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Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a crucial way to achieve compact, livable, and sustainable urban development. The integration of shared bikes and rail transit significantly expands the service scope of public transportation and promotes the implementation of TOD planning strategies. Based on TOD planning concepts, this paper identifies the transfer flow patterns of shared bikes. Considering the semantic functions of metro stations, an interpretable machine learning model is used to explore the tidal flow patterns of shared bikes and their nonlinear correlations with the built environment in the main urban area of Wuhan. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Based on the tidal balance index of shared bikes during morning and evening peak periods, two types of tidal flow patterns are identified in the main urban area of Wuhan, namely "convergence in the morning and divergence in the evening" and "divergence in the morning and convergence in the evening". The "convergence in the morning and divergence in the evening" tidal pattern mainly occurs in residential areas at a moderate distance from the urban center and employment areas on the edge of the Hankou central activity zone, while the "divergence in the morning and convergence in the evening" tidal pattern mainly occurs in employment-dense areas near the Second Ring Road. (2) Four types of semantic functional themes and two mixed functional clusters of metro stations are identified through POI semantic information modeling and hierarchical clustering. The semantic functional types of metro stations are strongly correlated with the flow patterns of shared bikes. (3) The nonlinear effects of built environment factors are significant. The moderate supporting living facilities and road density, and the large residential scale can effectively promote the occurrence of stable connection pattern of shared bikes with high riding flow. This study can provide a basis for alleviating the tidal flow problem of shared bikes from the aspects of optimizing shared bikes scheduling and adjusting the urban built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common requirement to set the time to "10 past 11" on the Clock Drawing Test is intended to elicit a stimulus bound response (SBR), in which the responder is "pulled" to the salient stimulus "10," resulting in hands set at "10 before 11." SBRs are considered markers of executive dysfunction, although this assumption has not yet been validated. We compared SBR and other time-setting errors on inhibitory control tests, hypothesizing that they represent related constructs. The role of semantic dysfunction in the formation of those errors was also investigated. We examined baseline test performance of participants with Mild Cognitive Impairment or a history of depression, and control participants, enrolled in a dementia prevention study. Among 258 participants, we identified clocks with SBRs (n = 16), other time errors (n = 22), or no errors at all (n = 42). Performance between the groups with SBRs and other time-setting errors did not differ on any of the executive tests, and both error groups performed significantly worse than the No Error group on the semantic tests. Control for covariates further supported semantic and executive components in time-setting errors. Both semantic and inhibitory control deficits may underlie time representation errors in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the formal semantics of programming languages, with a specific focus on Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs). It introduces the Robot DSL, characterized by total semantic functions, an infinite network size, and an obstacle-free environment. The study explores denotational and natural semantics, aiming to define and prove their equivalence. This work contributes to the understanding of programming languages with unique features, laying the groundwork for future developments in language design and formal semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binary opposition of place is a type of critical analysis that examines the differences between pairs of spatial words that contribute to the beauty of the text with their semantic functions. Since the presence of place is one of the most prominent features of Palestinian poetry Therefore, sometimes poets seek help from it in order to express their intentions and talk about their pleasant and unpleasant feelings. Naji Alloush, a contemporary Palestinian poet, was able to instill a network of his desired meanings and concepts into the audience by using the contrasting spatial structure and behind all these words, there is a place for his psychological, political and social concerns, which is indicative of his emotions and opinions. This research tries to investigate the most prominent contrasting places in this contemporary poet's poetry by using the descriptive-analytical method in order to achieve a correct understanding of the semantic relationship between two contrasting spatial concepts. The findings of the research show that spatial duals played an important role in conveying the poet's inner feelings towards two different places and expressing his thoughts. The most important dualities used are: connection and its contrast with separation, Homeland and its confrontation with exile, Here and its contrast with there. These duals express the concept of identity, anti-colonialism, the poet's concern for his homeland and the Arab homeland, and the sadness of a place of alienation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the primary interjections ѡ/о, ѡле/оле, охъ/ ѡхъ, оухъ, оува/оуа, оувꙑ in the works by Bulgarian men of letters from the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 12th century, including those that have been preserved in later Slavic copies. Their reconstructed protographs provide additional, and, at times, totally new material, which helps to further illuminate and explain the problem. A special focus is put on those primary interjections which also function as particles in the earliest literature such as: воле, о веле, е, сѣ, се, есе. The interjections are analyzed in view of their semantic function (emotional-expressive, emotional-cognitive, directive, and polyfunctional), as well as etymology, Greek correspondences, and distribution in written monuments in view of genre and stylistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the definitions of poetry, three elements of emotion, imagination, and music are mentioned. Persian prose texts have used more or less poetic elements in different periods. Sufi and mystical works, according to their goals and themes, have had a greater tendency towards poetic features, to the extent that understanding the subtleties of meaning and aesthetic expressions of these texts is dependent on the analysis of their images and musical effects. Based on this importance, the purpose of this article is to examine the function of one of the key elements of the poem. that is, music, which is one of the most important mystic prose texts in Kashf al-Mahjub Hujwiri so that the level and quality of its poetry can be identified from this point of view. The findings of this descriptive-analytical research show that inner and spiritual music has a decisive function in Hujwiri's prose and helps to induce more effective concepts and mentalities. The expression of inner music that enhances verbal-phonetic harmony and appeal has been more than spiritual. Saj'; especially parallel, pun; especially periphrasis, repetition of words, phonology, and contrast are among the most obvious examples of inner and spiritual music in Kashf al-Mahjub, which often appear in these positions: mentioning the names of guardians (Oulia) and describing their personalities and conditions; anecdotes and reciting the words of the sheikhs and their instructions; and also explaining mystical terms, including concepts related to monotheism, knowledge of the self, death, annihilation, and mystical survival; levels of behavior and condemnation of the self; and the reprehensible world.Keywords: Semantic Function, Music of Words, Sufi Prose, Kashf al-Mahjub Hujwiri. IntroductionIn the opinion of many rhetoricians, poetry consists of three elements: emotion, imagination, and music, which are expressed in a beautiful language; in other words, poetic art reaches its peak when emotional and imaginative words appear in a melodious language.Poetic elements are not specific to poetry, and they can appear in prose as well. Sufi and mystical prose also have a special tendency towards poetic qualities due to their subject and content. It can be said that this type of prose, which by its nature has a mystical experience and is similar to the poetic experience, by using strong language and music (along with imagination), characterizes the inductive value of the text. In the meantime, one of the most important and influential mystical texts, which has the characteristic of poetry in notable situations, is Kashf al-Mahjub Hujwiri.Kashf al-Mahjub is the only existing work of Hujwiri and the oldest independent mystical work in the Persian language, which has made a lot of use of musical effects and made its tone attractive and out of dryness and monotony. Hujwiri's prose in the introduction of Ahval Mashayekh is rhythmic and rhymed, which takes a major share of the beauty and pleasantness of the whole work. In addition to the Saj', other musical instruments have a special appearance in other parts of the book. With the knowledge of the effect of music, Hujwiri used these elements to induce his emotions and thoughts, and he has placed the burden of a large part of the reason for the durability and attractiveness of his work on the shoulders of the musical element. The most important goal of this research (besides several sub-goals) is to explain the most prominent forms of inner and spiritual music in Kashf al-Mahjub and analyze their relationship with Hujwiri's thematic approaches. Literature ReviewAbout Kashf al-Mahjub, research studies have been conducted that mostly look at the story and content dimensions of this work; among them are Akbar Nahvi and Nahid Dehghani (2009), who have discussed the general structure of this book and the author's way of explaining the main ideas and themes. Soraya Sharifi and Ghadamali Sarrami (2013) have also examined the issue of the governorship from the point of view of Hujwiri, relying on popular opinions in this field, until the end of the fifth century. Hossein Yazdani (2015) has explained the examples of Sharia in Kashf al-Mahjub and the opposition to avoiding Sharia.In the meantime, no research has been found that analyzes the details of musical effects and their thematic-semantic function in Kashf al-Mahjub. MethodologyIn this article, by using the descriptive-analytical method, after the complete investigation of Kashf al-Mahjub and extracting all the inner and spiritual effects of music, the findings have been categorized. The basis of the arrangement of the topics of the article was on the techniques with frequency, and the priority of the plan was based on the amount of abundance. The analysis is based on selected evidence. DiscussionSaj' and puns are the most important and frequent musical factors in Kashf al-Mahjuband. These literary devices are present in almost all parts of Kashf al-Mahjub. From the positions of mentioning the names of saints and describing their personalities and conditions to stories and quoting the words of the sheikhs and their instructions, as well as explaining mystical terms.Among the three types of Saj', Hujwiri has a special view on the parallel Saj', especially at the beginning of the introduction of mystics and sheikhs. By using the rhythm from Saj', in addition to raising the musical level of his speech, he presents melodious images of the mystical character he is looking for, and it is in these parts that he uses time, music, and image at the same time.After Saj', puns, especially periphrasis, and then Moharraf, Khat, Tam, Qalb (types of puns), and derivation play a significant role in increasing the composition and effect of Kashf al-Mahjoob.By repeating words, in addition to inducing music resulting from repetition, Hujwiri has shown the great importance of certain concepts. These repetitions are mainly seen in the introduction and description of religious and mystical leaders, quoting their words and explaining mystical terms.In the phonemes used in Kashf al-Mahjub, phoneme repetition, like word repetition, has a two-way role (phonetic and content). but compared to that, the more prominent and visible goal seems to be the addition of the music of the word. In the description of mystics, Hujwiri has made good use of the musical power of phonology and has increased the effect of speech by using a combination of music and imaginative images.Hujwiri's abundant use of the contrast device has enhanced the musical value of his work from the point of view of content balance. Most of the available evidence in this field can be seen in the discussions related to the explanation of mystical terms, which are mainly dual and contradictory concepts. Proportions are often of ordinary proportions, which mainly revolve around natural phenomena.Repetition of special topics such as "repentance", "death and survival", "science and its derivatives", "poverty and wealth", "absence and presence", "consent" and " Sahv and Sokr" or (alertness drunkenness( and their related words. On the one hand, music enhances Hujwiri's speech, and on the other hand, it shows their great importance in his thought and speech.

Biak language, spoken by 50.000 to 70.000 native speakers, belongs to the West New Guinea subgroup of the Austronesian language family and is spoken in West Papua (formerly known as Irian Jaya), Indonesia, which is found in the northern part of the Geelvink Bay. The typology of this language is SVO and has an agglutinative pattern in which the nouns are simple. This article aims to discuss the semantic function of particle ma in Biak language and to describe its form. The technique used to analyze the data is descriptive approach namely describing the data based on what people actually say by applying the morphological paradigm to see potential morpheme by morpheme in order to determine form, function, and meaning. By doing so, this approach helps to classify which morpheme in the morphological process that the particle ma is inflected or not inflected to in the verbs or other word categories. The finding of this study shows that there are eight semantic functions which are indicated by the particle ma which has different meanings such as to show desire or volition, conjunction, reveal future condition, state reflexive pronoun, to derive verb into noun in morphological process of word formation, tense and mood, adverbial conjunction and phrasal verbs. Morphologically, there are two types of the morphemes in which the particle ma is attached to and is not attached namely as bound and free morphemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether the headlines of newspapers in South Korea and the New York Times differed in terms of the semantic function – that is, summarizing news stories and the pragmatic function – that is, attracting readers' attention. The New York Times is regarded as one of the news organizations that practices quality journalism, yet it also faces the pressure of market-driven journalism that focuses more on financial interests than the public interest. News organizations, popular as well as quality newspapers, have become unprecedentedly competitive in the new media context, pressured to increase audience attention, possibly influencing quality papers to emphasize the pragmatic function of attracting audiences by employing more sensational headlines. A content analysis of 749 news articles, which compared 10 newspapers in South Korea with the New York Times in the United States, showed that newspapers in South Korea more frequently employed headlines that highlighted the pragmatic function. Specifically, this study operationalized the semantic function to include headlines with factual information – that is, Who, When, Where, What, Why, and How – while the pragmatic function measured the extent to which headlines included four attracting devices – metaphors, adverbs, direct quotations, and questions. Findings of this study showed that only 4.9 percent of the headlines included more than four items of factual information among the Who, When, Where, What, Why, and How, whereas 74.9 percent of the headlines included more than one attracting device. Compared to the New York Times, the Korean newspapers were more likely to employ adverbs and direct quotations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate how the functions and meanings of the xiāng 相 “mutually” changed in the historical development of the Chinese. First, as an introduction, the paper points out the difficulty of establishing the etymology of the character 相 that, already in Archaic Chinese, recorded several homophones of various meanings. After that, the article systematically surveys all the essential functions and meanings of xiāng 相 in wenyan and literary vernacular. The analysis is based on about 1,000 excerpts from the most important monuments of Chinese prose that enable us to observe three primary stages in the semantic and grammatical functions of the word xiāng 相: I. adverbial stage (the relation of reciprocity and the modifications); II. pronominal stage (the relation of one-sidedness with a demonstrative shade of meaning); III. prefixal stage (prefix of direction of the action of objective verbs). In each stage, the paper investigates a) the meaning, b) syntactic arrangement, and c) grammatical character of the predicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science & Education is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A simple procedural programming language is considered, each program of which can input integer values, process them and output new integer values as result. A program is a block with description of local integer variables and procedures and a list of statements. The language has data processing statements: assignment, input, output, conditional, loop, procedure call and block. Main purpose of the block is to enter local data (integer variables and procedures) that are used in the body of the block - a list of operators. The scope of the name of the local data described in the block is the text of the block except for nested blocks, where this name is redefined. A mechanism of automatic memory allocation for variables entered in the block is also associated with the block. Memory for local variables is allocated when entering a block, and freed when exiting a block. A block containing only a list of statements is valid. The procedure has a name, list of formal parameters, and a body - a statement (most often a block). Formal parameters are applied only in its body. A procedure is calculated by the procedure call statement, whose actual parameters are only variables. Parameters are passed by reference (pass-by-reference). A formal specification of a programming language is a description of its syntax and semantics. A concrete syntax, finite set of rules, singles out syntactically correct sequences of symbols of the alphabet of language. To describe the semantics of a language, as a rule, abstract syntax is used, adding contextual conditions to it. The task of semantics is to introduce the denotations ("meanings") of the basic constructions of language and semantic functions that build the denotations of complex syntactic constructions based on the denotations of their components, including the program. The article provides a specification of a procedural programming language that uses the extended Backus-Naur form to describe a concrete syntax, and the tools of the functional language Haskell to describe other parts. Abstract syntax is defined by the types Program, Proc, Stmt, Expr and Op. Additional contextual conditions are predicates that use information about program data. Most of the context conditions are related to the correct use of data in the program. The leading predicate that checks the context conditions of the program pr is iswfProgram pr. The language denotations are based on the Work type. The value of this type - a tuple (inp, stg, out) models the environment in which the language program is executed: inp - input data, stg - memory containing variable values, out - resulting data. The semantics of main constructions procedure, statement and expression are functions of the type Work -> Work or Work -> Integer. The semantics of the program is a function of the type [Integer] -> [Integer]. Semantic functions build these denotations according to syntactic constructions, which are described by abstract syntax - Proc, Stmt, Expr, Program types. The semantics of the program (Program) pr is built by function iProgram pr. All functions: contextual conditions, denotations and semantic functions are pure functions. Using Haskell tools, a function called parsePLL is built, which connects concrete and abstract syntax. It is shown how by combining the functions parsePLL, iswfProgram and iProgram you can get a procedural language - a pure function with the name interpret. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the mood types of the sentences in which the modal particles are located at the end of the sentences in Tonghai dialect,the author describes and analyzes the modal particles in Tonghai dialect and points out the functions of the modal particles at the end of the sentences in Tonghai dialect. It is found that the modal particles at the end of sentences in Tonghai dialect can be used in declarative sentences,interrogative sentences,imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is an attempt to consider the concept of "cooperation" in cognitivelinguistic terms, taking as a syntagmatic basis "thinking", which contains the motivating feature of the primary basis: the cognitive verb denken [think]. The term "semantic function" is one of the main terms in the work: this function acts as a stimulus for semantic transformation and the formation of a new semantic quality. The aim of the research is to analyze different semantic transformations in: 1. Formation of a derivative prefixed verb mitdenken. 2. Formation of the reflexive verbs sich einigen and sich sammeln. 3. Formation of the construction "adverb and cognitive verb": miteinanderdenken/zusammendenken / gemeinsamdenken. 4. Formation of the construction "preposition, pronoun and cognitive verb": mit anderen erarbeiten. Through the method of componential analysis, the work presents lexemes, morphemes and functional words referring to the same semantic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When creating a programming language, it is necessary to determine its syntax and semantics. The main task of syntax is to describe all constructions that are elements of the language. For this purpose, a specific syntax highlights syntactically correct sequences of characters of the language alphabet. Most often it is a finite set of rules that generate an infinite set of all construction languages, such as the extended Backus- Naur (BNF) form. To describe the semantics of the language, the preference is given to the abstract syntax, which in real programming languages is shorter and more obvious than specific. The relationship between abstract syntax objects and the syntax of the program in compilers solves the parsing phase. Denotational semantics is used to describe semantics. Initially, it records the denotations of the simplest syntactic objects. Then, with each compound syntactic construction, a semantic function is associated, which by denotations of components of a design calculates its value - denotation. Since the program is a specific syntactic construction, its denotation is possible to determine using the appropriate semantic function. Note that the program itself is not executed when calculating its denotation. The denotative description of a programming language includes the abstract syntax of its constructions, denotations - the meanings of constructions and semantic functions that reflect elements of abstract syntax (language constructions) in their denotations (meanings). The use of the functional programming language Haskell as a metalanguage is considered. The Haskell type system is a good tool for constructing abstract syntax. The various possibilities for describing pure functions, which are often the denotations of programming language constructs, are the basis for the effective use of Haskell to describe denotational semantics. The paper provides a formal specification of a simple imperative programming language with integer data, block structure, and the traditional set of operators: assignment, input, output, loop and conditional. The ability of Haskell to effectively implement parsing, which solves the problem of linking a particular syntax with the abstract, allows to expand the formal specification of the language to its implementation: a pure function -- the interpreter. The work contains all the functions and data types that make up the interpreter of a simple imperative programming language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Previous findings suggest that time setting errors (TSEs) in the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) may be related mainly to impairments in semantic and executive function. Recent attempts to dissociate the classic stimulus-bound error (setting the time to "10 to 11" instead of "10 past 11") from other TSEs, did not support hypotheses regarding this error being primarily executive in nature or different from other time setting errors in terms of neurocognitive correlates. This study aimed to further investigate the cognitive correlates of stimulus-bound errors and other TSEs, in order to trace possible underlying cognitive deficits., Methods: We examined cognitive test performance of participants with preliminary diagnoses associated with mild cognitive impairment. Among 490 participants, we identified clocks with stimulus-bound errors ( n = 78), other TSEs ( n = 41), other errors not related to time settings ( n = 176), or errorless clocks ( n = 195)., Results: No differences were found on any dependent measure between the stimulus-bound and the other TSErs groups. Group comparisons suggested TSEs in general, to be associated with lower performance on various cognitive measures, especially on semantic and working memory measures. Regression analysis further highlighted semantic and verbal working memory difficulties as being the most prominent deficits associated with these errors., Conclusion: TSEs in the CDT may indicate underlying deficits in semantic function and working memory. In addition, results support previous findings related to the diagnostic value of TSEs in detecting cognitive impairment.

There are several derived syntactic and semantic functions of "燃" as a popular neologism. In semantics, it has obvious positive meaning while its grammatical function is similar to that of the character adjective. The generation of "燃" as a popular neologism is influenced by internal mechanism and external motivation. The internal mechanism involves the interaction mechanism of metaphor and metonymy, highlighting and transforming the word, while the external mechanism covers language contact and filling the gap of expression. Presently, the usage of the word has an idiomatic and referential development trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the variants of verbs in the Persian language is the prefixal verbs. These verbs have been in the Persian language from ancient times. In the present study, the function of prefixal verbs and their influence on verb structures are studied and analyzed through different perspectives. Historical-Comparative analysis is the methodology of the study’s historical linguistic pursuit. The objective of the present study is to review historical, grammatical and syntactical developments of verbal prefixes and exemplify some of the variations of such verbs in a number of prominent Dari texts written in Old Persian and Middle Persian. At first, phonetic and historical developments of verbal prefixes have been analyzed in Dari and Old Persian. In Avestan and Old Persian, 21 verbal prefixes have existed. Apart from having a prefixal function, these prefixes have also been used as adverbs and prepositions. In Middle Persian, these prefixes have either become obsolete or lost their prefixal function in verbs. In Middle Persian, other linguistic structures such as adverbs, adjectives and prepositions of Old Persian were used instead of verbal prefixes. The substitute words are used as semantic modifiers before verbs.In the second stage of the study, semantic function of verbal prefixes is analyzed. Through this perspective, these prefixes can be categorized into three groups: prefixes used in the core meaning of the verbs, prefixes that do not change the meaning and only add an emphatic aspect to verbs, and prefixes that change the meanings of verbs.In the third stage, the semantic function of verbal prefixes in relation to verb structures and their affiliations are analyzed. Finally, application frequencies of prefixal verbs and simple verbs are surveyed through utilization of tables and charts

Copyright of Ukrainian Scientific Journal of Information Security is the property of National Aviation University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Dominican church in Lublin contains an unusual example of two pulpits in a sacred interior, which are situated vis-à-vis at the rood arch. They were sculpted by Sebastian Zeisl, who, with the aid of his workshop, made the rococo furnishing of the church in the years 1756–1761. The sculptural decoration of the pulpits makes references to their preaching function, as well as to Dominican spirituality. The solution formally seems to have been inspired by the compositional model of two pulpits on either side of the altar, an elaboration of the symmetrical (stage-like) organization of the sacred interior. The fact that the contractor was familiar with such layout could stem from the impact exerted by local inspiration (e.g. St. Anne’s church in Lubartów) or the artist’s earlier Central European experience, probably including his education among Viennese artists. However, the construction of two Dominican pulpits, both of which were used (none of them is apparent) may indicate that their roles could go beyond merely compositional ones. It seems that their emergence was influenced by individual needs of the Lublin Dominican monastery, especially their preaching practices. The knowledge gained so far allows us to suspect that the construction of the two pulpits is related to their role in the liturgy, namely the polemical sermons practised by the Order of Preachers in Lublin.

This paper focuses on temporal expressions in the Balinese language. The discussion of temporal expressions is based on theories of temporal semantic functions proposed by Haspelmath (1997) and Pan (2010). The results show that Balinese temporal expressions can be classified into four semantic functions, which can be further classified into several subcategories. The four semantic functions are (1) temporal locations, (2) temporal extent, (3) frequency, and (4) miscellaneous functions. The choice of temporal adverbial marking in Balinese is influenced by speech register. Another important point in Balinese temporal adverbial marking is the notion of definiteness. Definiteness in Balinese is not only marked on the linguistic unit of a particular temporal adverbial, but also on the marker itself, particularly for temporal adverbials, which indicates a situation as the reference time.

This paper focuses on temporal expressions in the Balinese language. The discussion of temporal expressions is based on theories of temporal semantic functions proposed by Haspelmath (1997) and Pan (2010). The results show that Balinese temporal expressions can be classified into four semantic functions, which can be further classified into several subcategories. The four semantic functions are (1) temporal locations, (2) temporal extent, (3) frequency, and (4) miscellaneous functions. The choice of temporal adverbial marking in Balinese is influenced by speech register. Another important point in Balinese temporal adverbial marking is the notion of definiteness. Definiteness in Balinese is not only marked on the linguistic unit of a particular temporal adverbial, but also on the marker itself, particularly for temporal adverbials, which indicates a situation as the reference time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we aim for an analyse the criteria on which the realisation of the syntactic functions in the Romanian language is based upon, if the new grammar treaties submit an integrative vision, the syntax, semantic and pragmatic being in an interdependent relation. Not only are the three levels of the language not perceived separately anymore, but are mutually influencing themselves as well, this aspect being highlighted especially in the syntactic plan, in which, elements such as the semantic role, the semantics of the lexemes, the pragmatic role, compulsive vs facultative, the semantic and syntactic field of the center of the group and so on, represent criteria of realisation, definition and differentiation of the functions called syntactic. Considering these facts, we can not help but wonder which would be the difference between a syntactic function and a semantic one if, in the realisation of both types of functions the accent is put on the semantic criteria and not the relational criteria. At the same time, we are trying to make a difference between a series of terms which are found in the older and more recent syntax studies, heading our attention especially towards using them in The Romanian grammar (2005-2008) and in The basic grammar of the Romanian language (2010), expressly: syntactic relation, semantic relation, a part of a sentence, syntactic function, syntactic position, semantic function, thematical role, semantic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]