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Aim: Physiology postgraduate students (PPGS) and residents of physiology in Turkey contribute to the physiology education of medical faculty students while continuing their education. This study aimed to identify the opinions of PPGS and residents on physiology undergraduate education in medical faculties.Methods: The questionnaire consist of Likert-type, multiple-choice and open-ended questions was applied to the PPGS and residents via online between 08.10.2020 and 09.15.2020. The questionnaire consisted of four parts, including questions about socio-demographic information of participants, theoretical physiology lectures and physiology practices given to medical faculty students, and questions about the contribution of PPGS and residents in physiology education. Those who did not answer the socio-demographic information part and half of the questionnaire were excluded, there was no obligation to answer every question. The data were evaluated using the PASW program. Percentage, frequency, Chi-Square and Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Seventy-one volunteers (17 residents, 28 doctorates and 26 masters students) participated in this study; 51% were doing thesis and 42% were in the pre-thesis period. 30% of the volunteers were in the academic staff in the physiology departments. It was determined that 15% of the participants had pedagogical training and 83% were willing to have pedagogical training. All the participants stated that the learning objectives should be explained in the theoretical lectures, the theoretical lectures should be explained by associating them with professional practices and examples (97%) and including the contribution of physiology knowledge to their professional life (100%). Doctoral students found distance education in theoretical lectures more applicable than master students (p=0.025). Most of the participants stated that simulated patients should be used for physiology practices (83%), feedback from PPGS and residents regarding the conduct of practice courses (97%) and the involvement of PPGS and residents in physiology practice courses positively affect the quality of physiology education in the medical faculty (78%). However, a large part of the participants (82%) thought that the time that postgraduate students, who have to work in different jobs in order to earn financial income, would allocate for physiology education to medical school students was limited. Conclusions: It has been determined that PPGS and residents have a high awareness of current learning methods and were eager to have pedagogical education. The opinions of PPGS and residents can contribute to the planning of the future of physiology education, while providing feedback on current physiology education.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, düşük akımlı iskemi ve reperfüzyona maruz bırakılan izole sıçan kalplerinde in vivo yüksek fruktozla beslenmenin, ex vivo hemodinamik iyileşme ve enfarktüs boyutu üzerindeki potansiyel zararlı etkisini araştırmaktı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Erkek Sprague-Dawley sıçanları dört hafta boyunca yüksek fruktozlu (n=9), yüksek glikozlu (n=9) veya standart bir diyetle (n=9) besledikten sonra, kalpleri çıkarıldı ve Krebs-Henseleit solüsyonu ile 15 dakika ex vivo perfüze edildi. Daha sonra kalpler, 30 dakika boyunca düşük akımlı (0.3 ml/dk) iskemiye ve ardından 60 dakikalık reperfüzyona tabi tutuldu. Sol ventrikül gelişim basıncı (SVGB), kasılma ve gevşeme fazındaki basınç gelişim oranları ve kalp hızı iskemi öncesi ve reperfüzyon sonrası kaydedildi. Enfarktüs alanı reperfüzyon periyodunun sonunda ölçüldü. Bulgular: Ex vivo düşük akımlı iskemiye tabi tutulan izole kalplerde 60 dakikalık reperfüzyonun ardından, miyokard enfarktüsü boyutu üç grup arasında farklılık göstermedi. İskemi sonrası kardiyak kontraktil iyileşmenin hem yüksek fruktoz hem de yüksek glikoz grubunda 60 dakikalık reperfüzyonda tamamlanmış olduğu görüldü. Buna karşılık, kontrol grubunda LVDP ve sol ventrikül gevşeme hızı, 60 dakikalık reperfüzyonun sonunda hala baskılanmış durumdaydı. Sonuç: Sıçanları yüksek fruktozlu diyetiyle beslenmenin, standart bir diyete kıyasla, miyokard enfarktüsü boyutunda bir fark olmaksızın, düşük akımlı iskemiden sonra sol ventrikül kontraktil fonksiyonunun iyileşmesi üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Yüksek glikozla beslenen sıçanlarda da benzer sonuçlar elde edildi.

DergiPark: 1020956 tmsj Vegetarianism is the refusal to eat meat and its products for various reasons. Furthermore, veganism is against eating and using all products derived from an- imals. Numerous studies have stated that plant-based nutrition reduces the risk of cardiovascular system diseases, but also cannot supply the requirement of some vitamins and minerals. Although a vegetarian diet may decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases, the findings of the studies related to the low intake of protein, vitamins, or minerals should be taken into account in terms of harmful effects. In this review, the studies have been reviewed about the effects of plant-based nutrition on the human cardiovascular system.

Sports-related concussion (SRC) is a severe type of sports injury that is attracting attention worldwide. The most recent SRC definition has been expressed as a complex and pathophysiological process of the brain caused by biomechanical forces. It includes the impairment of axonal networks leading to depolarization and tthe brain's increased demand for glucose and oxygen. The vasospasm that may occur after the concussion or the decrease in cerebral blood flow pushes the process into a vicious circle. Due to the fragility created by this situation, i.e. an energy crisis, resting following the first impact is very important. As a result of the SRC studies, some restrictions were imposed regarding the time needed for safe return to sports. The initial assessment for SRC should be performed on the sports field as soon as possible. Standard emergency management principles (airway, breathing, circulation) should be followed in the first assessment. Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale, which is the most widely used up-to-date scale, a new scale named Sports-Related Concussion Assessment Tool was developed. The follow-up and treatment of the SRC victims can be conducted according to the severity of the symptoms defined as “urgent” and “requiring follow-up”.

Fiziksel hareketsizlik, vücut yapılarının ve işlevlerinin genelde azalma eğilimi gösterdiği ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, hipertansiyon, tip 2 diyabet, dislipidemi gibi hastalıkların oluşumu açısından risk artışına neden olan bir süreçtir. Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisi ileri yaşlı kişilerde fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin azalmasına, fiziksel hareketsizliğin artmasına neden olmuştur. Fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin azalmasına neden olan bu pandemi döneminde ileri yaştaki bireylerin fiziksel hareketsizlik durumundan etkilenme riskleri genç yaşlardaki bireylere göre daha fazladır. Bu derlemede, fiziksel aktivite azlığının yaşlıların kas iskelet sisteminde ve performansında yaratacağı değişimler ile kronobiyolojik değişimler incelenmektedir. Ayrıca yetişkinler (18-64 yaş) ile yaşlı yetişkinler (≥65 yaş) arasında metabolik süreçler, kardiyak ve bağışıklık sistemi açısından görülen farklılıklar üzerinde durulmaktadır.

DergiPark: 1020947 tmsj Estrogen deficiency is known to be one of the causes of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Coronary artery calcification is one of the major factors of cardiovascular disease. The studies related to the effects of estrogen on coronary artery calcification and the possible relation between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease rapidly increased in recent years. Estrogen levels decrease in postmenopausal women and can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Estrogen could affect cardiovascular diseases by mediating the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-osteoprotegerin system in vascular smooth muscle cells and autophagy in cardiomyocytes. Current evidence indicates that estrogen has an increasing effect on bone mineral density by multiple biochemical pathways: increasing calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal system, decreasing excretion of calcium in the kidneys, reducing bone resorption, such as enchanting osteoblasts, suppressing osteoclasts by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts by essentially inhibiting the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-osteoprotegerin system. Recent studies showed a significant relationship between coronary artery calcification and osteoporosis due to estrogen’s role in these pathogeneses, which can be prevented by using estrogen hormone therapy for post- menopausal women. In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of estrogen in the development of coronary artery calcification and osteoporosis and the effects of estrogen hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.

Giriş: İsatin, vücut sıvılarında endojen olarak bulunan, sinir sisteminde koruyucu, antikonvülzan ve sedatifrolü olduğu bildirilen bir indoldür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, izole sıçan kalbinde oluşturulan iskemi reperfüzyonmodelinde isatinin sol ventrikül işlevi üzerine etkisini incelemektir.Hastalar ve Yöntem: Erkek Wistar türü sıçanlar dört gruba ayrıldı. I ve I-atriyal natriüretik peptid (ANP)gruplarına kalpler Langendoff düzeneğine yerleştirilmeden önce isatin [50 mg/kg intraperitoneal (ip)] verildi. C ve ANP gruplarına serum fizyolojik verildi. Tüm gruplara düşük akımlı iskemi uygulandı. İskeminin15 dakika öncesinde, ANP ve I + ANP gruplarında perfüzyon solüsyonuna ANP (0.1 μM/L) eklendi. İskemiöncesi ve sonrasında sol ventrikül gelişim basıncı (LVDP) ve maksimum ve minimum basınç değişimlerikaydedildi. Tüm gruplarda perfüzyon sıvısından siklik guanozin monofosfate (cGMP) düzeyleri ölçüldü.Bulgular: Reperfüzyonun 60. dakikasında I grubunun LVDP ve mimimum basınç değişim değerleri C grubuna benzer bulundu. İskemi öncesinde ve sonrasında, I grubunun cGMP değerleri C grubuna benzer ancakANP ve I + ANP gruplarından daha düşük bulundu.Sonuç: İskemi öncesinde isatin verilmesi sıçan kalbinde kardiyak işlevi anlamlı şekilde değiştirmemektedir.Bu çalışmanın bulguları, isatinin düşük akımlı iskemi sonrasında kardiyak işlevi bozucu etki oluşturmadığıyönündedir., Introduction: Isatin is an endogen indole that is found in body fluids and reported as a neuroprotective,anticonvulsant, and sedative agent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of isatin on leftventricle functions before and after low-flow ischemia in the isolated rat heart.Patients and Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Isatin (I, 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally)was administered in the I and I-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) groups 20 min before the hearts were placed onthe Langendorff apparatus. Serum physiologic was administered to the control (C) and ANP groups. Low-flowischemia was applied in all groups. ANP (0.1 μM/L) was added to perfusion solution in the ANP and I + ANPgroups 15 min before ischemia. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximum and minimumpressure changes were recorded before and after ischemia. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levelswere measured in the perfusate in all groups.Results: LVDP and minimum pressure change values of the I group were found to be similar to the C groupat 60 min of reperfusion. The level of cGMP in the I group was similar to the C group but lower than the ANPand I + ANP groups before and after ischemia.Conclusion: The administration of isatin prior to cardiac ischemia does not significantly alter cardiac functionduring the reperfusion period in rat heart. The results of the present study showed that isatin may not appearto have a disturbing effect on cardiac functions after low-flow ischemia.

Sporla ilişkili beyin sarsıntısı (SİBS) tüm dünyada giderek artan düzeyde ilgi gören, ciddi bir spor yaralanması türüdür. En güncel tanımında SİBS beyinde biyomekanik kuvvetlerin neden olduğu karmaşık ve patofizyolojik bir süreç olarak ifade edilmektedir. Aksonal ağların etkilenmesi depolarizasyona neden olmakta ve beynin glikoz ve oksijen ihtiyacını arttırmaktadır. Sarsıntı sonrası oluşabilecek vazospazm veya serebral kan akımındaki azalma, süreci kısır döngüye itmektedir. Enerji krizi olarak da adlandırabilen bu durumun yarattığı kırılganlık nedeniyle, ilk darbeden sonra istirahat çok önemlidir. SiBS ile ilgili çalışmalar sonrasında sporcuların spora dönme süreleri ile ilgili kısıtlamalar getirilmiştir. SİBS’e yaklaşımda ilk değerlendirme saha kenarında acil olarak yapılmalıdır. İlk değerlendirmede, standart acil durum yönetim ilkelerine (hava yolu, solunum, dolaşım) uyulmalıdır. Günümüzde en yaygın kullanılan ölçek olan Glasgow Koma Ölçeği’ne dayanarak Sporla İlişkili Beyin Sarsıntısı Değerlendirme Aracı geliştirilmiştir. Belirtilerin aciliyet gösteren ve izlem gerektirenler olarak iki gruba ayrılması, izlem ve tedavinin uygun biçimde yürütülmesini olanaklı kılmaktadır.

Metabolic syndrome comprises a group of disorders, including cardiac abnormalities. Ventricular arrhythmias observed in metabolic syndrome are due to the impaired ventricular repolarization. This study aims to determine the effects of melatonin on cardiac ventricular repolarization in metabolic syndrome rat model. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control (n = 8), melatonin (n = 8), metabolic syndrome (n = 8) and metabolic syndrome + melatonin (n = 8) groups. Fructose (200 g/lt/day) was added into the drinking water during 8 weeks of rats to induce metabolic syndrome model. In the last two weeks, melatonin (20 mg/kg/day) was administered via oral gavage. Blood pressure measurements and ECG recordings were taken at three different times. Blood and left ventricular tissue samples were harvested and the KCNQ1,3 and KCNH2 gene expressions were analysed by qRT-PCR method. We observed insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and higher systolic blood pressure in metabolic syndrome group (p

High mechanical load of muscles may induce muscular apoptosis on the one hand and adaptation to exercise on the other. This study aimed to explore whether changes of circulatory levels of inflammation, apoptosis and heat shock proteins (HSPs) messenger RNA (mRNA) following single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) differs between physically active (PA) and inactive (PI) men. Nine PA and 9 PI (peak oxygen consumption: 2.6 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.2 L·min−1) healthy men (age: 28.7 ± 6.3 vs. 30.2 ± 4.5 years and body mass index: 2.6 ± 2.1 vs. 23.3 ± 2.8 kg·m−2) performed HIIE, comprising 4 repeats of a Wingate test (load: 0.050 kg·kg−1body weight). Blood samples were collected before exercise, 5 min after HIIE, and 24 h after HIIE for measuring mRNA of inflammation markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), apoptosis markers including Bcl-2, Bax, and HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Post-HIIE IL-6, TNFα and HSP60 were higher in the PI than the PA group 5 min after exercise (p = 0.003, effect size (ES) = 1.59; p = 0.007, ES = 1.59 and p = 0.027, ES = 1.10 respectively). HSP70 acutely increased only in the PA group (p = 0.024, ES = 1.20). The increase in Bcl-2 (p = 0.047, ES = 1.08) and Bax (p = 0.024, ES = 1.20) levels were higher in the PI group 5 min after HIIE. The present study indicated that the response of inflammatory, apoptosis and HSP gene expressions to HIIE in blood of healthy male volunteers strongly depends on their level of regular physical activity.Novelty: Blood IL-6 and HSP60 mRNA levels following high intensity exercise may indicate metabolic stress. Increased blood HSP70 mRNA in physically active men may show an alternative apoptosis suppression pathway.

Objective Opioid use disorder (OpUD) is a biological and psychosocial disorder with limited treatment options. Addition of physical exercise to the pharmacological treatment has been proposed to be effective on reducing substance use and improving the quality of life. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the serum levels of cortisol, insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-1), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 17 (IL-17) and the clinical progress of inpatients with OpUD. Method Our study enrolled 22 male inpatients diagnosed with OpUD on the basis of the DSM-5 criteria. Two groups of 11 individuals were formed as the exercise (EG) and the control (CG) groups. The EG conducted 5 sessions of a HIIT. Participant data were collected with Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Addiction Profile Index (API), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Also, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Substance Craving Scale (SCS) were used before and after the treatment program in order to evaluate the clinical progress. Blood samples were collected on the 5th and the 21st days for estimation of the serum cortisol, IGF-1, IFN-γ and the IL-17 levels. Results Comparison of the pre- and the post- treatment performances of the two groups on the HAM-D, the HAM-A and the SCS indicated a significant drop in the respective scores of the EG. Also, a significant increase was observed in the post-treatment IGF-1 level of the EG as compared to the CG. No differences were observed between the cortisol, IFN-γ and IL-17 levels of the EG and the CG. Conclusion HIIT resulted in significant reduction in the symptoms of depression, anxiety and substance craving, and increased the serum IGF-1 levels. HIIT did not change serum cortisol, IFN-γ and IL-17 levels. We believe this research will contribute to the literature on the treatment of opioid depencence by emphasising the effects of HIIT on patients treated for OpUD.

Background and aims: The purpose of this study determination of students perceptions about the active teaching methods used in the “Advanced Approach to Shock Physio-pathology and Therapy” module of the elective course which cooperative with physiology, emergency medicine, cardiology, infectious diseases, neurology departments and intensive care units, in the curriculum of the medical faculty of the University of Trakya for the third term students and covering a total of 4 weeks.Methods: The study was carried out using case analysis design of qualitative study designs. The data were collected using three different qualitative collection techniques (triangulation: individual and focus group interview, document review). Document analysis, descriptive analysis and content analysis methods were used to analyze the data.Results: Twenty-five students who volunteered for individual and focus group interviews were initially satisfied with elective module (68%), the module was found student centered (36%) and memorable (44%). Participants stated that briefly expressing the basic and clinical features of subjects by teachers from different departments supports to keep in mind. Students indicated that active learning methods in this module encouraged them to research (64%) and gained academic research skills (28%).Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the elective course on shock that includes few theoretical courses and active learning methods was evaluated by the students, primarily in terms of providing satisfaction and memorable learning. Students expressed their opinion on the theoretical courses in this elective course in terms of to keeping in mind and they evaluated active learning methods in terms of encouraging research and gaining academic research skills., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Trakya Üniversitesi TıpFakültesi müfredatı içinde, 3. dönem öğrencilerine yönelik, toplam 4 haftalıksüreyi kapsayan, fizyoloji, acil tıp, kardiyoloji, enfeksiyon hastalıkları,nöroloji ve anestezi yoğun bakım bölümlerinin işbirliği ile yürütülen, “ŞokFizyopatalojisi ve Tedavisine İleri Yaklaşım” isimli seçmeli ders modülündeuygulanan aktif öğretim yöntemlerine ilişkin öğrencilerin görüşlerinintanımlanmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma nitel boyutlu çalışma desenlerinden, durumanalizi deseni kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma verileri, etik kurul onayını takiben, üç farklınitel veri toplama tekniği (triangulation: bireysel ve odak grup görüşmesi,doküman incelemesi) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verileri analiz etmede doküman analizi, betimsel analiz ve içerik analiziyöntemlerinden yararlanmıştır. Bulgular: Bireysel ve odak grup görüşmesi için gönüllüolan 25 öğrencinin ders modülünün geneldeğerlendirilmesine yönelik düşünceleri öncelikle dersi almaktan memnunoldukları (%68), öğrenci merkezli olduğu (%36) ve kalıcı olduğu (%44) şeklindebulunmuştur. Katılımcılar modülün ilk üç gününde anlatılan teorik derslerineğitim ve mesleki gelişime etkisine ilişkin görüşler değerlendirildiğinde,temel ve klinik derslerin kısa zamanda, birlikte anlatılması ve öğretim üyeleritarafından dikkat edilmesi gereken yönlerin vurgulanmasının konununkalıcılığını sağladığını belirtilmiştir. Öğrenciler modüldeki aktif öğrenmeyöntemlerinin kendilerini öncelikle araştırmaya teşvik ettiğini (%64) veakademik araştırma becerisi (%28) kazandırdığını belirtmiştir. Sonuçlar: Az sayıda teorik ders ve aktif öğrenme yöntemleriiçeren ve şok konusundaki seçmeli ders modülünün katılımcıların bakış açısındandeğerlendirildiğinde memnuniyet verici ve kalıcı öğrenmeler sağladığı; teorikderslerin kalıcılığı sağlama bakımından diğer aktif öğrenme yöntemlerininaraştırmaya teşvik edici olması ve akademik araştırma becerilerini kazandırmayönüyle etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

High-protein (HP) diets are commonly consumed by athletes despite their potential health hazard, which is postulated to enforce a negative effect on bone and renal health. However, its effects on heart have not been known yet. Aquaporin-7 (AQP7) is an aquaglyceroporin that facilitates glycerol and water transport. Glycerol is an important cardiac energy production substrate, especially during exercise, in conjunction with fatty acids and glucose. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is an insulin-sensitive glucose transporter in heart. We aimed to investigate the effect of HPD on AQP7 and GLUT4 levels in the rat heart subjected to exercise. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control (n = 12), exercise (E) training (n = 10), HPD (n = 12), and HPD-E training (n = 9) groups. The HPD groups were fed a 45 % protein-containing diet 5 weeks. The HPD-E and E groups were performed the treadmill exercise during the 5-week study period. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to determine the gene expression and localization of AQP7 and GLUT4 in heart tissue. Results of relative gene expression were calculated by the ‘Pfaffl’ mathematical method using the REST program. Differences in AQP7 and GLUT4 gene expression were expressed as fold change compared to the control group. Heart weight/tibia ratio and ventricular wall thickness were evaluated as markers of cardiac hypertrophy. Further, serum glucose, glycerol, and insulin levels were also measured. AQP7 gene expression was found to be increased in the E (3.47-fold, p

OBJECTIVE Amino-terminal propeptide of C-type natriuretic peptide (NTproCNP) is a synthesis product of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). In this study, plasma levels of NTproCNP were compared before and after exercise in healthy young subjects who are physically active (PA) or not physically active (NPA). METHODS The study was carried on PA group (n=10) who defined the exercise duration more than 2.5 hours per week for at least one year and NPA group (n = 10) whose exercise duration was lower than 1.5 hours per week. The level of maximal oxygen consumption was determined. Wingate exercise test was applied on the following day. Plasma NTproCNP levels were measured before the exercise and at the 1st, 5th and 30th minute after the exercise. RESULTS Exercise duration of physically active group was reported as 11.3 ± 5.0 hours per week. Basal NTproCNP levels of the groups were found to be comparable. NTproCNP levels in the 5th minute (0.93 ± 0.23 pmol/L; p

The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma adipokine responses to high-intensity interval training (HIT) in overweight/obese women. Twelve women (age 21.7 ± 3.8 years) completed a 19 days of HIT comprising six session of 4-6 repeats of a Wingate test (0.065 kg load/kg). Plasma adipokine levels were measured before exercise, and at 5 and 90 min after exercise on the first and the last training days. Adiponectin was higher at 5 min than 90 min post-exercise (11.7 ± 7.3 and 10.5 ± 5.8 ng/ml; p = .01) in the first exercise day. Leptin decreased 5 min after exercise (23.6 ± 13.2 vs. baseline 27.8 ± 14.4 ng/ml; p .01) and remained depressed following 90 min (p .01). The changes in adiponectin and leptin concentrations were similar on the first and last exercise days. No consistent effect was found on resistin concentration. Future studies are required to disclose the functional consequences of these alterations in plasma adipokine levels.

Objective: The aim of study was to evaluate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on depression, anxiety, craving and cortisol, IGF-1, IFN-γ, IL-17 levels in heroin addicts. Methods: Twenty-two male inpatients who met the criteria for opiate use disorder were included in study. Participants were divided into two groups as exercise and control. We were applied five sessions of HIIT in exercise group. Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scale, Substance Craving Scale were administered at the beginning and end of treatment; cortisol, IGF-1, IFN-γ, IL-17 levels were also measured. Results: There was significant improvement in Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scale, Substance Craving Scale scores in the exercise group. Cortisol and IGF-1 levels could be increased in the exercise group, whereas IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were not significantly different. Discussion: It was thought that this study could contribute to literature by emphasizing the effects of HIIT in patients treated with diagnosis of heroin addiction.

Long-term effects of high protein diets (HPDs) on kidneys are still not sufficiently studied. Irisin which increases oxygen consumption and thermogenesis in white fat cells was shown in skeletal muscles and many tissues. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. We aimed to investigate the effects of HPD, irisin and NO expression in kidney and relation of them with exercise and among themselves. Animals were grouped as control, exercise, HPD and exercise combined with HPD (exercise-HPD). Rats were kept on a HPD for 5 weeks and an exercise program was given them as 5 exercise and 2 rest days per week exercising on a treadmill with increasing speed and angle. In our study, while HPD group had similar total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels with control group, exercise and exercise-HPD groups had lower levels (p 0.05). Kidneys of exercising rats had no change in irisin or eNOS expression but their iNOS expression had increased (p 0.001). HPD-E group has not been observed to cause kidney damage and not have a significant effect on rat kidney irisin, eNOS, or iNOS expression. Localization of irisin, eNOS, and iNOS staining in kidney is highly selective and quite clear in this study. Effects of exercise and HPD on kidney should be evaluated with different exercise protocols and contents of the diet. İrisin, eNOS, and iNOS staining localizations should be supported with various research studies.

Objective: Cardiac uptake of fructose is thought to be mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), whereas the uptake of glycerol is facilitated by aquaporin 7 (AQP7). We aimed to investigate the effect of a high-fructose diet (HFD) on GLUT5 and AQP7 levels in the rat heart subjected to exercise. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were allocated to control (C; n=11), exercise (E; n=10), HFD (n=12), and HFD plus exercise (HFD-E; n=12) groups. HFD was started 28 days before euthanasia. From day 24 to 27, rats were subjected to moderate exercise, followed by vigorous exercise on day 28 (groups E and HFD-E). Cardiac GLUT5 and AQP7 mRNA levels were determined using RT-PCR. The protein contents of GLUT5 and AQP7 were immunohistochemically assessed. Paired-t, ANOVA with Bonferroni, Kruskal–Wallis, and Bonferroni-corrected Mann–Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: GLUT5 mRNA expression and protein content did not differ between the groups. AQP7 mRNA levels significantly increased (4.8-fold) in group E compared with in group C (p

OBJECTIVE Cardiac uptake of fructose is thought to be mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), whereas the uptake of glycerol is facilitated by aquaporin 7 (AQP7). We aimed to investigate the effect of a high-fructose diet (HFD) on GLUT5 and AQP7 levels in the rat heart subjected to exercise. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to control (C; n=11), exercise (E; n=10), HFD (n=12), and HFD plus exercise (HFD-E; n=12) groups. HFD was started 28 days before euthanasia. From day 24 to 27, rats were subjected to moderate exercise, followed by vigorous exercise on day 28 (groups E and HFD-E). Cardiac GLUT5 and AQP7 mRNA levels were determined using RT-PCR. The protein contents of GLUT5 and AQP7 were immunohistochemically assessed. Paired-t, ANOVA with Bonferroni, Kruskal-Wallis, and Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS GLUT5 mRNA expression and protein content did not differ between the groups. AQP7 mRNA levels significantly increased (4.8-fold) in group E compared with in group C (p

Exercise dependence and evaluations of psychopathological features Objective: Exercise dependence has been described as making excessive physical exercise leading to clinically significant negative consequences. Self report scales were developed for the diagnosis of exercise dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. For the diagnosis, exercise frequency, psychological factors (e.g. pathological commitment), tolerance and withdrawal symptoms should be taken into consideration. However, the diagnosis of exercise dependence has been neglected because its definition is unsatisfactory and exercise dependent subjects do not seek any help. Secondary exercise dependence is defined as compulsive exercise occurring with eating disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the exercise dependence in subjects practicing sports regularly and to evaluate the psychopathological features and disordered eating behaviors in the exercise dependent subjects. Method: One hundred fifteen voluntary subjects who had exercised regularly at least three times a week throughout the previous year were evaluated by Exercise Dependence Scale-21 (EDS-21), Symptom Check List 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) form and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40). The subjects were categorized into three groups as exercise dependent, non-dependent symptomatic and non-dependent asymptomatic according to EDS-21 results and the groups were compared with each other. Results: Exercise dependence was present in 14 (12%) of all subjects. Of the exercise dependent subjects, 85% met the physiological dependence criteria. Exercise dependent group did not statistically differ from the other groups in terms of psychopathological symptoms and eating behavior. Conclusions: Our results showed that eating behavior and psychopathological features in exercise dependent subjects were not different from those of the non- dependent symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Exercise dependent subjects in the present study were categorized as having primary exercise dependence because they had no psychological and eating disorders symptoms. Psychological features and eating behavior should be evaluated together for the diagnosis of primary exercise dependence in subjects who exercised excessively and differential diagnosis should be made from the eating disorders.

Tissue levels of asymmetric dimetilarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimetilarginine (SDMA) were investigated in cardiac ventricle and gastrocnemius muscles of guinea pigs treated with radioactive iodine (RAI) alone or in combination with L-carnitine (LC).Group 1 received no treatment (control group). Group 2 received a total dose of 30 mCi⁻¹kg⁻¹ body weight iodine-131 alone. Group 3 received 200 mg⁻¹kg⁻¹ of LC for 10 days alone. Group 4 received 200 mg⁻¹kg⁻¹ of LC plus RAI therapy. Free thyroid hormones, ADMA and SDMA concentrations were measured.Serum free thyroid hormone concentrations were found decreased in the RAI and LC-RAI groups after RAI application. A significant decrease in ADMA and SDMA concentration was observed in ventricle muscle following RAI application. The LC-RAI group had significantly decreased ADMA levels in ventricle muscle compared with those of the control group. Similarly, SDMA concentrations in ventricle and gastrocnemius muscles of the LC-RAI groups were significantly lower than those of the control groups.Our results indicated that RAI appears to exert an inhibitory effect on ADMA and SDMA levels of ventricular muscle. LC administration when given adjuvant to RAI therapy may cause a marked decrease in ADMA concentrations of both ventricular and gastrocnemius muscles.

The aim of the study was to investigate the psychological features, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of different chronotypes in healthy young participants. Seventy-nine female and 63 male medical students aged between 17 and 23 years (mean age: 19.8 ± 1.3 years) participated voluntarily in this study. They completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, self-reported symptom inventory SCL-90-R, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Psychological symptoms and sleep features of morning types, evening types and intermediate types were compared with each other. Out of 141 subjects, 30 were evening types (21%), 34 were morning types (24%) and 77 were intermediate types (55%). Positive-symptom total scores of SCL-90-R were higher in the evening types than the morning and intermediate types. There were significant differences in the psychological symptoms of anxiety, obsessive-compulsiveness, hostility and phobia among these groups (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of disordered eating behaviors in young female athletes and to compare the anxiety levels of the athletes with or without disordered eating behaviors. Female athletes (n=243) of 15 to 25 years old from the city, Edirne, in Turkey participated our study. Disordered eating behaviors and anxiety levels of participants were evaluated by the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Disordered eating behaviors was reported as 40 (16.7%) among all athletes. Both state and trait anxiety scores were higher in athletes with disordered eating behaviors than the athletes without disordered eating behaviors (p=0.01). The athletes who engage in leanness and non leanness sports were reported as having similar EAT-40 scores and anxiety scores. In conclusion, athletes with disordered eating behaviors have higher state and trait anxiety scores.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is known as a protective agent against ischemia-reperfusion injury for cardiomyocytes. We compared the hemodynamic effects of ANP and isatin, which is known as an ANP receptor blocker, in ischemia followed by reperfusion in exercised rat hearts with nonexercised ones. Materials and methods: Isolated hearts were perfused in 4 exercised (E) groups after a running protocol for 5 days and 4 nonexercised (NE) groups. In the first protocol, ANP was added to the perfusion solution before ischemia in an E and NE group. In the second protocol, different doses of isatin (0.1, 10, 100 µM/L) were added to the perfusion solution before ANP in 3 E and 3 NE groups. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximum and minimum rates of change in left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin) were recorded. Results: Higher LVDP and dP/dtmin values were observed in the E group than the NE group following addition of ANP before ischemia. Values of dP/dtmax were higher in the E group at the first minute of reperfusion period. Hemodynamic difference was not observed between groups given the same amount of isatin before ANP. Conclusion: This study indicated that higher ANP concentrations before ischemia were more effective on the left ventricle contractility and relaxation functions in the hearts that were exposed to exercise.

Background: Most physiological measurements of the pulmonary diffusing capacity use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer gas. Similar to CO, melatonin binds the hemoglobin in the blood. Objective: The present study was designed to assess the effect of exogenous melatonin administration on pulmonary functions including diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in healthy subjects. Methods: The study was performed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled manner. DLCO was measured in 22 healthy male volunteers (age 18–25 years) who were randomized to melatonin (n = 11) and placebo administration (n = 11). At baseline, DLCO, alveolar volume (VA) and other spirometric parameters such as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were measured. DLCO was then corrected for the hemoglobin concentration. Measurements were repeated in a double-blind fashion 60 min after the administration of melatonin (1 mg) or placebo. Results: DLCO was significantly decreased (39.31 ± 4.75 vs. 34.82 ± 6.18 ml/min/mm Hg) 60 min after the melatonin administration (p = 0.01), while FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF and MVV values did not demonstrate significant differences. Placebo administration did not result in significant alteration in any of these parameters. Conclusions: In healthy subjects, oral administration of melatonin acutely influences the DLCO without affecting other pulmonary function test results. We conclude that melatonin may have a reducing effect on the DLCO in the lungs.

Objective: The increase in symmetric (SDMA) and asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on ADMA and SDMA levels and related ratios in type 2 DM. Material and Methods: Thirty-six women with type 2 DM and 44 healthy women were recruited to the study. Fourteen and 19 subjects, respectively, attended four-weeks of moderate intensity exercise. Plasma SDMA, ADMA, and L-arginine levels were measured by the HPLC method initially, after the first exercise session, and after one month. Results: All measurements were within the normal range in both groups and did not change significantly immediately after exercise and after the first month. In the healthy group, L-arginine/ADMA and L-arginine/SDMA ratios after one month were significantly higher than the initial values (p

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate plasma atrial natriuretic peptid levels in sitting and supine positions and cardiac functions in young male archery athletes. Materials and Methods: Six archery athletes and 10 sedentary males volunteered to participate in the study. Venous blood samples were taken after 10 minutes sitting and after 10 minutes in supine position. Plasma ANP levels were measured by the ELISA method. Cardiac parameters were assessed by echocardiography. Results: Plasma ANP levels in sitting position were higher in archery athletes (72.12±14.01 pg/ ml) than sedentaries (36.22±14.51 pg/ml; p, Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, okçuluk sporu yapan genç erkek sporcuların plazma atriyal natriüretik peptid (ANP) düzeylerinde oturur ve yatar durumdaki değişimi ve kardiyak fonksiyonlarını incelemektir. Gereçler ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya, gönüllü 6 okçuluk sporcusu ve 10 sedanter erkek katıldı. Katılımcılardan 10 dk’lık oturma sonrası ve 10 dk’lık yatar durumdan sonra venöz kan alındı. Plazma ANP düzeyleri ELISA yöntemi ile ölçüldü. Kardiyak parametreler ekokardiyografi ile belirlendi. Bulgular: Okçuluk sporcularının oturur durumdaki plazma ANP düzeylerinin (72.12±14.01 pg/ml) sedanter grubun oturur durumdaki ANP düzeylerinden (36.22±14.51 pg/ml) yüksek olduğu bulundu (p < 0.01). Aynı şekilde okçuluk sporcularının yatar durumdaki ANP düzeyleri de (124.41±14.66 pg/ml) sedanterlere göre (36.95±9.83 pg/ml) anlamlı yükseklik gösterdi (p < 0.01). Sporcu grubun plazma ANP düzeyleri oturur duruma göre yatar durumda artmış bulundu (p < 0.01). Sedanter grubun ANP düzeylerinde ise oturur duruma göre yatar durumda anlamlı bir artış saptanmadı. Sporcu ve sedanterlerin ekokardiyografik parametreleri benzer bulundu. Sonuç: Çalışmamıza göre okçulukla ilgili yapılan düzenli egzersizler, kalpte belirgin fonksiyonel ve morfolojik değişim olmaksızın, plazma ANP düzeylerinde farklılıklara neden olabilir. Okçuluk sporu yapanların plazma ANP düzeyinde postürle ilişkili belirgin farklılıklar oluşabilir.

The effects of body mass index (BMI) on ventricular repolarization in young men have not been studied in detail. The QT and JT intervals are measured to estimate the duration of the ventricular repolarization. As new repolarization parameters, the time intervals between the J point to the apex of the T wave (JTa), the apex and the end of T wave (TaTe) may be associated with arrhythmogenesis in clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to compare ventricular repolarization parameters in overweight and normal weight healthy young men.Thirty-six overweight men (BMI--26.3+/-1.5 kg/m2, mean age--20.6+/-1.5 years) and 149 men within normal limits (BMI--21.9+/-1.5 kg/m2, mean age--20.4+/-1.4 yrs) were included in this cross-sectional controlled study. The body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 was defined as overweight and scores of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 were accepted as normal. Ventricular repolarization parameters including QT, JT, JTa, TaTe, RR intervals duration and heart rate-corrected values of QT (QTc), JT (JTc), JTa (JTac), and TaTe (TaTec) intervals duration were obtained from lead V2 and considered to be representative of the ventricular repolarization process.We found similar ventricular repolarization parameters (QT, JT, JTa, TaTe, RR, QTc, JTc, JTac, and TaTec) in overweight and normal groups. Uncorrected and corrected ventricular repolarization parameters were not correlated with BMI.Ventricular repolarization features in young men who are overweight in terms of BMI seem to show no significant difference when compared to normal weight men.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation induced anxiety on anaerobic performance. Thirteen volunteer male physical education students completed the Turkish version of State Anxiety Inventory and performed Wingate anaerobic test for three times: (1) following a full-night of habitual sleep (baseline measurements), (2) following 30 hours of sleep deprivation, and (3) following partial-night sleep deprivation. Baseline measurements were performed the day before total sleep deprivation. Measurements following partial sleep deprivation were made 2 weeks later than total sleep deprivation measurements. State anxiety was measured prior to each Wingate test. The mean state anxiety following total sleep deprivation was higher than the baseline measurement (44.9 ± 12.9 vs. 27.6 ± 4.2, respectively, p = 0.02) whereas anaerobic performance parameters remained unchanged. Neither anaerobic parameters nor state anxiety levels were affected by one night partial sleep deprivation. Our results suggest that 30 hours continuous wakefulness may increase anxiety level without impairing anaerobic performance, whereas one night of partial sleep deprivation was ineffective on both state anxiety and anaerobic performance. Key pointsShort time total sleep deprivation (30 hours) increases state anxiety without any competition stress.Anaerobic performance parameters such as peak power, mean power and minimum power may not show a distinctive difference from anaerobic performance in a normal sleep day despite the high anxiety level induced by short time sleep deprivation.Partial sleep deprivation does not affect anxiety level and anaerobic performance of the next day.

Summary Background The present study was designed to assess how anaerobic exercise affects auditory brainstem response (ABR) parameters, and whether one night of sleep deprivation could alter these possible exercise-induced changes in ABRs. Methods Seven healthy, audiologically normal male students (mean age 22·4 ± 1·0 years) participated in the study. All subjects underwent anaerobic Wingate test for three times: (i) baseline, (ii) following a full-night of habitual sleep and (iii) following one night of sleep deprivation. ABR measurements were performed before and after the second and the third Wingate tests. Oral body temperatures were recorded at the beginning of all ABR measurements. Results The latencies of wave III and V significantly shortened by anaerobic loading performed in the day after habitual sleep (4·13 ± 0·10 versus 4·01 ± 0·17 ms, P

This clinical study was planned to assess pulmonary microvascular permeability in patients with Syndrome X (SX) by using a functional imaging tool, technetium-99m-diethyltriaminepentaaceticacid ((99m)Tc-DTPA) lung clearance scintigraphy, and the pulmonary functions test, which includes diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO).The study population consisted of 22 non-smoker subjects divided into two groups. First group comprised 12 patients (4 male, 8 female, mean age: 48±4 years, range 36 to 65) with SX. Ten healthy subject (4 men, 6 female, mean age: 45±3 years, range 34 to 58) were served as control group. Volumetric pulmonary functions, including DLCO were also performed before lung scintigraphy. Alveolar epithelial permeability was assessed by measuring the pulmonary clearance of an inhaled (99m)Tc-DTPA using a gamma camera.Spirometric data was comparable in both groups. Although volumetric pulmonary measurements were similar, DLCO values of SX patients were lower than those in control (20.9±1.7 ml/min/mmHg vs. 27.8±1.3 ml/min/mmHg, p=0.002). The mean clearance rate of (99m)Tc-DTPA in control subjects was 106±6 min, and this value was lower than patients with SX (179±19 min; p=0.0001).We conclude that lung is a target organ for SX. The pulmonary gas exchange and microvascular permeability, which is measured by (99m)Tc-DTPA scintigraphy, are restricted without change of volumetric pulmonary functions in patients with SX.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition and anaerobic performance in young elite wrestlers.Eight female (age = 16.2 ± 1.1 yrs) and 8 male (age = 17.3 ± 0.9 yrs) wrestlers from the Turkish cadet and junior national team participated in this study. Fat free mass (FFM) and percent fat mass (%FM) were carried out through electric bioimpedance. Anaerobic performance was assessed by the Wingate test (load was calculated as 0.090 kg x.kg(-1) body mass). FFM was greater in male wrestlers [65.4 ± 12.3 (kg)] than female wrestlers (45.1 ± 4.6 (kg) p0.01). %FM was lower in male wrestlers (9.7 ± 6.3) than female wrestlers (18.5 ± 2.8; p0.01). Peak power was significantly higher in male wrestlers than female wrestlers (8.5 ± 1.0 W·kg(-1) vs. 6.8 ± 0.6 W·kg(-1); p0.01). Mean power was significantly correlated with FFM in both genders (r = 0.73 p0.05 in female; r= 0.90 p0.05 in male). No relationship was obtained between anaerobic parameters and %FM. In conclusion, our result demonstrated no association between anaerobic parameters and %FM. Wrestlers and their coaches should take into account FFM rather than %FM for higher anaerobic performance. Key pointsMean power and fat free mass association was obtained from both genders.Anaerobic performance parameters obtained from Wingate Test were positively associated with fat free mass but not % fat mass in elite young wrestlers.% FM values were 18.5 in young female wrestlers, and it was 9.7 in male wrestlers.

Amaç: Fruktozdan zengin beslenme metabolik değişiklikler ve kardiyak hastalık riskini artırıcı etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı fruktozdan zengin beslenen sıçanlarda istemli fiziksel aktivitenin metabolik ve kardiyak işlevlerdeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Erkek Wistar albino sıçanlar kontrol (K) grubu (n=7), on hafta boyunca fruktozlu içme suyuyla beslenen fruktoz (F) grubu (n=7) ve fruktozlu içme suyuyla beslenerek istemli fiziksel aktivite yapan fruktoz-aktivite (FA) grubu (n=7) olarak ayrıldı. Beslenme sürecinde grupların günlük sıvı alımları ve haftalık vücut ağırlıkları ölçüldü. Beslenme periyodu sonrasında kanda glukoz, trigliserit, total kolesterol, HDL, LDL düzeyleri enzimatik yöntemle, insülin, TNF-α ve IL-6 düzeyleri ELİSA metodu ile belirlendi. Kalpler Langendorff düzeneğine yerleştirilerek sol ventrikül gelişim basıncı, maksimum ve minimum sol ventrikül basınç değişim oranları (dp/dt maks ve dp/dt min)kaydedildi. Kalp, akciğer ve karaciğer ağırlıkları belirlendi. Bulgular: Kilo alımı FA grupta (95,1±14,3 gr), F grubu (109,0±6,6 gr) ve K grubundan (113,4±10,9 gr) daha az düzeydeydi (p=0,04 ve p=0,03). Karaciğer ağırlığı F grubunda (11,8±1,0 gr), K (9,7±1,3 gr) ve FA (10,2±0,7 gr) gruplarından yüksek bulundu (p=0,01 ve p=0,01). Serum glukoz, insülin, trigliserit, total kolesterol, HDL, LDL, TNF-α ve IL-6 düzeylerinde gruplar arasında farklılık bulunmadı. Kardiyak işlev açısından,dp/dt maks düzeyinin FA grupta (2351,6±442,2), F grubu (1320,7±542,2) ve K grubundan(1756,5±468,7) yüksek olduğubelirlendi (p=0,01 ve p=0,05). Sonuç: Bu çalışma bulguları on hafta boyunca içme suyuna %10 oranında fruktoz eklenerek beslenen sıçanlarda istemli fiziksel aktivitenin kilo alımını azaltıcı ve kardiyak kontraktiliteyi artırıcı rol oynayabileceğini göstermektedir., Objective: Fructose-rich diet increases risk of cardiac diseaseand metabolic changes in the body.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of voluntary physical activity on metabolic and cardiac functionsin fructose-rich feed rats. Material and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats, were divided into groups as control (C;n=7), fructose group which was fed 10% fructose to drinking water (F;n=7) and fructose-activity group (FA;n=7) housed with a running wheel during 10 weeks. Daily fluid intake and body weight of rats were measured weekly.Serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL levels were assessed using an enzymatic method. Insulin, TNF-α , and IL-6 levels were determined by ELISA method. Left ventricular developed pressure, maximum and minimum rate of change were recorded by Langendorff apparatus. The weights of the heart, lungs and liver were determined. Results: Weight gain between the one and the ten weeks were significantly lower for FA group (95,1±14,3 g), in comparison to F (109,0±6,6 g) and C (113,4±10,9 g) groups (p=0,04 and p=0,03). Liver weight was significantly higher for F group (11,8±1,0 g), in comparison to C (9,7±1,3 g) and FA (10,2±0,7 g) groups (p=0,01 and p=0,01). Serum measurements were not different between groups. The maximum rate of change was found higher in FA group (2351,6±442,2) than F (1320,7±542,2) and C groups (1756,5±468,7) (p=0,01 and p=0,05). Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that voluntary physical activity may play a role in reducing weight gain and enhancing cardiac contractility in rats fed with 10% fructose in drinking water for ten weeks.