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The crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of three similar compounds are reported. Methyl 4-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, (C21H23F2NO4), (I), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 8, while isopropyl 4-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2,6,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, (C23H27F2NO4), (II) and tert-butyl 4-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2,6,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, (C24H29F2NO4), (III) crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with Z = 8. In the crystal structure of (I), molecules are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O interactions, forming a tri-periodic network, while molecules of (II) and (III) are linked by N—H...O, C—H...F and C—H...π interactions, forming layers parallel to (002). The cohesion of the molecular packing is ensured by van der Waals forces between these layers. In (I), the atoms of the 4-difluoromethoxyphenyl group are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.647 (3): 0.353 (3) ratio. In (III), the atoms of the dimethyl group attached to the cyclohexane ring, and the two carbon atoms of the cyclohexane ring are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.646 (3):0.354 (3) ratio.

In the title compound, C24H29F2NO4, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pca21 space group with Z = 4, the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation, while the cyclohexene ring is in a distorted half-chair conformation. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O interactions, forming supramolecular chains parallel to the a axis. These chains pack with C—H...π interactions between them, forming layers parallel to the (010) plane. The cohesion of the crystal structure is ensured by van der Waals interactions between these layers. Hirshfeld surface analysis shows the major contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (56.9%), F...H/H...F (15.7%), O...H/H...O (13.7%) and C...H/H...C (9.5%) contacts.

Bu araştırmada senaryo temelli öğretimin ilkokul öğrencilerinin bilimsel düşünme alışkanlıklarına, fen bilimleri dersi tutumlarına ve akademik başarılarına olan etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada ön test-son test tek gruplu zayıf deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılı içerisinde ölçüt örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 22 (8 kız 14 erkek) dördüncü sınıf öğrencisi çalışma grubuna dâhil edilmiştir. Deneysel süreç ilkokul öğrencileriyle 5 hafta, toplamda 10 ders saatini ve her etkinlik sonrasında uygulanan etkinlik formlarını kapsamaktadır. Verilerin analizlerinde aritmetik ortalama, bağımlı gruplar t-testi kullanılmış ve puanlar arasındaki varyanslara göre etki büyüklüğü (etakare [ή2]) hesaplanmıştır. İlkokul öğrencilerinin senaryo temelli etkinlik süreci boyunca ilk etkinlikten son etkinliğe doğru olan değişimi tek yönlü tekrarlı ölçümler ANOVA (Repeated Measure ANOVA) ve Friedman testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda senaryo temelli öğretim yönteminin ilkokul öğrencilerinin bilimsel düşünme alışkanlık ortalama puanlarını arttırdığı ancak puanlar arası farkın istatiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı, fen bilimleri dersi tutum ortalama puanlarını arttırdığı ve ön-son test ortalama puanlar arası farkın istatiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte senaryo temelli öğretim yöntemi ilkokul öğrencilerinin akademik başarı ortalama puanlarını arttırmış ve ön-son test ortalama puanlar arası farkın istatiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Senaryo temelli öğretim süreci boyunca ilkokul öğrencilerinin alternatif ölçme araçlarında yer alan etkinlik formlarından almış oldukları ortalama puanlar da anlamlı şekilde artmıştır. Senaryo temelli öğretim yöntemi fen kavramlarını gerçek yaşam durumlarına uygulamada bir araç olarak kullanabileceğinden ilkokul sürecinde öğretmenler tarafından kullanılması önerilmektedir.

In the title compounds, N,N-dimethylacetamide–1-(dimethyl-λ4-azanylidene)ethan-1-ol tribromide (1/1), C4H9NO·C4H10NO+·Br3− or [(C4H9NO)·(C4H10NO)](Br3), (I), N,N-dimethylacetamide–1-(dimethyl-λ4-azanylidene)ethan-1-ol dibromidoiodate (1/1), C4H9NO·C4H10NO+·Br2I− or [(C4H9NO)·(C4H10NO)](Br2I), (II), and N,N-dimethylacetamide–1-(dimethyl-λ4-azanylidene)ethan-1-ol dichloridoiodate (1/1), C4H9NO·C4H10NO+·Cl2I− or [(C4H9NO)·(C4H10NO)]·(Cl2I), (III), all the anions are almost linear in geometry and all the cations, except for the methyl H atoms, are essentially planar. In the crystal structure of (I), the cations are linked by pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R22(8) ring motif. These dimers also exhibit O—H...O hydrogen bonding. Dimerized cation pairs and anions are arranged in columns along the a axis. In the crystal of (II), the cations are linked by pairs of O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming an R44(14) ring motif. These groups of cations and the anions form individual columns along the a axis and jointly reside in planes roughly parallel to (011). In the crystal of (III), cations and anions also form columns parallel to the a axis, resulting in layers parallel to the (020) plane. Furthermore, the crystal structures of (I), (II) and (III) are consolidated by strong halogen (Br and/or I and/or Cl)...H and weak van der Waals interactions. In addition to the structural evaluation, a Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out.

The crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of four similar azo compounds are reported. (E)-1-[1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethenyl]-2-phenyldiazene, C18H18Cl2N2, (I), and (E)-1-[1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethenyl]-2-(4-methylphenyl)diazene, C19H20Cl2N2, (II), crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 8, and (E)-1-[1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethenyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, C19H20Cl2N2O, (III), in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4. (E)-1-[1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethenyl]-2-(3-methylphenyl)diazene, C19H20Cl2N2, (IV), crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\overline{1} with Z = 4 and comprises two molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal structures of (I) and (II), molecules are linked by C—H...π and C—Cl...π interactions, forming layers parallel to (\overline{2}02), while molecules of (III) are linked by C—H...O contacts, C—H...π and C—Cl...π interactions forming layers parallel to (\overline{3}02). The stability of the molecular packing is ensured by van der Waals forces between these layers. In the crystal structure of (IV), molecules are linked by C—H...π and C—Cl...π interactions, forming a tri-periodic network.

The 1,4-dihydropyridine ring of the title compound, C24H29F2NO4, adopts a distorted boat conformation, while the cyclohexene ring is in an almost twist-boat conformation. In the crystal, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds as well as C—H...π interactions connect molecules, forming layers parallel to the (100) plane. These layers are linked by van der Waals forces and C—H...F interactions, which consolidate the crystal structure. Hirshfeld surface analysis shows the major contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (54.1%), F...H/H...F (16.9%), O...H/H...O (15.4%) and C...H/H...C (12.6%) contacts.

In the polymeric title compound, {[Na(C10H9N4O4S)(H2O)3]·2H2O}n, sixfold coordinated Na+ cations are linked into a chain parallel to [010] by sharing common water molecules. Next to the four bridging water molecules, each Na+ cation of the chain is bonded to the O atom of a terminal water molecule and an O atom of the SO3− group of the sulfonate anion. Classical O—H...O, O—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds and additional π–π interactions connect these chains into a three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, C23H17N3O9S2, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link adjacent molecules in a three-dimensional network, while π–π stacking interactions, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.8745 (9) Å, between the furan and an arene ring of one of the two (3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl groups, result in chains parallel to the a axis. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that O...H/H...O (40.1%), H...H (27.5%) and C...H/H...C (12.4%) interactions are the most significant contributors to the crystal packing.

The title compound, C20H21F3N2O4, features a main twelve-membered difuryl ring with which the furan rings make dihedral angles of 76.14 (5) and 33.81 (5)°. The dihedral angle between the furan rings is 42.55 (7)°. The six-membered nitrogen heterocycle has a twist-boat conformation. In the crystal, pairs of molecules are connected by intermolecular C—H...O interactions, generating an R22(14) ring motif. These pairs of molecules form zigzag chains along the a-axis direction by means of C—H...F interactions. Furthermore, C—H...π and C–F...π interactions link the molecules into chains along the b-axis direction, forming sheets parallel to the (001) plane. These sheets are also connected by van der Waals interactions.

In the title compound, C23H25F4NO3, the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation, while the cyclohexene ring is almost showing a half-chair conformation. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules into chains with graph-set motif C(6) parallel to the a-axis. These chains are linked together by C—H...O and C—H...F interactions, forming a three-dimensional network. In addition, C—H...π interactions link the molecules into layers parallel to the (100) plane. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to further investigate the intermolecular interactions.

The title compound, C29H33NO3, crystallizes with three molecules (A, B and C) in the asymmetric unit. They differ in the twist of the phenyl and benzene rings of the 1,1′-biphenyl ring with respect to the plane of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring. In all three molecules, the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The cyclohexene ring has an envelope conformation in molecules A and B, while it exhibits a distorted half-chair conformation for both the major and minor components in the disordered molecule C. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (100) defining R14(6) and C(7) graph-set motifs. Additional C—H...π interactions consolidate the layered structure. Between the layers, van der Waals interactions stabilize the packing, as revealed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The greatest contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (69.6% in A, 69.9% in B, 70.1% in C), C...H/H...C (20.3% in A, 20.6% in B, 20.3% in C) and O...H/H...O (8.6% in A, 8.6% in B, 8.4% in C) interactions.

The title compound, C20H24BrNO2, is chiral at the carbon atoms on either side of the oxygen atom of the oxazolidine ring and crystallizes as a racemate. The 1,3-oxazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the N atom in an endo position. The mean plane of the oxazolidine ring makes dihedral angles of 77.74 (10) and 45.50 (11)°, respectively, with the 4-bromophenol and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene rings. In the crystal, adjacent molecules are connected via C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions into layers parallel to the (200) plane. The packing is strengthened by van der Waals interactions between parallel molecular layers. A Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that H...H (58.2%), C...H/H...C (18.9%), and Br...H/H...Br (11.5%) interactions are the most abundant in the crystal packing.

The molecule of the title compound, C14H8Br3N3O2, consists of three almost planar groups: the central dibromoethenyldiazene fragment and two attached aromatic rings. The mean planes of these rings form dihedral angles with the plane of the central fragment of 26.35 (15) and 72.57 (14)° for bromine- and nitro-substituted rings, respectively. In the crystal, C—H...Br interactions connect molecules, generating zigzag C(8) chains along the [100] direction. These chains are linked by C—Br...π interactions into layers parallel to (001). van der Waals interactions between the layers aid in the cohesion of the crystal packing. The most substantial contributions to crystal packing, according to a Hirshfeld surface analysis, are from Br...H/H...Br (20.9%), C...H/H...C (15.2%), O...H/H...O (12.6%) and H...H (11.7%) contacts.

Aim:This study aims to evaluate factors related to mortality in occupational injuries admitted to emergency departments (EDs).Materials and Methods:Patients admitted to the ED because of occupational injuries between January 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The first admission to the ED following each occupational injury was recorded.Results:Three thousand and two hundred and forty patients included in the study. We observed that occupational injuries decreased with age and were more common in males (91.4%), in agriculture (27.6%) and construction (24.9%) industries, and in summer (29.9%) and spring (28%). Additionally, occupational injuries generally occurred due to falling (31.8%) and caused superficial injuries (39.8%). A majority of patients (83.6%) were discharged from the ED. Three hundred and fifty-one and 156 patients were hospitalized in the surgical clinics and intensive care unit respectively. A total of 25 and 18 patients died in ED and intensive care unit, respectively (total 43 deaths, 1.32%). Moreover, increasing age (p=0.000), construction industry (p=0.008), immigration (p=0.037) and working in night shifts (p=0.009) are independent risk factors related to mortality after occupational injuries.Conclusion:The labor conditions of immigrants as well as of those working at night shifts and in construction industry should be supervised. Their job security should be improved and working without social security should not be allowed.

In the title compound, C13H12N2OS, which was obtained from the condensation reaction of 2-aminobenzenethiol with isocyanatobenzene, the benzene rings are inclined to one another by 83.5 (1)° and a short intramolecular C—H...O contact is observed. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds, generating (001) sheets.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H11N3O5S, contains two independent molecules, which are linked by a pair of intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds, forming an R22(8) ring motif. The central thiourea core forms dihedral angles of 3.02 (12) and 14.00 (10)° with the essentially planar furoyl groups [maximum deviations = 0.030 (2) and 0.057 (2) Å] in the two molecules and dihedral angles of 2.43 (13) and 8.03 (12)° with the benzene rings. The dihedral angles between the furoyl and benzene rings in the two molecules are 3.97 (10) and 5.98 (9)°. The trans–cis geometry of the thiourea group is stabilized by three intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds involving carbonyl and methoxy O atoms with the H atom of the cis-thioamide group and between furan O atom and the other thioamide H atom. There is also a weak intramolecular C—H...S interaction in each molecule.

In the title molecule, C18H15NO2, the atoms in the carbazole unit deviate from planarity [maximum deviation from mean plane = 0.1317 (12) Å]. The pyrrole ring makes dihedral angles of 1.01 (8) and 18.56 (10)° with the benzene and furan rings, respectively. The cyclohexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal, pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds form an R22(10) ring. Molecules are further linked by C—H...O and C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, [Pb(C14H14O2PS2)2]n, the metal atom is surrounded by two O,O′-bis(2-methylphenyl) dithiophosphate ligands bonding through the S-donor atoms. Three of the Pb—S bond lengths are are close to each other at 2.7710 (18), 2.8104 (16) and 2.8205 (16) Å, while the fourth Pb—S bond is elongated at 3.0910 (18) Å and reflects the fact that this atom is involved in intermolecular bridging to an adjacent PbII atom [Pb—S = 3.145 (2) Å]. The bond angles demonstrate that the PbII atom contains a stereochemically active lone pair with a distorted octahedral geometry about the PbII atom. This distortion is shown by the S—Pb—S bite angles of 73.63 (4) and 69.50 (4)°, while the remaining S—Pb—S angles range from 81.03 (5) to 143.66 (5)°. One of the benzene rings shows positional disorder over two orientations with occupancy factors of 0.747 (11) and 0.253 (11).

In the title molecule, C19H14N2O, the benzimidazole unit is close to being planar [maximum deviation = 0.0253 (11) Å] and forms dihedral angles of 68.98 (6) and 20.38 (7)° with the adjacent phenyl and benzene rings; the dihedral angle between the latter two planes is 64.30 (7)°. An intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and consolidated into a three-dimensional architecture by π–π stacking interactions, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.8428 (12) Å.

In the title molecule, C24H28N2O3, the cyclohexene ring is in a sofa conformation and the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring is in a slight boat conformation. In the indole ring system, the pyrrole and benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 2.63 (7)°. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules into C(6) chains parallel to the b axis and pairs of weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link inversion-related chains into a ladder motif through R22(18) rings. A weak intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond is also observed.

The whole molecule of the title compound, C17H21NO2, is generated by twofold rotational symmetry. The N atom and the C and H atoms in position 4 of the pyridine ring lie on the twofold axis. The cyclohexene ring has a sofa conformation with the CH2 C atom adjacent to the dimethyl-substituted C atom displaced by 0.5949 (16) Å from the mean plane of the other five C atoms. In the crystal, weak C—H...O interactions link the molecules into chains parallel to the a axis. In addition, π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8444 (7) Å] contribute to the stabilization of the crystal structure.

The title compound, C23H25BrN2O3, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2) which differ in the twist of the 5-bromo-1H-indole ring with respect to the plane of the 4-methyl-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline ring [dihedral angles of 78.55 (9) and 89.70 (8)° in molecules A and B, respectively]. The indole ring is planar in both molecules [maximum deviations = 0.021 (3) and −0.020 (3) Å for the N atom] while the cyclohexene ring has adopts a sofa conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming dimers with R12(6) ring motifs. These dimers are connected by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating chains along [110]. A C—H...O contact occurs between the independent molecules.

In the acridine system of the title molecule, C26H30N2O2, both cyclohex-2-enone rings adopt sofa conformations. The indole ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.017 (2) Å for a bridgehead C atom. An intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. The molecules assemble into C(6) chains in the crystal by way of N—H...O hydrogen bonds.

In the title molecule, C19H14N2, the benzimidazole unit is close to being planar [maximum deviation = 0.0102 (6) Å] and forms dihedral angles of 55.80 (2) and 40.67 (3)° with the adjacent phenyl rings; the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 62.37 (3)°. In the crystal, one C—H...N hydrogen bond and three weak C—H...π interactions involving the fused benzene ring and the imidazole ring are observed, leading to a three-dimensional architecture.

The title compound, C9H7N3OS3·0.5H2O, crystallizes with two independent but similar molecules in the asymmetric unit, both of which are linked by a water molecule through O—H...N hydrogen bonds. In addition the water O atom is further linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds to two additional main molecules, forming a tetrameric unit. These tetrameric units then form infinite ribbons parallel to the ac plane.The dihedral angle between the thiophenoyl and thiazolyl rings is 12.15 (10) and 21.69 (11)° in molecules A and B, respectively. The central thiourea core makes dihedral angles of 5.77 (11) and 8.61 (9)°, respectively, with the thiophenoyl and thiazolyl rings in molecule A and 8.41 (10) and 13.43 (12)° in molecule B. Each molecule adopts a trans–cis geometry with respect to the position of thiophenoyl and thiazole groups relative to the S atom across the thiourea C—N bonds. This geometry is stabilized by intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds.

In the title compound, C21H19BrN2O2·C2H6OS, the indole ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.050 (3) Å for the non-bridgehead C atom adjacent to the N atom. The two cyclohex-2-enone rings adopt half-chair conformations. An intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. The solvent molecule exhibits minor disorder of the S atom [site occupancies = 0.8153 (16) and 0.1847 (18)]. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to the bc plane.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H13N2O+·NCS−·C16H12N2O, contains two N-(pyridin-4-yl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide molecules, both are partially protonated in the pyridine moiety, i.e. the H atom attached to the pyridine N atom is partially occupied with an occupancy factor of 0.61 (3) and 0.39 (3), respectively. In the crystal, protonated and neutral N-(pyridin-4-yl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide molecules are linked by N—H...N hydrogen bonding; the thiocyanate counter-ion links with both protonated and neutral N-(pyridin-4-yl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide molecules via N—H...S and N—H...N hydrogen bonding. The dihedral angles between the pyridine ring and naphthalene ring systems are 11.33 (6) and 9.51 (6)°, respectively. π–π stacking is observed in the crystal structure, the shortest centroid–centroid distance being 3.5929 (8) Å. The crystal structure was determined from a nonmerohedral twin {ratio of the twin components = 0.357 (1):0.643 (1) and twin law [-100 0-10 -101]}.

In the title compound, C50H60Cl8O12, the molecules are disordered about an inversion center located at the mid-point of the central C=C bond. These atoms show disorder and were modelled with two different orientations with site occupancies of 0.828 (3) and 0.172 (3). The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings in the asymmetric unit is 52.80 (6)°. Intramolecular C—H...O and C—H...Cl interactions occur and the crystal packing features inversion dimers linked by pairs of C—H...O bonds, generating R22(10) loops.

In the title compound, C19H25N3O5, the benzene ring is not coplanar with the amide group [dihedral angle = 61.90 (5)°]. The cyclohexyl rings are in chair conformations. There is a strong intermolecular interaction between the C=O group of the amide group and the nitro group of an adjoining molecule, with a short O...N distance of 2.7862 (17) Å. In the crystal, C—H...O interactions occur along the [100] direction.

The phenanthrene tricyclic ring system in the title molecule, C28H19FN2, is slightly skewed with a dihedral angle of 7.50 (6)° between the outer benzene rings. The p-tolyl and fluorobenzene rings are twisted from the attached imidazole ring by 70.40 (7) and 28.33 (7)°, respectively. In the crystal, C—H...F hydrogen bonds link the molecules into zigzag chains in [001], and weak C—H...π interactions further consolidate the crystal packing.

In the title Schiff-base type compound, C18H13N3O5, the central furan ring makes dihedral angles of 12.80 (7) and 51.43 (4)° with the terminal benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 45.43 (3)°. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into layers parallel to (010). In addition, there are π–π stacking interactions within the layer [centroid–centroid distance = 3.584 (1) Å] and between the layers [centroid–centroid distance 3.751 (1) Å].

The title compound, C19H26N2O3, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit which differ in the twist of the phenyl rings with respect to the plane of the amide group [the C—C—C—O torsion angles are 121.5 (3) and −119.6 (3)° in the two molecules. Both cyclohexane rings adopt chair conformations. In the crystal, weak C—H...O interactions occur. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with a minor component of 4.8 (1)%.

The title molecule, C30H24O4, lies about an inversion center located at the mid-point of the central C=C bond. The diphenylmethanone unit adopts an all-trans conformation. The dihedral angle between the adjacent rings is 53.57 (4)°.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H17N3O2, contains eight crystallographically independent molecules. The planes of the benzene and triazole rings in the eight molecules make dihedral angles of 5.53 (13), 9.33 (13), 19.28 (11), 17.36 (8), 12.84 (12), 8.03 (8), 19.97 (11), and 7.98 (8)°. The eight molecules in the asymmetric unit are linked by intermolecular O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

In the title molecule, C13H12ClNO, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyrrole rings is 1.38 (9)°. The cycloheptene ring adopts a distorted twist chair and sofa conformation. Intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds form an R22(10) loop in the crystal packing. Further, weak C—H...O and C—H...π (involving the benzene ring) interactions are found in the crystal structure.

In the title molecule, C7H7N3S2, the dihedral angle between the thiophene and thiadiazole rings is 72.99 (5)°; the two rings are oriented so that the S atoms in each ring are on the same side. In the crystal, the three-dimensional network involves strong N—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as C—H...π and π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.654 (1) and 3.495 (1) Å].

In the title compound, C18H12F3NO2, the planes of the benzene ring and the naphthalene system form a dihedral angle of 47.21 (3)°. The hydroxy group is involved in an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond. In the crystal, weak C—H...O and C—H...F interactions link the molecules related by translations along the c and a axes, respectively, into sheets.

In the title multi-donor Schiff base compound, C19H13N3O·CH3OH, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the phenanthroline and phenol rings is 59.3 (1)°. The Schiff base molecule is linked to the solvent molecule by an O—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the components are linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds, weak O—H...N interactions and π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.701 (1) and 3.656 (1) Å].

In the title compound, C19H17N3O2, the dihedral angles between the pyrimidine ring and the two benzene rings are 34.87 (12) (for the directly-bonded ring) and 69.57 (12)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. The crystal packing features intermolecular N–H...O hydrogen bonds.

In the anion of the title compound, (C14H11N4)[AuCl4], the AuIII atom has an almost perfect square-planar coordination. In the crystal structure, an intramolecular N—H...N and intermolecular C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds are observed. In addition, there is also a ring–metal interaction between the pyrazine ring and the AuIII atom; the distance between the centroid of the pyrazine ring and the AuIII atom is 3.628 (2) Å.

Both the cation and anion of the title compound, (C26H21N2)[AuCl4], are disposed about a plane of mirror symmetry. The 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 44.2 (1)° with respect to the planar phenyl ring systems. The AuIII atom has a square-planar environment defined by four Cl atoms. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H...π and Au...π ring–metal (3.551 Å) interactions. In the crystal structure, the molecules stack along the c axis via N—H...N hydrogen-bond interactions.

In the title compound, C16H12N2O, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic ring systems is 68.54 (5)°. The molecular packing is stabilized by intra- and intermolecular O—H...N and intramolecular C—H...N hydrogen-bond interactions.

The title compound, C25H30N42+·2Br−·H2O, was synthesized from 1,1′-propylenedibenzimidazole and (E)-1-bromobut-2-ene in dimethylformamide solution. The two benzimidazole ring systems are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.011 (4) and 0.023 (3) Å. The dihedral angle between these two ring systems is 25.87 (15)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular O—H...Br and C—H...Br hydrogen-bonding interactions. Atmospheric water was incorporated into the crystal structure.

The title compound, C22H26N2O3, was synthesized by esterification of trans-rac-2-hexyl-1-oxo-3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-4-carboxylic acid in the presence of H2SO4 in methanol. The dihedral angle between the benzene and pyridine rings is 84.46 (17)°. The piperidine ring adopts a screw-boat conformation. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by two C—H...O bonds occur.

The title compound, C29H27NO4S2, was synthesized by reaction of trans-rac-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenethyl-3-(thiophen-2-yl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one and 4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride in the presence of Et3N in CH2Cl2. The relative orientations of the benzene ring (A) of the 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinone ring system, the thiophene ring (B), the benzene ring (C) of the methylbenzene group and the phenyl ring (D) result in the following dihedral angles: A/B = 80.91 (16), A/C = 22.79 (18), A/D = 9.9 (2), B/C = 80.73 (19), B/D = 88.9 (2) and C/D = 29.9 (2)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions.

In the title compound, [AuCl2(C9H12N)2][AuCl4]·C2H3N, there is a mirror plane passing through Au and the central C—C bond of the bipyridyl ligand in the cation, and through Au and two Cl atoms of the anion. A cis-AuCl2N2 square-planar geometry for the cation and a square-planar AuCl4 geometry for the anion result. The two C atoms and the N atom of the acetonitrile molecule all have m site symmetries. In the crystal structure, weak C—H...Cl interactions may help to establish the packing.

The molecule of the title compound, C18H13NO3, is almost planar, the dihedral angle between the naphthalene and benzene ring systems being 4.04 (6)°. The molecular conformation and packing are stabilized by intramolecular O—H...N and intermolecular O—H...O and C—H...O interactions.

In the title complex, [Rb(C36H61O11)]·2H2O, the Rb+ cation is coordinated by seven O atoms of monensin. Rb—O distances range from 2.7870 (17) to 3.1429 (17) Å. Both O atoms of the carboxylate group are involved in the coordination of Rb. The structure displays inter- and intramolecular O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed an experimental model of acute and chronic copper toxicity in the form of rainbow trout with copper sulfate pentahydrate and investigate the clinic, macroscopic and microscopic findings. Materials and Methods: In the present study, thirty rainbow trout were divided into four groups: Two experiment [(Acute Group (Group I), n:10 - Chronic Group (Group III), n:10)] and two control groups [(Acute Control Group (Group II), n:5 - Chronic Control Group (Group IV), n:5)]. Copper sulphate pentahidrate was given 2 mg/L for a 5 days and 0.5 mg/L for a 21 days in Group I and III, respectively. Results: Macroscopically, livers were swollen and had dark red color in Group I. Gills were oedematous. In Group III, liver had remarkable pale color. Gill were pale and skin was covered by mucous. In Group I, the most salient microscopic finding was seen in the liver. Degenerations were seen widely in hepatocytes. In the gills, epithelial necrotic changes with vascular lesions including edema, hyperemia and hemorrhage were observed. In the kidney, there were degeneration and eosinophilic hyalin droblets with variable sized in the cytoplasm of tubular epitheliums. Liver had diffusive degenerations in Group III. Hepatocyte nucleus has remarkable vesicular appearance in all findings. There was obvious thickness caused by hyperplasia in the gills. There was an increase in the number of mucous cell and hydropic degeneration on epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Conclusion: As a result, it is recommended to consider the concentration of copper sulfate pentahydrate in water in rainbow trout aquaculture.