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The applications of nanotechnology in the field of water treatment are rapidly expanding and have harvested significant attention from researchers, governments, and industries across the globe. This great interest stems from the numerous benefits, properties, and capabilities that nanotechnology offers in addressing the ever-growing challenges related to water quality, availability, and sustainability. This review paper extensively studies the applications of several nanomaterials including: graphene and its derivative-based adsorbents, CNTs, TiO2 NPs, ZnO NPs, Ag NPs, Fe NPs, and membrane-based nanomaterials in the purification of drinking water. This, it is hoped, will provide the water treatment sector with efficient materials that can be applied successfully in the water purification process to help in addressing the worldwide water scarcity issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the perovskite oxide community, La‐based perovskites have garnered considerable interest due to their remarkable properties including catalytic, electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, sensing, electrical, magnetic, and optical characteristics. Herein, rhodamine‐B (RB) dye has been reported to be sono‐catalytically decomposed by an ultrasound‐assisted advanced oxidation process (AOP) using perovskite‐type LaMnO3 (LMO) nanospheres synthesized via ultrasonic approach. Several physiochemical characterizations such as XRD, FT‐IR, XPS, SEM, TEM, and SEM‐EDS investigations were used to investigate the LMO perovskite nanospheres. Then, LMO potential for adsorption and the sonocatalytic decolorization of RB dye in an aqueous solution are examined. With LMO perovskites, the adsorption and removal kinetics of RB correspond to the pseudo‐first‐order model. Furthermore, by utilizing the pseudo‐first‐order, the RB dye process is removed with improved efficacy in the following sequence: Agitation alone: 3.76×10−4 min−1

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Most industries depend mainly on oil and oil-based processes, which resulted in producing large volumes of oily wastewater. One of the most common methods used for the treatment of oily contaminated water is filtration by modified surfaces. In this research g-C3N4 nanostructured material was prepared via thermal condensation method. The samples were characterized by advanced techniques such as XRD, XPS, FTIR scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrophotometry (EDX). The result showed that g-C3N4 were crystallized in tri-s-triazine phases and their mean crystalline sizes of these nanostructures were 12.17 nm. The high-magnification microscopy images show that the morphology of g-C3N4 was nanosheet. A stainless-steel mesh was modified and coated with the prepared g-C3N4 nanostructured materials to be used for the separation of oil and water mixture. Due to the hydro-phobic nature of the modified meshes, oil drops spread over the mesh surface and the water drops form spherical shapes. The most efficient coating among all the modified meshes was g-C3N4, which was functionalized using silane moiety. The separation efficiency of this coated mesh reached 74.87% and it resulted in fast separation. This mesh can separate different types of oil from the oil/water mixture, such as toluene, mineral oil, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and n-pentane with good efficiency. Separation was repeated up to 40 times using the same mesh, and the separation efficiency was measured each time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceuticals, especially amine-based pharmaceuticals, such as nizatidine and ranitidine, contaminate water and resist water treatment. Here, different amounts of graphene sheets are coupled with g-C3N4 nanosheets (wt% ratio of 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 wt% of graphene) to verify the effect of surface plasmon resonance introduced to the g-C3N4 material. The synthesized materials were systematically examined by advanced analytical techniques. The prepared photocatalysts were used for the degradation of amine-based pharmaceuticals (nizatidine and ranitidine). The results show that by introducing only 3 wt% graphene to g-C3N4, the absorption ability in the visible and near-infrared regions dramatically enhanced. The absorption in the visible range was 50 times higher when compared to the pure sample. These absorption features suggest that the surfaces of the carbon nitride sheet are covered by the graphene nanosheet, which would effectively apply the LSPR properties for catalytic determinations. The enhancement in visible light absorption in the composite was confirmed by PL analysis, which showed greater inhibition of the electron-hole recombination process. The XRD showed a decrease in the (002) plan due to the presence of graphene, which prevents further stacking of carbon nitride layers. Accordingly, the Gr/g-C3N4 composite samples exhibited an enhancement in the photocatalytic performance, specifically for the 5% Gr/g-C3N4 sample, and close to 85% degradation was achieved within 20 min under solar irradiation. Therefore, applying the Gr/g-C3N4 for the degradation of a pharmaceutical can be taken into consideration as an alternative method for the removal of such pollutants during the water treatment process. This enhancement can be attributed to surface plasmon resonance-induced photocatalysis in a 2D/2D graphene/g-C3N4 heterostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]