Search

The work aimed to evaluate the weight-length relationship and the condition factor, characterizing the biometry, anatomy, histology and volumetric density of the liver of Brycon amazonicus, in different stages of body growth. The experiment used twenty specimens in four stages of body growth (PI, PII, PIII and PIV) harvested every 90 days, containing five specimens, each group. The livers were dissected, weighed (g) and processed routinely using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation test and linear regression. The equation that represented the weight-length relation was W = 0.05902 x L2.63, with negative allometric growth, but with a relative condition factor equal to 1.0. The liver was divided into three lobes with the gallbladder close to the right lobe and its color varied from light red to dark red, not varying in relation to other fish species. The hepatosomatic relationship followed body growth until the PII group stage and then declined, demonstrating the behavior of its development in Brycon amazonicus. The organ consists predominantly of hepatocytes, followed by sinusoidal vessels and capillaries, with histological morphology similar to that of many species of fish. Melanomacrophage centers were found only in the most developed animals, but in small quantities, prompting the development of new research on this cell, in this species. In this way, research of this nature allows the characterization of fish species, helping to improve breeding methods, understanding pathological processes caused by diseases, and obtaining better productive capacity, serving an increasingly demanding and prosperous market.

A total of one hundred (100) matured rabbit of 4 – 6 month of age comprising of New Zealand White (NZW) and Dutch (DUT) breeds were used in the study. They comprised of forty nine (49) New Zealand White, thirteen (13) males and thirty six (36) females, Fifty one (51) Dutch breed comprising of twenty one (21) males and thirty (30) females. The experiment was conducted at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, Borno State. Maiduguri. The management system used was intensive system and semi intensive system. By housing them in a cage based on breed and sex. Each rabbit is housed in a cage measuring 33cm x 38cm x 45cm and the cages were tagged for easy identification, measurement and weighing. The cages were slightly raised above the ground for cross ventilation and to facilitate cleaning.Body weight was measured with a digital weighing scale in kilograms and the body measurements were measured using tailor tape calibrated in centimeters. The data measured are body weight (BW), body length (BL), nose to shoulder length (NSL), heart girth (HG), height at withers (HW), ear length (EL), leg length (LL), tail length (TL) and height of the rabbit (HR). Results obtained showed that sex had no significant effect on all the morphometric data measured. Significant effect of genotypes on morphometric traits were observed on NSL, HG, HW, EL and TL with their corresponding values of 10.83, 13.57, 13.37, 14.73, 10.95 in Dutch breed and corresponding values in

The region of Coquimbo has the highest percentage of goats (Capra hircus) in Chile and is severely affected by droughts. This can lead to environmental challenges such as limited water and forage availability when goats are kept in natural grasslands. The objective of this study was to assess the welfare of dairy goats in semi-intensive production systems under drought conditions. The study was carried out in La Serena city, region of Coquimbo, Chile and 22 semi-intensive dairy goat farms were assessed using the Animal Welfare Indicators protocol. In each evaluation, the following indicators and information were gathered: physical and behavioural indicators of animal welfare, farmers’ sociodemographic information, farm facilities, husbandry practices and management of the farm, and farmers’ perception of animal welfare. Of the goats evaluated (n = 446), the vast majority had a body condition score (BCS) considered normal (n = 349; 78.25%). The main welfare problems were poor hair condition, faecal soiling, overgrown claws and improper disbudding or dehorning. The majority of farmers (96%) considered it ‘rather important’ or ‘very important’ to handle their goats in a gentle manner, expressing concern about the welfare of their animals and considering pain as a negative experience for goats. A lower than expected percentage of very thin animals (low BCS) were seen, considering the drought conditions and the forage shortage that affects the region, and no animals were observed with signs of thermal stress. The semi-intensive production systems could be an alternative to pasture-based systems to overcome environmental challenges.

The objectives of this study were to quantify the production traits using principal component analysis in Bunaji and Gudali cattle. Morphological traits of Body weight (Kg); BL: Body Length (Cm); HW: Height at withers (cm); CW: Chest width (cm); HG: Heart Girth (cm); Rumwi: Rump width (cm); TL: Teat Length (cm); RUH: Rear Udder Height (cm); UC: Udder Circumference (cm) and lactation traits of TY: Total Yield (Litres); ADY: Average Daily Yield (Litres/day) and LL: Lactation Length (days) were measured. To find the traits that were clustered together, data were fed to the principal component matrix of J.M.P genomics statistical software. In general, communalities varied from 0.32 to 0.91, and the proportion of variance accounted for by variables was 48 percent Bunaji, 0.31 to 0.99 for communalities, and 58 percent in Gudali cows. The information on principal component analysis will facilitate their efficient use in breeding programs for genetic gain and genetic improvement programs in indigenous Nigeria cattle.

Twenty female Jamunapari goats of live weight of 10.5 ± 1.2 kg at 08± 0.56 months of age were used for 240 days feeding trial. Goats were assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with five (05) goats in each group. All animals were supplied ad libitum green grass and water. They were supplied 150, 200, 250, 300 gm concentrate mixture per day with roughage for group T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. Total dry matter (TDM) intake (413.2, 456.67, 489.2 and 495.7g/day) in groups T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, was significantly (p≤0.01) influenced by the level of concentrate in the diet. Average total digestible crude protein (DCP) intake (3.1, 3.5, 3.9, 4.0 g/kg body weight and average total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake 21.1, 22.3, 24.7, 25.1 g/kg body weight was significantly (p≤0.01) higher in group T4 and lower in group T1. The nutrient intake and digestibility were also significantly higher (p≤0.01) in T4 group. The percent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were 70.1, 75.99, 73.50, 67.24, 62.13 and 49.60%, 73.14, 76.97,76.84, 68.32, 64.04 and 53.25%, 75.45,78.44,78.67,70.43,68.43 and 59.77%, 79.56, 80.16,81.69,72.45,70.82 and 63.09% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 group, respectively. Reproductive performances, birth weight of kids and litter size did not differ significantly between groups, but had significant effect on feed digestibility and milk production. Daily 300 gm concentrate mixture along with roughage is necessary for better growth, production and reproduction performance of Jamunapari doe in semi-intensive system. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(2): 223-230, August 2021

Context Genetically improved chickens raised under a semi-intensive system have been shown to maintain performance in terms of egg production and egg quality by feeding low-cost diets at different levels of supplementation, but reports on the supplementation regimes by using low-cost diets are limited. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation regimes on egg production and egg quality of genetically improved dual-purpose chickens under a semi-intensive system. Methods A total of 480 female chickens aged 20 weeks were randomly assigned to 24 treatment combinations in a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial experiment with two replicates each. The treatments were breeds (Sasso and Kuroiler), diets (D1 – commercial, D2 – medium-cost and D3 – low-cost) and levels of supplementation (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%). Key results The results show that breed, diet and level of dietary supplementation had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on age at first lay and egg production parameters. Sasso chickens showed higher hen-day egg production and hen housed egg production values across all diets and levels of supplementation. Diet and levels of feed supplementation significantly affected egg weight (P < 0.05), with 100% supplementation level resulting in the heaviest eggs and 25% supplementation level resulting in the lightest eggs. All internal egg qualities except Haugh units were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the level of supplementation, whereas the effect of diets was only significant (P < 0.05) for a few internal egg quality variables, such as yolk weight and yolk diameter. The cost of production was higher for commercial diet-fed and highly supplemented birds. Conclusion Egg productivity and egg quality traits were significantly improved by breed, diet and higher levels of supplementation. However, less-supplemented (25% and 50%) birds gave numerically higher income over feed compared with those on higher levels of supplementations for the first 20 weeks of production. Implication These findings have the potential to reduce the cost of egg production for dual-purpose improved chicken breeds while maintaining good egg quality under a semi-intensive system of production.

We aimed to verify whether a low number of relevant animal-based indicators was able to discriminate 33 semi-intensive (grazing during the day and confinement during the night with access to an outdoor paddock; S-INT) and 8 intensive farms (permanent confinement with access to an outdoor paddock; INT) located in the Mexican semi-desert. In addition, we implemented the resource-based assessment scheme Animal Needs Index (ANI) with the identified animal-based indicators to compare the overall level of welfare in INT and S-INT. In particular, we used a protocol made up of 2 parts. The first comprised 4 evaluation sheets (locomotion, flooring, environment, management) and resource-based indicators derived from ANI, and the second one comprised a set of validated animal-based measures focusing on physical conditions and clinical signs of disease derived from the Animal Welfare Indicators scheme and reported in 2 additional sheets. The scoring system was also derived from ANI, with partial scores for each sheet to be summed to obtain the total score. A total of 1,116 dairy goats were assessed. All the observations and recordings were performed by an expert veterinarian evaluator assisted by an auxiliary, and longevity was retrieved from the farm records. The prevalence of animals displaying dirtiness, ocular discharge, abscesses, and claw overgrowth were higher in INT than in S-INT. Disbudding was routinely performed in INT only. Therefore, scurs, indicating improper disbudding, were recorded only in INT. In addition, the longevity of goats raised in S-INT was higher than in INT. Conversely, the prevalence of goats affected by anemia (i.e., FAMACHA scores2) or lean (i.e., body condition score2) tended to be higher in S-INT than in INT. No significant differences between the 2 groups of farms were detected for wounds, nasal discharge, integument alterations, fecal soiling, uterine prolapse, and subclinical mastitis. The results obtained using only animal-based measures were confirmed when resource-based variables were also included in the assessment, as 3 out of 6 sheets of the evaluation scheme (i.e., flooring, environment, and health-physical conditions) were scored higher in the S-INT than in the INT. As a consequence, the total score was also higher for S-INT than for INT. We conclude that the selected set of validated animal-based measures was able to discriminate between farms from different production systems. In particular, higher welfare levels were observed in S-INT farms, where the animals were allowed to spend most of the day on natural pasture, compared with INT farms, where the animals were constantly confined. Nevertheless, a certain degree of improvement should also be promoted in terms of anemia and body condition in S-INT farms.

The study of egg-laying patterns and defining ways of increasing egg-laying productivity is a necessary condition for the development and increased efficiency of ostrich breeding. Therefore, some studies deal with egg productivity of ostriches of different age groups (group 1 - age 8-9 years, group 2 - age 4-5 years) for their long-term keeping under a semi-intensive system forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. The sex ratio in the families was 1: 2-3. Behavioral patterns of poultry during the breeding season are close to natural ones. Older individuals are characterized with a longer productive period (January-October) than younger ones (March-September). According to the most extended daylight hours at this time of year, the higher level of egg-laying performance is established in May and summer months. The females’ egg-laying performance analysis shows their significant individual features - 9-42 eggs were obtained from one female. It is worth mentioning that the productivity period’s duration does not continuously regulate the number of eggs. There is a high positive correlation between the duration of the egg-laying process and total egglaying performance in group 1 (r = 0.7981); in group 2 � there is no relation between these features (r = -0.0843). The variability of egg-laying cycles of ostrich females has been confirmed, and it requires further studies. According to the intensity of lying during the breeding season, there are differences between younger and older poultry groups. The first two months and the last month of egg-laying are the least productive for all. It was established that the egg weight of older females is higher compared to young ones, with a potential difference between the groups (P> 0.999) and a significant level of individual variability (Cv = 1.78-8.06%). This indicates the necessity of successive work with the herd to optimize egg weight, as a significant variation in egg weight affects the duration of incubation and embryonic development of ostriches. It also leads to the elongation of the “hatch window” that causes heterogeneity of ostrich weight. New data allow characterizing the peculiarities of ostrich physiology, their ability to adapt to industrial conditions of breeding at farms located in the northern part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukrai.

This study was carried out to evaluate compositions of milk from Hair goat and Saanen x Hair goat crossbreed (F1) under semi-intensive conditions. The research was conducted on 20 Hair goats and 20 Saanen x Hair goat crossbreed (F1) at Farm for Research and Application of Van Yuzuncu Yil University in Turkey. All the experimental goats were 3 years old and were raised under semi-intensive conditions. In the current study, the average fat, non-fat solid, protein, lactose, total solids, lactic acid, pH values of Hair and crossbreed goat milks were 3.98%, 3.80%; 9.54%, 9.24%; 3.59%, 3.48%; 5.24%, 5.08%; 13.51%, 13.04%; 0.24%, 0.25%; 6.62, 6.64, respectively. Lactation stage had a significant influence (P

This study examines the growth and yield of Vietnamese koi with Thai koi for developing a suitable culture management technique of koi for sustainable production and unveiling the most cost effective culture of koi species. The study was conducted for a rearing period of 100 days in four farms at Gauripur upazila in Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. The treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2) are considered for Vietnamese koi and treatment 3 (T3), treatment 4 (T4) are considered for Thai koi with stocking density 1,72,900 per hectare for T1 and T3 and 2,47,000 for T2 and T4 at four different farms of study area. The ponds were stocked with an initial length of 0.75±0.01 cm and weight of 0.20 g in all the treatments. The culture period has the optimum level of physicochemical parameters. The study reveals that the maximum weight gain was in treatment T1 of Vietnamese koi and lowest in treatment T4 of Thai koi. Similarly, physical length, weight and survival of Anabas testudineus also followed the same trends as weight gain. Individually treatment T1 shows significantly higher specific growth rate than the other treatments. Besides, food conversion ratio was significantly higher in treatment T1 followed by treatment T2, T3 and T4. However, the mean fish production were 17092, 15000, 10746 and 10469 kg/ha in treatment T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Consistently, highest growth, survival and higher net economic benefit from A. testudineus were found in treatment T1 among the four treatments. Vietnamese koi population of treatment T1 has appeared to be most suitable for good quality aquaculture practice for 100 days rearing semi-intensive system among the four treatments. Therefore, monoculture practice of Vietnamese koi is a perfect scheme of choice for a commercially viable and sustainable koi culture to meet up the protein deficit and as well as to accelerate the sustainable development of Bangladesh.

The study was carried out to determine the effect of management systems on the egg and meat quality of layers. A total of 150 (21 weeks old) dominant black pullets were used and randomly divided into two groups of 75 birds per treatment (free range and deep litter production systems). Each treatment was sub-divided into three replicates of 25 birds each. The birds were fed with commercial layers mash continuously for 10 weeks with those on the th semi-intensive system having access to green forages for consumption. At the end of 10 week, two birds were randomly selected from each replicate, slaughtered, scaled, and de –feathered for sensory evaluation, determination of cooking weight loss and meat composition. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using T-test. The yolk colour was significantly (P0.05) differences in nutritive value of egg from both management systems. Carbohydrate value of thigh muscle was significantly (P 0.05) difference on the cooking weight loss between the meat samples from the two management systems. It was concluded that semi - intensive production system improve yolk colour, thus semi- intensive is recommended for farmer because eggs produced from birds with this management system have an improved yolk colour while layers raised intensively on deep litter management system have a tender breast muscle.

Milk was once obtained daily for 98 days from Muturu cows in their 3r lactation and analysed for yield and composition. Results showed that milk yield was generally low but there were highly significant (P < 0.01) individual variations in milk output. The butter fat content of the milk appeared relatively high (4.72 +0.08%). However, all the milk constituents were within the values reported for other tropical breeds. There was a significant inverse relationship (r = -0.87; P

The study was conducted to know the effect of different levels of pre and post-natal nutrition on the performances of ewes and their lambs until 1 year of age and the profitable slaughter age of lambs under semi intensive system. Twenty eight (28) native Bengal ewes at 7 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned to four groups (T0, T1, T2, T3) and supplemented with a concentrate mixture at 0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0% of their body weight respectively. Ewes were allowed to graze 8 hours daily. Creep mixture (20 g/lamb/day) was provided to lambs from 2 weeks age with an increment of 10 g/lamb/week. After weaning, 20 growing male lambs were selected and reared 01 year of age with concentrate mixture at 1.5% of their body weight and 8 hours grazing irrespective of treatment groups. Parameters like, ewe’s litter size, daily milk yield, post-partum heat and lamb’s birth weight, weaning weight, live weight at 06, 09 and 12 months were recorded. The data were analyzed in an ANOVA with CRD by using SPSS v. 20. The mean differences were tested by DMRT at a probability level of P

The study examined the profitability and the present factors for Tilapia production in Tanzania. A purposive sampling technique used to obtain a total of 92 Tilapia farming households from 120 farming communities provided by the Tanzania government. Primary data are collected through the use of a structured questionnaire and analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The Gross Margin tool used to calculate the profitability of the semi-intensive tilapia pond fish farming. The Ordinary Least Squares regression used to determine the novel factors affecting the profitability and Net Present Values determined the viability of tilapia pond farming, respectively. The descriptive findings have revealed that the majority of tilapia farmers had a mean age of 39 years, while male respondents dominated tilapia farming. Among the costs, the feed cost contributed about 73% of the total cost indicating that feeds availability is among the prominent challenge for tilapia farming. The Gross margin obtained by the respondents was averagely 21.7%. The regression analysis has revealed that the cost of feeds, stocking density and the size of seed significantly affected the accrued pond tilapia profit negatively. The result from the Present Net Value was negative; thus, concludes that the current tilapia pond fish farming is not worthy in the study area.

A survey was undertaken to examine the accessibility of aqua-drugs and their applications in the semi-intensive aquaculture farms in Patuakhali district. A total of 83 stakeholders were selected and data gathered from aqua-medicine stores, representatives of different pharmaceuticals and semi-intensive aqua-farms owners via questionnaire interviews. PRA tools like focused group discussion, cross-checking, and key informant interviews were also used. Results show that 78% of farmers conduct polyculture and rest executes monoculture. Among the total fish farmer majority, 38% used lime for pond preparation and water quality management and potash used by 44% farmer as a disinfectant. For increasing dissolve-oxygen Oxy-rich (26%) was vastly used while 28% of farmers don’t use any oxygen supplier in their pond. However, 14% of farmers use commercial Megavit-Aqua growth promoters and 14% farmer used probiotics. For disease control, 52% and 14% of farmers use Renamycin and Renamox respectively due to its easy availability and affordability compared to probiotics. Several issues have been reported due to improper use of aquatic medications, such as lack of information about chemical use, sufficient dosage, form of application and indiscriminate use of antibiotics. This research result will help the policymaker to understand the requirement of fishers for healthy and sustainable aquaculture practices.

This study aims to:1)describe internal and external factors, 2) formulate alternative development strategies, and set priorities for alternative SISKA development strategies. This research was conducted in the Pangkalan Lesung Subdistrict, Pelalawan Regency. The method used in this study is a survey method, and research respondents were 29 farmers and eight experts.Data analysis used SWOT to formulate alternative strategies and AHP for strategic priorities.The results showed that internal and external factors in the development of SISKA include internal strength factors, namely institutional factors that support and SISKA's efforts were relatively profitable. Internal weakness factors are the availability of limited resources and the low technical application of technology. External opportunity factors are institutional factors is the opportunity to support the potential price of cattle and the self-sufficiency of beef through SISKA. External threats are health, safety, and limited animal feed resources. The results showed strategies increasing cattle population, planning for palm oil rejuvenation, collaborating with PKS as a reliable provider, BIS and tankos, HR training on how to process biogas, providing extension services for livestock health and incubation cage as a place for handling sick animals, re-modification of the chopper machine and planting or cultivating grass.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:47:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:36:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352020000501965.pdf: 236554 bytes, checksum: 52d0801d9c7092e39c8f585964ede92a (MD5) This study aimed to describe the main behaviors of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) expressed in a semi intensive production system in Brazil. The behavioral activities of two groups of peccaries allocated in two paddocks were assessed, totaling 17 adult animals and eventual pups in different developmental stages. The animals were visually observed using the ad libitum sampling and scan sample methods during the adaptation and experimental phases, respectively. The animals were evaluated in the morning, afternoon, and at night. The behavioral activities observed by ad libitum sampling comprised feeding, pool contact, moving, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing, mutual rubbing, rubbing, aggression, sexual behavior, copulation, foraging, breastfeeding, sleeping, territorial marking, interactions, birthing, gnawing, and other behaviors. All behaviors observed by the ad libitum sampling method were confirmed in the experimental period by scan sample, except for territorial marking and birthing. The effects of time of day were statistically significant (p

The objective of the study was to evaluate the growth and reproductive performances of Hilly Brown Bengal (HBB) goats of different generations and conducted at Naikhongchari Regional Station Research Farm of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute. Goats were reared in a plastic slated floor under semi-intensive system and were allowed to graze for 6-7 hours per day. Animals were given a concentrate mixture containing 17% CP, 11 MJ ME/kg DM provided twice daily in the morning and evening at the rate of 1% of their body weight. All goats were kept separately according to sex and age groups to avoid random mating. Natural mating program was performed to improve the economically important traits. Goats were de-wormed and diping on regular intervals and only PPR vaccine was given at the age of 2 months. Data on productive, reproductive and disease incidence of goat were recorded regularly and were analyzed. Results showed that Kid Birth Weight of HBB goats were significantly (P.05) effect on generations. Parity had no significant (P>.05) effect on kid birth weight but significantly (p

The experiment was conducted with the objective of to evaluate the comparative feeding value of improved forages as a replacement of concentrate mix with its economic benefits on feed intake, body weight gain and carcass parameters of Afar goats. Twenty-five yearling intact male Afar goats with initial mean body weight of 15.05±1.25 (mean ± SD) were used for the experiment in randomized complete block design. The experimental animals were grouped in to five blocks of five animals based on their initial body weight and each animal within each block was randomly assigned to one of the five treatment diets. Treatments were grazing (Ad libitum) + 100% concentrate mix (wheat bran and noug seed cake) (T1), grazing (Ad libitum) + 100 % mixed forage (Rhodes and cowpea) (T2), grazing (Ad libitum) + 50 % mixed forage (Rhodes and cowpea) + 50% concentrate mix (T3), grazing (Ad libitum) + 25 % mixed forage (Rhodes and cowpea) + 75% concentrate mix (T4), and grazing (Ad libitum) + 75 % mixed forage (Rhodes and cowpea) + 25% concentrate mix (T5). The experiment was consisted of feeding trial followed by carcass evaluation. The supplement given at the rate of 300gDM/head/day. Water and mineralized salt block were available free of choice. The concentrate mix was 2:1 (wheat bran and Noug seed cake. The CP content of the NSC (Noug seed cake), WB (wheat bran), cowpea and Rhodes grass were 31.3, 17.4, 16.9 and 8.6 %, respectively. Organic matter and basal intake were not significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatments, while intake of supplement was slightly higher (P

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of breed, diet, and level of feed supplementation on growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and survivability of Sasso and Kuroiler chicken. The study was conducted in two separate phases, i.e., the starter phase (0–6 weeks of age) and grower phase (6–20 weeks of age). One thousand sixty–day-old Sasso and Kuroiler chicks were raised until 6 weeks under intensive management system with three dietary treatments. At the age of 6 weeks, a total of 960 birds (480 Sasso and 480 Kuroiler) were randomly selected from each treatment diet and assigned to four feed supplementation levels, i.e., 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with two replicates each having 20 birds. Beginning week 7, birds were allowed to semi-scavenge from 6:00 am in the morning to 6:00 pm in the evening with free access to open grass area of 1 bird/4 m2. Grower rations based on the three categories, i.e., commercial, medium-cost, and low-cost formulation, were fed from 7th to the 20th week of age. During 0 to 6 weeks of the growing phase, the breed and diet significantly (p

The growth curve is a tool that can be used to determine the performance potential of fish at different ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth curve of pacu (P. mesopotamicus) and the patinga hybrid (P. mesopotamicus × P. brachypomus) cultivated in a semi-intensive system. In the initial phase of the experiment, the pacu and patinga fish weighed 32.6 ± 7.5 g and 24.9 ± 7.1 g, respectively. The Gompertz model was adopted to describe the growth curve. At the end of the experiment, body weight, standard length, head length, body height and body width did not differ significantly between the pacu (625.9 g; 25.6 cm; 7.2 cm; 12.1 cm; 4.5 cm) and the patinga hybrid (727.1 g; 27.3 cm; 7.6 cm; 13.2 cm; 4.9 cm). The asymptotic value (parameter A), relative growth rate (parameter B), and age at the inflection point (parameter C) of the growth curve of the two species were similar for weight and for the evaluated morphometric traits. The asymptotic values obtained for weight in the pacu and the patinga hybrid were 1212.0 g and 1348.0 g, respectively. The growth curve of the patinga hybrid is similar to that of pacu, contrasting with the belief of many fish farmers

Cow-oil palm integration system is an activity that combines two or more farms with the aim of increasing profits. The application of a system of integration between cattle and oil palm has a huge impact on farmers, especially improve the management of oil palm plantation and effective cattle management for increasing productivity. This researchy aims to analyze the income structure and income distribution of SISKA program household farmers. This research was conducted in Pangkalan Lesung district Pelalawan regency. The methods used in this research is a survey method and research respondents taken as many as 40 farmers in a census.The results showed that household income is sourced from the primary income SISKA and sideline income. The main income of the farmer SISKA sourced from farming the land for palm oil SISKA and non SISKA, SISKA farmers sideline income while sourced from cattle business, trade business, civil servant (PNS), and Councilor. Oil Palm ventures SISKA earn an average income of Rp 25.350.084,69/2 ha/year (55.48%), from oil palm farming on non which is Rp12.547.756,82/ average land area 1.03 ha/year (27.46%). For a side income from livestock farms obtain average income of Rp 3.768.200,52/year (8.25%). As for the revenue from non-agricultural get the Rp 3.905.312 .50/year (8.81%). The Gini Index of Ratio of farmers is at a low inequality of 0.03, meaning that oil palm farming activities and cattle activities are homogeneous.

Encapsulated probiotic administration can be a nutritional strategy to improve the growth performance and immune status of fish. Here commercial application of encapsulated G. candidum was evaluated as a feed supplement to fingerlings of L. rohita reared in earthen ponds under semi-intensive culture conditions. Fingerlings with an average body weight of 20 ± 2.34 g were distributed randomly in three groups and experiment was conducted in triplicate. The control group (P0) was fed 35% protein basal diet while the two treated groups, P1 and P2 were fed basal diet supplemented with 109 CFU g−1 un-encapsulated (free) and encapsulated G. candidum, respectively, for eleven weeks. Results indicated significantly (P

In the current study, 28 Awassi ewes ( 2 -3 ) years aged were used with their lambs for 12 weeks, to evaluate the effect of ewes body weight BW and Litter size LS on Body weight BW, Body gain BG of lambs, Milk yield MY and milk components of ewes. After lambing, ewes were weighted directly. Ewes divided to 4 groups depending on it's body weight , the groups were: 1st and 2nd groups: ewes with high body weight and single lambing HS, and twin lambing HT respectively, 3rd and 4th groups: ewes with low body weight and single lambing LS, and twin lambing LT respectively. The results showed a significant increase (p≤0.05) in BW and BG in HS lambs groups compared with LT lambs most weeks of study. MY was higher significantly (p≤0.05) in H ewes group that have twin lambs at most weeks of study, milk fat% recorded a significant increase in milk fat% in H ewes group with single lamb.. In conclusion, single lambs born and reared by heavy ewes were became heavier at the end of lactation period( at weaning), also ewes with twin lambs regardless if it was H or L will have more milk yield.

This research aims to analyze the financial feasibility and sensitivity to changes in input prices, production levels and prices of the output of a business System integration of Cow-Palm oil in Sari Makmur villagePangkalan Lesung District Pelalawan Regency Province of Riau. The research method used is the method of case studies. Data used are primary data and secondary data. The informant on this research consists of a group of farmers which is Sari Sarwo group members as many as 14 people and the number of cattle beginning as many as 51 cows , extension officers of Sari Makmur village, Village Unit Cooperative of Sari Makmur,and Village Unit Cooperative shop of Sari Makmur. Data analysis the criteria used was Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results showed : integration efforts of cow-palm oil is worth because it has a value of NPV is positive, the value of Net B/C is greater than zero and the value of the IRR is greater than the Social Opportunity Cost of Capital (SOCC), the business is still eligible for develop in the event of a decrease in the price increase of chemical fertilizer 32.80%, decrease in price of palm oil of 15%, and decrease in urine and feses price 50%.The business is un eligible to developif in the production of palm oil greater than47,21%, and decrease in birth rate cow greater than53,68%.

This research is conducted to assess the economic efficiency of two farming operations of goats called intensive and semi-intensive in Duyen Hai District, TraVinh Province, thereby finding out the drawbacks of each system and potential solutions towards the sustainability of goat farming in the area. An in-depth interview method was applied (KIP) to inteview two different groups of participants. The first group was leaders of Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of TraVinh Province and the second group consisted of 120 household farmers in four communes of Duyen Hai District. Beside, multivariate regression model is also applied in this study. The findings show that both systems offer a great deal of productivity (VND 113.27mil/year/household for semi-intensive farming system and VND 136.11 mil/year/household for intensive farming system). However, in response to climate change, the intensive goat farming operation brings higher level of profits and has a lower environmental impact, especially goat manure is beneficial for crops.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the traits of reproductive, milking and growth performance of Saanen and Saanen × Hair crossbreds (F1, B1 and B2) raised at the Bandırma Sheep Research Institute. The data were collected from 868 goats for reproductive performance and milk yield and from 1077 kids for survival performance between 2009-2012. Milk components (fat, protein, lactose and non-fat dry matter) of goats (n=162) and body weight changes of kid‘s (n=64) were evaluated for one year in 2012. Estrus rates and survival rates were similar among all genotypes. Kidding rate was significantly higher in F1 goats than Saanen goats. Saanen goat had the lowest average mean daily milk yield compared with other genotypes. The effect of year and age were significant on milk yield. Goats in F1 and B1 genotypes had higher milk protein percentage and non-fat dry matter content in comparison with Saanen and B2 genotype. Milk fat and lactose contents were similar among genotypes. Birth weight and monthly live weight were similar between genotypes while weaning weight, six month live weight and yearling live weight were higher in B1 kids in comparison with Saanen kids. The effect of dam age and birth type were significant on birth weight, monthly live weight and weaning weight. The findings related to performance characteristics in goat genotypes investigated show that B1 genotype could be recommend for semi-intensive production system in the Western Anatolia.

There were 17 districts under Dhaka, Chottogram, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Khulna and Mymensingh divisions selected for this study on the basis of Turkey farming. The total 52 number of farmers interviewed to conduct this study. Turkey rearing is a profitable agricultural practice to meet the protein requirement in developing countries like Bangladesh. This is not only a source of protein but also a rich source of minerals and vitamins. The semi-intensive rearing of turkey requires low capital investment and labor cost. The main objectives of the study were to know the present status of feeding and rearing system, problems and prospects and benefit cost ratio of turkey rearing in Bangladesh. The information that collected from the respondents were age, education, main occupation, family members, training, annual income, number of turkey in each batch, name of strain, mortality rate, vaccination and medication practice, current situation of antibiotic and growth promoter use, use of footbath, use of disinfectant for spraying in inside and outside of the farm, percentage of antibiotic and feed additives withdrawal period before marketing, source of vaccine and medicine at farmer level, consultants of the farmers for vaccine and medicine specially antibiotic use, vaccination and medication cost in a batch. The average cost for production of one kg meat is BDT 231.177 and average market price of one kg meat was about BDT 452.34. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2019, 3(1), 48-52

Shrimp commodities in Indonesia have been cultivated, either traditionally, traditionally plus, semi intensive, or intensively. One type of shrimp that is constantly strived to increase its production is the shrimp vaname (Litopenaneus vannamei). The environmental conditions of pond waters are closely related to pond water quality. One of the water quality parameters affecting the survival and growth of vaname shrimp is salinity. The study was conducted from May to June 2018 at the Fish Seed Hall (BBIP) Ghonebalano, Ghonebalano Village, Duruka District, Muna Regency. This study aims to determine the effect of water salinity on different media on the survival and growth of vaname shrimp. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and three replications. Treatment A salinity 20 ppt, B treatment salinity 25 ppt, C treatment salinity 30 ppt and treatment D salinity 35 ppt. The results showed that the treatment had significant effect on the survival of the animals in the 95% confidence level where the survival in sequence, the treatment of A 87.50%, the treatment of B 83.33%, the C treatment 80.56% and the treatment D 69.44% . The treatment also had a significant effect on the growth of test animal at 95% confidence level. Successive growth was, treatment A 2.01 g, treatment B 1.91 g, treatment C 1,71 g and treatment D 1.51 g.

The aims of this study was to determine the differences in intensive and semi-intensive rearing systems on body weight, carcass weight, percentage of abdominal fat, and relative income for producing carcasses of Male Tegal duck in KTT Bulusari, Pemalang. The study was conducted on April - May 2018, in Bulusari farmer group’s farm at Bulu Village, Petarukan, Pemalang District, and Central Java. The material used in this study was male Tegal ducks from 10 farmers at the Bulu Village with the object were in Petarukan Sub-district consisting of 5 semi-intensive and 5 intensive rearing systems. Tegal duck is maintained for 42 days. This research was a quantitative descriptive research that interprets a data from a research sample analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that male Tegal ducks that were kept intensively in Bulusari farmer group’s farm had higher body weight, carcass weight, percentage of abdominal fat and relative income than semi intensive reared duck (P < 0,05). The conclusion of this study was intensively reared ducks had higher carcass production and percentage of abdominal fat than semi intensively reared ducks. Keywords: Tegal Duck, Rearing System, Carcass Production, Percentage of Abdominal Fat, Relative Income

This study was conducted to evaluate the present status of production system of dairy buffalo under semi-intensive management in coastal area of Bangladesh. The data were collected during farm visit and recorded in prepared questionnaire and check list. The findings of the study revealed that very minimum housing facilities were provided to the buffaloes. Both the grazing and confinement time were found similar (around 6 hrs in a day) and they spent almost 3 hrs in a day for wallowing. The majority of the lactating buffaloes were not being adequately fed. Farmers usually supplied local grass (4.98±2.89 kg DM/day) and rice straw (10.90 ±2.85 kg DM/day) with one or two concentrate feed separately as supplement (1.51±0.80 kg DM/day). The daily average DCP and TDN supply were 0.365 and 6.417 kg/d respectively which were undersupplied as compared to standard requirement. The productive and reproductive performance of indigenous dairy buffalo was not similar to high producing dairy buffaloes. The average lactation yields (litre/lactation) were found as 469.52±163.71. The EC value (2.73±3.53) of milk indicated as healthy milk production. Milk consumption pattern (8%) was not satisfactory. Milk market was volatile. Natural breeding (95.7%) was more prominent practice than artificial insemination (AI) (4.3%). The most of the buffalo cows showed heat from early night to early morning (22.2-54.2%). Technology adaptation for buffalo rearing was very much poor. Technology adaptation index for the use of concentrate feed, artificial insemination, de-worming and vitamin-mineral premix were 16.34, 13.46, 23.07 and 6.25 respectively. It therefore be concluded that technological transformation could be boost up to national milk production by developing of the management practise of dairy buffalo under semiintensive system in Bangladesh. SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 43-59 (2018)

Sheep is one of the livestock commodities that is developed and utilized by farmer to meet the increasing demand of animal protein. This study aimed to investigate physiological responses of local sheep that were kept on different raising system and given different type concentrate. The study used 24 heads of local sheep with an average initial live weight of 19.79±2.47kg. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor was rearing system (intensive and semi intensive) and second factor was type of concentrate feed (green and comercial concentrates). The parameters observed were heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, differential leukocytes N/L and cortisol hormone levels. The data were analyzed by repeated mensure analysis of variance (repeted ANOVA). The results showed that the type of concentrate did not affect blood profile and cortisol hormone levels. Sheep’s physiological response (respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature) were significantly (P0