumably found together. Apart from 16 mostly die-linked specimens from the imperial ʻmainstream’ coinage with SC, the assemblage comprises one semis of the mines (AELIANA PINCENSIA) as well as one ʻprovincial’ coin featuring the head of Jupiter Ammon on the reverse. Ten of the imperial coins from the same die-pair (rev. prize table) belong to a variety unattested in the reference works.

Master; Forest regeneration is threatened by many factors including interspecific competition. Due to their potentially high cover, Bryophytes could compete with tree seedlings by blocking seed access to soil resources. Very few studies have focused on the effects of Bryophytes on regeneration, and they have been conducted mainly in boreal forests. This study is the first to analyse the effect of Bryophyte cover on the tree seedlings cover in temperate forests in France mainland, according to stand type and altitude. For this purpose, analyses were carried out on a national dataset of 102 plots. The hypotheses were that Bryophyte cover, which is higher in coniferous forests and at high altitudes, has a negative impact on the tree seedlings cover. Bryophyte cover was lower in deciduous forests and at low altitudes, but was sufficient to have a negative effect on the tree seedlings cover. The seeds of deciduous trees are large, and may be therefore blocked by Bryophyte mats. In coniferous forests and at high altitudes, although the Bryophyte cover was higher, it had a positive effect on the cover of tree seedlings. This could be explained by the absence of herbaceous species in high altitudes that allow Bryophytes and seedlings to colonise the space. Acting as water tanks, Bryophytes could benefit conifer seedlings, which are sensitive to desiccation. These results are alarming for the future, as predictions of global warming indicate a colonisation of forests by deciduous trees. This will have a further impact on forest regeneration, through the disappearance of conifers and the negative effect of Bryophyte cover on seedling cover in deciduous stands.; La régénération forestière est menacée par de nombreux facteurs parmi lesquels la compétition interspécifique. Les Bryophytes ayant un fort potentiel de recouvrement pourraient donc entrer en compétition avec les semis arborés en bloquant l’accès des graines aux ressources du sol. Très peu d’études se sont intéressées aux effets des Bryophytes sur la régénération, et ont été réalisées principalement dans des forêts boréales. Cette étude est la première qui analyse l’effet du recouvrement des Bryophytes sur le recouvrement des semis arborés en forêts tempérées de France métropolitaine en fonction du type de peuplement et de l’altitude. Pour cela, des analyses ont été faites sur un jeu de données national. Les hypothèses étaient que le recouvrement des Bryophytes, supérieur en forêts de conifères et dans les hautes altitudes, impacte négativement le recouvrement des semis arborés. Le recouvrement des Bryophytes est inférieur dans les forêts de feuillus et dans les basses altitudes, mais il est suffisant pour avoir un effet négatif sur le recouvrement des semis arborés. Les graines des feuillus sont de tailles importantes, et sont donc bloquées par les tapis de Bryophytes. Dans les forêts de conifères et dans les hautes altitudes, bien que le recouvrement des Bryophytes soit supérieur, il a un effet positif sur le recouvrement des semis arborés. Ceci peut être expliqué par l’absence d’espèces herbacées dans les hautes altitudes qui permettent aux Bryophytes et aux semis de coloniser l’espace. Les Bryophytes sont également des réservoirs hydriques, ce qui profite aux semis de conifères, sensibles à la dessiccation. Ces résultats sont alarmants pour l’avenir, car les prédictions de réchauffement climatique indiquent une colonisation des moyennes altitudes par les feuillus. Ceci impactera d’autant plus la régénération forestière, par l’effet négatif du recouvrement des Bryophytes sur celui des semis arborés en forêts de feuillus, et par la disparition des conifères.

Le sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), une plante annuelle autofeconde originaire d’Afrique et d’Inde, est tres sensible aux stades de germination et de semis mais moderement tolerant aux stress hydrique et salin. Cette etude menee en serre a pour objectif d’evaluer l’effet de differentes concentrations de NaCl sur la germination des graines et la croissance des semis de treize cultivars africains de sesame provenant du Senegal, du Burkina Faso, du Cameroun et du Soudan. Un dispositif a blocs randomises avec deux facteurs et trois repetitions a ete utilise . Les resultats montrent un effet negatif du gradient de salinite sur les taux de germination, de survie, la biomasse fraiche, la biomasse seche, le diametre au collet et la longueur de la tige. Les cultivars AS09, AS13, AS14, AS15, AS19 et AS25 ont ete moins affectes par la salinite. L’importance de l’effet depressif depend de la concentration de sel et de la variete de cultivar de sesame. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an annual self-pollinating plant native to Africa and India, is very sensitive to the stages of germination and sowing but moderately tolerant to water and salt stress. The objective of this greenhouse study is to assess the effect of different NaCl concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth of thirteen African sesame cultivars from Senegal, Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Sudan. A randomized block device with two factors and three replicates was used. The results show a negative effect of the salinity gradient on the germination rate, survival, fresh biomass, dry biomass, diameter at the collar and length of the stem. Cultivars AS09, AS13, AS14, AS15, AS19 and AS25 were less affected by salinity. The magnitude of the depressive effect depends on the concentration of salt and the sesame cultivar.

Le gommier du Senegal (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. ; Mimosaceae) est une essence d’une grande importance socio-economique. Il est largement repandu sur l’ensemble des zones tropicales arides et semi-arides d’Afrique. Sa grande plasticite et sa forte resilience a la secheresse ont fait de lui une espece indispensable pour de grands reboisements de production comme de protection dans la zone sahelienne du Cameroun. Lessemences de cette espece sont caracterisees generalement par une dormance surtout tegumentaire. Une experimentation a ete menee pour determiner l’effet de differents pretraitements sur la germination des graines de cette espece. Les semences ont subi trois pretraitements (scarification a la lame de rasoir, trempage dans l’eau bouillante et traitement a l’acide sulfurique concentre pendant 9 min et rincage a l’eau du robinet). Les resultats obtenus ont montre que la germination a ete meilleure (delai de germination, taux de germination et vitesse de germination) avec la scarification. Les pretraitements a l’acide sulfurique concentre et a l’eau bouillante ont des effets non negligeables sur la germination de l’espece etudiee. La scarification des graines et leur ebouillantage ont donne des taux de germination tres eleves (94 % et 70 % respectivement, 16 jours apres semis) et ont permis d’accelerer sensiblement la vitesse de germination. Du fait de leur simplicite et de leur faible cout, ces deux techniques peuvent etre recommandees aux planteurs pour la realisation du semis en pepiniere. The gum tree of Senegal (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., Mimosaceae) is an essence of great socio-economic importance. It is widely distributed throughout Africa's arid and semi-arid tropics. Its great plasticity and its strong resilience to drought have made it an indispensable species for large reforestation of production as of protection in the Sahelian zone of Cameroon. The seeds of this species are generally characterized by a dormancy mostly integumentary. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different pretreatments on seed germination of this species. The seeds underwent three pretreatments (razor blade scarification, boiling water soaking and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment for 9 min and rinsing with tap water). The results obtained showed that germination was better (germination time, percentage of germination and germination rate) with scarification. Pretreatments with concentrated sulfuric acid and boiling water have an effect on the germination of the species studied. Seed scarification and the boiling water gave very high germination percentages (94% and 70% respectively, 16 days after sowing) and significantly accelerated the germination rate. Because of their simplicity and low cost, both of these techniques can be recommended to farmers for nursery sowing.

National audience; Le sol est un milieu complexe. Son étude et l’acquisition de références solides sur ses interactions avec les cultures s’inscrit dans la durée. En pratique, il est d’ores et déjà possible d’appliquer certains principes agroécologiques à la protection contre les bioagresseurs pendant la phase d’implantation, en les adaptant à chaque situation et aux objectifs visés.

Purpose : improvement of biotechnological qualities of baker ’ s yeast promotes the intensification of fermentation processes , semis maturation, and ultimately the improvement of the quality of final product. Yeasts do not always satisfy the requirements. Therefore studies that are aimed at the intensification of fermentative activity and improvement of the quality of yeasts are interest. The problem of examination of stimulating effect of substances from different nature and origin on the growth and quality of yeasts is not new. One of the methods of intensification of the technological process of yeast production is selection of culture medium by replacement of mineral source of nitrogen with plant-based source. In our opinion, it is suitable to use for this purpose . Methods : in this study, we examined the ability of yeast cells to utilize organic nitrogen from a plant-based source of protein such as alfalfa granules . The use of this method allowed us to carve out the optimal components of the nutrient medium, which has provided the yeast with improved quality indicators . Results : we examined the effect of alfalfa as a source of nitrogen on the vital activity of yeast S . cerevisiae . Discussion : Alfalfa granules can be used in a cultural medium for barm yeast cultivation on a production scale .

Securing a ship’s safe stability is essential. Thus, monitoring the stability parameters of the IMO requirements is required to provide an alert about the risk of the safety of ships’ stability to the captain, officers, and the crew of a ship. However, calculating all ships’ intact stability parameters is complex without ship loading software or equipment. To evaluate ships’ intact stability parameters, a convenient methodology to simply calculate them is necessary as a supplementary method for ships in the absence of loading software or equipment. In the present study, the Simple Evaluation Methodology for Intact Stability (SEMIS) is proposed. SEMIS is introduced for simply evaluating the safety of ships’ stability according to GM. Based on the stability parameters of 336 loading conditions of 19 model ships, empirical formulas of SEMIS are derived. To verify the proposed methodology, the stability parameters of two model ships in 28 loading conditions are calculated using the proposed empirical formulas and the principal calculation methods, respectively, and then compared. The developed SEMIS efficiently evaluates the ships’ stability using only GM.

In most mixed-species forestry systems, regeneration is a critical step for individual tree survival and species coexistence. Species coexistence is driven by the fine-scale spatial patterns and competitive abilities of species. In naturally regenerated mixed oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur: QP and QR, respectively) stands, species coexistence was assessed by analysing the spatial distribution of both species and their growth responses to intra- and interspecific competition. Four sites located in North Eastern France with an established (1.4–2.8-m-high) mixed QP and QR regeneration were selected for the study. In a first step, individual seedling location was recorded along line transects to analyse the spatial distribution of the two species. Univariate pair correlation functions were used to test for spatial aggregation for each species and bivariate pair correlation functions were used to test for spatial associations between the two species. In a second step, seedlings were measured in small plots to analyse their response to local competition. Mixed linear models were used to estimate the combined effects of density, mixture, seedling size and seedling status on seedling growth. QP and QR were both highly aggregated in monospecific patches, and the two species were strongly segregated at a decametric scale. Transition zones between monospecific patches were reduced to a few meters. For both species, mixture had no effect on seedling growth. In all sites, the two species showed very similar diameter and height growth rates in response to density, mixture, seedling size and seedling status, and similar intra- and interspecific competitive abilities. Highly patchy patterns of QP and QR regeneration strongly reduce interactions between the two species and, in transition zones between monospecific patches where the two species are mixed, no species is expected to outcompete its companion species. For each species, long-term persistence at the stand scale is determined by intraspecific competition rather than by interspecific competition. At this developmental stage, the QP-QR mixture appears to be very stable and no specific silvicultural treatment is required to maintain the mixture.

Engineering school; In a context of the increasing pressure of wild ungulates on the timber industry, silviculture must adapt to ensure a good renewal of forest stands. We have studied the responses of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) seedlings and adventitious vegetation to herbivory pressure of the main wild ungulates of the plains (Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus and Sus scrofa). We followed a cohort of sessile oak seedlings from 2018 and studied its behaviour according to two main parameters. The presence or absence of predation by ungulates through a device of enclosures and exclosures. The edaphic modalities and the presence or absence of competing for vegetation thanks to two working methods: a control modality without intervention and a so-called VEGHYDR modality on which the grasses have been removed, the soil decompaction and furrows dug. We have shown that during the first two growing seasons, the main damage is due to wild boar populations. They represent 12% of seedling damage (2nd degradation factor after slugs and phytophagous insects) and the leading cause of death (40%). Consequences of their high consumption of acorns and cotyledons and the selection of a population unfavourable to forestry. Wild boars are opportunistic omnivores and attack the most vigorous acorns by neglecting the less palatable. As there is a relationship between acorn size, seedling growth and survival, this harms these last two parameters. When the cotyledons disappear, the impact of wild boars decreases. They are no longer consumed but can still betrampled or snatched by wild boars in search of food. The impacts of cervids are still absent. We also found that the survival rate of sessile oak seedlings increases with the density of competing for herbaceous vegetation. This goes against our original hypothesis. Finally, it emerged from this study that the morphology of the seedlings during their first growing seasons is mainly dependent on the quality of the acorns rather than the biotic and abiotic variables studied. The results of our study are consistent with the literature except for the positive correlation observed between seedling survival rate and competing for vegetation density. In the next years of monitoring the device, we will see if this trend will be confirmed or reversed. Finally, it has become apparent that soil decompaction and drainage are detrimental to the establishment of the natural regeneration of sessile oak. This work is, therefore, to be avoided for this type of forest stand management. Besides, the economic value of placing fences around regeneration plots is not confirmed, since when excluding wild boar, the other causes of mortality increase considerably.; Dans un contexte de pression croissante des ongulés sauvages sur la filière bois, la sylviculture doit s’adapter afin de garantir un bon renouvellement des peuplements forestiers. Nous avons étudié les réponses des semis de chêne sessile (Quercus petraea) et de la végétation adventice face à la pression d’herbivorie des principaux ongulés sauvages de plaine (Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus et Sus scrofa). Nous avons effectué le suivi d’une cohorte de semis de chênes sessiles de 2018 et étudié son comportement en fonction de deux grands paramètres. La présence ou l’absence de prédation par les ongulés grâce à un dispositif d’enclos et d’exclos. Les modalités édaphiques et la présence ou l’absence de végétation concurrente grâce à deux modalités de travail : une modalité témoin sans intervention et une modalité dite VEGHYDR sur laquelle les graminées ont été supprimé, le sol décompacté et des sillons creusés. Nous avons montré qu’au cours des deux premières saisons de végétation, les principaux dégâts sont dus aux populations de sangliers. Ils représentent 12% des dégradations des semis (2em facteur de dégradation après les limaces et les insectes phytophages) et la première cause de mortalité (40%). Conséquences de leur consommation importante de glands et de cotylédons et de la sélection d’une population peu favorable à la sylviculture. De fait les sangliers sont des omnivores opportunistes et s’attaquent aux glands les plus vigoureux en délaissant les moins appétents. Comme il existe une relation entre taille des glands, croissance et survie des semis, cela a un effet négatif sur ces deux derniers paramètres. Lorsque les cotylédons disparaissent, l’impact des sangliers diminue. Ils ne sont alors plus consommés mais peuvent encore être piétinés ou arrachés par des sangliers à la recherche de nourriture. Les impacts des cervidés sont eux encore absents. Nous avons également constaté que le taux de survie des semis de chêne sessile augmente avec la densité de la végétation concurrente herbacée. Ce qui va à l’encontre de notre hypothèse de départ. Enfin, il est ressorti de cette étude que la morphologie des semis au cours de leurs premières saisons de végétation est majoritairement dépendante de la qualité des glands plus que des variables biotiques et abiotiques étudiées. Bien que l’assainissement du sol soit également néfaste à la survie des semis du fait d’une diminution critique de la réserve en eau durant les périodes de sécheresse. Le taux de survie est en effet plus important sur nos modalités témoins sans intervention, donc sans travail ni assainissement du sol. Les résultats de notre étude sont conformes à la littérature à l’exception de la corrélation positive observée entre le taux de survie des semis et la densité de végétation concurrente. Dans les prochaines années de suivi du dispositif, nous verrons si cette tendance sera confirmée ou bien inversée. Enfin il est apparu que la décompaction et le drainage du sol sont néfastes à l’installation de la régénération naturelle du chêne sessile. Ces travaux sont donc à éviter pour ce type de gestion de peuplement forestier. De plus, l’intérêt économique de la mise en place de clôtures autour des placettes de régénération n’est pas confirmé, puisque lorsque l’on exclut le sanglier, les autres causes de mortalité augmentent considérablement.

Objectif : L’objectif de l’étude était d’évaluer l’effet du trempage sous différentes fertilisations sur le rendement du sorgho.Méthodologie et résultats : Des échantillons de sol ont été prélevés pour des analyses physico-chimiques au laboratoire afin de déterminer la fertilité initiale des parcelles d’expérimentations. Les essais ont été installés sur une superficie totale de 20 hectares dans les villages de Tiéneguebougou, de Farako, de Guémou et de Bignekolobougou. Le dispositif expérimental était le split plot avec 20 répétitions. Les facteurs étudiés étaient la technologie du trempage des semences conseillées par la recherche et la pratique paysanne (témoin) du trempage des semences avec 4 niveaux de fertilisation. Pour la technologie du trempage des semences, le principe consistait à faire tremper les graines dans l’eau ordinaire pendant 8 heures, suivi d’un séchage à l’ombre pendant 2 heures avant le semis. Le témoin était la pratique paysanne habituelle de la zone dont la durée du trempage était d’environ 5 heures et le séchage se faisait au soleil. Les semences ont été prétraitées à l’apron star et le semis a été réalisé en lignes sur des billons avec un écartement de 80 cm x 40 cm. La fumure organique (100g/poquet) et le NPK 17-17-17 (6g/poquet) ont été apportés en micro-dose au moment du semis. L’urée (46% N) a été enfouie en micro-dose (1 g soit une pincée à trois doigts) à côté des plants de sorgho en début de la montaison après une pluie assurant un sol humide. Les résultats des analyses ont montré que les sols présentent une texture sablo-limoneuse à limono-sableuse avec une faible fertilité, une acidité, une carence en phosphore, en azote et en potassium. Le trempage des semences a produit des rendements grain de 731 kg/ha, 1 858 kg/ha de paille, 33 342 panicules/ha, 1 051 kg/ha de poids panicules. Concernant le témoin, les rendements étaient de 202 kg/ha de grain, 482 kg/ha de paille, 15 592 panicules/ha et 313 kg/ha de poids panicules. L’apport du fumier et de l’engrais minéral en micro-dose a augmenté significativement le rendement grain de 33% et le rendement paille de 54% par rapport au témoin. Le trempage a permis d’augmenter le nombre de panicules de plus 100% ; les rendements grain, paille et poids panicules de plus 200% comparativement au témoin.Conclusion et application des résultats : Au regard des résultats probants obtenus, la technologie du trempage des semences a permis de doubler voire tripler le rendement du sorgho par rapport au témoin. La technologie du trempage des semences est applicable partout au Sahel et dans d’autres zones à écologie similaire.Mots-clés : trempage, fertilisation, rendement, Mali.English Title: Effects of seed soaking on sorghum yield in Sahelian zone of Kolokani and Diema in MaliObjective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of seed soaking under different fertilizations on sorghum yield. Methodology and results: Soil samples were taken for physico-chemical analyzes in the laboratory to determine the initial fertility of the experimental plots. The tests were implemented on a total area of 20 hectares in the villages of Tieneguebougou, Farako, Guemou and Bignekolobougou. The experimental device was the split plot with 20 repetitions. The factors studied were the seed soaking technology recommended by research and seed soaking according to farmer practice (control) with 4 levels of fertilization. For the seed soaking technology, the principle was to soak the seeds in ordinary water for 8 hours, followed by drying in the shade for 2 hours before sowing. The control was the usual farmer practice in the area, whose soaking time was about 5 hours and seed drying had done in the sun. The seeds were pre-treated with apron star and sowing was done in rows on ridges with a spacing of 80 cm x 40 cm. Organic manure (100g/hole) and NPK 17-17-17 (6g/hole) were provided in micro-dose at the time of sowing. Urea (46% N) was brought in a micro-dose (1 g/hole either a three-finger pinch) next to sorghum seedlings at the beginning of elongation after a rainfall ensuring moist soil. Results showed that soils had sandy-loamy and sandy-loamy texture with low fertility, acidity and deficiency in phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. The experiment was laid in split plot design with 20 repetitions. Seed soaking technology provided 731 kg ha-1 of grain yield, 1858 kg ha-1 of straw, 33 342 panicles ha-1, 1 051 kg ha-1 of panicle weight. For traditional practice (control), yields were 202 kg ha-1 of grain, 482 kg ha-1 of straw, 15 592 panicles ha-1 and 313 kg ha-1 of panicle weight. Micro dose application of manure and mineral fertilizer increased significantly the grain yield by 33% and straw yield by 54% compared to the control. Seed soaking increased panicle number by over 100% and more than 200% for grain, straw and panicle yields comparatively to the control. Conclusion and application of results: According to the potent results, seed soaking technology has permitted to double either triple sorghum yield comparatively to the control. Seed soaking technology could be applied as well in the Sahel as elsewhere similar to the Sahel condition.Keywords: soaking, fertilization, yield, Mali

Pinto, C. M. F., Maffia, L. A., Berger, R. D., Mizubuti, E. S. G., and Casali, V. W. D. 1998. Progress of white rot on garlic cultivars planted at different times. Plant Dis. 82:1 142-1146. In the region of Amarantina, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, four a nnual experiments with garlic (Allium sativum) were established in fields infested with Sclerotium cepivorum, causal agent of garlic white rot, to investigate the effect of time of planting on the day when disease was first noticed (tonset), incidence at harvest ( yf), duration of epidemics ( tf ‐ tonset), and the response of five cultivars to white rot. Most epidemiological parameters were similar am ong cultivars. In 1986 to 1988, no white rot was observed on garlic planted during the warm temperatures in January. The average onset of white rot occurred at different times dependent on the day of planting as average temperatures decreased from January to May. That is, for February plantings, onset occurred after 93 to 140 days (between 1 June and 5 July); for March plantings, about 90 days (15 to 28 June); for mid-April plantings, about 77 days (1 July); and mid-May plantings, about 66 days (20 July). B ecause of these different times of onset, the average duration of epidemics was shorter for crops planted in February (30 days) compared to crops planted in March (48 days) or April to May (54 to 69 days). In general, most disease (highest incidence and longest duration) occurred on crops planted in March to May. Therefore, severe losses to white rot would be expected when garlic is planted at the traditional times (March and April) in areas infested with sclerotia of S. cepivorum. The early planting of garlic is recommended as an important management strategy to avoid white rot in areas with these infested soils.

The large-scale use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in medicines or disinfectants can lead to their release into the environment, posing a potential risk to organisms. This study examined the effects of three typical QACs, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (DBAC), and didodecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), on hydroponically cultured wheat seedlings. After 14 days of exposure, both hormesis and phytotoxicity were observed in the wheat seedlings. The shoot and root fresh weight gradually increased as QAC concentrations rose from 0.05 to 0.8 mg L-1. However, higher QAC concentrations severely inhibited plant growth by decreasing shoot and root fresh weight, total root length, and photosynthetic pigment content. Moreover, the increase in malondialdehyde and O-2(.-) contents, as well as root membrane permeability, reflected an oxidative burst and membrane lipid peroxidation caused by QACs. However, the effects of QACs on the levels of these oxidative stress markers were compound-specific, and the changes in superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, and catalase activity were partly related to reactive oxygen species levels. Considering the order of median effective concentration values (EC50) and the levels of oxidative stress induced by the three tested QACs, their phytotoxicities in wheat seedlings increased in the following order: DDAC < DTAC < DBAC, which mainly depended on their characteristics and applied concentrations. These results, which illustrated the complexity of QAC toxicity to plants, could potentially be used to assess the risk posed by these compounds in the environment.

Research on polyembryony suggests that the presence of multiple embryos in a seed confers an advantage for seedling survival. Because observations from embryo to seedling stages are lacking, however, the effect of the exact number of embryos on seedling survival is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of seed embryo number on seedling survival and growth to determine the number of embryos in a seed that are advantageous for seedling survival in Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. var. umbrosus Maxim., which is a taxon exhibiting cleavage polyembryony. We also investigated whether seed mass affects seed embryo number and seedling survival and growth. We found that the number of embryos in seeds of O. japonicus var. umbrosus was weakly dependent on seed mass. As the number of embryos increased, the number of seedlings surviving from seeds initially increased and then decreased; the greatest number of seedlings was produced from an intermediate number of embryos, with the number of embryos producing the greatest number of seedlings increasing with seed mass. The sum of individual seedling lengths increased with the number of seedlings. Our results indicate that an intermediate number of embryos may be advantageous in polyembryonic O. japonicus var. umbrosus.

L'arachide fait partie des plantes les plus sujettes a la contamination par les aflatoxines depuis le champ, la recolte et meme durant le stockage. Cette etude a ete conduite avec pour objectif de determiner les points, facteurs ou sources de contamination par les aflatoxines au cours des pratiques culturales de l’arachide en Cote d’Ivoire. Sur la base d’un questionnaire, des informations sur les producteurs et leurs pratiques culturales ont ete collectees dans les regions Centre, Nord et Ouest du pays. Realisee entierement par les femmes dont 95,3% n’avait aucun niveau d’etude, la culture de l’arachide differe d’une region a une autre. Elle se cultive seule (30,2%), en association avec d’autres cultures (mais sorgho, mil, pistache) (44,2%) ou en rotation (25, 6%). Les dates de semis et de recolte vont de mars a juillet dans le Centre et l’Ouest et de mai a novembre dans le Nord. L’arachide est exposee a diverses attaques par les insectes, les rongeurs, les mauvaises herbes et des maladies qui occasionnent de nombreuses pertes. Les criteres de maturite sont l’aspect des feuilles dans le Centre et Nord du pays ou la taille des gousses et l’aspect des feuilles dans le Centre. Le respect des dates de semis, l’utilisation de semis sain, la pratique de la rotation ou l’association des cultures, influence le developpement des moisissures et la production des aflatoxines. L’identification des pratiques culturales a permis de montrer leur implication dans la contamination de l’arachide par les aflatoxines. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Aracfhide, aflatoxines, Cote d’Ivoire, pratiques culturales English Title: Determination of peanut cultural practices increasing aflatoxins contamination in three regions of Cote d'Ivoire English Abstract Peanuts are among plants most susceptible to aflatoxin contamination both in the field, after harvest and during storage. This study was conducted with the objective of determining the points or factors or sources of contamination by aflatoxins during peanut growing practices in Cote d'Ivoire. On basis of a questionnaire, information on farmers and their farming practices was collected in the central, northern and western regions of the country. Practice entirely (100%) by women, 95.3% of whom had no level of education, peanut cultivation differs from one region to another. It is grown alone (30.2%) in combination with other crops (maize sorghum, millet, pistachio) (44.2%) or in rotation (25.6%). Sowing and harvest dates are from March to July in the center and west and from May to November in the north. Peanut is exposed to various attacks by insects, rodents, weeds and diseases that cause many losses. Maturity criteria are leaf appearance in the central and northern parts of the country or pod size and leaf appearance in the center. Compliance with sowing dates, use of healthy seedlings, rotations or combination of crops influences development of molds and aflatoxins production. The identification of cultural practices has shown their involvement in contamination of peanuts by aflatoxins. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Peanuts, aflatoxins, cultural practices, Cote d'Ivoire

La faible disponibilite de l’eau de pluie et l’erosion, limitent les productions agricoles au Burkina Faso et necessitent de developper des systemes de culture innovants. L’etude a compare les effets du labour conventionnel et du semis direct sous couverture vegetale (SCV) sur les flux hydriques d’un sol au Burkina Faso. L’objectif etait de determiner la quantite de paille necessaire pour limiter l’erosion et ameliorer les caracteristiques hydriques du sol. Un dispositif agronomique randomise comprenant trois repetitions et trois traitements (T 0 = labour sans paillage, T 2t = semis direct sous 2t/ha de paillis et T 4t = semis direct sous 4t/ha de paillis) a ete utilise. Dans ce dispositif, une placette de 1,04 m² relie a un demi-fut place sous terre par un tuyau a permis de recueillir et de quantifier les eaux ruisselees et la terre erodee. La permeabilite des traitements a ete mesuree par la methode de l’infiltrometre a double anneaux. Pour mesurer l’humidite du sol, un echantillon par traitement et par horizon a ete seche a l’etuve pendant 24 heures a 105 °C. Les resultats montrent que le coefficient de ruissellement a varie de 55,27% a 16,3% sous SCV contre 94,1% sous labour sans paillage. Le SCV a reduit de 76 a 90% les pertes de terre, a significativement eleve la vitesse d’infiltration comparativement au labour (P=0,036) et a une meilleure humidite. La quantite de 2 t/ha de paillis est necessaire et suffisante pour controler le ruissellement et l’erosion, ameliorer l’infiltration et conserver une humidite suffisante comparativement au labour. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Paillage, semis direct, labour, infiltration, humidite, ruissellement, erosion English Title: Effects of Mulch based Crop Systems (MCS) on water fluxes of a ferruginous soil in the west of Burkina Faso English Abstract Agricultural productions in Burkina Faso are limited by the weak availability of the rainwater and the erosion. Systems of innovating culture are therefore to develop. The study compared the effects of the conventional ploughing and the direct seedling under plant cover (DSC) on the water fluxes of one soil in Burkina Faso. The objective was to determine the quantity of necessary straw to limit the erosion and to improve the water features of soil. A device agronomic random containing three repetitions and three treatments (T 0 = ploughing without mulch, T 2t = direct seedling under 2t/ha mulch and T 4t = direct seedling under 4t/ha mulch) has been used. In this device, a plot of 1.04 m² joined to a half stock placed under ground by a hose, permitted to collect and to quantify water streamed and the eroded soil. The permeability of the treatments has been measured by the method of infiltrometer with duplicate rings. To measure the humidity of soil, a middle sample by treatment and by horizon has been dried at the steam room during 24 hours to 105 °C. The results show that the coefficient of dripping varied from 55.27% to 16.3% under DSC against 94.1% under ploughing without mulch. The DSC reduced 76 to 90% the losses of soil, raised the speed of infiltration meaningfully compared with the ploughing (P=0.036) and has a better humidity. The quantity of 2t/ha of mulch is necessary and sufficient to control the dripping and the erosion, to improve the infiltration and to keep a sufficient humidity compared with the ploughing. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mulch, direct seedling, ploughing, infiltration, humidity, dripping, erosion

The objective of this dissertation is to show that the layout of a science space in a classroom of first year of preschool is favorable for interactions and vocabulary development. My research is based on the analysis of different data registered during a lesson about seeding. Audio records, analysis grids and pupils' writings has allowed me to show the impact of such a space on the enhancement of pupils' language skills.; Ce mémoire a pour objectif de montrer si l'aménagement d'un espace sciences en classe de petite-section, est propice au développement du langage et aux interactions. Ma recherche se fonde sur l'analyse de différentes données recueillies lors de la mise en place d'une séquence sur les semis. Des enregistrements audios, des grilles d'analyses ainsi que les traces écrites des élèves, m'ont permis de démontrer l'impact d'un tel espace sur l'amélioration des compétences langagières chez ces derniers.

Les pesticides chimiques de synthese utilises pour l’intensification des systemes de production agricoles peuvent affecter de facon defavorable la qualite du sol a travers leur effet sur sa macrofaune. La presente etude a permis d’evaluer les effets synergiques du Paraquat et de la Lambdacyhalothrine en presence du compost sur la macrofaune du sol sous culture pluviale de sesame en milieu paysan, dans la region du Centre-Est du Burkina Faso. La methode « Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility » (TSBF) a ete utilisee pour evaluer l’abondance et la diversite de la macrofaune du sol apres application de pesticides et de compost. L’etude a ete menee entre 2014 et 2015 sur des monolithes de sols preleves a des profondeurs de 0-10 cm et 10-30 cm 3 jours avant semis, au 41 eme et au 81 eme jours apres semis. Les resultats obtenus montrent qu’en absence de pesticide, le compost a entraine une augmentation du nombre d’individus de la macrofaune du sol de 84,14% et de 173,46% respectivement dans les profondeurs de 0-10 cm et 10-30 cm du sol par rapport au temoin non traite. Il ressort aussi que le compost est plus favorable au developpement equilibre et diversifie des groupes de macrofaune. Apres traitement des parcelles par le Paraquat et la Lambdacyhalothrine, une diminution de 47,56% de la macrofaune du sol a ete notee a la profondeur de 0-10 cm du sol et leur elimination totale a ete observee a la profondeur 10-30 cm. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Paraquat, Lambdacyhalothrine, Sesamum indicum L., macrofaune du sol English Title: Combined effects of compost, Paraquat and Lambdacyhalothrine on soil macrofauna under rainfed crop of sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) in Burkina Faso English Abstract Synthesis chemical pesticides used for the intensification of agricultural production systems may affect adversely the quality of the soil through their effect on its macrofauna and its microflora. The present study aimed at evaluating the synergistic effects of Paraquat and Lambdacyhalothrin in the presence of the compost on macrofauna of the soil under rainfed crop of sesame in peasant community, in the central east region of Burkina Faso. The method "Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility" (TSBF) has been used to assess the abundance and diversity of macrofauna of soil after application of pesticides and compost. To do so, monoliths of soils at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm 3 days before seeding, at the 41 th and 81 th days after seedlings have been collected. The results showed that in the absence of pesticide, compost has led to an increase of the population of macrofauna in the soil by 84.14% and 173.46% respectively in the depths of 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm of the soil compared with the none treated sample. It is also clear that the compost is more favorable with the development of well-balanced and diversified groups of macrofauna. After treatment of plots by Paraquat and Lambdacyhalothrin, a decrease of 47.56% of the soil macrofauna has been recorded at the depth of 0-10 cm of the soil and their total elimination was observed at the depth of 10-30 cm. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Paraquat, Lambdacyhalothrine, Sesamum indicum L., Soil macrofauna

The regeneration phase is a critical step in plant population dynamics, but is still incompletely understood owing to the intricacy and complexity of the factors concerned. We investigated the role played by pine emergence, survival and growth in the recruitment process of a Mediterranean pine forest under disturbances of various intensities. Disturbances were produced by site treatments including mechanical chopping, soil scarification, and controlled fire of low or high intensity. Pine seedling emergence, survival, dimensions and the relative cover of bare soil, grasses and shrub were monitored on 580 1 m2 plots over 6 years in a mature Aleppo pine forest (Pinus halepensis Mill.). Seedlings did not emerge continuously and regularly with time, but mostly in bursts, which were particularly marked in the rainy autumnal seasons. This specific pattern defined a ‘window' of emergence characterised by the length of time during which seedlings emerged, the number of emerged seedlings and the shape of the window. Survival and growth decreased from the youngest cohort to the oldest cohort. Emergence, survival and growth did not respond in the same way to treatments and soil surface conditions. In particular, scarification treatments were most favourable to emergence, whereas the high-intensity controlled fire treatment was most beneficial to survival. Shrub cover was detrimental to emergence, but positively influenced survival and growth. We conclude that environmental factors controlling survival, emergence and growth processes differ, and that their importance varies over time. A detailed understanding of the processes involved in seedling recruitment can be helpful for selecting the types and intensities of the controlled disturbances to be applied to successfully regenerate forest stands.