Search

Healthcare is a priority area of social activity, the purpose of which is to provide medical care. Despite a sufficient legislative base, the issues of civil law protection of patients' rights are not sufficiently developed, since the latter are regulated by numerous multi-sectoral laws and by-laws, which complicates their application and interpretation. Protection of patient rights can be carried out in non-jurisdictional and jurisdictional forms. Nonjurisdictional protection of patient rights involves self-defense of their rights and legitimate interests. In turn, jurisdictional is an administrative procedure for restoring a violated right or protecting violated rights and interests in court. In the event of violation of civil rights and interests, a person has the right to apply to court for protection of personal non-property right s. In the case of contractual liability, its forms and sizes can be established both legislatively and directly by the terms of the concluded contract. Instead, non-contractual liability is regulated exclusively by legislative norms. The conditions for the emergence of obligations as a result of causing harm to the life or health of citizens during the provision of medical services are identical to those that exist in all tortious obligations: damage, illegality, causal relationship, fault. The specificity of such obligations is determined by the nature of medical activity. In the context of reforming civil legislation, the implementation of state policy on the health protection of individuals is possible only by adopting relevant regulatory legal acts aimed at compensating for damage and restoring the patient's property status in the event of providing poor-quality medical services. It is advisable to provide in civil legislation a norm that would determine the grounds for holding a medical professional liable in the event of providing poor-quality medical services to a patient. The amount of compensation should be determined by the court, taking into account the nature of the injuries caused, the degree of fault of the medical professional, as well as other circumstances of the case. The medical institution where the medical professional works shall bear additional liability for the harm caused to the patient, unless it proves that it has taken all measures within its power to prevent or reduce the harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do you create a dance of self-defense? Brazilian choreographers Davi Pontes and Wallace Ferreira try to answer this question by performing with, through, and despite racial objectifi cation. Against the backdrop of Jair Bolsonaro's election in Brazil, the artists challenge the audience's gaze by refusing the spectatorial demand that expects mastery and predictability—a demand often linked to racist, sexist, and colonial frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correctional training program (CTP), composed of three stages, includes a 14 week in-person component that Correctional Officer Recruits (CORs) must complete prior to their employment as a federal Correctional Officer (CO) for Correctional Service Canada (CSC). The CTP prepares recruits for a plethora of CO responsibilities, some dependent on physical fitness, such as responding to codes being called, physical altercations, or violent situations. Unlike other public safety positions (e.g. policing, border services, or coast guard) CSC does not require occupational fitness testing. In the current article, we use data from a multiyear longitudinal study of federal COs from across Canada to unpack how CORs manage physical fitness expectations at CTP; CSCs' expectations of COR physical fitness; and outline what types of physical fitness (e.g. weightlifting, cardiovascular, self-defence) are taught, thus valued most, during CTP. We situate the voices of CORs regarding physical fitness within the broader "body" literature and discuss policy recommendations tied to physical fitness, specifically COs' interest in reinstating pre-employment physical fitness screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key digested message The present study examined accounts of 14 women convicted of intimate-partner homicide after experiencing domestic abuse, with the intention of examining whether prior experiences affected the type of homicide committed. Ages ranged from 17 to 55. Data were compiled from publicly available sources and a set of 41 variables produced from content analysis. Variables were subjected to Smallest Space Analysis, a form of Multi-Dimensional Scaling. Results produced three distinct themes: self-defence, other abuse and unintended. Themes are discussed and recommendations for future research are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the case of R v Gill, where the appellant was appealing against his conviction of wounding with intent after stabbing a police officer during a raid at his home. The Court of Appeal allowed the appeal, stating that the trial judge's directions to the jury did not reflect the legislative protections afforded by s.76(5A) of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. The court emphasized that the appellant, as a householder, was entitled to benefit from the provisions of the law, regardless of his guilty plea to other criminal activities. The case highlights the importance of considering the subjective beliefs of individuals in cases of self-defence and reasonable force. [Extracted from the article]

What recourse do democrats have if a present generation uses democratic legal procedures to abrogate constitutional essentials, dissolving past commitments and denying future generations the fundamental freedoms and equalities it currently enjoys? In Sovereignty across Generations, Alessandro Ferrara responds to this issue by re-examining key concepts related to democracy, including sovereignty, constituent power, liberalism and constitutionalism. This review analyses Ferrara's theory of 'sequential sovereignty', which reconceives 'the people' as a body spanning generations and grounds it in the ideal of vertical reciprocity. Ferrara provides a sound normative framework for understanding transgenerational obligations and the unamendability of constitutional essentials. However, this review also identifies some limits to Ferrara's approach: his focus on implied unamendability risks creating a dissonance between legality and legitimacy, and his reluctance to fully engage with 'containment' creates a blind spot in democracy's self-defence. The review concludes that explicit unamendability and containment are consistent with Ferrara's theory of sequential sovereignty and provide a better safeguard for democracy across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To examine levels and temporal changes in the frequency of defensive gun use by US crime victims. Methods. We computed national-level counts of criminal incidents involving firearm defense during 3 periods: 1993 to 2005, 2007 to 2015, and 2016 to 2021. We also considered earlier national estimates for 1987 to 1990. The data came from the US Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). We counted firearm defenses as incidents in which victims used a gun to threaten or attack an offender. Results. Over the 4 periods, for all crimes, victims reported gun defenses in an average range of between 61 000 and 65 000 incidents per year. This included between 38 000 and 53 000 personal (violent) incidents and between 12 000 and 23 000 household (property) incidents. Conclusions. Firearm defenses occurred at a relatively low and nearly constant level over the 35-year period. Although some victims use guns for defense, these uses are infrequent compared with the incidence of crime. Public Health Implications. The continuing relative rarity of NCVS armed defenses suggests that claims about the protective benefits of widespread firearm ownership may be overstated. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(12):1384–1387. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307838) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study identified student characteristics associated with using protective behavioral strategies (PBS) to reduce harms when consuming alcohol. Participants: 224 college students who drink alcohol (66.5% female, 89.7% White non-Hispanic, Mage = 21.04) completed an anonymous study survey. Methods: Participants reported use of three PBSs: serious harm reduction; stopping or limiting drinking; and manner of drinking. They also reported sensation seeking, romantic involvement, parent-student alcohol communication, and attitudes toward alcohol in college life. Results: Attitudes toward alcohol in college life, Greek life participation, and sensation seeking were the variables most consistently associated with PBS use. Perceiving alcohol as an important part of college and sensation seeking were associated with less PBS use, but Greek life participation was associated with greater PBS use. Conclusions: Specific resources may be needed to encourage PBS use among high sensation seeking students and those who believe alcohol is a part of college life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Ben Fountain's Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (2012) in the context of the 2003 Iraq War. It aims to uncover the novel's approach to victimhood and accountability for war atrocities. Victimhood is crucial to the rhetoric of war because it legitimizes acts of violence against an opposing party while absolving the first party of any accountability for future wrongdoing. To be a victim is to be entitled to sympathy and compensation, as well as the right to respond, react, and even act aggressively. The argument is made in two constructs, "Aggressors or Sufferers," which examines the American presence and behaviour in Iraq in terms of their status as victims, and "Accomplices or Innocents," which investigates representations of Iraqis as war victims or accomplices. This paper argues that Fountain's novel focuses largely on the victim status of American soldiers and their prolonged anguish, while neglecting the suffering of Iraqis and their victimhood, which results in absolving the Americans of their responsibility as an occupying force, while making the real victims of the war, the Iraqis, responsible for their and the Americans' agony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined 32 Australian cases of women prosecuted for killing their abusive male partners in self-defence between 2010 and 2023. The objective was to track the legal pathways and identify salient factors influencing both acquittals and convictions. While most women received a manslaughter conviction by pleading guilty, nearly all cases that proceeded to trial resulted in no conviction. Key findings include: the utility of partial defences as a safety net for self-defence; evidence of overcharging; the identification of "evidentiary checkpoints" at trial to downgrade or withdraw murder charges; a checklist for legal counsel advising clients on the risks of trial; the advantage of private legal counsel in successful self-defence claims; and the systemic disadvantage of Indigenous women, highlighting the need for continued research. These findings underscore the intricate dynamics within the legal system when addressing cases of intimate partner violence, emphasising the need for comprehensive reforms and support structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article recounts the campaign for justice for Helen Naslund, a Canadian woman who lived in rural Alberta when she killed her abusive husband Miles in 2011 as he slept. Rather than go to trial on self-defence, on the advice of counsel Helen pled guilty to manslaughter. Then, consequent to a joint submission on sentencing made with the Crown, she was sentenced to 18 years in prison in 2020, the longest sentence on record for such a woman in Canada. The contributors to Helen's journey, including Helen herself, a Senator, an academic, an activist, a lawyer and a journalist, all describe the roles they played in supporting Helen's successful appeal against sentence in 2022 and her release from prison in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self defence is one of the oldest laws of nature which is based on the instinct of survival. A person has a natural right to protect himself from any aggression that may seriously injure or kill him to the extent of doing the same to the assailant. Under Anglo-American jurisprudence, self defence applies to both civil and criminal law, while in Pakistan it solely applies to criminal law. The primary principles of self defence postulate that self defence is a guaranteed right of a person. He may exercise it provided there is a reasonable foreboding of danger to not just his own and another person's body and property. However, there are limitations that imposed on this right under law. However, these are still highly circumstantial in nature. The law has specified certain circumstances in which self defence may be exercised to the extent of killing the assailant. Should those circumstances not occur, then the assailant may be seriously harmed only. Lastly, on a surface level examination, there seems to be certain similarities and differences of self defence between the Islamic law and Pakistani law respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication is devoted to covering the following issues, namely: what are the inherent features of an employment relationship; what should be understood as self-defense in an employment relationship with an employer; how does the current labor legislation of Ukraine interpret the concept of "reinstatement" and how is an employee reinstated in the presence (absence) o f a court decision. Attention is focused on the fact that in the absence of a clear understanding of what constitutes "labor relations", "self-defense" and "reinstatement" in the current labor legislation of Ukraine, one should be guided by the recommendations of the International Labor Organization and domestic labor scholars, as well as by court practice in resolving labor dispu tes. This leads to the following conclusions: 1) labor relations are the relations between an employee and an employer regarding the performance of certain work for remuneration in accordance with the specialty, qualification or position on the basis of working conditions determined by the employer, provided for by labor legislation, employment contract, collective agreement; 2) self-defense in labor relations is considered to be the refusal of an employee to perform his or her labor duties in order to restore the violated labor right; 3) the right to self-defense is exercised by an employee independently, independently of other employees, and consists of independent active actions to protect their labor rights, life and health without or together with an appeal to the bodies for consideration of individual labor disputes (Commission on Labor Disputes, court) or to the bodies for supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation; 4) reinstatement in the previous job takes place not from the date of the court decision on reinstatement, but from the date of dismissal of the employee, which is declared invalid in accordance with this decision (if the employer reinstates the employee in the previous position without a court decision, the reinstatement also takes place from the date of dismissal); 5) the execution of the court decision is deemed to be completed from the moment the employee is actually allowed to perform his/her previous duties on the basis of the relevant act of the body that made the illegal decision to dismiss the employee; 6) if the reinstated employee is already working in another institution at the time of reinstatement, he/she must terminate the employment contract or enter into a part-time employment contract (unless prohibited by law) with another institution, since the main place of work for him/her is the place of work where the employee was reinstated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the Buddhist tradition, Ruth Ozeki’s novel A Tale for the Time Being engages in advocating nonharm (traditionally referred to as nonviolence). Meanwhile, most of the novel’s Western readers will presumably share the intuition that if nothing else can provide effective protection, the use of violence is permitted in self-defense or even morally obligatory in defense of another. The essay tries to reconstruct in detail the novel’s moral standpoint on nonviolence/nonharm in the light of its two important Buddhist intertexts − the fairy tales by Kenji Miyazawa and the teachings of Eihei Dōgen − and consider it in the dual context of Buddhist ethics and the (posthumanist) theory of relationality. Arguably, nonharm can be morally justified as a form of caring on the Buddhist metaphysics, while the theory of relationality, as proposed by such posthumanists as Donna Haraway or Rosi Braidotti, might prove insufficient for the purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of the article, it is substantiated that the necessary defense is the basis of human dignity, inextricably linked to natural rights, and in the context of a full-scale war in Ukraine, the analysis of the prerequisites for its occurrence acquires special importance in order to guarantee the effectiveness of the norms of international law. It is emphasized that Greece, India and Egypt were among the first states whose scientists analyzed necessary defense, but necessary defense acquired the greatest development as a natural human right under the influence of the lawyers of Ancient Rome. It was revealed that one of the first among the ancient scientists who carried out important work on the application of the necessary defense on the basis of equality, but within the limits of the same social status, was carried out by Marcus Tullius Cicero. Legal confirmations and interpretations of the institution of necessary defense in Slavic history that are important for Ukraine and modern events are analyzed, including in the treaties of princes Oleg and Igor with the Greeks, as well as «Ruska Pravda». Significant transformations of the legal foundations of the institution of necessary defense in the legislation of European states under the influence of German philosophers of the 17th and early 18th centuries have been analyzed. A comparative analysis of the main principles of the positivist and natural theory of law was carried out. After the declaration of independence by Ukraine, a key stage took place, when the natural right to self-defense was enshrined in the state. This process contributed to the transition to a democratic form of government, requiring a revision of social values, reform of the legal system, and respect for civil rights. It has been proven that in the modern conditions of a full-scale war in Ukraine, the institution of necessary defense should be based on the principles of the rule of law, equality and legal certainty as much as possible. In the conditions of digitalization, the institute of necessary defense also needs analysis in the context of the effects of digital technologies on it, recognition of acceptable forms of protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Exam exam on maritime law and law of the sea: Highway to Hell: Coastal fires out of control" deals with a case in which a fire breaks out on a transport ship carrying electric cars. Maritime law and law of the sea questions are addressed, in particular the liability for value replacement and the right of innocent passage in the coastal sea. The companies involved are Motzdo-AG, Wolfo-AG, Gapag-Floyd GmbH, and B-GmbH. It is discussed whether claims for value replacement and salvage claims exist. The proposed solutions are based on German law. [Extracted from the article]

This study discusses how law enforcement policies regarding individuals who act in selfdefense contribute to achieving justice within the criminal justice system. A person who engages in self-defense to protect themselves or others from an urgent and real threat is recognized by the law as having a justifiable reason. This research employs a descriptiveanalytical method with a statutory and case approach to illustrate the existing policies. Based on the research findings, law enforcement policy are used to create a balance between legal protection for individuals compelled to act in self-defense and the application of the prevailing legal rules, thereby resulting in effective law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD) is a sexual violence prevention approach backed by rigorous empirical research, yet its availability on college campuses is limited. This manuscript evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of an ESD program embedded within a university counseling center. Methods: Participants completed an 8-session ESD intervention and group counseling program. Results: Feasibility and acceptability of this program were demonstrated by excellent participant retention and supported by institutional buy-in and counselor involvement. Pre-post assessments demonstrated that participants reported significant reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms, F (1, 56) = 22.46, p <.001 and improvements in both interpersonal self-efficacy, F (1, 56) = 88.81, p <.001, and self-defense self-efficacy, F (1, 56) = 100.20, p <.001. Conclusion: The findings support the use of ESD programming as part of college campus sexual violence efforts and provide a blueprint for administrators and college mental-health centers who wish to offer this effective program to the college students they serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I respond to the replies of David Heyd and Yitzhak Benbaji to my paper 'War and Self-Defense: Reflections on the War on Gaza'. Heyd's relativizing of narrative overlooks the epistemic hierarchy among narratives and their important role in establishing facts, and his claim that Israel's history is not colonialist in character fails because it is based on a misunderstanding of colonialism in general and settler colonialism in particular. Historically, I outline how Benbaji's appeal to the legal status of the Mandate is problematic, because it ignores the illegitimacy of the legal regime behind it, such that accepting his argument would be to legitimize colonialism. Theoretically, I defend the view contrary to Benjabi, that instead of their being a moral tie between two equal sides, the Palestinians have always had fundamental legal and moral rights that the Zionist project violated ab initio and continues to violate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critically examines the arguments of Raef Zreik regarding the 2023 war in Gaza. It first analyzes the use of the concept of narrative in defending political causes and actions. It shows that due to their subjective nature two opposing narratives can be equally valid as long as they satisfy conditions of internal coherence and fidelity to the facts. It then shows that Zreik's argument of 'fragmentation' is double edged and cannot be used for laying full responsibility on Israel. It then proceeds to criticize the claim that Zionism is a colonialist enterprise and shows that Zionism does not consist of all the basic characteristics of colonialism. Finally, it analyzes the common argument of self-defense as the only justification of starting a war and shows the limitation of such an argument in a theory of war, mainly because in most wars both sides have the right to defend themselves, including the allegedly unjust party. All that remains after showing the weakness of most arguments for this or that side to the conflict is the conclusion that compromise is the only way out of the deadlock, having the virtue of being pragmatic rather principled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the defining the main features of the exercise of the civil rights of the participants in sales contracts. Central to the contractual obligations of purchase and sale are subjective civil rights to transfer property into ownership, the main feature of which is the transfer of ownership from one person (seller) to another (buyer). It is indicated that the exercise of ownership rights and the exercise of civil rights in contractual obligations are closely intertwined, however, are not identical. The principles of the exercise of rights by participants in contractual obligations of purchase and sale are the principles of the rule of law, legality, free expression of will, the principle of freedom, the principle of equality of conditions for the exercise of property rights, freedom of entrepreneurial activity, and the principle of inviolability of property rights. Two types of subjective rights are distinguished in the contractual purchase and sale obligations, namely, the rights that result from the conclusion of such a contract - for example, the right of ownership, and civil rights that the participants execute in the dynamics of the contractual purchase and sale obligation. The nature of the subjective right also depends on the fact whether this right will be exercised by one specific action, or will involve the implementation of repeated actions. It is indicated that the rights in the sales contract can be executed only by taking active actions, because it is impossible to refrain from doing them in such a contract. Such active actions in the contract of sale consist in the simultaneous alienation of the right of ownership from the seller and the emergence of the right of ownership from the buyer. It has been proven that the moment of realization of the right of ownership depends on the moment of realization of the rights under the contract of sale, namely depending on the moment of conclusion of the contract (real or consensual), on the form of the contract - oral, simple written or electronic, notarization of the contract, as well as depending on state registration of ownership of real estate. It has been analysed that the limits of the exercise of civil rights in the contractual obligation of purchase and sale should be considered in its dynamics (conclusion, execution and termination). In the contract of sale, the participants can protect their right through self-defense through the use of appropriate measures of operational influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strike force in combat sports strongly depends on the protective material's mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the effect of the protective layer thickness and repeated loading on the net force in a falling weight impact test. A falling 8-kg weight dropped from 15 cm, 25 cm, and 50 cm was used to simulate impact peak forces in an upper limb strike. Transfer linear regression functions were identified for three layers of different thickness (1.8 cm, 3.6 cm, and 5.4 cm) between the measured force and undamped force that would be measured if no protective layer was used. A decrease in damping performance under repetitive loading was assessed for the same amount of energy (30 J) absorbed by the specimens. There were 36 specimens examined in 126 tests. When the measuring apparatus was covered with one, two or three layers of Trocellen foam, the undamped force was approximately 2.8, 6.1, and 11.1 times higher, respectively (p < 0.05, R2 = 0.95), than the force measured in the kinetic design. This allows researchers to select the number of layers according to the individual needs in terms of safety and injury prevention. A single layer of Trocellen foam used in this study may be insufficient to ensure the safety of athletes in upper limb strike experiments due to possible compaction of the foam structure for deformations exceeding 80% compression and forces exceeding 5 kN, although no injury was previously observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study is modern features of international economic human rights in the context of military aggression. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is the methods of induction and deduction, the dialectical-materialistic method, the method of analysis and synthesis, the historical method, which made it possible to objectively understand the content and essence of the studied issues. The aim of the purpose of the work is to identify the origin, give the necessary classification of international economic rights and demonstrate, using the example of Ukraine, the mechanisms of their guarantee and protection in the conditions of military aggression. The results of the study have shown that in modern conditions of military aggression, there is an effective mechanism for ensuring economic human rights, which in particular is provided by means of "hard" and "soft" international law. Conclusion. Economic rights are closely related not only to social rights, but also to human rights belonging to other categories, which, in particular, allows us to conclude that it is impossible to unambiguously assign existing rights to only one of the internationally recognized groups and makes it meaningless to classify human rights according to this criterion (sphere of life). Summing up the analysis of the role of acts of "soft" international law in regulating cooperation between States to prevent and overcome financial and economic crises during war and full-scale military aggression, which directly affect the economic rights of citizens, it should be noted that such acts, first of all, contribute to the formation of a uniform conceptual apparatus in the field under consideration, partially entrenched in legally binding documents. In addition, advisory acts, as the basis for regulating relations to prevent and overcome financial and economic crises caused by military aggression and affecting the economic rights of citizens, are presented to a greater extent at the universal level, where contractual agreement of the will is not always achievable due to the difference in the economic interests of States. Given the general recognition, time of existence and practical applicability of the provisions of certain advisory acts on maintaining financial and economic stability, it makes sense to raise the question of considering them as international customs, sources of international law that contribute to maintaining guarantees of economic human rights in conditions of military aggression.

Background: From the viewpoint of health and education, traumatized children and adolescents who have fled from war and conflict zones to Switzerland represent a high-risk group, as they suffer from psychiatric symptoms to an above-average extent and on several levels: somatic, psychological, psychosomatic, and psychosocial. Objectives: The complexity and severity of these problems overwhelm the existing school structures in many cases: There is a clear need for psychotherapeutic interventions here that goes beyond purely verbal conversational therapy and provides an holistic concept. Methods: We propose the following novel approach: “Trauma group therapy with karate-do for war-traumatized children and adolescents” which integrates and applies the evidence-based methods of integrative Budo-Therapy, trauma- focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) and Integrative Gestalt Therapy according to Dr. Hilarion Petzold (EAG- FPI) and validated it in a group of approximately 12 children from war and conflict zones who attend the public schools of the city of Zürich. Results: Qualitative feedback received from the teachers is promising. They report that it is now better possible for the children who go to ouer “Trauma group therapy with karate-do for war-traumatized children and adolescents” to concentrate at school and also to better regulate their feelings. Conclusion: Ouer approach seems to be a promising intervention for traumatized children and adolecents. Though it needs further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clemson University Libraries provides expert research services and has experienced a growing number of requests for guidance regarding evidence synthesis projects. In response, a team of three early-career science librarians sought to create a comprehensive online tutorial on the systematic review process. The tutorial outsources introductory education and features learning objects and assessments for each step. The tutorial streamlines consultations, freeing librarians to focus on project specifics. Accompanying participation guidelines clarify roles and responsibilities, timely completion of reviews, and authorship expectations. This asynchronous tutorial supports an equitable service model, benefiting researchers across all fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If I decide to disclose information about myself, this act may undermine other people's ability to conceal information about them. Such dependencies are called privacy dependencies in the literature. Some say that privacy dependencies generate moral duties to avoid sharing information about oneself. If true, we argue, then it is sometimes justified for others to impose harm on the person sharing information to prevent them from doing so. In this paper, we first show how such conclusions arise. Next, we show that the existence of such a dependency between the moral significance you are inclined to attribute to privacy dependencies and judgments about permissible self-defense puts pressure on at least some ways of spelling out the idea that privacy dependencies ought to constrain our data-sharing conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NATO is looking at how to implement, in practice, its December 2019 declaration of space as an operational domain. As part of this effort, Allies will be reflecting on various policy and legal issues, including the applicability of the Washington Treaty's Article 5 and questions surrounding the attribution of hostile acts in space. The unique characteristics of outer space present potential challenges for the application of some of NATO's traditional principles. Questions remain outstanding on how collective self-defence might be invoked in the event of a hostile space activity that impacts one or more Allies. In addition, difficulties attributing hostile space acts, similar to those that exist in the cyber domain, present real challenges for a strong, coordinated Alliance response according to existed international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I am concerned that the military's Rules of Engagement (ROE) exclusively focus on prescribing permissible actions but fail to consider the servicemembers' blameworthiness. In explaining this concern, I will illuminate how permissible actions do not necessarily yield blamelessness. While permissibility is generally a function of rules or good outcomes, blameworthiness is at least a function of an agent's intentions. Why should we care about permissible actions done with blameworthy intentions? I offer two distinct motivations. Using a self-defense situation as an example, I explain that neglecting to consider blame can increase the magnitude of harm done to an apparent but merely possible attacker. Secondly, we should certainly be concerned about the harms done to servicemembers, and I show that ROE that fail to prescribe a blameless intention may result in increased harm to servicemembers in the form of a "moral injury". In even more general terms, I am advocating for a more robust in bello consideration of intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, child sexual abuse is a widespread, serious, and long-growing problem. Children are generally abused by the people known to them and less likely by strangers. A majority of people remain numb about the issues because of fear, denial from the community and social stigma and also result in less reported cases among the victims. Our aim was to assess early adolescent girl's knowledge on child sexual abuse and self-protection and assess the effectiveness of interactive education programs. For the study, we adopted one group of pre-test and post-test designs. A total of 30 early adolescent girls from a selected school participated. The intervention consisted of interactive education program using role-play, discussion, storytelling, and audiovisual aids. Knowledge about CSA and self-protection was assessed pre- and post-intervention. There were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -7.632, P < 0.001) following interactive sessions. Also, the mean for self-protection was significantly lower than the post-test mean. After the intervention, there were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -5.722, P < 0.001). The results also show that the education of parents and monthly family income had significant association with the pre-intervention knowledge level. Interactive education program effectively increases the knowledge level on CSA and self-protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Willoughby-Herard crafts original bawdy fables and fashions crude proverbs to analyze Black LGBTQ+ experiences in academia as a ground for theory that navigates the promise and peril of telling. The essay takes seriously Evelynn Hammonds's advice that Black sexual and gender others recall their journeys as a mode of defense, analysis, meaning making. Using vulgar tales to throw shade, while wrestling within and beyond the limits of trauma porn and spectacle, makes for a hard-won cultural legacy and remittance that points to possibilities for survival and being. Recalling bitter experiences in academia exposes social relations anchored by collective violence. Following Alicia Levy-Seedat, vulgarity, deployed by working-class speakers of Jamaican Patwah (patois), cuts through patronizing conditions. Willoughby-Herard's notion of "writerly extravagance" enables telling while feeding on the rough laughter and crass pleasure of readers and hearers to create something like survival, or at least having the last laugh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most invoked justification for use of military force is the 'inherent right' to self-defence, enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter. This article examines efforts over the past two decades to reshape the scope of this right, arguing that attempts to permit defensive force in a wider range of situations than previously are symptomatic of structural bias that favours militarily powerful States more able and willing to use force. Building from TWAIL and feminist insights, the article reveals trends in instrumentalization and dominance of the law on self-defence, particularly within construction of customary international law, which operate to the detriment of populations living in areas converted into conflict zones. The analysis reinforces the imperative to explicitly acknowledge issues with universality and impartiality within the discussion on scope of self-defence, as well as consider alternative approaches to redressing structural bias and restricting the imbalanced impacts of defensive force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the responses of two maize hybrids, Armagnac and Desszert R-78, to exogenous ethylene and mechanical damage as stress treatments. The amounts of benzoxazinoids (BXDs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were examined 2 and 4 h after ethylene and mechanical damage treatments as well as at the age of 24 days, and the activity of genes encoding BXD biosynthesis and other stress-related genes was measured in shoots. In both hybrids, mechanical damage upregulated the genes responsible for the synthesis of BXDs (BX8 and BX9), the AOC1 gene encoding jasmonate, and the DEH gene encoding lipid biosynthesis enzymes. Significant genotype differences were found in the amounts of BXDs. In the case of the Desszert R-78 hybrid, the BXDs level was increased at 4 h after stress treatments compared to the control. In the case of the Armagnac hybrid, the amount of BXDs decreased in response to ethylene compared to the control. The absence/presence of a correlation between the activity of genes encoding BXDs and the amount of BXDs is thought to be due to the different rate/speed of the response in the two hybrids. Mechanical damage and ethylene treatments did not significantly affect the activities of SOD and CAT as well as the amount of MDA during the four-hour study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic identities often solidify in response to perceived or actual injustices endured by groups. Historically, Amharic-speaking people in Ethiopia have resisted ethnic identification, aligning instead with broader Ethiopian nationalism. However, the rise of extreme ethnonationalist forces in the country has subjected the group to negative narratives, violence, and marginalisation, associating them with past state domination. In response, the Amhara have increasingly embraced ethnic identity as a form of self-defence. This study employs thematic analysis to explore the experiences of the Amhara people and the subsequent emergence of their collective identity, including the rise of resistance movements. Despite this new alignment, Amhara elites and activists paradoxically maintain a strong commitment to Ethiopian unity, reflecting a complex duality in their socio-political stance. This balancing act illustrates their struggle to survive while remaining loyal to national unity. The article argues that sustained violence and marginalisation have catalysed the rise of Amhara group consciousness, transforming Ethiopia's political landscape. This study offers broader insights into how group mentality can emerge as a response to systematic and sustained injustice and the implications this has for redefining power politics in Ethiopia and beyond, providing insights for policymaking and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of self-determination is at the centre of the Russian Federation's (Russia's) 'justifications' for using force against Ukraine and supporting the separatist entities in its eastern provinces, as demonstrated by official statements of Russia's representatives and the oral and written submissions to the inter-state proceedings on the application of the Genocide Convention before the International Court of Justice (Ukraine v. Russia). In particular, Russia construes self-defence as an exercise of remedial self-determination, supporting territorial separation and the creation of satellite states or their annexation by the Federation. This is in continuity with Russia's policies and argumentations utilised in other contexts such as Crimea, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. These cases differ in their context and history but share the same remedial approach to external self-determination as a purported justification to use force. This is also in partial continuity with the tradition of Soviet approaches to self-determination. Like other states' self-indulgent 'exceptionalism' in international law, Russia's cherry-picking application of self-determination reveals its instrumental usage to camouflage imperialistic aggression and expansionistic ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We typically see child soldiers as not morally responsible because of their age and/or because they are victims of adult exploitation. Work on child soldiers and their moral responsibility is relatively sparse within just war thinking and political philosophy (Thomason in Ethical Theory Moral Pract, 19:115–127, 2016a; Thomason in Seeing child soldiers as morally compromised warriors [Online]. The Critique. Available: http://www.thecritique.com/articles/seeing-child-soldiers-as-morally-compromised-warriors/ [Accessed 2 April 2020], 2016b), and instead focuses mostly on whether child soldiers are liable to attack (McMahan, in Gates, Reich (eds) Child soldiers in the age of fractured states, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 2010; Vaha in J Military Ethics, 10:36–51, 2011). This paper brings these two areas together. Many of us have the intuition that combatants should exercise at least some constraint when fighting against child soldiers. I will argue that, contra McMahan (2010), exercising restraint in this way is a requirement of justice. I will argue that agents can be more or less liable to attack (liability to attack is on a spectrum) in defensive killing cases depending on how morally responsible they are for the threat they cause. I will outline how, whilst child soldiers are not wholly responsible for the threat they cause to combatants, their responsibility is also not completely diminished. I will argue that child soldiers are therefore liable to attack, but to a lesser extent than fully responsible agents. I will show that combatants fighting against child soldiers are therefore required, as a matter of justice, to use the most proportionate method of attack which may not always be to kill the child soldier. I will conclude that combatants are therefore required, as a matter of justice, to exercise a degree of restraint when fighting against child soldiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 1st Mountain Field Reserve Brigade, established by the Royal Hungarian 1st Mountain Brigade based in Beszterce/ Bistriþa at the end of August 1944, participated in the so-called Battle of Torda/Turda between September 13 and October 8, 1944. This forgotten unit covered the right flank of the 25th Infantry Division and the 2nd Armored Division, which were fighting in the main direction, in the Gyalui/Gilãului Mountains. The brigade, poorly equipped and lacking vehicles, fought both regular and irregular Romanian units, as well as Soviet rifle troops, on extremely difficult terrain. By midOctober 1944, the brigade was almost completely decimated in the unequal struggle, but the steadfastness of its soldiers contributed to preventing the attackers from encircling the Hungarian 2nd Army’s forces fighting at Torda/Turda from the west. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did the ROK-U.S. alliance go through a process of alleviation by finding consensus rather than dividing when facing conflict over missile guidelines? What underlying principles operated between the two countries? This study aims to address these questions. As a result of a literature review, an analysis of the process of moving from conflict to alleviation in the Missile Guidelines along the timeline from the Park Chung-hee administration to the Kim Dae-jung administration, the Lee Myung-bak administration, and finally the Moon Jae-in administration shows that the occurrence of a "policy tradeoff" led to the transition from conflict to de-escalation. Here, the author introduces the concept of a "policy tradeoff," which in this study refers to the exchange of policies to maintain cooperative relations amid conflicting national principles. Through a case analysis, the author finds conflicting principles of "self-defense" in the ROK and "non-proliferation" in the United States. Consequently, the ROK aligned with the non-proliferation principle of the United States by pursuing denuclearization while the United States relaxed missile development restrictions in alignment with the ROK's self-defense principle. The purpose was to transition the phase of conflict between the two nations regarding the ROK's missile development to a phase of cooperation. Here, the ROK-U.S. Missile Guidelines underwent a gradual shift from conflict to cooperation based on the notion of a "policy tradeoff." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Honor requires that individuals demonstrate their worth in the eyes of others. However, it is unclear how honor and its implications for behavior vary between societies. Here, we explore the tension between competing views about how to make sense of honor–as narrowly defined through self-reliance and self-defense or as broadly defined through strength of character. The former suggests that demonstrating the ability to defend one's self, is a crucial component of honor, while the latter allows the centrality of self-reliance to vary depending on circumstances. To examine these implications, we conducted studies in the U.S., where self-reliance is central to honor, and in Iran, where individual agency must be balanced against the interests of kin. Americans (Studies 1, 2a; n = 978) who endorsed honor values tended to ignore governmental COVID-19 measures because they preferred relying on themselves. In contrast, honor-minded Iranians (Study 2b; n = 201) adhered to public-health guidelines and did not prefer self-reliance. Moreover, honor-minded Iranians endorsed family-reliance, but did not moralize self-reliance (Study 3; n = 107), while honor-minded Americans endorsed family-reliance and moralized self-reliance (Study 3; n = 120). Results suggest that local norms may shape how honor is expressed across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with karate activity in the areas of physical culture in the broad sense. It is a concise and clear approach to the topic, which aimed to conceptualise the inclusion of karate in areas of physical culture as a contemporarily attractive physical activity. Karate was described here as a combat sport, martial art, and self-defence system in the following areas of physical culture: physical education, physiotherapy, recreation, sports, and tourism. Reference here was made to physical activity focused on bunkai (circuit interpretation exercises), kata (circuit exercises), kihon (technical exercises), and kumite (combat exercises). It has been determined that practitioners' involvement in karate culture affects their level of sense of coherence. In addition, the conditioning for using karate in physical culture to the maintenance of health was mentioned. Here, reference was made to the perceptual perspective of the bodily and mental practice of karate for health. It has been established that this can be effective by adopting only the objectives of karate as martial art. Based on the above, it was concluded that practising karate is present in all areas of physical culture as combat sport, martial art, and self-defence system, but practising karate only as martial art provides opportunities for maintenance of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on wildlife aggression toward humans have received little attention. Records from French Polynesia show that the annual average of about five shark bites on humans from 2009 to 2019 increased significantly to 15 in 2020, despite the virtual absence of humans from the marine environment during a six-week curfew in April–May 2020. Bites then returned to baseline levels in 2021 (N = 4), 2022 (N = 5), and 2023 (N = 2). Most bites in 2020 occurred just after the lockdown and were attributed to gray reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos , displaying territoriality rather than self-defense or predatory behaviours. This temporary increase in shark bites suggests that natural territorial behavior, typically suppressed by continued human presence, reemerged during the Anthropause, providing new insights into shark risks for ocean users and the management of human–predator interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to suppression jamming by jammers, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) during tracking tasks is significantly reduced, thereby decreasing the target detection probability of radar systems. This may result in the interruption of the target track. To address this issue, we propose a multi-static radar power allocation algorithm that enhances the detection and tracking performance of multiple radars in relation to their targets by optimizing power resource allocation. Initially, the echo signal model and measurement model of multi-static radar are formulated, followed by the derivation of the Bayesian Cramér–Rao lower bound (BCRLB). The multi-objective optimization method is utilized to establish the objective function for joint tracking and detection, with dynamic adjustment of the weight coefficient to balance the tracking and detection performance of multiple radars. This ensures the reliability and anti-jamming capability of the multi-static radar system. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can prevent the interruption of jammer tracking and maintain robust tracking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pope Francis both grants the right to use armed force in self-defense and regards all war as 'a defeat for humanity'. This seeming paradox can be explained by the fact that what is a theoretically just use of force (according to the criteria of just war theory) inevitably results in unjust violence when carried out in practice. The undertaking, processes and practices of war are highly susceptible to what Augustine called the libido dominandi. The theory of just war is carried forward in institutions of actual war-making that foster escalation, discourage restraint, and adapt the theory itself to accommodate increasing violence. 'Just war' fails to embody the social and institutional virtue of justice. Thus, as Pope Francis exhorts, the Christian ethics of war and peace should prioritize the theory of just peace and the cultivation of peacebuilding dispositions, practices, and institutions. These strategies favor justice, but success is not guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the defense strategies and inter-perpetrator relationships among those accused of genocide in Northwest Bosnia, particularly within the Prijedor municipality. It scrutinizes the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) trials of Duško Tadić, Miroslav Kvoka, and Milomir Stakić, focusing on their self-defense narratives and their interactions within local and broader socio-political frameworks. The analysis reveals that the internal dynamics among the perpetrators in Prijedor were characterized by complex power hierarchies that shaped their participation in genocidal acts. By applying criminological theories to a detailed qualitative analysis of trial transcripts and public statements, this study exposes defense narratives as integrally connected to the perpetrators’ self-image and ethical justifications. This research enhances our understanding of how localized leadership and individual decision-making within specific power structures critically impact the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taekwondo is one of the representative martial arts that originated in Korea. It offers many positive benefits, such as improving cardiovascular strength, balance, and flexibility. Teaching Taekwondo provides a unique experience for students to learn self-defense skills, culturally diverse activities, and life-long fitness. This article presents strategies for teaching Taekwondo to students with disabilities. Specifically, it discusses fundamental and appropriate techniques of Taekwondo, provides modified techniques and equipment, and suggests several instructional ideas and activities. Furthermore, this article focuses on the inclusive learning environment for students with disabilities to learn Taekwondo. In short, understanding various Taekwondo teaching strategies helps physical education teachers or adapted physical education teachers to tailor their instruction to meet the specific needs and abilities of various students with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In animals, defensive responses (e.g., maternal aggression, defensive burying) are critical to allow protection of the offspring. In humans, emerging evidence suggests that active defensive responses (fight-or-flight) promote helping of others, including strangers. Brain circuits implicated in self-defense may have been repurposed to allow protection of others; particularly, circuitry implicated in transitioning between passive and active defence in response to self-directed threats may also be required when making decisions to help. Future research must clarify the limits of the hypothesised interdependence between defence and care; for instance, does brain plasticity associated with becoming a parent modulates one's defensive tendencies? The motivations to protect oneself and others have often been seen as conflicting. Here, we discuss recent evidence that self-defensive mechanisms may in fact be recruited to enable the helping of others. In some instances, the defensive response to a threat may even be more decisive in promoting helping than the response to a conspecific's distress (as predicted by empathy-altruism models). In light of this evidence, we propose that neural mechanisms implicated in self-defence may have been repurposed through evolution to enable the protection of others, and that defence and care may be convergent rather than conflicting functions. Finally, we present and discuss a working model of the shared brain mechanisms implicated in defence of both self and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]