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Objective: To study the heterogeneity and influencing factors of self-acceptance of drug addicts in compulsory isolation in 2 drug rehabilitation centers in Sichuan Province, and to analyze the effects of different types of self-acceptance on subthreshold depression in drug addicts, in order to provide useful references for improving their mental health. Methods: Self-acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ), Drug use Stereotype Threat Scale(DSTS) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey in January 2024 on 1068 drug addicts in two compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation centers in Sichuan Province. Results: Drug addicts self-acceptance can be categorized into 5 potential categories; men were more likely than women to show lower self-acceptance in the 'low-low'(β = 0.285,OR = 0.381, p < 0.001),'low-high'(β = 0.331,OR = 0.383,p = 0.004), and'high-low'(β = 0.283,OR = 0.548, p = 0.033) groups compared to the ' high-high' group; drug addicts with an education level of elementary school and below were categorized into the'low -low ' group(β = 0.642,OR = 6.173, p = 0.005);HIV-negative drug addicts were more likely to show higher self-acceptance than positive patients(β = 0.418,OR = 2.427, p = 0.034)); the'low-low'group had the greatest likelihood of being alienated(β = 0.169,OR = 3.249, p < 0.001). The results of multiple linear regression showed that drug addicts in the' moderate-moderate 'group and'high-high 'group had significantly lower subthreshold depression than those in the'low-low 'group; the results of the Kruskal-Wallis Test showed that the'high -high 'group had the lowest level of subthreshold depression, and the'low -low ','low-high 'and'high-low 'groups had the highest mean ranks in different dimensions of subthreshold depression(P < 0.001). Conclusion: Heterogeneity exists in drug addicts' self-acceptance, and gender, HIV-positive or not, education level, and drug use stereotype threat are factors influencing self-acceptance in compulsory isolated drug addicts. High self-appraisal-high self-acceptance had the lowest level of subthreshold depression in drug addicts, and the consistency of poor self-appraisal and self-acceptance also affected the level of subthreshold depression in drug addicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To study the heterogeneity and influencing factors of self-acceptance of drug addicts in compulsory isolation in 2 drug rehabilitation centers in Sichuan Province, and to analyze the effects of different types of self-acceptance on subthreshold depression in drug addicts, in order to provide useful references for improving their mental health. Methods Self-acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ), Drug use Stereotype Threat Scale(DSTS) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey in January 2024 on 1068 drug addicts in two compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation centers in Sichuan Province. Results Drug addicts self-acceptance can be categorized into 5 potential categories; men were more likely than women to show lower self-acceptance in the ‘low-low’(β = 0.285,OR = 0.381, p

Background and Objectives Although the relationship between mortality and objective successful aging (health, functional ability, social engagement) is clear, the relationship between subjective successful aging (SSA) and mortality is inconclusive. Building on the broader literature regarding psychological well-being, these analyses examine the relationship between SSA and mortality, adjusting for demographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics with known mortality risks. Research Design and Methods We analyzed self-report data collected between 2006 and 2008 from 5,483 people. In addition to demographic, health, and lifestyle variables, we measured SSA using a valid, reliable measure. Over the course of 3,285 days, 695 people died. We computed 4 sequential Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between SSA and time to death. The first model included only SSA; Model 2 added demographic characteristics; Model 3 added health characteristics; Model 4 added lifestyle characteristics. Results We found that SSA had a significant association with mortality, accounting for known mortality risk factors. Each 1-point rise in SSA decreased the risk of mortality by 3% (0.97; 95% confidence interval = 0.95–0.99; p <.05). The probability of death within 9 years for persons with SSA scores from 0 to 5 was 45%; for persons with SSA scores from 25 to 30, risk of mortality was less than 10%. Discussion and Implications Findings provide evidence that lower SSA scores reveal greater risk for mortality beyond demographic, health, and lifestyle variables. A brief assessment of SSA can provide unique clinical information and be used to identify people who might benefit from interventions to reduce mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pragmatic language assessment in children is performed in line with standard protocols, guidelines, and best practices. The absence of these aspects in the Indian context has resulted in the quest to explore the approaches used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to assess pragmatic language impairments. This survey explored the current practices of SLPs towards the assessment of pragmatic language among preschool children in India. It also aimed to identify the barriers, facilitators and identify the level of knowledge, skill and overall practice of SLPs towards their practices using self-appraisal. Methods A total of 100 SLPs(94 females and 6 males) working with preschool aged children (three-to-six-year-olds) from across different Indian states participated in the survey. Participants were enquired about the aspects of pragmatic language assessed, methods used for assessment, awareness and use of Indian tools, the settings, members, and language used for the assessment. Additionally, they were asked to mention the specific tools used, informal methods used, barriers and facilitators, and self-appraise their knowledge, skill and overall practice. Results Majority of participants assessed multiple aspects of pragmatic language. All used a combination of different assessment methods, with the participants commonly using informal compared to formal approaches. Preschoolers were assessed at multiple settings, along with different communication partners. Lack of awareness on assessment tools developed in India was the major barrier, while the use of informal tasks or activities were the major facilitators influencing pragmatic language assessment to a greater extent. The knowledge and skills for the assessment of pragmatic language obtained poorer scores compared to practices. Conclusions The assessment practices of the SLPs were largely influenced by the unavailability of developed or adapted tools for Indian preschoolers, leading to the need to develop indigenous assessment tools. Certain considerations for further assessment practices have been identified and discussed.

Temporal self-appraisal (TSA) is the trajectory of self-appraisal over time, including how a person views their past and future selves in relation to their present self. In this study, we examined the TSA of individuals with and without a history of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (STBs). Using Amazon Mechanical Turk for recruitment, we studied 397 participants on validated measures of TSA, STBs, and mood. The non-STB group (n = 291) had a TSA trajectory similar to that previously found for nonclinical populations, with perceived self-improvement over time. In contrast, the TSA of the STB group (n = 106) had two distinct qualities: their TSA profiles were more negative at all time points (past, present, and future) than the non-STB group, and they displayed similar anticipated present-to-future growth as the non-STB group but perceived minimal past-to-present change. These differences persisted when controlling for depression, anxiety, and stress, suggesting a distinct STB-related TSA profile independent of comorbid affective states. This study is limited by the use of self-report measures and cross-sectional design. By investigating TSA, this study provides insights into the unique aspects of self-appraisal associated with having a history of STBs and emphasizes the need for therapeutic interventions that foster self-continuity and positive self-appraisal across time. Future research should focus on clarifying the mechanisms underlying this distinct self-appraisal pattern in the STB group and the effects of interventions that enhance temporal self-appraisal. • Non-suicide history group shows consistent self-growth across all time points. • Suicide history group exhibits negative self-views from past to future. • Suicide history group views their past to present self as unchanged. • Despite negativity, suicide history group expects future self-improvement. • Focusing on temporal self-appraisal could be crucial in suicide intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper debunks the deep-rooted belief that proper appraisal of research is a job within reach of the average scientist. The main qualities of an individual expert that allow him to reveal the value of a research are profound knowledge of the subject, broad scientific outlook, and ability for conceptual linking. As the same person rarely combines them in full measure, judgments pretty often turn out to be imprecise and superficial. The scientific community as a whole is surely capable of redressing the defects and weaknesses of its individual members, but copes with the task quite satisfactorily chiefly in case of "standard" research with a small degree of novelty, while with pioneering works, it is mostly mistaken. Collective appraisals are bounded by the conceptual horizon of the age they are given in, the institutional involvement of those making them on its behalf, and the unification of attitudes that is conditioned by the "communal" nature of science as a social institution. That is why the scientific community virtually never attaches high value to breakthrough discoveries forthwith. And without transformation of the existing practice of "measuring" the value of research, this bias can scarcely be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pragmatic language assessment in children is performed in line with standard protocols, guidelines, and best practices. The absence of these aspects in the Indian context has resulted in the quest to explore the approaches used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to assess pragmatic language impairments. This survey explored the current practices of SLPs towards the assessment of pragmatic language among preschool children in India. It also aimed to identify the barriers, facilitators and identify the level of knowledge, skill and overall practice of SLPs towards their practices using self-appraisal. Methods A total of 100 SLPs(94 females and 6 males) working with preschool aged children (three-to-six-year-olds) from across different Indian states participated in the survey. Participants were enquired about the aspects of pragmatic language assessed, methods used for assessment, awareness and use of Indian tools, the settings, members, and language used for the assessment. Additionally, they were asked to mention the specific tools used, informal methods used, barriers and facilitators, and self-appraise their knowledge, skill and overall practice. Results Majority of participants assessed multiple aspects of pragmatic language. All used a combination of different assessment methods, with the participants commonly using informal compared to formal approaches. Preschoolers were assessed at multiple settings, along with different communication partners. Lack of awareness on assessment tools developed in India was the major barrier, while the use of informal tasks or activities were the major facilitators influencing pragmatic language assessment to a greater extent. The knowledge and skills for the assessment of pragmatic language obtained poorer scores compared to practices. Conclusions The assessment practices of the SLPs were largely influenced by the unavailability of developed or adapted tools for Indian preschoolers, leading to the need to develop indigenous assessment tools. Certain considerations for further assessment practices have been identified and discussed.

Depression is one of the most concerning mental disorders in youth. Because atypical excessive neural activity during self-referential processing is often implicated in depression, identifying psychological factors that link to lower depression and less excessive neural activity during self-referential processing is critical for treatment development. This study examined the relationship between self-compassion – a protective factor of youth depression – and neural activity during self-appraisals, a well-established experimental paradigm for studying self-referential processing, and their associations with depression severity in depressed and healthy youth. The sample consisted of 115 youth (79 met the clinical diagnosis of depression; 36 were matched healthy controls) aged from 11 to 17 years (68 females). Self-compassion and depression severity were measured with self-reported scales. In the scanner, participants were asked to judge whether the phrases they heard described them from four perspectives (self, mother, classmate, and best friend). Higher self-compassion was associated with lower PCC/precuneus activity especially during negatively-valenced self-appraisals and explained its association with reduced depression severity. In depressed youth, higher self-compassion was associated with lower superior temporal gyrus/operculum/postcentral gyrus/insula activity especially during positively-valenced self-appraisals. In healthy youth, higher self-compassion was associated with higher activity in these regions. Self-compassion was associated with less excessive experiential immersion and/or autobiographical memory retrieval during negative self-appraisals. Neural stimulation interventions targeting PCC/precuneus activity during negative self-appraisals combined with behavioral interventions targeting self-compassion could be a promising approach to youth depression treatment. • SC is linked to lower PCC/precuneus activity during negative self-appraisals. • Lower SC mediates the link between PCC/precuneus activity and depression severity. • SC is linked to lower STG activity during positive self-appraisals in depressed youth. • SC is linked to higher STG activity during positive self-appraisals in healthy youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This descriptive study aimed to find out whether instructors practiced self-development activities, whether some factors hindered the practice of self-development activities, and to what extent the instructors implemented self-development activities in their classes to solve a problem. Additionally, it aimed to find out whether the instructors differed in the use of self-development activities in terms of age, gender, experience, education level, and teaching hours. This study was conducted with 348 EFL instructors and four teacher trainers. Three research instruments including a questionnaire, interviews with teacher trainers, and four EFL instructors were used to investigate the self-development activities which were journal writing, self-appraisal, peer-observation, reading, writing a research paper, and action research. The analysis of data revealed that EFL instructors practiced self-development activities on a limited scale except for peer observation, which was carried out as a school policy. The results also showed that the workload was the most important hindrance in practicing self-development activities. Additionally, EFL instructors did not transfer the information gathered from self-development activities in their EFL classes to solve problems and they differed in the use of self-development activities to some extent in terms of age, gender, teaching experience, ELT qualifications like BA, MA, or Ph.D. and teaching hours.

Abstract Background The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine the role of sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive – both objective and subjective – factors in overall and in specific domains of psychosocial functioning, in patients with depression at different clinical states of the disease (remitted and non-remitted). Methods A sample of 325 patients with major depressive disorder, 117 in remission and 208 in non-remission, were assessed with a semi-structured interview collecting sociodemographic, clinical, cognitive (with neuropsychological tests and the Perceived Deficit Questionnaire), and functional (Functioning Assessment Short Test) characteristics. Backward regression models were conducted to determine associations of global and specific areas of functioning with independent factors, for both clinical states. Results Residual depressive symptomatology and self-appraisal of executive competence were significantly associated with psychosocial functioning in remitted patients, in overall and some subdomains of functioning, particularly cognitive and interpersonal areas. While depressive symptoms, executive deficits and self-appraisal of executive function were significantly related to functional outcomes in non-remitted patients, both in overall functioning and in most of subdomains. Discussion This study evidences the strong association of one’s appraisal of executive competence with psychosocial functioning, together with depressive symptoms, both in remitted and non-remitted patients with depression. Therefore, to achieve full recovery, clinical management of patients should tackle not only the relief of core depressive symptoms, but also the cognitive ones, both those that are objectified with neuropsychological tests and those that are reported by the patients themselves.

The current study aimed to find out the mediating role of anxious self-esteem and self-appraisal of trauma in the relationship of neuroticism and psycho-social stressors of trauma in a sample of 213 (men = 31%, women = 68%) between the ages of 18 to 26 (M = 20.78, SD = 2.46). Participants were selected by using a purposive sampling strategy studying in private and government universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability Scale (John et al., 1991), Anxious/ Withdrawn Self-esteem Scale for University Population (Zafar et al., 2012), Psychosocial Stressors of Trauma scale (PSST) (Rani et al., 2021), and Self-Appraisal Scale (Rani et al., 2021) were used to assess the neuroticism vs. emotional stability, anxious self-esteem, self-appraisal of trauma and psycho-social stressors of trauma in university students. Findings of correlation analysis depicted the interrelatedness of neuroticism, anxious self-esteem, self-appraisal of trauma, and psycho-social stressors. Mediation analysis suggested the serial mediating role of anxious self-esteem and self-appraisal of trauma in the association of neuroticism vs. emotional stability and PSST in university students. These findings might be used to overcome the adverse outcomes of trauma in University students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Individuals with PTSD show aberrant neural activity during negative and positive self-appraisal. • Negative self-appraisal in PTSD is underpinned by deficient engagement of emotion regulation networks. • Reduced DMN-amygdala connectivity in PTSD reflects dysfunctional emotional salience and valuation processing of self-information. • Aberrant DMN activation in PTSD may be linked to fractured sense of self and somatic depersonalization. • Findings may provide new insights into targeted PTSD treatment selection, development, and augmentation. The experience of self-hood in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is altered cognitively and somatically. Dysfunctional negative cognitions about the self are a central mechanism of PTSD symptomatology and treatment. However, while higher-order brain models of disturbances in self-appraisal (i.e., cognitive processes relating to evaluating the self) have been examined in other psychiatric disorders, it is unclear how normative brain function during self-appraisal is impaired in PTSD. This paper presents a PRISMA systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies (n = 5), to establish a neurobiological account of how self-appraisal processes are disturbed in PTSD. The review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023450509). Self-appraisal in PTSD is linked to disrupted activity in core self-processing regions of the Default Mode Network (DMN); and regions involved in cognitive control and emotion regulation, salience and valuation. Because self-appraisal in PTSD is relatively under-studied, only a small number of studies could be included for review. Cross-study heterogeneity in analytic approaches and trauma-exposure history prohibited a quantitative meta-analysis. This paper proposes a mechanistic account of how neural dysfunctions may manifest clinically in PTSD and inform targeted selection of appropriate treatment options. We present a research agenda for future work to advance the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The concept of caring appraisal, which includes positive and negative aspects of care, has been considered as one of the key concepts in caregivers' studies and is affected by the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, and social norms in their society. In this respect, the perception of family caregivers' can be studied from a cultural perspective. The aim of the present study was to explore the self-appraisal concept of caring based on the experience of family caregivers of older adults with dementia in Iran. In this qualitative study, data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Twelve participants (family caregivers of elderly with dementia) were interviewed between January and September 2016. The transcribed texts were analyzed using inductive qualitative content analysis recommended by Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Six main categories were extrapolated: "Perceived burden," "Satisfaction with care," "Personal growth," "Caregiving gains," "Philosophy of care" and "Loss and threat." According to the findings, the family caregivers' appraisal of their care not only included negative aspects, but also covered a number of positive aspects, which in them the cultural and social factors prevailing in Iranian society played a significant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anxiety has a distinct association with temporal self-appraisal. • Anxious people view themselves somewhat negatively but as improving over time. • Depressed people have stable past-present, and positive present-future, self-view. • The unique TSA characteristics of moods should be considered in clinical treatment. Previous studies found that psychopathology is associated with distinct self-perceptions over time. Euthymic individuals report experiencing a self-enhancement bias, with self-appraisal increasing over time. In contrast, depressed individuals report viewing a personal decline from past to present and anticipated self-improvement from present to future. This study examined the association between the singular presence of anxiety and temporal self-appraisal. Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, this study examined a depressed (n = 142), anxious (n = 95), comorbid depressed and anxious (n = 335), and euthymic group (non-depressed and non-anxious, n = 535), on a validated task of temporal self-appraisal. Anxiety has a unique association with temporal self-appraisal that differs from the other disorders examined in this study. Specifically, individuals with anxiety had a similar positive trend of self-view to the euthymic group; however, their overall trend was lower at each temporal point. Individuals with depression had a stable past-to-present self-view and an improving present-to-future self-view. The use of an online self-report sample without longitudinal assessment of variables, while sufficient for the intent of the present study, limits the potential extrapolation from this sample, as well as prevents the determination of the direction of causality. While individuals with anxiety demonstrate a positive sense of improvement over time, their psychopathology is associated with a negative bias in their perception of their past, present, and future selves. These findings have important implications for clinicians regarding potential interventions and treatment for anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People hold narrative expectations for how humans generally change over the course of their lives. In some areas, people expect growth (e.g., wisdom), while in others, people expect stability (e.g., extroversion). However, do people apply those same expectations to the self? In five studies (total N = 1,372), participants rated selves as improving modestly over time in domains where stability should be expected (e.g., extroversion, quick-wittedness). Reported improvement was significantly larger in domains where growth should be expected (e.g., wisdom, rationality) than domains where stability should be expected. Further, in domains where growth should be expected participants reported improvement for selves and others. However, in domains where stability should be expected, participants reported improvement for selves but not others. Hence, participants used narrative expectations to inform projections of change. We discuss implications for future temporal self-appraisal research, heterogeneity of effect sizes in self-appraisal research, and between-culture differences in narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social networks where individuals discuss opinions on a sequence of topics, the self-confidence an individual exercises in relation to one topic, as measured by the weighting given to their own opinion as against the opinion of all others, can vary in the light of the self-appraisal by the individual of their contribution to the previous topic. This observation gives rise to a type of model termed a DeGroot-Friedkin model. This paper reviews a number of results concerning this model. These include the asymptotic behavior of the self-confidence (as the number of topics goes to infinity), the possible emergence of an autocrat or small cohort of leaders, the effect of changes in the weighting given to opinions of others (in the light for example of their perceived expertise in relation to a particular topic under discussion), and the inclusion in the model of individual behavioral characteristics such as humility, arrogance, etc. Such behavioral characteristics create new opportunities for autocrats to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused to the study of the professional I-concept of patrol police officers and the features of this concept, depending on the availability of previous experience in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The definition of I-concept, self-appraisal, awareness and self-consciousness of a personality has been revealed. The modern approaches to the problem of the professional I-concept in psychology have been analyzed. The author has presented the results of the empirical study, which was attended by police officers divided into 2 groups – those who used to serve in the internal affairs agencies (IAA), and those who did not have experience in the militia. During the research the author has studied the representations of police officers about themselves and about the ideal police officer, the levels of self-appraisal of police officers, peculiarities of their career orientations and self-efficacy. It has been experimentally established that the self-appraisal of police officers without experience in the IAA is overestimated. The specifics of the system of representations of patrol police officers of different groups about their own professionally relevant personality qualities and the specifics of the system of representations about their own communicative qualities have been also researched. The author has demonstrated the vision by police officers who do not have the experience in the IAA, the image of an ideal patrol police officer, their understanding of the ideal police officer, as well as their vision of themselves as the bearer of leadership qualities, the attitude towards authoritarianism and dictatorial manifestations. Based on the research the author has also noted the specifics of career orientations and the peculiarities of the effectiveness of patrol police officers, depending on their previous experience in the police. To solve the problems, the author has used the following psycho-diagnostic techniques: “Personal differential”; Lyri method of diagnosis of interpersonal relations; “Career Anchors” by Edgar H. Schein; Scale of general self-efficacy; S. Budassi methodology.

The objective of the current study was to assess the impact of internet gaming disorder on self-appraisal. Moreover, role of gender as a moderator on the relationship between internet gaming disorder and self-appraisal among university students was also explored. A sample of 300 students was collected through purposive sampling technique, from different universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The participant's age range was 18-28 years. Self-report measures i.e., Internet Gaming Disorder Scaleshort form (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015) and Core Self Evaluation Scale (Judge, Erez, Bono, & Thoresen, 2003) were administered. Results yielded that internet gaming disorder negatively predicted self-appraisal among university students. Moreover, gender worked as a significant moderator on the relationship between internet gaming disorder and self-appraisal. The independent sample t-test showed that males reported a higher level of internet gaming disorder as compared to females. Males showed less selfappraisal as compared to females. This study will help to identify the effects of internet gaming disorder on self-appraisal among university students. Furthermore, intervention plans can also be developed for students by decreasing their gaming activity and increasing their self-appraisal and bringing them back to their normal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concussion is associated with acute cognitive impairments, with declines in processing speed and reaction time being common. In the clinical setting, these issues are identified via symptom assessments and neurocognitive test (NCT) batteries. Practice guidelines recommend integrating both symptoms and NCTs into clinical decision-making, but correlations between these measures are often poor. This suggests that many patients experience difficulties in the self-appraisal of cognitive issues. It is presently unclear what neural mechanisms give rise to appraisal mismatch after a concussion. One promising target is the insula, which regulates aspects of cognition, particularly interoception and self-monitoring. The present study tested the hypothesis that appraisal mismatch is due to altered functional connectivity of the insula to frontal and midline structures, with hypo-connectivity leading to under-reporting of cognitive issues and hyper-connectivity leading to over-reporting. Data were collected from 59 acutely concussed individuals and 136 normative controls, including symptom assessments, NCTs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Analysis of resting-state functional MRI supported the hypothesis, identifying insular networks that were associated with appraisal mismatch in concussed athletes that included frontal, sensorimotor, and cingulate connections. Subsequent analysis of diffusion tensor imaging also determined that symptom over-reporting was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity of posterior white matter. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of cognitive appraisal mismatch after a concussion. They are of particular interest given the central role of symptom assessments in the diagnosis and clinical management of concussion.

Concussion is associated with acute cognitive impairments, with declines in processing speed and reaction time being common. In the clinical setting, these issues are identified via symptom assessments and neurocognitive test (NCT) batteries. Practice guidelines recommend integrating both symptoms and NCTs into clinical decision-making, but correlations between these measures are often poor. This suggests that many patients experience difficulties in the self-appraisal of cognitive issues. It is presently unclear what neural mechanisms give rise to appraisal mismatch after a concussion. One promising target is the insula, which regulates aspects of cognition, particularly interoception and self-monitoring. The present study tested the hypothesis that appraisal mismatch is due to altered functional connectivity of the insula to frontal and midline structures, with hypo-connectivity leading to under-reporting of cognitive issues and hyper-connectivity leading to over-reporting. Data were collected from 59 acutely concussed individuals and 136 normative controls, including symptom assessments, NCTs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Analysis of resting-state functional MRI supported the hypothesis, identifying insular networks that were associated with appraisal mismatch in concussed athletes that included frontal, sensorimotor, and cingulate connections. Subsequent analysis of diffusion tensor imaging also determined that symptom over-reporting was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity of posterior white matter. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of cognitive appraisal mismatch after a concussion. They are of particular interest given the central role of symptom assessments in the diagnosis and clinical management of concussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the tendency to adjust appraisals of ourselves in the past and future in order to maintain a favourable view of ourselves in the present require episodic memory? A developmental amnesic person with impaired episodic memory (HC) was compared with two groups of age-matched controls on tasks assessing the Big Five personality traits and social competence in relation to the past, present and future. Consistent with previous research, controls believed that their personality had changed more in the past 5 years than it will change in the next 5 years (i.e. the end-of-history illusion), and rated their present and future selves as more socially competent than their past selves (i.e. social improvement illusion), although this was moderated by self-esteem. Despite her lifelong episodic memory impairment, HC also showed these biases of temporal self-appraisal. Together, these findings do not support the theory that the temporal extension of the self-concept requires the ability to recollect richly detailed memories of the self in the past and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Part III of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith declares that people desire to be both esteemed and to be esteem-worthy, but that the latter desire both does and ought to take priority. The main object of this paper is to challenge that priority claim—mainly in its descriptive aspect. If that claim were true, then: agents would be at pains to eliminate any distortions in their self-evaluations; and the effects of the size (especially of total secrecy) and the character of audience on behaviour would be second-order. Empirical evidence suggests otherwise. Moreover the normative claim seems to overlook some advantages of inflated self-evaluation; and to allow no independent room for norms of modesty/humility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Subjective and objective points of simulator adaptation differ significantly. • Previously experienced simulator adaptation did not explain this discrepancy. • Drivers' age and experience did not predict the discrepancy of adaptation. The present study aims to investigate whether drivers' age and their experience with driving simulators could explain differences between a subjective estimation of system adaptation and a respective objective systematic measurement. Assessing valid measurements in driving simulators causes concern because driving simulators are not yet as realistic as real on-road driving scenarios. Common methods like pre-defined training sessions and self-appraisals of simulator adaptation might therefore be insufficient to ensure actual valid data. Hence, influential variables on this discrepancy are investigated. In total, N = 203 drivers participated in a training session and a subsequent testing session in a close-to-production driving simulator. Subjective adaptation was estimated by the drivers and an objective adaptation value was gathered on the basis of driving accuracy. The discrepancy between these two measures was calculated and related to age, self-reported driving experience and occurrence of previous adaptation. Subjective adaptation was significantly faster than objective adaptation but neither drivers' age, experience, nor previous adaptation could explain this discrepancy. Results indicate that younger and older drivers likewise underestimate the time needed for adaptation. Measuring a subjective point of adaptation seems to be an insufficient measure to ensure simulator validity when assessing both older and younger drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the analysis to the analysis of psychologo-pedagogical approaches to the investigation of theoretical and practical peculiarities of the motivational sphere of students having various levels of self-appraisal.The authors emphasize the fact that the key priorities of Russian state youth policy in the mid-range perspective are to create conditions for successful socialization and effective self-realization of young people, to develop the youth’s potential and its employment in the interests of the country’s innovative development, to have the youth involved in some social practice.Meanwhile, practical studies demonstrate that the youth have a significant potential which is not used to its full capacity, namely, mobility, initiative, adaptability to innovative changes, new technologies, ability to resist negative challenges.To mobilize these potentials of the youth, it is necessary to take into account such individually psychological peculiarities as self-appraisal self and motivation.So, the problem of studying the motivational sphere of student youth is urgent, as one of the main tasks of university education is to develop a student’s individuality in the process of creating a future professional specialist.The authors of the article analyse the student’s self-appraisal as an important factor for regulating the student’s activities. The interrelation between motivation and the level of students’ self-appraisal are studied in the article as well as differences in students’ motivation depending on their self-appraisal.

Данная статья посвящена изучению характеристик, структурных и семантических особенностей построения, информационной рубрикации информации заголовков газетно-публицистического дискурса, передающих значение самооценки, характерных контрактированных диктем-прагмем фактуально-оценочного типа. Заголовок – это диктемное имя текста, информационное ядро вводимого им текста статьи, тематизирующая единица текста. Самооценка в заголовках обладает способностью задавать и регулировать прагматическую реакцию читателя, потенциальный воздействующий эффект эксплицитной или имплицитной, прямой или косвенной самооценки, реализуемый в соответствии с интенцией автора статьи в системе текстового целого. Диктемы-заголовки, передающие значение самооценки, представляют собой контрактированные диктемы-прагмемы публицистической аргументации фактуально-оценочного типа, обладающие присущими только им характеристиками и особенностями построения.

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Abstract: Background: How accurate are mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients in assessing their cognitive and functional deficit is often unclear to the clinician. The accuracy of patient self‐appraisal in Parkinson's disease‐MCI (PD‐MCI) has received less attention than amnestic MCI (a‐MCI) often associated with Alzheimer's disease. We evaluated if PD‐MCI patients demonstrate accurate self‐appraisal of their cognitive deficits compared to patients with amnestic a‐MCI or non‐amnestic MCI (na‐MCI). Methods: This cross‐sectional cohort study included, 30 PD‐MCI, 33 a‐MCI, and 17 na‐MCI patients. Self‐appraisal was assessed by comparing responses of caregivers and patients on a validated self‐rating questionnaire of cognitive and functional impairments. All patients completed a full neuropsychological evaluation and depression screening measure. Univariate ANOVA, regression, and correlational analyses were employed to identify group differences in self‐appraisal scores and relationships between cognitive and functional impairment, depression measures, and self‐appraisal scores. Results: Self‐appraisal scores for PD‐MCI did not differ significantly from a‐MCI and na‐MCI. In the PD‐MCI group, higher depression scores were associated with lower self‐appraisal scores (i.e, patients assessed cognition as worse than caregivers). In a stepwise regression model with self‐appraisal scores as the dependent variable, only the depression score was significant predictor among PD‐MCI and accounted for 50% of the variance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that impaired patient self‐appraisal is equally likely to occur in PD‐MCI as in a‐MCI and na‐MCI patients. Among PD‐MCI, depression was the strongest predictor of impaired patient self‐appraisal. Impaired insight into cognitive impairment and depression should be considered in both care and research with PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : considered self-appraisal adequacy of students’ physical abilities of students of pedagogical specialties involved in various forms of education. Material : the study was conducted with students of II and IV courses of the Faculty of Primary Education stationary and correspondence courses (total 120 people.). Used a technique of self-appraisal of physical development, technique of rapid assessment of physical health, motor tests. Results : set the direction for the development of the values of physical culture and self-improvement of physical abilities that depend on the adequacy of the self-assessment of their physical development and physical fitness. The comparison of subjective and objective indicators for assessing physical health and physical fitness of students. Highlighted significant differences in the direction of re-evaluation of their physical abilities in students of correspondence courses. Conclusions : It is recommended to use the self-appraisal methodology of physical development to determine the degree of objectivity of self-confidence, which determines the motivation for self-improvement.

Objective Develop and test a tool designed for use by pre-registration midwifery students to self-appraise their critical thinking in practice. Design A descriptive cohort design was used. Participants All students (n=164) enrolled in a three-year Bachelor of Midwifery program in Queensland, Australia. Methods The staged model for tool development involved item generation, mapping draft items to critical thinking concepts and expert review to test content validity, pilot testing of the tool to a convenience sample of students, and psychometric testing. Students (n=126, 76.8% response rate) provided demographic details, completed the new tool, and five questions from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) via an online platform or paper version. Findings A high content validity index score of 0.97 was achieved through expert review. Construct validity via factor analysis revealed four factors: seeks information, reflects on practice, facilitates shared decision making, and evaluates practice. The mean total score for the tool was 124.98 (SD=12.58). Total and subscale scores correlated significantly. The scale achieved good internal reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.92. Concurrent validity with the MSLQ subscale was 0.35 (p<0.001). Conclusion This study established the reliability and validity of the CACTiM – student version for use by pre-registration midwifery students to self-assess critical thinking in practice. Implications for practice Critical thinking skills are vital for safe and effective midwifery practice. Students’ assessment of their critical thinking development throughout their pre-registration programme makes these skills explicit, and could guide teaching innovation to address identified deficits. The availability of a reliable and valid tool assists research into the development of critical thinking in education and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that for obesity patients, improved problem-solving skills have a positive impact on losing weight and treatment adherence. The aims of our study, by describing the problem-solving self-appraisal of obese patients applied to our center, were to provide data in enriching the obesity management, to facilitate weight loss and improve longterm goals for patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional and descriptive. There were no sampling methods, all patients registered to the center program and passed the health screening module were asked to be included. The data collection was performed via "Socio-demographic information form" and "Problem-Solving Inventory" (PSI) forms. Quantitative data were compared by Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, One-way Anova, post-hoc test, and correlation analysis. RESULTS: The total average of the PSI scores of 87 patients was 122.33±20.25. There was no statistical significance between the inventory scores and gender, marital status, financial state, smoking, and alcohol consumption (p>0.05). Physical activity and education were correlated with the PSI scores (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that participants had low problem-solving self-appraisals. Providing an additional perspective on problem-solving skills may help to promote the psychological and physical well-being of obesity patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The questions of necessity of study of reasons of subconscious defence of men and women of sportsmen and their gender distinctions are considered. It is marked that subconscious defence is one of major criteria of success of competition activity and achievement of high sporting result. The features of reasons of subconscious protection are selected for men and women of sportsmen. Gender distinctions of reasons of formation of subconscious protection are considered. It is marked that setting of psychological defence consists of maintenance of integrity of «Ya- conceptions» of sportsman by the protection of his consciousness from the negative psychologic traumatic experiencing of fear, failure, alarm, to uncertainty in the actions on competitions.

We investigated how the transition to remote instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic affected students' engagement, self-appraisals, and learning in advanced placement (AP) Statistics courses. Participants included 681 (M age =16.7 years, SD age =.90; %female=55.4) students enrolled in the course during 2017-2018 (N=266), 2018-2019 (N=200), and the pandemic-affected 2019-2020 (N=215) school years. Students enrolled during the pandemic-affected year reported a greater improvement in affective engagement but a decrease in cognitive engagement in the spring semester relative to a previous year. Females enrolled in the pandemic-affected year experienced a greater negative change in affective and behavioral engagement. Students enrolled during the pandemic-affected year reported a greater decrease in their anticipated AP exam scores and received lower scores on a practice exam aligned with the AP exam compared to a prior year. Although students were resilient in some respects, their self-appraisal and learning appear to have been negatively affected by pandemic circumstances., (© The Author(s) 2023.)