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National yield of mungbean is low as compared to other countries, mainly due to shortage of commercial mungbean varieties. To address this issue, an exotic Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) susceptible accession VC 1973A and a local MYMV resistant genotype NM 92 were crossed (VC 1973A x NM 92) at the experimental field of the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar during kharif 2004. Selection for best recombinant lines based on high yield (more pods per plant), resistance to MYMV, semi erect plant type in early segregating populations, and genetic stability in F2 - F5 generations for the desired traits was carried-out from 2005 to 2010. The high yielding recombinant “NFM-6-5” along with other advanced lines and local standard variety “Ramzan” were screened for MYMV resistance, and tested for seed yield and other related components in various yield trials i.e. preliminary, advanced, multi-locations and National Uniform Yield trials from 2011-2015. Results revealed that recombinant “NFM-6-5” produced up to 2283 kg ha-1 seed yield in replicated yield trials with 25-30% higher seed yield compared to the check variety “Ramzan” in various yield trials. More number of pods per plant and large seed size are the main primary yield contributing components in NIFA Mung-2017 (recombinant “NFM-6-5”). NIFA Mung - 2017 is a promising variety with different genetic background from earlier mungbean varieties. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Seed Council approved the recombinant “NFM-6-5” as a commercial variety with name “NIFA Mung-2017” for general cultivation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) on 19th September 2017. Keywords: Disease resistance; Mungbean; NIFA Mung-2017; Seed yield; Variety; Yield components http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90278

This study aimed to determine weed interference periods in semi-erect and semi-prostrate cowpea cultivars. Two simultaneous experiments were conducted with the cowpea cultivars BRS Guariba (semi-erect) and BRS Aracê (semi-prostrate). The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme, seven periods × two weed management (control and coexistence). Control and coexistence periods consisted of 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45, and 0-60 days after emergence (DAE) for the semi-erect cultivar and 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45, and 0-64 DAE for the semi-prostrate cultivar. Competition throughout the cycle reduced productivity by up to 39.81% for BRS Guariba and 37.27% for BRS Aracê. The cultivars BRS Guariba and BRS Aracê presented critical period of interference prevention of 9 to 41 DAE and 15 to 32 DAE, respectively. The semi-prostrate cultivar BRS Aracê was more competitive with weeds, requiring a shorter control period to express maximum productivity. RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas em cultivares de feijão-caupi de porte semiereto e semiprostrado. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos simultâneos com os cultivares BRS Guariba (semiereto) e BRS Aracê (semiprostrado). Para ambos os experimentos, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 7 × 2, sete períodos × duas formas de manejo das plantas daninhas (controle e convivência). Os períodos de controle e convivência consistiram em 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45 e 0-60 dias após a emergência (DAE) para o cultivar de porte semiereto e 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45 e 0-64 DAE para o cultivar de porte semiprostrado. A competição durante todo o ciclo reduziu a produtividade em até 39,81% para o cv. BRS Guariba e 37,27% para o cv. BRS Aracê. Os cultivares BRS Guariba e BRS Aracê apresentaram período crítico de prevenção à interferência de 9 a 41 DAE e 15 a 32 DAE, respectivamente. O cv. BRS Aracê de porte semiprostrado foi mais competitivo com as plantas daninhas, necessitando de menor período de controle para expressar a máxima produtividade.

Resumo - SCS316 CR Altovale é o novo cultivar de azevém-anual, diploide, resultado do processo de seleção de um material proveniente da região do Alto Vale do Itajaí em Santa Catarina. Destaca-se dos demais cultivares comerciais por produtividade, precocidade e por sua adaptação ao clima Cfa. O SCS316 CR Altovale é um azevém-anual de ciclo médio, com hábito de crescimento semiereto e uma relação folha-colmo de 4:1 no período vegetativo. Em dois anos de avaliação (2014 e 2015) e três locais do Estado (Papanduva, Lages e Ituporanga), sendo manejado a uma altura de 30cm, alcançou uma produção média de 32t ha-1 de massa verde e 5,8t ha-1 de massa seca, em oito cortes, entre junho e outubro. Na média de todos os locais, apresentou teor de 23% de proteína bruta e 69% de digestibilidade in vitro, na avaliação realizada no terceiro corte. O cultivar foi registrado junto ao Registro Nacional de Cultivares do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. A disponibilidade de sementes comerciais deverá ocorrer a partir de 2020.

The aim of this study was to evaluate morpho-physiological and productive characteristics in four semi-erect cultivars of the cowpea under five plant populations. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa Meio-Norte in Teresina in the State of Piauí, Brazil (PI). The experimental design was of randomised complete blocks with four replications, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, for evaluating four cultivars (BRS Guariba, BRS Novaera, BRS Potengi and BRS Tumucumaque) and five plant populations (105, 2x105, 3x105, 4x105 and 5x105 plants ha-1). There were significant differences between cultivars for primary branch length (PBL), number of lateral branches (NLB), 100-grain weight (HGW), and dry-grain yield (GY). The maximum PBL of 58.5 cm was obtained with 300 thousand plants ha-1, corresponding to an increase of 11.5% when compared to 100 thousand plants ha-1. However, there was a reduction of 91.2% in NLB when compared to the populations of 100 and 500 thousand plants ha-1. The increases of 188% obtained in the leaf area index (LAI) in the range of 100 to 500 thousand plants ha-1 explain the linear increase in the crop growth rate (CGR) as being due to the greater production of leaf area; also, the decreases seen in the net assimilation rate (NAR), especially in the range of 100 to 300 thousand plants ha-1, are explained as due to the consequent self-shading, which was intensified in the larger populations. LAI, light interception, and CGR in the cultivars increase in response to higher densities. HGW and GY are not significantly affected by the different populations. RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar características morfofisiológicas e produtivas em quatro cultivares semieretas de feijão-caupi submetidas a cinco populações de plantas. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Teresina-PI. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 4x5 sendo avaliadas quatro cultivares (BRS Guariba, BRS Novaera, BRS Potengi e BRS Tumucumaque) e cinco populações de plantas (105, 2x105, 3x105, 4x105 e 5x105 plantas ha-1). Houve diferenças significativas entre as cultivares para o comprimento do ramo principal (CRP), número de ramos laterais (NRL), massa de cem grãos (MCG) e rendimento de grãos secos (REND). O CRP máximo de 58,5 cm foi obtido com 300 mil plantas ha-1, correspondendo a um aumento de 11,5% quando comparado com 100 mil plantas ha-1. Entretanto, houve redução de 91,2% no NRL quando comparadas às populações de 100 e 500 mil plantas ha-1. Os aumentos de 188% obtidos no índice de área foliar (IAF) no intervalo de 100 e 500 mil plantas ha-1, explicam o aumento linear da taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC) em função da maior produção de área foliar, bem como, os decréscimos obtidos na taxa de assimilação líquida (TAL), notadamente no intervalo de 100 a 300 mil plantas ha-1, devido ao consequente autossombreamento, que foi intensificado nas maiores populações. O IAF, a interceptação de luz e a TCC das cultivares aumentam em resposta às maiores densidades. O MCG e o REND não são afetados significativamente pelas diferentes populações.

The main focus of our study was to investigate differences in ripening time, standard parameters of productivity (number of fruiting branches and fruits cane(-1), yield cane(-1) and yield bush(-1)) and fruit quality (fruit weight, index of fruit shape, soluble solids content - SSC and titratable acidity - TA), and also of nutritional value (total anthocyanins - TACY and total phenolic content - TPC) of two introduced semi-erect blackberry cultivars 'Loch Ness' and 'Triple Crown', and domestic cultivar 'Cacanska Bestrna' as a prevailing one in blackberry plantations in Serbia. Results from this study showed that the earliest first harvest date was observed in 'Loch Ness' (June 26), whereas 'Triple Crown' was the most late cultivar (July 16). 'Cacanska Bestrna' exhibited consistently higher values for the parameters of productivity achieving significantly higher yields (5.94 kg cane(-1)) in comparison to other studied cultivars. This cultivar is also characterized by the highest average fruit weight and index of fruit shape (9.67 g and 1.27, respectively). Significantly lower average fruit weight was recorded in 'Loch Ness' (5.65 g), whereas 'Triple Crown' had the lowest index of fruit shape (1.13) corresponding to conical form. 'Triple Crown' also exhibited the highest level of SSC (13.5%), followed by 'Loch Ness' (12.3%). Cacanska Bestrna' had significantly higher TA (1.57%) in comparison to the other cultivars. Regarding the nutritional value of studied cultivars, 'Loch Ness' ranked the highest in TACY and TPC (69.1 mg equivalent of cyanidin-3-glucoside 100 g(-1) of fresh weight and 14.8 mg equivalent of gallic acid g(-)1 of fresh weight, respectively). In general, introduced cultivars 'Loch Ness' and 'Triple Crown' demonstrated better outer and inner fruit quality traits than the cultivar 'Cacanska Bestrna'. Furthermore, these cultivars could be considered as genotypes with enhanced consumer acceptability.

A recombinant inbred line population (RIP-9) derived from an interspecific cross (ILC72 × Cr5-10) was evaluated for growth habit during 2 years (2003 and 2004). This RIP was used to develop a pair of near isogenic lines (NILs) for erect vs prostrate growth habit in chickpea. Molecular characterization of the identified pair of NILs was performed using 52 sequence tagged microsatellite site markers distributed over different chickpea linkage groups (CaLG) of the genetic map. It revealed polymorphic markers in CaLG1 and CaLG3. Starting from a previous data base simple linear regression was applied to detect association between markers and growth habit. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) marker OPAD091053 mapped on CaLG1 explained the highest percentage (maximum 15.4 %) of the total phenotypic variation for growth habit and it was used to develop a SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) marker (SCAD091053). New markers were developed from sequences surrounding SCAD091053 in the physical map. QTL (quantitative trait loci) analysis revealed a new QTL (QTLHg2) in CaLG1. The Indel marker (deletion/insertion) Indel 3 and the predicted gene Ca_07000 (14,5 Mb of Ca1) and (15,3 Mb of Ca1) had the highest LOD values explaining 24.6 and 23.4 % of the phenotypic variation in years 2003 and 2004, respectively. To confirm these results, another RIP (RIP-5) derived from an intraspecific cross (WR315 × ILC3279) and segregating for erect vs semi-erect growth habit was employed. RIP-5 allowed mapping the gene (Hg2/hg2) on CaLG1 that was flnaked by two Indel markers (Indel 1 and Indel 2) in the range of 12,3 and 16,2 Mb. So, Hg2/hg2 gene corresponds to QTLHg2 region. The annotated genes Ca_07000 and Ca_06999 were homologues to predicted zinc finger genes in Glycine max and Pisum sativum, respectively. Hence, they could be considered as possible candidate genes., This work has been supported by the project INIA contract RTA2010-00059, co-financed by EU funds (FEDER). Ali L. acknowledges Ph.D. fellowship from Syrian Ministry of High Education and ICRISAT for supporting six months stay at the Center of Excellence in Genomic (ICRISAT, Patancheru, India).

SUMMARYGaits (footfall patterns) and external mechanical energy patterns of the center of mass were quantified in a generalized, semi-erect mammal in order to address three general questions. First, do semi-erect mammals exhibit the walk/run gait transitions that have been proposed as the primitive condition for tetrapods? Second, do small, semi-erect mammals employ the energy-saving pendular and spring-based mechanics used by erect mammals? Third, how well do mechanical locomotor patterns of the center of mass correlate with gaits?Monodelphis domestica utilizes only fast walking and running trot gaits over a fivefold increase in speed, over which we could illicit constant velocity steps, although running trots were their preferred gait. In sustained level locomotion the opossums did not use other walking gaits presumed to be primitive for tetrapods. Across the full range of speeds their trotting gaits exhibited force patterns and in-phase mechanical energy fluctuations that are characteristic of spring-mass mechanics. Thus, opossums appear to prefer trotting gaits with bouncing mechanics for sustained locomotion. Integration of center-of-mass versus footfall perspectives reveals that spring-mass mechanics is associated with both walking trot and running trot gaits. Furthermore, the onset of an aerial phase was not clearly associated with either the walk/run gait transition (50% duty factor) or a change in center-of-mass mechanics. The assumption that energy-saving mechanisms are ubiquitous among mammals is tenuous because small non-cursorial mammals do not appear to use pendular-based mechanics for sustained locomotion and, although they prefer spring-based mechanics, they probably lack clear musculoskeletal spring elements that could store energy during running. Thus, it appears that simply paying for locomotion with muscular work may be the primitive condition for mammals.

Com o objetivo de promover a correção no posicionamento da cartilagem conchal, foram implantados segmentos de silicone entre a cartilagem e a pele da face externa da orelha de caninos, mediante incisões horizontais na face interna da cartilagem conchal. Para isso foram utilizados doze animais da espécie canina, machos e fêmeas, jovens e adultos. Desse total, seis eram cães SRD, que foram submetidos ao implante de silicone sem prévia conchectomia parcial. Outros seis foram cães da raça doberman, dog alemão e boxer, de casos clínicos que apresentavam fragilidade e/ou quebra na cartilagem conchal em seu terço médio. Em todos os animais experimentais os implantes foram bilaterais, enquanto que nos casos clínicos os implantes foram feitos apenas na orelha necessária. Nos animais sem prévia conchectomia, observou-se posicionamento semi ereto das orelhas. Os seis animais restantes apresentaram posicionamento ereto das orelhas após implante, salvo um único caso onde foi necessário associar técnica de encurtamento da pele na região nucal. Sylicon segments were implanted between the cartilage and the externai surface of the canine's ear, through horizontal incisions in the auricular cartilage inner surface with the purpose to correct the standing position of the auricular cartilage. Twelve youngs and adults, male and female dogs, were utilized. Six mongrel dogs went through sylicon implant without previous partial conchectomy. Other six, Dobermann Pincher. Great Dane and Boxer were clinical cases with frailty and/or fracture medial third of the ear. The application was bilateral in all experimental animals, while, in the clinical cases, the implant was only in the necessary one. In the dogs without conchectomy, was observed semi erect position, and the other six exhibited the ears with implant in erect position. Only one case, was necessary to shorten the nape skin to help the implant.

Black coloration occurs before the inception of horticultural maturity, so other cues (sheen, drupelet shapes, drupelet sizes, and fruit detachment force) have been employed as indicators of physiological and horticultural maturity among erect and semi-erect thornless blackberry cultivars. A more distinct visual cue might, however, allow reductions in the variability of quality, firmness, and shelflife among manually harvested berries. Such a maturity indicator would allow researchers to select more-uniform materials for genetic and physiologic studies of blackberry fruit ripening and quality development. Our 1996 and 1997 data confirm earlier observations of sepal color relationships to fruit quality attributes (soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and sugar/acid ratio) among semi-erect cultivars, and they show that such relationships exist among erect cultivars. These data also demonstrate relationships among sepal color, fruit detachment force, and berry firmness in both phenotypes.

Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method to predict the effects of management practices, plant characteristics, and environmental factors on crop and weed growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition model was parameterized, calibrated by monoculture data for three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit, common sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and used to simulate competition of cowpea cover crops with sunflower or purslane. The simulation results were compared with observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM did not simulate biomass production and leaf area index (LAI) of cowpea and purslane well, probably due to a lack of published data on purslane physiology. INTERCOM simulated the competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower accurately. The simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study the effects of cowpea growth habits on final biomass production of cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that the erect growth habit was more competitive than the semi-erect and prostrate growth habits when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea biomass production, while cowpea height growth was important to reduce sunflower biomass.

Four, out of the maximum of 5 possible, primary trisomics have been identified karyomorphologically. These are Pseudo Normal, Slender, Semi Erect and Weak, trisomic for C, A, B and D chromosomes respectively. The trisomics are reasonably distinguishable from one another on the basis of qualitative and quantitative characters, like growth habit and rate, stem thickness, internode length, size and shape of leaves and flowers and fertility. The most common type of association at meiosis is 5II+1 I followed by 1 III+4 II. The trisomics differ in the number and type of trivalents. There is a significant increase in range and number of ring bivalents in all trisomics particularly in Slender. This is attributable to a correspondingly significant increase in chiasma frequency. The reasons for this are not clear. Anaphase segregation is ordinarily normal and pollen fertility is high except in Semi Erect in which it is correlated with segregational errors. Although, seed setting is apparently normal in all except Slender, yet germinability is very poor. Greater phenotypic effects and lesser tolerance to the addition results in trisomics for the long submedian and satellited A and medium submedian D chromosomes than for B and C chromosomes.

For the past five years we have been interested in the development of a satisfactory and practical method of phlebography of the lower extremities. Our first endeavors were directed toward the study of the anatomical-spatial relationships of the deep veins (1). This formed a basis upon which future studies could be interpreted. After the trial of various methods presented in the literature, it was thought that the most physiological approach would be one in which the flow of the contrast material in the deep veins would be in the same direction as that of the blood. Our first method using this “homorrhoeic” (ὁμος, same; ῥω, flow) or “iso-flow”2 technic was presented in 1950 (2). The patient was placed on the Bucky table at 15 degrees from the horizontal to give some effect of gravity and to avoid the complications of possible syncope. Table I is a resume of the results of that method in terms of percentage of visualization. In an attempt to increase the percentage of visualization and to simulate more clo...