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Abstract Objective To evaluate the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions, using hysteroscopy as the gold standard. Methods This was a prospective observational study with 307 patients. All patients underwent hysteroscopy after a previous transvaginal ultrasound to compare the results. The hysteroscopy was performed by experienced examiners, and transvaginal ultrasounds were performed in various public and private services, which is reflective of routine healthcare practices in obstetrics and gynecology. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the transvaginal ultrasound were calculated using hysteroscopy as the gold standard. The level of agreement between the two exams was calculated using the Kappa test. Results Themean age was 56.55±12.3 years. For endometrial polyps, we observed a sensitivity of 39.8%, specificity of 72.7%, accuracy of 52.8%, and Kappa index of 0.11 (p=0.025). For fibroids, the sensitivity was 46.7%, specificity was 95.0%, accuracy was 87.9%, and Kappa index was 0.46 (p

BACKGROUND: To improve the heat and humidification that can be achieved with a heat-and-moisture exchanger (HME), a hybrid active (ie, adds heat and water) HME, the Hygrovent Gold, was developed. We evaluated in vitro the performance of the Hygrovent Gold. METHODS: We tested the Hygrovent Gold (with and without its supplemental heat and moisture options activated), the Hygrobac, and the Hygrovent S. We measured the absolute humidity, using a test lung ventilated at minute volumes of 5, 10, and 15 L/min, in normothermic (expired temperature 34|SDC) and hypothermic (expired temperature 28|SDC) conditions. We also measured the HMEs' flow resistance and weight after 24 h and 48 h. RESULTS: In its active mode the Hygrovent Gold provided the highest absolute humidity, independent of minute volume, in both normothermia and hypothermia. The respective normothermia and hypothermia absolute humidity values at 10 L/min were 36.3 + 1.3 mg/L and 27.1 + 1.0 mg/L with the active Hygrovent Gold, 33.9 + 0.5 mg/L and 24.2 + 0.8 mg/L with the passive Hygrovent Gold, 33.8 + 0.56 mg/L and 24.4 + 0.4 mg/L with the Hygrobac, and 33.9 + 0.8 mg/L and 24.6 + 0.6 mg/L with the Hygrovent S. The efficiency of the tested HMEs did not change over time. At 24 h and 48 h the increase in weight and flow resistance was highest in the active Hygrovent Gold. CONCLUSIONS: The passive Hygrovent Gold provided adequate heat and moisture in normothermia, but the active Hygrovent Gold provided the highest humidity, in both normothermia and hypothermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito do uso da tibolona sobre os parâmetros doplervelocimétricos das artérias oftálmica e retiniana. MÉTODOS: realizou-se ensaio clínico, prospectivo, longitudinal, aleatorizado, controlado com placebo, duplo-cego, no qual dentre 100 mulheres na menopausa, 50 usaram o princípio ativo tibolona 2,5 mg (Grupo Tib) e 50, o placebo para formar o grupo controle (Grupo Plac). No Grupo Tib, das 50 mulheres que iniciaram o estudo, 44 retornaram após 84 dias para a finalização dos exames. No Grupo Plac retornaram 47 delas. As artérias oftálmica e retiniana foram estudadas, determinando-se o índice de resistência (IR), índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e relação sístole/diástole (S/D). As aferições foram feitas antes e 84 dias após a medicação. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes na comparação das medianas entre os grupos e para amostras dependentes na comparação entre as medianas dentro do mesmo grupo. RESULTADOS: as características das mulheres nos dois grupos foram semelhantes em relação à idade, ao tempo de menopausa, ao índice de massa corporal, à pressão arterial, à paridade e à freqüência cardíaca. O Grupo Tib apresentou as seguintes medianas: IR(pré)=0,71±0,05, IR(pós)=0,72±0,08 (p=0,43); IP(pré)=1,29±0,22, IP(pós)=1,30±0,25 (p=0,4) e SD(pré)=3,49±0,77, SD(pós)=3,65±0,94 (p=0,32). Na artéria retiniana foram obtidas as seguintes medianas na artéria oftálmica: IR(pré)=0,67±0,09, IR(pós)=0,69±0,10 (p=0,7); IP(pré)=1,20±0,29, IP(pós)=1,22±0,3 (p=0,2) e SD(pré)=3,29±0,95, SD(pós)=3,30±1,07 (p=0,3). Os grupos tibolona e controle não apresentaram diferenças significantes nos índices quando avaliados ao final do estudo. CONCLUSÕES: a tibolona, na dose de 2,5 mg, não apresenta efeitos sobre os índices doppler das artérias oftálmica e retiniana.PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of tibolone use on dopplervelocimetric parameters of ophthalmic and retinal arteries. METHODS: clinical, prospective, longitudinal, randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind study, in which among 100 menopausal women, 50 have used 2.5 mg of the active principle tibolone (Tib Group) and 50, placebo as a means to form the control-group (Plac Group). In the Tib Group, 44 of the 50 women returned after 84 days to finish the exams, and in the Plac Group, 47. The ophthalmic and retinal arteries were studied to determine the resistance index (RI), the pulsatility index (PI) and the systole/diastole ratio (S/D). Assessments have been done before and 84 days after medication. The t-Student test has been used for the comparison of means between the groups in independent samples, as well as for within-group comparisons in dependent samples. RESULTS: in both groups, the women's characteristics were similar in age, menopause duration, body mass index, arterial blood pressure, deliveries and cardiac rate. The Tib Group presented the following values in the ophthalmic artery: RI(pre)=0.71±0.05, RI(post)0.72±0.08 (p=0.43); PI(pre)=1.29±0.22, PI(post)=1.30±0.25 (p=0.4) and S/D(pre)=3.49±0.77, SD(post)=3.65±0.94 (p=0.32). In the retinal artery, the following values have been found: RI(pre)=0.67±0.09, RI(post)=0.69±0.10 (p=0.7); PI(pre)=1.20±0.29, PI(post)=1.22±0.3 (p=0.2) and SD(pre)=3.29±0.95, SD(post)=3.30±1.07 (p=0.3). Also, the tibolone and control groups did not show any significant difference in regard to the above indexes in the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: the 2.5 mg dose of tibolone had no effect on the Doppler velocimetry indexes of the ophthalmic and retinal arteries.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a variação da população de folículos ovarianos ao longo do desenvolvimento fetal e acrescentar dados aos escassos, incompletos e, algumas vezes, divergentes dados descritos na literatura. MÉTODOS: doze ovários de fetos necropsiados foram estudados, sendo nove de fetos e três de neonatos. As idades dos fetos foram determinadas pela cronologia e por ultra-sonografia, enquanto os neonatos nascidos na 39ª semana de gravidez faleceram nas primeiras horas de vida. As peças foram fixadas com formaldeído e incluídas em parafina. Foram realizados cortes seriados com espessura de 7 mm e a cada 50 cortes, o material foi corado com HE e analisado com microscópio com aumento de 400 vezes. Foram contados os folículos em dez diferentes regiões do córtex ovariano, cada região com uma área de 625 mm². O número total de folículos em 1 mm³ foi calculado usando-se a fórmula: Nt=(No x St x t)/do, onde Nt é o número de folículos, No é a média de folículos observados em 1 mm², St é o total de cortes em 1 mm³ do ovário, t é a espessura do corte e do é o diâmetro médio do núcleo. RESULTADOS: a idade dos fetos variou de 24 a 39 semanas. O número de folículos por 0,25 mm² variou de 10,9 ± 4,8 em um neonato até 34,7 ± 10,6 também em um neonato. Entre os fetos, tivemos o menor valor com 36 semanas (11,1 ± 6,2) e o maior valor com 28 semanas (25,3 ± 9,6). O número de cortes observados por ovário variou de seis a 13, correspondendo à contagem de folículos em áreas que variaram de 15 a 32,5 mm². O total de folículos estimado variou de 500.000, na idade de 22 semanas, a mais de 1.000.000, na idade de 39 semanas. CONCLUSÕES: nossos resultados demonstram as diferentes densidades de folículos ovarianos durante o período gestacional, contribuindo para o escasso conhecimento existente na literatura até o momento.PURPOSE: to determine the variation of the number of ovarian follicles during fetal life. METHODS: twelve ovaries donated for research were included in our study, nine from fetuses and three from newborn babies who died in the first hour after being delivered with 39 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal age was confirmed both by the last menstrual period of the woman and by ultrasonography. Ovaries were fixed in formaldehyde, included in paraffin and serially sliced at 7 mm. At every 50 cuts, the obtained material was haematoxilin-eosin stained and evaluated with an optical microscope (400 X). The follicles were counted in ten different regions of the ovarian cortex, each region with an area of 625 mm². The presence of a nucleus was considered the parameter for counting. Follicular density, per 1 mm³ was calculated using the formula Nt=(No x St x t)/do, where Nt is the number of follicles; No is the mean number of follicles in 1 mm²; St is the total number of slices in 1 mm³; t is the slice thickness and do is the nuclei mean diameter. RESULTS: the gestational age of fetuses ranged from 24 to 39 weeks. The number of follicles per 0.25 mm² ranged from 10.9 ± 4.8 in a newborn to 34.7 ± 10.6 in another newborn. Among the fetuses, the least value was obtained in a 36 week-old fetus (11.1 ± 6.2) and the highest in a 28 week-old fetus (25.3 ± 9.6). The total number of slices per ovary ranged from six to 13, corresponding to follicles counted in areas from 15 to 32.5 mm². The total number of follicles ranged from 500,000 at the age of 22 weeks to > 1,000,000 at the age of 39 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: our results demonstrate different (increasing) densities of ovarian follicles along the gestational period, providing more knowledge about this still not well-known subject.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a freqüência e fatores associados à endometriose de cicatriz cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: foi realizado estudo observacional, tipo coorte retrospectivo, a partir da revisão de prontuários de pacientes do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) com diagnóstico anatomopatológico de endometriose de cicatriz cirúrgica, no período de maio de 1978 a dezembro de 2003. RESULTADOS: foram encontrados 72 pacientes com diagnóstico de endometriose de cicatriz. A incidência de endometriose de cicatriz após cesariana foi significativamente maior do que após parto normal (0,2 e 0,06%, respectivamente; pPURPOSE: to identify the incidence and associated factors of surgical scar endometriosis. METHODS: a retrospective cohort observational study performed from the medical records of female patients attended at the Clinical Hospital of Univesidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) with histopathological diagnosis of scar endometriosis from May 1978 to December 2003. RESULTS: a total of 72 patients were included in the study. The incidence of scar endometriosis after cesarean section was significantly higher than after episiotomy (0.2% and 0.06%, respectively; p

OBJETIVO: avaliar a resistência vascular da artéria central da retina, por meio do fluxo Doppler, nas diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual ovulatório. MÉTODOS: estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo com avaliação de 34 mulheres saudáveis, submetidas a estudo dopplerfluxométrico do fundo do olho para avaliação da resistência vascular da artéria central da retina nas posições sentada e deitada, durante quatro fases do ciclo menstrual: fase folicular inicial, fase folicular média, fase periovulatória e fase lútea média. A confirmação da ovulação no ciclo de estudo foi feita pela dosagem de progesterona sérica na fase lútea média. Foram avaliados os índices de pulsatilidade (IP) e de resistência, e as velocidades máxima, mínima e média. RESULTADOS: a idade média foi de 29,7 anos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os índices obtidos para ambos os olhos; assim, utilizamos as médias dos índices para realizar o cálculo estatístico. Quando comparadas às posições de realização do exame, detectou-se um IP maior na posição sentada; assim, as análises foram avaliadas em separado, respeitando-se a posição da paciente. O IP da artéria central da retina, avaliado com a paciente deitada, variou durante o ciclo menstrual, apresentando-se significativamente mais baixo nas fases folicular média (1,5±0,3) e periovulatória (1,5±0,3) quando comparadas às fases folicular precoce (1,7±0,4) e lútea média (1,7±0,4). Quando a avaliação foi feita com a paciente sentada não foram observadas diferenças para as diferentes fases do ciclo. CONCLUSÕES: num ciclo menstrual ovulatório ocorre diminuição da resistência vascular na artéria central da retina e posterior reversão do efeito, como demonstrado pelas variações do IP.PURPOSE: to evaluate the vascular blood flow of the central retinal arteries using dopplervelocimetry in the different phases of the ovulatory menstrual cycle. METHODS: we performed an observational, longitudinal and prospective study evaluating 34 healthy and ovulatory women. All women were submitted to Doppler scan of the eye to evaluate the vascular resistance of the central retinal arteries, either lying down or on a seated position, during four phases of the menstrual cycle. Confirmation of ovulation was performed by measuring serum progesterone during the luteal phase. We analyzed the pulsatility and resistance index and the maximum, minimum and mean velocity. RESULTS: mean age was 29.7 years. No differences were observed between the indexes obtained in both eyes, therefore a mean index was used for comparisons. As the comparison between the positions used for the exams showed a higher PI for the seated position, the analyses were performed separately. The pulsatility index in the lying position was different among the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The arterial resistance was significantly lower during the intermediate follicular and the periovulatory phases, as compared to the early follicular and luteal phases. When the comparison was performed with the patient in the seated position, no differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a reduction in the vascular resistance of the cerebral microcirculation and a posterior reversal, as shown by changes in the PI.

OBJETIVO: identificar a correlação entre os níveis séricos de leptina e os níveis de estradiol e do hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH) em mulheres com supressão da função hipofisária, e suas possíveis interferências no eixo reprodutivo. MÉTODOS: estudamos prospectivamente 64 pacientes submetidas à hiperestimulação ovariana controlada com FSH recombinante para tratamento pela técnica de reprodução assistida, devido a fator masculino ou tubário, e 20 pacientes em uso de valerato de estradiol, para preparo endometrial, em tratamento de doação de óvulos, por falha de resposta ovariana em ciclo prévio. Todas as pacientes utilizaram análogo de GnRH no início do tratamento, de forma a obter a supressão da função hipofisária. Para a análise estatística dos resultados, foram utilizados os testes chi2, t de Student e correlação de Pearson, quando adequado. Os resultados foram considerados significativos quando pPURPOSE: to identify the relationship between serum levels of leptin and the levels of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in women with pituitary suppression and to evaluate its possible interference on the reproductive axis. METHODS: a total of 64 patients submitted to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with recombinant FSH for assisted reproduction, due to a male or tubal factor, and 20 patients using estradiol valerate, for endometrial preparation in order to be submitted to oocyte donation treatment were studied. All patients used GnRH analogues before starting treatment in order to avoid premature LH surge. Data were analyzed statistically by the chi2 test, Student's t-test and the Pearson correlation test, when appropriate, with the level of significance set at p

OBJETIVO: averiguar se ocorrem alterações nos parâmetros da dopplervelocimetria em usuárias do dispositivo intra-uterino (DIU) T cobre 380, por meio do estudo das artérias uterinas antes e depois da inserção do DIU em mulheres lactantes e não lactantes. MÉTODOS: ensaio clínico prospectivo, analítico, com 100 pacientes, em que avaliamos à dopplervelocimetria: índice de resistência (IR), índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e relação sístole/diástole (SD). As pacientes selecionadas foram submetidas à avaliação pré-inserção do DIU e a novos exames pós-inserção, realizados com 30 dias (um ciclo) e com 90 dias (três ciclos). RESULTADOS: os valores obtidos nas artérias uterinas no grupo antes da inserção do DIU foram de 0,9 para o IR, de 2,4 para o IP e de 10,0 para a relação SD. Os valores 30 dias após a inserção do DIU foram de 0,9 para o IR, de 2,5 para o IP e de 10,7 para a relação SD. Após três ciclos aferimos um valor de 0,9 para o IR, de 2,5 para o IP e de 10,7 para a relação SD. A comparação dos resultados obtidos antes e depois da inserção do DIU mostrou valor p de 0,51 para o IR, de 0,37 para o IP e de 0,51 para a relação SD, demonstrando que após a inserção, não houve modificações significativas na dopplervelocimetria. CONCLUSÕES: o uso do DIU T cobre 380 não tem efeito nos índices de dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas tanto em pacientes amamentando ou não.OBJECTIVE: to observe if there is any alteration in the Dopplervelocimetry of the uterine arteries of nursing and not nursing women after the insertion of the copper T 380 intrauterine device (IUD). METHODS: prospective, analytical, self-paired clinical assay, with 100 patients in whom we evaluated the color doppler flow: resistance index (RI), pulsative index (PI) and systole/diastole (SD) ratio. Nursing and not nursing women were assessed before IUD insertion as well as 30 days (one cycle) and 90 days (three cycles) after the insertion. RESULTS: the values obtained in the uterine arteries before insertion were: RI: 0.9, PI: 2.4, and SD ratio: 10.0. The values 30 days after insertion were: RI: 0.9, PI: 2.5 and SD ratio: 10.7. After three cycles we found a value of 0.9 for RI, 2.5 for PI and 10.7 for SD ratio. The comparison of the results before and after the IUD insertion showed a p value of 0.51 for RI, of 0.37 for PI and of 0.51 for SD ratio, demonstrating that after the insertion of the IUD, there were no significant changes in Dopplervelocimetry. Also, there were not significant differences between nursing and not nursing women, concerning these parameters. CONCLUSIONS: the use of copper T 380 IUD has no effect on the Doppler indices of the uterine arteries of both nursing and not nursing women.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a existência de discordância intra e intercitopatologistas nas análises de lâminas de colpocitologias oncóticas que haviam recebido previamente o diagnóstico de células epidermóides atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASCUS) e o grau dessa discordância. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal no qual foram analisadas 50 lâminas de colpocitologias oncóticas coletadas no mês de novembro de 2000 no município de Contagem e com diagnóstico prévio de ASCUS. Elas foram analisadas e classificadas por quatro citopatologistas, de acordo com as alterações propostas na primeira revisão de Bethesda, em 1991 (normal, alteração atrófica, alteração inflamatória, sugestiva de lesão de baixo grau, sugestiva de lesão de alto grau, sugestiva de carcinoma invasor, outros). Após a primeira análise, as lâminas foram novamente numeradas, de maneira aleatória, e entregues aos mesmos citopatologistas para novo exame. Foi utilizado o teste de kappa e sua especificação pontual, o kappa ponderado, para análises dos resultados. RESULTADOS: observaram-se graus bastante distantes de concordância entre diferentes análises do mesmo citopatologista, variando de 7,8 a 74,4%, (teste kappa). Quando foi instituído um peso para cada grau de discordância, os valores desse teste se elevaram, passando de 16,1% para o citopatologista A a 81,08% para o citopatologista B. Em relação às análises comparativas realizadas entre observadores distintos, os valores obtidos foram de 50,6% para o kappa e 63,4% para a sua variação pontual. CONCLUSÕES: a presente avaliação confirma a existência de subjetividade nos laudos citopatológicos de ASCUS, além de critérios imprecisos empregados pelo mesmo observador para obtenção desses resultados.

Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos da cirurgia ovariana prévia para o tratamento da endometriose na resposta ovariana durante ciclos de reprodução assistida e na taxa de gravidez subseqüente. Métodos: foram avaliadas 61 mulheres inférteis, com cirurgia ovariana prévia para endometriose, submetidas a 74 ciclos de fertilização in vitro/injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozóides (FIV/ICSI) (Grupo caso), e comparadas a 74 pacientes inférteis, submetidas a 77 ciclos de FIV/ICSI no mesmo período e na mesma clínica, sem cirurgia ovariana prévia ou endometriose (Grupo controle). As pacientes foram pareadas por idade e tratamento realizado. A FIV foi realizada utilizando-se o protocolo longo para dessensibilização hipofisária seguida de indução da foliculogênese, monitorizada por ultra-sonografia e dosagem de estradiol. Após punção folicular os oócitos eram inseminados ou injetados e os embriões obtidos foram transferidos entre o dia 2 e dia 5 pós-inseminação. Resultados: pacientes com menos de 35 anos previamente submetidas a cirurgia ovariana recrutaram número menor de oócitos quando comparadas às pacientes do grupo controle (p=0,049). O número de ampolas utilizadas, a duração da foliculogênese, o número de folículos, a taxa de fertilização e de gravidez (53 e 56,2%, respectivamente, para os grupos caso e controle) foram semelhantes. Mulheres com idade superior a 35 anos com cirurgia ovariana prévia necessitaram de maior número de ampolas para superovulação (p=0,0017) e apresentaram um número menor de folículos e oócitos (p=0,001). Um total de 10 pacientes ficaram grávidas no grupo caso (34,5%) e 14 no grupo controle (48,3%) (p=0,424). Conclusão: a cirurgia ovariana para tratamento da endometriose reduz a resposta ovariana durante ciclos de FIV/ICSI em mulheres >35 anos e apresenta tendência a diminuir as taxas de gravidez. Assim, acreditamos que, para as pacientes inférteis com endometriose ovariana, o tratamento conservador deve ser considerado como primeira opção a fim de se evitar redução na resposta ovariana.

Objetivos: verificar os níveis de leptina em pacientes com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e suas relações com a testosterona, o estradiol, o FSH e a insulina. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 40 pacientes portadoras de SOP, divididas em dois grupos, de acordo com o seu índice de massa corporal (IMC): Grupo I (n = 20): pacientes obesas (IMC >28 kg/m²) e Grupo II (n = 20): pacientes não-obesas (IMC

Objectives: To analyze how the experience of the surgical team went to impact the outcomes after open surgical repair (OSR) of intact abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs)., Methods: This is a single-center, observational cohort study with retrospective analysis of all OR for intact AAA performed between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2022. The primary outcome was survival at 30 days and in follow-up, and a composite outcome of mortality and major complication. The secondary outcome was freedom from aorta-related reintervention. All outcomes were stratified according to the experience of the operating team (surgeons and anesthesiology)., Results: We analyzed 103 (7.2%) patients: 97 (94.2%) males and 6 (5.8%) females. The mean age was 76 ± 8 years (range, 55-93). The best possible team composition was present in 52 (50.5%) interventions. The follow-up index was 0.82 ± 0.18 (range, 0.6-1.0). Mean follow-up duration was 59 ± 43 months (range, 0-158). We observed no differences between teams in major complications (best, 17.3% vs mixed, 21.6%; OR: 0.4, P = 0.622), 30 days mortality (best, 0% vs mixed, 5.9%; OR: 7.6, P = 0.118) and composite outcome (best, 11.5% vs mixed, 17.6%; OR: 0.8, P = 0.416). Cox regression analysis identified the best possible team as a protective factor against the need for reintervention (hazard ratio: 0.2; 95% confidence interval: 0.06-0.88, P = 0.032)., Conclusions: In our experience, OR of AAA yielded satisfactory results in terms of safety and efficacy independently of the team's experience. A more experienced team may protect against aorta-related reintervention., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Pediatric major arterial vascular injuries may belong to the same principal categories as adults, but have been poorly documented, with an estimated overall incidence of <2% of all vascular traumas. Open surgery has been the mainstay of treatment, but no clear guidelines have been developed to recommend the best practice patterns in terms of strategy or repair as well as postoperative pharmacological regimen. Herein, we report three cases and a narrative review of the available literature regarding the main aspects when dealing with pediatric arterial injuries based on the predominant series available from the most recent published literature.

Background: Transfusion of blood products and mechanical ventilation with injurious settings are considered risk factors for postoperative lung injury in surgical Patients., Methods: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis was done to determine the independent effects of peri-operative transfusion of blood products, intra-operative tidal volume and airway pressure in adult patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for general surgery, as well as their interactions on the occurrence of postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Observational studies and randomized trials were identified by a systematic search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and CENTRAL and screened for inclusion into a meta-analysis. Individual patient data were obtained from the corresponding authors. Patients were stratified according to whether they received transfusion in the peri-operative period [red blood cell concentrates (RBC) and/or fresh frozen plasma (FFP)], tidal volume size [≤7 mL/kg predicted body weight (PBW), 7-10 and >10 mL/kg PBW] and airway pressure level used during surgery (≤15, 15-20 and >20 cmH 2 O). The primary outcome was development of postoperative ARDS., Results: Seventeen investigations were included (3,659 patients). Postoperative ARDS occurred in 40 (7.2%) patients who received at least one blood product compared to 40 patients (2.5%) who did not [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25-4.33; P=0.008]. Incidence of postoperative ARDS was highest in patients ventilated with tidal volumes of >10 mL/kg PBW and having airway pressures of >20 cmH 2 O receiving both RBC and FFP, and lowest in patients ventilated with tidal volume of ≤7 mL/kg PBW and having airway pressures of ≤15 cmH 2 O with no transfusion. There was a significant interaction between transfusion and airway pressure level (P=0.002) on the risk of postoperative ARDS., Conclusions: Peri-operative transfusion of blood products is associated with an increased risk of postoperative ARDS, which seems more dependent on airway pressure than tidal volume size., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Background: Protective mechanical ventilation strategies using low tidal volume or high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improve outcomes for patients who have had surgery. The role of the driving pressure, which is the difference between the plateau pressure and the level of positive end-expiratory pressure is not known. We investigated the association of tidal volume, the level of PEEP, and driving pressure during intraoperative ventilation with the development of postoperative pulmonary complications., Methods: We did a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised controlled trials of protective ventilation during general anesthaesia for surgery published up to July 30, 2015. The main outcome was development of postoperative pulmonary complications (postoperative lung injury, pulmonary infection, or barotrauma)., Findings: We included data from 17 randomised controlled trials, including 2250 patients. Multivariate analysis suggested that driving pressure was associated with the development of postoperative pulmonary complications (odds ratio [OR] for one unit increase of driving pressure 1·16, 95% CI 1·13-1·19; p<0·0001), whereas we detected no association for tidal volume (1·05, 0·98-1·13; p=0·179). PEEP did not have a large enough effect in univariate analysis to warrant inclusion in the multivariate analysis. In a mediator analysis, driving pressure was the only significant mediator of the effects of protective ventilation on development of pulmonary complications (p=0·027). In two studies that compared low with high PEEP during low tidal volume ventilation, an increase in the level of PEEP that resulted in an increase in driving pressure was associated with more postoperative pulmonary complications (OR 3·11, 95% CI 1·39-6·96; p=0·006)., Interpretation: In patients having surgery, intraoperative high driving pressure and changes in the level of PEEP that result in an increase of driving pressure are associated with more postoperative pulmonary complications. However, a randomised controlled trial comparing ventilation based on driving pressure with usual care is needed to confirm these findings., Funding: None., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lung injury is a serious complication of surgery. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether incidence, morbidity, and in-hospital mortality associated with postoperative lung injury are affected by type of surgery and whether outcomes are dependent on type of ventilation., Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for observational studies and randomised controlled trials published up to April, 2014, comparing lung-protective mechanical ventilation with conventional mechanical ventilation during abdominal or thoracic surgery in adults. Individual patients' data were assessed. Attributable mortality was calculated by subtracting the in-hospital mortality of patients without postoperative lung injury from that of patients with postoperative lung injury., Findings: We identified 12 investigations involving 3365 patients. The total incidence of postoperative lung injury was similar for abdominal and thoracic surgery (3·4% vs 4·3%, p=0·198). Patients who developed postoperative lung injury were older, had higher American Society of Anesthesiology scores and prevalence of sepsis or pneumonia, more frequently had received blood transfusions during surgery, and received ventilation with higher tidal volumes, lower positive end-expiratory pressure levels, or both, than patients who did not. Patients with postoperative lung injury spent longer in intensive care (8·0 [SD 12·4] vs 1·1 [3·7] days, p<0·0001) and hospital (20·9 [18·1] vs 14·7 [14·3] days, p<0·0001) and had higher in-hospital mortality (20·3% vs 1·4% p<0·0001) than those without injury. Overall attributable mortality for postoperative lung injury was 19% (95% CI 18-19), and differed significantly between abdominal and thoracic surgery patients (12·2%, 95% CI 12·0-12·6 vs 26·5%, 26·2-27·0, p=0·0008). The risk of in-hospital mortality was independent of ventilation strategy (adjusted HR 0·71, 95% CI 0·41-1·22)., Interpretation: Postoperative lung injury is associated with increases in in-hospital mortality and durations of stay in intensive care and hospital. Attributable mortality due to postoperative lung injury is higher after thoracic surgery than after abdominal surgery. Lung-protective mechanical ventilation strategies reduce incidence of postoperative lung injury but does not improve mortality., Funding: None., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The impact of intraoperative ventilation on postoperative pulmonary complications is not defined. The authors aimed at determining the effectiveness of protective mechanical ventilation during open abdominal surgery on a modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score as primary outcome and postoperative pulmonary function., Methods: Prospective randomized, open-label, clinical trial performed in 56 patients scheduled to undergo elective open abdominal surgery lasting more than 2 h. Patients were assigned by envelopes to mechanical ventilation with tidal volume of 9 ml/kg ideal body weight and zero-positive end-expiratory pressure (standard ventilation strategy) or tidal volumes of 7 ml/kg ideal body weight, 10 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure, and recruitment maneuvers (protective ventilation strategy). Modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score, gas exchange, and pulmonary functional tests were measured preoperatively, as well as at days 1, 3, and 5 after surgery., Results: Patients ventilated protectively showed better pulmonary functional tests up to day 5, fewer alterations on chest x-ray up to day 3 and higher arterial oxygenation in air at days 1, 3, and 5 (mmHg; mean ± SD): 77.1 ± 13.0 versus 64.9 ± 11.3 (P = 0.0006), 80.5 ± 10.1 versus 69.7 ± 9.3 (P = 0.0002), and 82.1 ± 10.7 versus 78.5 ± 21.7 (P = 0.44) respectively. The modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was lower in the protective ventilation strategy at days 1 and 3. The percentage of patients in hospital at day 28 after surgery was not different between groups (7 vs. 15% respectively, P = 0.42)., Conclusion: A protective ventilation strategy during abdominal surgery lasting more than 2 h improved respiratory function and reduced the modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score without affecting length of hospital stay.