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Food industry generates large amounts of waste by-products rich in natural antioxidants. On the other hand, application of advanced processes for the recovery of these fine chemicals is another popular topic of recent years.The purpose of this study is to propose a green extraction method by application of deep eutectic solvent-based automated solvent extraction (AMSE) from lemon peels.The primary polyphenols (hesperidin, naringin, and p-coumaric acid) and the total polyphenols of the lemon peel extract were quantified and used as response for the optimisation of the AMSE conditions. The Box-Behnken design type of the response surface method (RSM) was chosen for optimisation study. Scavenging activity of the lemon peel extract against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical was also measured in vitro.The optimum conditions for the highest total phenolic (7.47 mg-gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g-lemon peel [LP]), naringin (5.05 mg/g-LP), p-coumaric acid (3.27 mg/g-LP), and hesperidin (0.07 mg/g-LP) yields were obtained by 1.5 h of extraction time, 46% water (v/v), and 5 g of peel. The antioxidant activity changed between 37.31% and 94.10% in the peels.Extraction time was the most effective process factor for the total phenolic and p-coumaric acid yields, while water addition was statistically very important (p 0.0001) for the naringin and hesperidin yields in the current AMSE system. The second-order models generated for the selected systems represent the data satisfyingly based on the high coefficients of determination (0.99), statistically significant p-values (0.0001), coefficient of variation values (10%), and non-significant lack-of-fit values (p 0.05).

The current study aims to develop an environmentally friendly method for the valorization of an over-produced biowaste (peach peels) into speciality products. Several 3 factor 3 level statistical multivariate methods (3-level factorial, face centered central composite, and Box-Behnken designs) together with response surface approach have been compared in order to identify the most economical experimental design. Deep eutectic solvent (lactic acid/glycerol mixture, 1/1) was used in order to propose a green method. Homogenizer-assisted extraction was applied. Addition of water (10, 30, and 50%, v/v), extraction time (30, 60, and 90 s), and speed of homogenizer (6000, 8000, and 10,000 rpm) were selected as independent variables, while total polyphenols and chlorogenic acid yields of extraction were dependent variables. The selected multivariate optimization methods have been found suitable and statistically significant (P

Considering the political culture of the 20th century, it can be said that one of the essential elements shaping political mentality and activities is the concept of ideology. Especially after the Second World War, the world system was shaped around capitalism and communism, the dominant ideologies of the period. This situation has been determinant in political processes and international relations in this period, known as the Cold War period, and it has also brought intellectuals to produce ideas by being influenced by the concept of ideology. In this direction, it is important to examine the world of thought of Sezai Karakoç -one of the most influential intellectuals of Turkey and influenced Turkish thought with his literary and intellectual writings- in the context of ideology during the Cold War period. In this context, it is aimed to examine themes such as the concept of ideology, the characteristics of capitalism and communism, and the struggle between them in Sezai Karakoç’s works other than poetry. The method of discourse analysis was used in the study, and the result was that Sezai Karakoç’s world of thought was significantly influenced by the political and intellectual context of the Cold War period, and the concept of ideology and the idea of a struggle between ideologies had a decisive effect on his mentality. It has become clear that Karakoç’s works are one of the most important examples of intellectual pursuits and struggles that directly reflect the context of Islamist thought in Turkey during the Cold War period., 20. yüzyılın siyasal kültürü üzerine düşünüldüğünde siyasal zihniyet ve faaliyetleri şekillendiren en önemli unsurlardan birinin ideoloji kavramı olduğu söylenebilir. Özellikle II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra dünya sistemi devrin hâkim ideolojileri olan kapitalizm ve komünizm etrafında şekillendirilmiştir. Bu durum Soğuk Savaş dönemi olarak anılan bu dönemde siyasal süreçler ve uluslararası ilişkilerde belirleyici olduğu kadar entelektüellerin ideoloji kavramından etkilenerek düşünce üretmesini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Soğuk Savaş devrinde Türkiye’nin en önemli entelektüellerinden biri olan, gerek edebi gerek fikri yazılarıyla Türk düşüncesini etkileyen Sezai Karakoç’un düşünce dünyasını ideoloji bağlamında incelemek önem arz etmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışmada Sezai Karakoç’un şiir dışındaki eserlerinde ideoloji kavramı, kapitalizm ve komünizmin nitelikleri ve aralarındaki mücadele gibi temaların incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Söylem analizi yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada ortaya çıkan sonuç Sezai Karakoç’un düşünce dünyasının Soğuk Savaş döneminin siyasal ve fikri bağlamından önemli ölçüde etkilendiği, ideoloji kavramı ve ideolojiler arası mücadele fikrinin onun zihniyet dünyasında belirleyici bir etkisi olduğu olmuştur. Karakoç’un eserlerinin Soğuk Savaş döneminde Türkiye’de İslamcı düşüncenin kendi bağlamını doğrudan yansıtan entelektüel arayış ve mücadelelerinin en önemli örneklerinden biri olduğu açıkça ortaya çıkmıştır.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of an algorithm that was created to prevent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) transmission during the management of children with burns in a tertiary pediatric burn center. Children admitted to the burn center between May 2020 and November 2020 were prospectively evaluated for cause, burn depth, TBSA, length of stay, symptoms suggesting COVID-19, suspicious contact history, history of travel abroad, and COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results. Patients were divided into two groups: unsuspected (group 1) and suspected (group 2), depending on any history of suspicious contact, travel abroad, and/or presence of symptoms. A total of 101 patients were enrolled in the study, which included 59 boys (58.4%) and 42 girls (41.6%). Group 1 included 79 (78.2%) patients, and group 2 consisted of 22 (21.8%) patients. The most common cause of the burns was scald injuries (74.2%). The mean age, TBSA, and length of stay were 4.5 years, 12.0%, and 13.2 days, respectively. Four patients (3.9%) had a positive PCR test (two patients in each group). Comparing groups, males were more commonly found in group 2 (P = .042), but no differences were found for the other variables. No patients or burn center staff members developed COVID-19 during the course of hospitalization. In conclusion, every child should be tested for COVID-19 upon admission to a burn unit, and a modified algorithm should be constructed for the handling and management of pediatric burn patients.

In this study, one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was selected for the pharmaceutical’s treatment from wastewaters. For this purpose, deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline-chloride and ethylene glycol at 1:2 M ratio was synthesized for preparation of zinc oxide/graphene oxide (ZnO/GO/DES) photocatalyst for degradation of the cefixime trihydrate (CFX) as a model of antibiotic via UV-A radiation. Photocatalytic degradation of CFX was statistically maximized as a response through the design of the experiments using a face-centered central composite design (FCCCD). The catalyst dose (0.3–0.7 g L−1), pH of media (4–10), and antibiotic concentration (20–50 mg L−1) were taken as a factor to construct the experimental design. Besides, photocatalytic reaction results showed that using DES served as at high degradation performance as 86% CFX degradation under 0.532 g L−1 catalyst dose, 20.13 mg L−1 initial CFX concentration, and 4.03 pH using UV-A radiation. Photocatalysts with DES have proved a crucial catalyst in antibiotic resistance in water treatment. Thus, the prepared deep eutectic solvent-based photocatalyst indicates marvelous effects for eliminating CFX.

Microcapsules including red beet extract rich in betanin was produced by ionic gelation. Sodium alginate was used as wall material. Impacts of coating amount and active material were assessed with respect to encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the capsules in terms of total phenolic content (TPC). Encapsulation of the red beet extract in alginate microbeads was satisfying with >80% under the best conditions of ionic gelation (15% calcium chloride concentration and 2% sodium alginate for 15 min of hardening time). The interaction between the active material and the alginate beads were also investigated by diffuse reflectance fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Accelerated oxidation test was employed to measure the stability of the microcapsules against oxidation by means of Rancimat method. Stability of the produced microbeads were evaluated in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic analyzes. After the induction times were determined under different temperature conditions (110, 120, 130 and 140 ºC) by Rancimat test, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the product were analyzed. The findings (∆H >0, ∆S 0) indicates that low entropy value is attributed to more stable microbeads with less energy (

In this study, different combinations (1/1, 1/2, and 2/1 of molar ratio) of deep eutectic solvents were designed by combining a hydrogen bond acceptor (carboxylic acids such as citric and lactic acids) and a hydrogen bond donor (glycerol, ethylene glycol, ammonium and sodium acetates). Their performance was measured with respect to their success in extracting oleuropein-rich extract from olive leaves via homogenizer-assisted extraction. Lactic acid/glycerol (1/1) has been observed to be the most successful deep eutectic solvent. A split-plot central composite design was employed to observe the effects of the process parameters (water addition, speed and extraction time) on the total phenolic and oleuropein levels in the extract as well as modelling and optimization of the homogenizer-assisted extraction process. The most significant process parameter was found to be water addition (P < 0.0001). The optimum conditions were calculated as 90 s of extraction time under 14000 rpm with 50% water in the selected solvent system to achieve the highest total phenolic (39.41 mg-GAE/g-DL) and oleuropein (14, 06 mg/g-DL) yields. The proposed green solvent has been also monitored to be a sustainable extraction media depending on the stability test outcome, where the samples were kept stable for almost 2 months at 25°C, while 6 months were observed to be the storage time without degradation in colder environments.

In this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied to extract bioactive materials from leaves of Moringa oleifera. The current study was performed in order to clarify and understand the effects of extraction time, temperature, and power on the kinetics and thermodynamics of extraction, diffusion, and mass transfer coefficients and Biot number for the present system. One gram of Moringa oleifera particles with 80 mL solvent (60% ethanol) was extracted under different extraction temperature values (304, 305, 308, and 309 K) and microwave power values (200, 300, 400, and 500 W) for several time periods (30–400 s). According to the kinetic study, activation energy for the present MAE was calculated as 243.367 kj mol−1, where the extraction rate increased with temperature (0.0077, 0.0121, 0.022, and 0.0448 mL mg−1 s−1). Thermodynamic study produced the changes of enthalpy (31.572 kj mol−1), entropy (0.12817 kj mol−1), and Gibbs free energy (− 7.3917, − 7.5199, − 7.90434, and − 8.0325 kj mol−1), respectively. An empirical diffusion model was used for the estimation of diffusion coefficients, mass transfer coefficients, and Biot numbers depending on temperature. The diffusion coefficient (3.058 × 10-10, 3.114 × 10-10, 5.912 × 10-10, and 10.38 × 10-10 m2 s−1), mass transfer coefficient (0.2683, 0.4217, 0.7667, and 1.5613 m s−1), and Biot number (375 × 103, 578.9 × 103, 554.4 × 103, and 624.48 × 103) increased with increase in temperature.

Consumers and food industry are interested in newly developed natural sources of antioxidants to both increase the nutritional value of products and make them healthier. Therefore, the results of this study might be useful for developing novel oil products that are biologically rich, and have a desirable shelf life. Within the scope of the present study, sunflower oil, which is one of the most consumed oils worldwide, was preferred. It was processed by using a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative (o-coumaric acid) and two popular synthetic antioxidants (tert-butyl hydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene). o-coumaric acid increased the shelf life of the oil more than four times (40 days versus 163 days), whereas a synthetic additive increased the shelf life of the oil three times depending on the Rancimat accelerated oxidation test. In terms of bioactive properties such as total phenolic and antioxidant activity values measured by three in vitro tests (ABTS, DPPH, and CUPRAC), each additive contributed (~1.5 times) to the oil significantly different at p 0) with a positive enthalpy (endothermic).

Satsuma mandarin, which is also known as Citrus unshiu, contains high amount of polyphenols and antioxidants. This study focused on the biowaste valorization of bioactive compounds used for food supplementary. For this purpose, ultrasonic extraction method was utilized. The antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of the Citrus unshiu extracts were determined. The number of experiments was reduced owing to the response surface methodology (RSM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Therefore, the extraction process has become more economical. In this study, according to the RSM, optimal conditions were determined as 90 min, 56% amplitude, and 50 °C. PSO suggested the optimal conditions as follows: 27 min, 50 amplitude, and 52 °C. For the performance metrics, RSM gave higher satisfactory results than PSO. For RSM, 8.953 GA/g-peel and 5.253 catechin/g-peel were obtained as total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC). For PSO, 6.977 GA/g-peel and 6.454 catechin/g-peel were obtained as phenolics and flavonoids. The highest R-values for TPC (0.9947) and TFC (0.9825) were obtained by RSM. The results proved that Citrus unshiu peel contains highly rich phenolic and high value-added bioactive compounds.

Valorization of biomass based on feedstock has become an urgent necessity in terms of sustainability. Materials produced from fossil fuels will eventually run out. Therefore, it is inevitable to evaluate particularly food and agricultural wastes that have no economic value or even threaten the environment. In this study, olive tree (Olea europeae) has been investigated with respect to its by-product such as leaf. Several conventional solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, and acetone solutions) were used to obtain an extract rich in total phenolics (TPI), flavonoids (TFI), and antioxidant activity (AA) by means of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). On the other hand, 3-factor and 3-level central composite design (CCD) was applied via the response surface method (RSM) to determine the optimum experimental conditions of the parameters that were effective on a small number of experiments. Generally, solvent volume was the most effective parameter for each solvent system (P < 0.05). The process parameters of the extraction system were selected as microwave power (150–250 W), time (0.5–1.5 min), and solvent volume (50–100 mL). The best findings for TPI, TFI, and AA were found 10.45-mg GAE/g DL, 9.69-mg CE/g DL, and 96.34% under the optimal conditions (230 W, 1.5 min, and 63.16 mL of 30% acetonitrile solution).

Utilization of economical and environmental methods as an alternative process to recover the industrial crops and food products into high-added value compounds is of great significant. In the curre...

In the current study, adsorption behaviors of amberlite XAD-7 and XAD-16 for the removal of methylene blue from its aqueous solutions have been reported with several respects. First, response surfa...

Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a serious problem in children. A small number of the FBs swallowed migrate from the gastrointestinal tract to the peritoneal cavity or solid organs in the abdomen such as the liver. Imaging techniques, including fluoroscopy and ultrasound (US), are used perioperatively for their surgical removal. In prolonged interventions, the radiation emitted during fluoroscopy is undesirable for both healthcare workers and pediatric patients. In this case report, we share our clinical experience of removing two sewing needles, one from the liver and one from the left axillary region, from an 11-year-old male, with the guidance of perioperative US.

Conversion of biomass (particularly waste of agricultural and food products) into high-added value compounds has been an attractive research field recently. Therefore, developing an alternative downstream process to recover the relevant biologically active components is of great significance. In this study, waste of sour cherry has been used as a source of phenolic compounds rich in anthocyanins. As an advanced alternative technology, automatic solvent extraction has been used to recover phenolics from sour cherry peels. The process factors (immersion time, washing time, solid mass and solvent concentration) of this novel method were optimized by face-centered composite design of response surface method. Chromatographic analysis (HPLC) was also used to measure the major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) of the samples. The process was optimized in order to maximize the dependent factors such as total phenolic and anthocyanin content extractions measured spectrophotometrically. Maximum predicted TPC and TA yields on optimized conditions were 119.63 mg GAE/g FM and 24.31 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g FM, respectively (23.79 min immersion time, 52.21 min washing time, 0.47 g solid mass, 80% solvent concentration). A stability assay under different conditions (light, dark, ambient condition, refrigerator and deep freezer) has been also performed in order to monitor the stability of bioactivity profile (total phenolic and anthocyanin contents and cyanidin-3-glucoside level). All of the independent parameters (immersion time, washing time, solid mass and solvent concentration) were significant at the level of p > 0.05. The solvent concentration was identified to be the most significant parameter on the yields obtained by automatic solvent extraction.

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and solvent-free microwave extraction and Soxhlet extraction were applied to Ray Ruby grapefruit leaves (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to compare extract efficiency. Face centered composite designs were constructed via response surface methodology. Effects of factors of MAE were investigated on total phenolic content (TPC) and naringin content (NC). The optimized conditions were established as 1.4 kWL−1 for microwave power density, 20.00 gL−1 for solid/solvent ratio, 218.180 s for extraction time, while responses were calculated as 14.210 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g of the dried leaf (mg GAE g−1DL) and 13.198 mg of naringin per g of dried leaf (mg Ng−1DL) for TPC and NC, respectively. SFME and classical Soxhlet methods were also conducted for comparison reasons.

Sonication-assisted extraction has been used to extract bioactive substance from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Deep eutectic solvent was specially designed by mixing and heating citric acid (hydrogen bond acceptor) and ethylene glycol (hydrogen bond donor). The process conditions (amplitude of the ultrasound, extraction time, and water level in the solvent) of the sonication-assisted extraction were optimized by a statistical experimental design (Box-Behnken) through response surface method. Total polyphenol amount was the dependent variable, where its maximum yield has been calculated to be 22.77 mg gallic acid equivalent per dried matter under the optimum conditions (≈ 32% of amplitude, ≈ 43 min of extraction time, and ≈ 50% (v/v) water in deep eutectic solvent). The most effective parameter was found to be water content. Furthermore, the kinetic study of the extraction process has been also carried out by using second-order and film theory models. Effective diffusivity (Deff) under various conditions was also evaluated. The last but not the least, the products obtained by using the current advanced solvent were stored at different stresses in order to monitor the stability of polyphenol profile.

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is produced in large quantities in the production of olive oil with the three-phase method. This waste, which is not biodegradable and characterized by a heavy organic load containing toxic components (such as phenols), is usually given to aqueous receptors or soil, either directly (untreated) or treated inadequately. Biologically active phenolic compounds that inhibit biodegradation of this waste are toxic at high concentrations, especially for microorganisms, but have positive effects with strong antioxidant properties on human health when properly isolated and properly concentrated. Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is one of the most interesting and abundant compounds among the biophenols present in OMW. According to this study, a newly synthesized nanomaterial, graphene oxide (GO), has been utilized for the separation of HT and total biophenolic substance from OMW. Graphene oxide from graphite oxidation was synthesized using a modified Hummer’s method. In order to understand how GO behaves during thermal degradation, thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry analyses were performed. Two-parameter and three-parameter equilibrium isotherm models and kinetic models have been used to determine the mechanism of kinetic sorption and adsorption type. Thermodynamic data indicate that the adsorption process is exothermic, applicable and spontaneous.

Reactive liquid–liquid extraction (RLLE) was applied for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from its aqueous solution. Deep eutectic liquids (DELs) was used as extractant in a conventional solvent (diethyl succinate-DES) through RLLE. Various menthol-based DELs were prepared. Menthol was used as hydrogen bond acceptor, whilst formic acid and acetic acid were hydrogen bond donor for the DEL preparations. The best 2,4-D removal was achieved by menthol/formic acid (1/2, molar ratio) combination. The menthol-based DEL increased the extraction performance of DES by almost 2–3 times. More than 90% of 2,4-D were extracted by the recommended method with the designed solvent. Thermodynamics study has been also executed. Thermodynamics of the 2,4-D transfer from aqueous phase to hydrophobic phase has been found to be spontenous and endothermic process, which is incentived by entropy. Moreover, Fourier transformed infrared-attenuated total reflectance was used for the characterization reasons of the prepared DELs. Additionally, physical properties such as pH, density, viscosity and refractive index of the products were also measured. The last but not the least, viscosity and acidity of the extraction medium were found to be effective parameters.

Preparation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with carboxylic (–COOH) acid was executed by functionalization with amine functional groups (–NH2). The obtained functionalized SWCNTs were supported by macroporous resin (amberlite XAD-7HP). The synthesized nanocomposite has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. FTIR analysis indicates that functionalized SWCNTs supported onto the amberlite resin were synthesized successfully. The surface morphology of the nanomaterial was also successfully embedded into the amberlite of the functionalized SWCNTs. Huge solid residues of onions are produced as agricultural and food wastes each year. The related biowaste includes biologically active phenolic compounds which have positive effects with strong antioxidant properties on human health when properly isolated and concentrated. In the present research, functionalized SWCNTs have been utilized for the separation of bioactive phenolics from onion waste extracts. Equilibrium (Langmuir, Freundlich and Toth) and kinetic (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticular diffusion and Elovich) models have been applied for analysis and representation of data. Pseudo-second-order model is in good agreement with the experimental data. On the other hand, the equilibrium findings were represented best with Freundlich isotherm model. Additionally, thermodynamic indicators have also demonstrated that the current system is a spontaneous and exothermic chemisorption process.

Menthol-based deep eutectic liquid has been used for the reactive liquid-liquid extraction of the carbamazepine from its aqueous solution after it was synthesized by heating and mixing. Diethyl succinate was used as diluent, while deep eutectic liquid was the extractant. Several deep eutectic liquids containing menthol and carboxylic acids (acetic acid and formic acid) with different molar ratios (1/1 and 1/2) were composed. pH, density, viscosity, and refractive index values of the designed deep eutectic liquids were measured. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method was also applied into the deep eutectic liquids for characterization. Deep eutectic liquid increased the extraction performance of the diluent from 11 to 36% comparing to the untreated one. The proposed system (menthol/acetic acid with 1/1 of molar ratio) has extracted more than 90% of the target pharmaceutical compound from its aqueous solution in 30 min. The concentration of extractant in the diluent, initial carbamazepine content in aqueous media, and ionic intensity have influenced the reactive liquid-liquid extraction. Depending on the thermodynamics outcome, the transfer process of carbamazepine from aqueous phase into hydrophobic phase is an endothermic and spontaneous in nature. It has been also observed to be a separation process with a structure that tends to be irregular.

In the current study, carboxylic acid-based deep eutectic solvent including a hydrogen bond donor (acetic acid) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (menthol) has been synthesized and applied for the removal of diclofenac from its aqueous medium. Physical properties (acidity, density, viscosity, and refractive index) of the synthesized liquids were determined quantitatively. The designed deep eutectic solvent was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method. The removal of diclofenac has been reached to ≈ 80% through the proposed solvent system of reactive liquid extraction. Initial DIC concentration (9.87, 20.29, 29.44, 38.83, and 48.28 mg L−1), deep eutectic solvent level (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80%) in diethyl succinate, and the temperature (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15 K) have affected the extraction efficiency. Ionic concentration in extraction medium leads to drop the diclofenac removal. Effects of fluorine and chlorine on the removal of diclofenac have been also investigated. Thermodynamics of the diclofenac transfer from aqueous environment to organic phase containing deep eutectic solvent has been found to be a spontaneous and endothermic process, which is incentivized by entropy.

In this study, sunflower, corn, peanut and hazelnut oils were investigated according to their oxidative stability and antioxidant activity parameters. The related vegetable oils were treated with gallic acid, rutin and carotenoid. Olive leaf extract having a large variety of phytochemical was also valorized. After the leaf samples were extracted through a homogenizer, they were added into the vegetable oils, respectively. Moreover, synthetic antioxidants were also dissolved into the oils for control reasons. Stability of the vegetable oils against the oxidation was evaluated via Rancimat by measuring induction time. The quality parameters of treated and untreated oil samples were compared depending on phenolic and carotenoid contents, antioxidant activity and induction time.

Recovery of β-carotene from n-hexane solution onto Zr-based metal organic frameworks (UiO-66)/graphene nanoplatelets (GPNPs) has been investigated. The nanocomposite has been characterized by X-ray...

In the current study, Hibiscus sabdariffa has been extracted by microwave-assisted extraction (MAEX). Citric acid-based deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been specially designed, where a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) (glycerol and ethylene glycol) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) (citric acid) with a certain molar ratio (1/4) were used. After the best DES (citric acid/ethylene glycol) has been decided to extract the bioactive ingredients, operation conditions (power of microwave, volume of solvent water and content in the DES) of the MAEX for the relevant plant material have been optimized through Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface approach (RSA). The maximum yields of total phenolics (TP), total anthocyanins (TAA) and antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) have been found as 31.897 mg-GAE/g-DH, 2.961 mg-C3G/g-DH and 95.887% under the optimal conditions (35 mL DES including 50% water (v/v) at 550 W power of microwave). The differences between the experimental and estimated findings were lower than 2%. Three replicate test results obtained by in vitro experiments were also statistically analysed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.

Green chemistry era forces scientists to develop and apply new media in recovery of high-added value materials. It is interesting to utilize deep eutectic liquids (DELs), which have advantages of biodegradability and very low toxicity and ease of use, in separating these fine materials from a complex environment. DELs have been specially designed and used for the extraction of recovery of acetic acid (AA) from its aqueous solutions. Two DELs containing the same hydrogen bond donor-HBD (glycerol) and two different hydrogen bond acceptor-HBA (a quaternary ammonium salt and an amine-based) have been designed with a molar ratio of 1:2. The tailor-designed extractants were diluted with diethyl adipate (DEA), diethyl malonate (DEM), and diethyl succinate (DES), respectively. Extraction efficiency of the diluents has been increased more than 4 times. To compare the results with that of the ionic liquid (IL), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide has been used in the same organic solvents. Efficiencies of the DELs have surpassed 1.4 to 4 times over the IL.