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Aim: Against the background of the rising number of elderly people being incarcerated and the rare data on this special subgroup, the aim of our study was to collect first empirical data on the affective state of elderly prisoners in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Methods: Data were collected in nine German prisons. We included elderly prisoners from pretrial prevention, penal sentences, open enforcement, preventive detention and from special detention units for elderly inmates. For the evaluation of the affective state, we used the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Sociodemographic and crime-related characteristics were documented. Findings: In total, n=116 prisoners (91.4% male) were included. The age ranged from 53 to 91 years (65.6±6.3 years). In our sample, 48% reported at least mild depressive symptoms, which is a significantly higher prevalence of depressive symptomatology than in the general population aged 60 years and older. Differences were found with regard to the type of detention, as prisoners in open enforcement showed significantly less symptoms compared to those in pretrial prevention and preventive detention. The participants reported in general more somatic symptoms as sleep disturbances and fatigue compared to mood items as feelings of sadness. Originality: It is the first study assessing the affective state of older prisoners in Germany. The high rate of depressive symptoms in our sample is in line with findings from international studies underlining the need for adequate diagnostics and therapy. In addition, in a previous study depression was indirectly linked with a greater risk of re-incarceration, fortifying the need for successful treatment of depression in prison both for the individuum and for society.

This study aimed to develop a self-rating anxiety inventory for maintenance haemodialysis patients (AI-MHD) and perform preliminary validation to provide a simple, effective, and highly specific practical tool for effective anxiety disorder screening in haemodialysis patients. Based on existing general anxiety disorder screening scales and common symptoms of MHD patients as a reference and after expert discussions and preliminary validation at a single dialysis centre, a self-rating AI-MHD containing 12 items was developed. Subsequently, the AI-MHD was applied in 4 dialysis centres and compared with GAD-7 and HADS-A. Further multicentre validation showed that Cronbach's alpha for the scale was 0.918; the AI-MHD score not only significantly differed between the anxiety disorders group and the non-anxiety disorders group (p

Background: Depression is a major source of distress and can have a profound impact on the quality of life and consider leading cause of death and morbidity. Early treatment and identification of depression reduces the burden on caregivers and family member along with medical costs. About 3% of the global population proved to be affected by depressive disorders currently according to global statistics. People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the ages of 30-40. There is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages of 50-60 years. Objectives: The main goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of depression in people living in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Methodology: Community based-study was conducted in 2019 with the use of a cross-sectional, multistage, stratified, cluster random sample. Families were visited and interviewed at their homes. Data was collected by adapted tool from the World Health Survey and developed by WHO. 2532 families were interviewed by approximately 100 well trained data collectors 25 nurses. Results: The present study showed that the prevalence of depressive disorder among Adults aged 18 and above was 2.1 %. This fluctuates between 2.3% for females and 2% for males. The estimated number of adults who were affected by depressive disorder was 54,733 who age 18 years and above. Out of all clients having depressive disorder, only 19% were diagnosed. While approximately 81% did not realize that they were suffering from a depressive disorder. The results show the depression prevalence was 4.7% for local clients compared to 2% for non-local clients. Conclusions: Depression tends to adversely impact individual’s quality of life. Males are less likely to suffer from depression than females and UAE nationals more than expatriate. Depressive disorders among Dubai population is not uncommon, in spite of revealing the lowest level of global depressive rating, it does reflect significant public health implications which necessitate effective containment strategies.

Empirische Studien und schulische Rechtsvorschriften betonen die Relevanz von Schulleiter*innen für die Schulentwicklung. Auf diese Aufgabe müssen Schulleiter*innen in Aus- und Fortbildungen vorbereitet werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht in einem längsschnittlichen Design Effekte der Fortbildungsreihe Werkstatt „Schule leiten“. Die Teilnehmer*innen bewerten die Werkstatt zumeist positiv und es zeigen sich geringe bis moderate Veränderungen in ihrem selbstberichteten beruflichen Handeln. Schulleiter*innen mit wenigen Jahren Leitungserfahrung berichten dabei über die größten Zuwächse. Der Beitrag diskutiert Implikationen für die Forschung und Fortbildung von Schulleiter*innen. (DIPF/Orig.), Empirical studies and legal documents of school law highlight the importance of principals for school improvement. Professional development (PD) needs to be provided for principals in this field accordingly. This longitudinal study investigates effects of a PD program addressing principals’ self-reported skills that are related to school improvement. Participants are highly satisfied with the PD program and they report small to moderate changes of their leadership behaviour. Principals with little experience on the job report higher gains of their leadership than highly experienced principals. Implications for future research and professional development are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)

It was noted that from 2011 to 2017 rice production in Indonesia had increased by 23.77%. Perusahaan X is a rice supplier company in Bandung city with the transfer of rice carried out by porters (kuli panggul) manually without tools. Porters do the lifting process with a duration of 9 hours and the load carried weights from 10 kg to 50 kg. Repetitive and monotonous task can increase stress levels and fatigue at work. Improvement of work condition is needed through the measurement of stress and fatigue level on the porters of rice in Perusahaan X using cocorometer and The Subjective Self Rating Test (SSRT) questionnaire to increase productivity in the company. Ten men as respondent with ages ranging from 20-41 years with work experience of 1-6 years were tested. The result shows that respondents before work (α/2table< α/2calculated< α/2tableor 0.025 < 0.544 < 0.975) and after work (α/2table< α/2calculated< α/2tableor 0.025 < 0.413 < 0.975) experienced increased stress and fatigue level. The correlation between stress and fatigue level before work (degree of freedom = -0.219) and after work (degree of freedom = -0.292) shows low correlation. Stress level is not only influenced by fatigue level but also influenced by the age and work experience of respondents during work. Perusaahaan X should do several things to reduce the increased in stress and fatigue by creating a pleasant atmosphere at work; requiring the workers to do stretching at rest break; providing bonus; and providing drinking water so that respondents are not dehydrated. Keywords: Stress, fatigue, cocorometer, SSRT

The present study had two objectives: (1) to investigate differences in voice parameters between teachers with and without self-reported voice disorders and (2) to find differences in voice parameters between teachers and healthcare workers without self-reported voice disorders.Three respondents' groups were formed: teachers with self-reported voice disorders (mean age, 47 years; range, 34-60 years), teachers without self-reported voice disorders (46; 27-64), and healthcare workers without self-reported voice disorders (45; 31-63). All participants were women. Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), fundamental frequency (Twenty-nine percent of teachers noted two or more vocal symptoms daily or weekly. Teachers with self-reported voice disorders had a higher degree of perceived stress (18 vs. 13,The teaching profession can influence the voice, and the presence of psycho-emotional factors can lead to the development of voice disorders in teachers.

Anhand der Befragungsdaten von 184 baden-wurttembergischen Kita-Fachkraften wird untersucht, welche Zusammenhange zwischen dem Implementationserfolg einer Reformmasnahme und den fur die Implementation bedeutsamen individuellen und projektspezifischen Merkmalen bestehen. Dabei werden anhand eines Strukturgleichungsmodells die Beziehungen zwischen den individuellen Voraussetzungen der padagogischen Fachkrafte und ihrer subjektiven Wahrnehmung einer erfolgreichen Implementation des Modellprojektes analysiert. Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass die Wahrnehmung projektspezifischer Merkmale (relativer Vorteil, Kompatibilitat und Komplexitat) nicht unabhangig von den individuellen Voraussetzungen der padagogischen Fachkrafte (Einstellungen, Kenntnisse und berufl. Belastung) betrachtet werden sollte. Insbesondere die Einstellungen gegenuber schulvorbereitender Zusatzforderung weisen Zusammenhange mit allen projektspezifischen Merkmalen auf.

Objective The aim of this study was to ascertain the relationships between perspective-taking, empathic concern, and self-rating of empathy as a physician among medical students. Methods This study analyzed the questionnaire responses of 152 medical students enrolled in Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea, in 2018. As measurement instruments, the authors applied the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and Korean Student Version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (Korean JSPE-S), and then examined participant characteristic variables based on the obtained data and conducted subsequent correlation analyses of subscales, one-way ANOVA, and regression analyses. Results Medical students with clinical clerkship experience demonstrated higher levels of perspective-taking and empathy as physicians than did students without experience. Moreover, perspective-taking and empathic concern were significant predictors of medical students’ empathy as physicians in the regression model. Conclusions Medical students with higher scores in perspective-taking and empathic concern demonstrated higher levels of perception regarding the necessity and importance of empathy as a physician in patient-physician relationships. Therefore, in actual medical situations with patient-centered therapy, to enhance the levels of physician empathy, medical education should focus on the understanding of other persons’ opinions and interpersonal interactions accompanied by empathic concern.

The aim of this study was to compare dental students’ self-perception of oral health with the results of a clinical examination of the masticatory system. Seventy-four dental students (38 (51.4%) females and 36 (48.6%) males) completed the Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (OHIP-G-14) and underwent a clinical examination according to the Graz Dysfunction Index (GDI). Data were analyzed with descriptive and comparative statistics. Median OHIP-G-14 scores were 3 (IQR 0–6) in the total collective, 4 (1–11) in females, and 2 (0–4) in males (p = 0.072). A score of 0 was found in 29.7% of the sample. The results of the GDI were 50% “normal function”, 43.2% “adaptation”, 5.4% “compensation”, and 1.4% “dysfunction”. The comparison of OHIP-G-14 scores and DGI groups showed a significant difference (p = 0.031). Based on the questionnaire, less than one third of the sample indicated maximum oral health-related quality of life. In contrast, the GDI revealed “normal function” or “adaptation” in 93.2%. Dental students underappreciated their oral health condition. Health assessments should not be solely questionnaire-based, especially in health professionals (-to-be). To establish a valid diagnosis of the state of health, self-assessment must be complemented by an objective clinical examination, e.g., GDI.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate the feasibility of a tool to compare a severity index of nonlinear events and vocal self-rating over a long period of time. One hundred and ninety-seven phonations were analyzed to quantify the severity of instabilities in the voice attributed to nonlinear dynamic phenomena, including voice breaks, subharmonics, and frequency jumps. Instabilities were first counted; then a severity index was calculated for the instabilities in each phonation. The two quantities were compared to the subject's autoperceptual rating. Generally speaking, the measures derived from nonlinear dynamic analysis of the high-pitched, soft phonations followed the subject's own rating of inability to produce soft voice. These preliminary single subject results provide a foundation for future multi-subject studies to formulate acoustic and autoperceptual measures for the fatiguing effects of prolonged speaking in vocally demanding professions. However, given the number of observations, the results are still useful in showing general relationships. While future work should add additional subjects, a study providing preliminary evidence is useful before attempting to undertake a multi-subject study with complex analysis (i.e., individually selecting the nonlinear events) and with a long observation duration (days, weeks, and months) of subject.

Background: This study aimed to compare the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety/Depression Scale (SAS/SDS) in evaluating anxiety and depression in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. Methods: A total of 70 PsA patients were enrolled. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected after enrollment. HADS-A and SAS were used to evaluate the anxiety of PsA patients, while HADS-D and SDS were used to evaluate the depression of PsA patients. Results: Similar results were observed in detecting the rate of anxiety by HADS-A and SAS (27.1 vs. 21.4%, p = 0.424), and there was no difference in classifying the severity of anxiety by HADS-A and SAS (p = 0.347). The Spearman test also disclosed that HADS-A score was positively associated with SAS score (p <0.001). The rates of depression were similar by HADS-D and SDS (27.1 vs. 40.0%; p = 0.108). However, different results were observed in grading the severity of anxiety by HADS-D and SDS (p = 0.009), and no correlation was observed between HADS-D and SDS scores (p = 0.138). The consumption of time for HADS assessment was shorter than that for SAS/SDS assessment (p < 0.001). In addition, a positive correlation of HADS-A score with patients’ global assessment (PGA) (p = 0.022) and fatigue scores (p = 0.028) was discovered, and HADS-D score was positively associated with PGA score (p = 0.019). SAS or SDS score presented less correlation with clinical features of PsA patients, which illuminated that only SAS score was positively associated with duration of psoriasis (p = 0.030). Conclusion: HADS seems to be a better option for anxiety and depression assessment than SAS/SDS in PsA patients.

Despite Latino adults’ health advantages in the United States, they tend to have worse self-rated health (SRH) than non-Hispanic Whites. This finding extends to Latina mothers’ ratings of their children’s health, but it is unknown whether Latino children also have worse SRH than Whites. We investigate this question, as well as variations in mother-child agreement in rating the child’s health by ethnicity, and the role of mothers’ acculturation in these associations. Using survey data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find that Mexican-origin children’s SRH is worse than non-Hispanic White children’s SRH, but Mexican-origin children’s SRH is also often better than their mothers’ ratings of the children’s health. Maternal acculturation explains some of the relationship between Mexican-origin and child SRH, with particular facets of the acculturation experience operating in different directions. We discuss the implications of these findings for understandings of racial/ethnic disparities in health, particularly among children.

Zusammenfassung. Die Kurzfassung des Bielefelder Fragebogens zu Partnerschaftserwartungen (BFPE-12) ist ein Selbstrating zur Messung partnerschaftsbezogener Bindungsaspekte. Neben der Messung der Dimensionen Akzeptanzprobleme, Öffnungsbereitschaft und Zuwendungsbedürfnis können Personen Bindungsmustern zugewiesen werden. Die vorliegende Studie evaluiert Faktorenstruktur und psychometrische Eigenschaften des Instruments anhand einer aktuellen bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Stichprobe. Die Stichprobe umfasst N = 1574 Personen. Es wurden soziodemographische Variablen, der BFPE-12, die Kurzform des Depressive Experiences Questionnaire Self-Criticism sowie der Patient Health Questionnaire-4 erhoben. Es wurden explorative und konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen durchgeführt und interne Konsistenz, Itemstatistiken und Korrelationen mit Außenkriterien bestimmt. Explorative und konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigten die angenommene Faktorenstruktur (RMSEA .7). Starke Akzeptanzprobleme und geringe Öffnungsbereitschaft korrelierten hypothesenkonform mit Selbstkritik, Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität. z-Werte, t-Werte und Prozentränge werden berichtet. Insgesamt kann für den BFPE-12 konstatiert werden, dass er eine mehrfach evaluierte Faktorenstruktur und akzeptable psychometrische Eigenschaften aufweist.

Zusammenfassung. Die Kurzversion des Big Five Inventory für Kinder und Jugendliche (BFI-K KJ) stellt einen deutschsprachigen Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen zur Erfassung von Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Neurotizismus und Offenheit für Erfahrungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen dar. Der Fragebogen wurde basierend auf einer Stichprobe von N = 267 Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 9 bis 16 Jahren ( M = 11.77, SD = 2.08; 52 % Mädchen) entwickelt und umfasst 26 Items. Die internen Konsistenzanalysen, Retest-Reliabilitäten und Interkorrelationen der Skalen sprechen für die Zuverlässigkeit des Verfahrens. Auch erweist sich das Verfahren als valide: So konnten (a) die 5-Faktoren-Struktur in einer Exploratorischen Faktorenanalyse (EFA) sowie in einem Explorativen Strukturgleichungsmodell (ESEM) bestätigt, (b) die konvergente und diskriminante Validität gestützt, (c) die aus der Literatur bekannten Zusammenhänge der Big Five mit Außenkriterien wie Alter und Geschlecht und (d) die Kriteriumsvalidität an einer klinischen Stichprobe aufgezeigt werden. Mit dem BFI-K KJ liegt demnach ein ökonomisches sowie reliables und valides Verfahren zur Erfassung der Big Five-Persönlichkeitsfaktoren für Kinder und Jugendliche vor.

Zusammenfassung Ziel Übersetzung und Validierung der Glasgow Anxiety Scale for people with an Intellectual Disability (GAS-ID). Methodik Überprüfung psychometrischer Eigenschaften an einer Stichprobe von 34 Erwachsenen mit Lernbehinderung oder Intelligenzminderung und 38 klinischen Probanden ohne Intelligenzminderung. Ergebnisse Die GAS-ID erwies sich als reliabel und valide (Sensitivität: 100 %, Spezifität: 87 %). Schlussfolgerung Die deutsche GAS-ID ist ein vielversprechendes Screeninginstrument. Eine Überarbeitung einzelner Items und Replikation an größeren Stichproben stehen noch aus.

For simultaneous screening of mixed features (MF) by DSM-5 and mixed depression (MD) by Benazzi, useful symptoms were extracted from our 12-item dimensional scale for depressive mixed state (DMX-12). Subjects were 190 consecutive cases with major depressive episode (MDE) who visited our clinic. Associations between symptomatological combinations of the DMX-12 and MF or MD were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC). The rate of MF was 4.2% while that of MD was 22.6%. Eight symptoms (overreactivity, inner tension, racing/crowded thought, impulsivity, irritability, aggression, risk-taking behavior, and dysphoria) with their AUC &gt, 0.6 for ROC curves were specially focused on distinguishing patients with MF or MD from non-mixed patients. By using these 8 symptoms, 40.5% of the overall patients were screened as positive at the same cut-off value (&ge, 13) for both MD and MF. The AUC of ROC curve and sensitivity/specificity were well balanced together with sufficient negative predictive values. The abovementioned 8 symptoms seem to be helpful for primary screening and negative check of DMX with considerable severity during MDE.

Background. Predicting suicide attempts is a challenging task for clinicians and researchers, particularly among high-risk individuals (i.e. adolescents with lifetime suicide attempts). In this study, we examined whether adolescents were able to predict their own risk of attempting suicide in the future and whether borderline personality disorder (BPD) or depressive symptoms impacted the predictive value of self-ratings. Methods. Structured clinical assessments were conducted at baseline and after 12 months in a high-risk sample of treatment-seeking adolescents (n = 134; 12-17y.; 90% female) with at least one lifetime suicide attempt. Results. During the follow-up period, n = 51 participants (38%) attempted suicide at least once. Self-rated risk was a significant predictor for the recurrence of a suicide attempt, whereas BPD and depression were not. While there was no significant interaction between self-rated risk and BPD, a negative interaction emerged between self-rated risk and depression in the prediction of a suicide attempt. Greater depression severity diminished the predictive value of self-ratings. Limitations. Depression severity was measured using a questionnaire, not a clinical interview. The findings may not be applicable to less burdened samples. Conclusions. Asking high-risk adolescents to rate their own risk of attempting suicide appears to be an easy to apply method in improving the prediction of future suicide attempts in the clinical context.

How accurate are self-judgments of personality traits? When it comes to judging our own enduring personality characteristics, are we hopelessly blind, deluded, and biased, or are we generally accurate? In order to answer these questions, this chapter reviews the empirical evidence regarding the accuracy of trait self-judgments. Although self-judgments are not always perfectly accurate, the majority of studies suggest that self-judgments of personality have considerable validity. Self-judgments of both narrow, specific traits and the broad personality factors of the Big Five agree with judgments provided by knowledgeable others and predict personality-relevant states, experiences, behaviors, and consequential life outcomes. Suggestions for improving the accuracy of our self-judgments and directions for future research on the accuracy of trait self-judgments are discussed.

Die Autorinnen erörtern in ihrem Beitrag eine Form digitaler Kompetenzeinschätzung in der Lehrer*innenbildung. Ziel sind digitale Kompetenzprofile bei Studierenden. Dabei werden verschiedene Aspekte beschrieben, die zu berücksichtigen sind, wenn es um die Förderung digitaler Kompetenzen und digitaler Kompetenzeinschätzungen auf Hochschulniveau geht. (DIPF/Orig.)

Welche Bedingungen gibt es für die gelingende Konstruktion einer praxisnahen Schulleitungsprofessionalisierung, die gleichermaßen attraktiv und wirksam gestaltet ist? Antworten auf diese Frage leiten die Autor*innen aus ihren Erfahrungen mit der Werkstatt „Schule leiten“ der Deutschen Schulakademie ab. Sie setzen damit einen Impuls für neue Forschungsfragen zur Professionalisierung von Führungskräften in Schulen. (DIPF/Orig.), What are the conditions for the successful construction of a practice-oriented professionalisation of school management that is both attractive and effective? The authors derive answers to this question from their experiences with the Werkstatt “Schule leiten” [Workshop “Leading Schools”] of the German School Academy. In doing so, they set an impulse for new research questions on the professionalisation of managers in schools. (DIPF/Orig.)

To investigate and analyze the effect of quantitative self-rating health scale in elderly patients with hypertension. From January 2018 to October 2018, 95 elderly hypertensive patients managed by a community health service center in a city were selected, and 100 healthy persons were selected in the same period. Self-rated health assessment scale and general data questionnaire were used to investigate and analyze them. The total score of self-rated health assessment scale and its dimensions in elderly patients with hypertension were significantly lower than those in healthy control group (p 0.05).The scores of physical health, social health and self-rated health assessment scale in elderly patients with hypertension were correlated with gender, age and educational level in varying degrees (p 0.05). The scores of mental health and total self-rated health were correlated with age and educational level (p 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that age was an important factor affecting self-rated health assessment scale in elderly patients with hypertension (p

Background: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the only practical, non-invasive method of recording and analysing cardiac abnormalities. It enables a primary healthcare (PHC) clinician to detect cardiac and non-cardiac abnormalities, some potentially life-threatening. Their early detection could save a patient’s life. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the competence of generalist practitioners in ECG interpretation. Setting: This study was conducted at the Annual Refresher Course, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 93 generalist practitioners, using a self-administered questionnaire containing 20 ECG tracings, commonly encountered in PHC. The tracings were categorised into primary ECG parameters, ECG emergencies and common ECG abnormalities. Competence was determined by the generalist practitioner’s number of correctly interpreted ECG tracings. Data associations were computed using the Fisher’s exact test. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Correct heart rate calculation was achieved by 14/83 (16.9%), ECG rhythm by 7/83 (8.4%), acute antero-septal myocardial infarction (MI) by 29/83 (34.9%), atrial fibrillation by 19/83 (22.9%) and cute inferior MI by 22/83 (26.5%) generalist practitioners. No correlation was found between the practitioners’ number of years in practice and competence in ECG interpretation ( p > 0.05). The total number of correct answers achieved by all practitioners was 274/1860 (14.7%). Conclusion: The generalist practitioners had poor competency on ECG interpretation regardless of the number of years in practice. Their poor self-rating corresponded with the number of correct answers they provided. There is a need for continuous education in ECG interpretation.

This study used the correlated trait–correlated method minus one model to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales of the Conners 3 Short [C 3 (S)]. The C 3 (S) scales in the analysis were inattention (IN), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HY), learning problems (LP; learning problems/executive functioning from the teacher version), aggression (AG), and peer relations (PR, only for parent and teacher versions). A total of 529 adolescents and children (75% males, mean age = 11.75 years, SD = 2.97 years) provided self-ratings, and were also rated by their mothers and teachers. The findings indicated no support for the convergence of IN and HY across the three respondents. In contrast, there was convergence for LP, AG, and PR. There was support for the discriminant validity of the traits, except between IN and HY. The findings are discussed in relation to the convergent and discriminant validity of the C 3 (S) measures, and the clinical use of the C 3 (S).

Study Design:Cross-sectional and longitudinal validation study.Objective:Development and validation of a short, reliable, and valid questionnaire for the assessment of low back pain–related disability.Methods:The iDI was created in a stepwise procedure: (1) its development was based on the literature and theoretical consideration; (2) outcome data were collected and evaluated in a pilot study; (3) final validations were performed based on an international multicenter spine surgery outcome study including 514 patients; (4) the iDI was programmed for a tablet computer (iPad) and tested for its clinical practicability.Results:The final version of the iDI comprises of 8 simple questions related to different aspects of disability with a 5-point Likert-type answer scale. The iDI compared very well to the Oswestry Disability Index in terms of reliability and validity. The iDI was demonstrated to be suitable for data assessment on a tablet computer (iPad).Conclusions:The iDI is a short, valid, and practicable tool that facilitates routine quality assessment in terms of low back pain–related disability.

The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) is a widely used measure of decisionmaking styles (adaptive: vigilance; and maladaptive: hypervigilance, buck passing, and procrastination), but there is little evidence regarding its predictive ability in professional settings. The aim of the study was to assess the association between MDMQ dimensions and subjective performance evaluation of decision-making quality (SPEDM) among hospital nurses (N = 109). We also assessed whether MDMQ can predict variance in SPEDM when controlled for affective traits (neuroticism – BFI; and self-esteem – RSES), social desirability (MC–SDS10), and length of practice. Self-rated SPEDM was positively associated with vigilance, and negatively associated with maladaptive decision-making styles. Supervisor-rated SPEDM was unrelated to decision- making styles. Social desirability slightly affected the relationships between self-rated SPEDM and decision-making styles. Despite several limitations, the results cast doubt regarding the ability of the MDMQ to predict decision-making quality.

Background We sought to establish to what extent decision certainty has been measured in real time and whether high or low levels of certainty correlate with clinical outcomes. Methods Our pre-specified study protocol is published on PROSPERO, CRD42019128112. We identified prospective studies from Medline, Embase and PsycINFO up to February 2019 that measured real time self-rating of the certainty of a medical decision by a clinician. Findings Nine studies were included and all were generally at high risk of bias. Only one study assessed long-term clinical outcomes: patients rated with high diagnostic uncertainty for heart failure had longer length of stay, increased mortality and higher readmission rates at 1 year than those rated with diagnostic certainty. One other study demonstrated the danger of extreme diagnostic confidence – 7% of cases (24/341) labelled as having either 0% or 100% diagnostic likelihood of heart failure were made in error. Conclusions The literature on real time self-rated certainty of clinician decisions is sparse and only relates to diagnostic decisions. Further prospective research with a view to generating hypotheses for testable interventions that can better calibrate clinician certainty with accuracy of decision making could be valuable in reducing diagnostic error and improving outcomes.

We examined whether vicarious life stories about mothers and fathers differed in their relationships with personal life stories and well-being. Seventy-six emerging adults completed scales measuring well-being and described three chapters in their personal, mothers’, and fathers’ life stories. Chapters were self-rated and content coded for emotional tone and positive/negative person change. Characteristics of personal life stories were positively correlated with characteristics of vicarious life stories for mothers and fathers. Personal life stories were higher on positive person change than vicarious life stories about mothers and fathers. Higher well-being was related to rating all three life stories as more positive, but results for content coding were more mixed. The results indicate that vicarious life stories for mothers and fathers are related in similar ways to personal life stories and well-being.

Objective The aim was to investigate the potential of using simulator-based training (SBT) to improve older drivers' self-rating ability and to compare two forms of feedback; corrective versus corrective and rewarding feedback. Method The study was designed to study the possibility of training for self-rated driving ability in a simulator, and the impact of corrective (errors made) feedback versus corrective (errors made) and rewarding (correct behaviour) feedback during training. In total, 21 older drivers (mean age 78.5, SD=3.9 years) were trained and assessed in the driving simulator. Driving performance was assessed by penalty scores as well as self and expert ratings. Results The average deviation from correctly rated ability (own vs. expert) changed from -0.7 (under-rating) to 0.1 at the final training and assessment occasion; i.e., drivers ratings became more like the expert's rating or, in other terms, better calibrated. The individuals with the largest deviations from the expert's rating initially improved their self-rating ability the most. There were no differences between the two feedback groups in terms of their ability to self-rate, but rewarding feedback had a positive effect on penalty scores. The SBT showed positive training effects on the ability to self-rate one's driving ability, and rewarding feedback contributed to lower penalty scores. However, simulator sickness was a shortcoming that needs to be adressed, and the optimal form of feedback should be further investigated.

Background This study assesses the psychometric properties of the German version of the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision for measuring pediatric OCD. Methods The parent-rating and self-rating inventory is assessed in a clinical sample (CLIN: n = 342, age range = 6–18 years) comprising an OCD subsample (OCDS: n = 181) and a non-OCD clinical subsample (non-OCD: n = 161), and in a community sample (COS: n = 367, age range = 11–18 years). Results An exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution: (1) Contamination & Washing, (2) Catastrophes & Injuries, (3) Checking, and (4) Ordering & Repeating. Internal consistencies of the respective scales were acceptable to excellent across all samples, with the exception of the self-report subscale Ordering and Repeating in the community sample. The subscales correlated highly with the total score. Intercorrelations between the subscales were mainly r ≤ .70, indicating that the subscales were sufficiently independent of each other. Convergent and divergent validity was supported. Participants in the OCD subsample scored significantly higher than those in the non-OCD clinical subsample and the COS on all scales. In the COS, self-rating scores were significantly higher than parent-rating scores on all scales, while significant mean differences between informants were only found on two subscales in the OCD subsample. Conclusion The German version of the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision for measuring pediatric OCD is a promising, valid and reliable instrument to assess self-rated and parent-rated pediatric OCD symptoms in clinical and non-clinical (community) populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13034-019-0286-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction: this article deals with the problem of personal development of adolescents who are brought up in the conditions of paternal deprivation, on the example of the content aspects of the main components of their Self-concept. On the basis of the analysis of the actual data presented in modern studies, the trend of growth in the number of incomplete (maternal) families and the specifics of the development of children and adolescents from such families is stated. The author gives a general assessment of the degree of study of the problem of Self-concept in adolescence and shows its lack of development in relation to adolescents raised in conditions of paternal deprivation. Materials and Methods: a comparative analysis of the features of the content aspects of the main structural components of the Self-concept of adolescents from full and maternal families, a total of 170 people was carried out. The content characteristics of the cognitive component of the Self-concept –Self-image and the manifestations of the emotional component – Self-rating, including the general self-acceptance of adolescents are studied. Results: data of some specificity of the formation of Self-concept of adolescents who are brought up in the conditions of paternal deprivation were received. In particular, the study confirmed the hypothesis that paternal deprivation has a significant impact on the content of the adolescent’s Self-image, which is reflected in both quantitative and qualitative features of their Self-descriptions. In addition, the results of comparative analysis it was determined that the presence of adolescents who are brought up mothers to lower performance in most of the parameters of the Self-rating, except in the area of romantic relationships. Discussion and Conclusions: in general, the results of the study allowed identifying the predominant Self-representation of adolescents from full and maternal families, as well as the nature of their Self-rating in the most important parameters for this age.

Selbstreguliertes Lernen wird in Gymnasien vermehrt gefördert. Eine besondere Form ist das Selbstlernsemester (SLS) im 11. Schuljahr des Besuchs des Gymnasiums. In der Studie wird untersucht, wie Studierende im Rückblick ihre Erfahrungen mit dem SLS einschätzen und ob sich Effekte auf ihre überfachlichen Kompetenzen nachweisen lassen. An der Onlinebefragung nahmen Zürcher Hochschul-Studierende mit SLS-Erfahrung teil. Die Fragen wurden aus früheren Studien übernommen und mit Fragen zum SLS ergänzt. Für die Vergleichsstichprobe wurden die früheren Studien herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Studierende, die vom SLS profitiert haben, relevante Kompetenzen signifikant besser einschätzen. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf Möglichkeiten der Unterstützung von Lernenden beim selbstregulierten Lernen diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.), L’apprentissage autorégulé fait l’objet d’une importante promotion dans les établissements gymnasiaux. Le semestre autodidacte (SLS) proposé en 11e année d’un gymnase en constitue une forme particulière. Cette étude s’intéresse à la manière dont les étudiant·e·s estiment rétrospectivement leurs expériences SLS ainsi qu’aux éventuels effets de ce dispositif sur les compétences générales des étudiant·e·s. Les participant·e·s à l’enquête étaient des étudiant·e·s de l’Université de Zurich au bénéfice d’une expérience SLS. Les questions de l’enquête, reprises d’études antérieures, étaient complétées par des questions concernant les expériences SLS. L’échantillon de référence provenait d’études antérieures. Les résultats montrent que les étudiant·e·s ayant bénéficié du SLS estiment leurs compétences significativement meilleures. Les résultats sont discutés en vue de l’accompagnement des étudiant·e·s dans le processus de l’apprentissage autorégulé. (DIPF/Orig.)

Introduction: The objectives were to identify a latent factor of cognitive reserve (CR) assessed by self-rating of cognitively stimulating activities, to analyze the association between this factor and educational attainment, and to test whether CR moderates the association between polysubstance use and neurocognitive disorder (NCD). Methods: Cross-sectional data of 753 participants was collected in Mexico City. A questionnaire for self-rating of stimulating activities (work/education, leisure, physical, social, usual- and current environments) was designed. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test unifactoriality. This CR factor was then used within a structural equation model of moderation between recent- and years of substance use and indicators of NCD (Montreal Cognitive Assessment and an interview for subjective cognitive deficits). Results: We found acceptable goodness-of-fit values for the unifactorial model, but no association of this factor with educational attainment, nor with recent- and years of substance use (suggesting independence of CR and severity of neuropathology). We did not find a moderation effect of CR between substance use and indicators of NCD; CR was negatively associated with subjective cognitive deficits only. Conclusions: Moderation effect of self-rated CR should be further tested using direct measures of substance-induced neuropathology. Measurement of self-rated CR may complement self-reported cognitive examination.

Zufriedenstellende zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen und Begegnungen sind den meisten Menschen ein wesentliches Bedürfnis. Patienten, die an affektiven Störungen leiden, erleben jedoch zusätzlich zu belastenden Symptomen wie niedergeschlagener Stimmung und Antriebslosigkeit auch Konflikte mit ihrer Familie, dem sozialen und beruflichen Umfeld, bis hin zur sozialen Isolation. Die Frage nach der Ursache der Beeinträchtigung des sozialen Funktionierens von Patienten mit affektiven Störungen bleibt bislang ungeklärt. Als mögliche Erklärung wird eine verminderte Empathiefähigkeit diskutiert. Empathie ermöglicht es uns, uns in ein Gegenüber hineinzuversetzen, dessen Stimmung und Emotionen nachzufühlen und seine Absichten, Ziele und Beweggründe zu verstehen. Im alltäglichen Miteinander ist Empathie eine unverzichtbare und allgegenwärtige Fähigkeit. Die Datenlage zur Empathiefähigkeit von Patienten mit affektiven Störungen ist uneinheitlich. Es gibt sowohl Befunde die für eine verringerte Empathie sprechen, als auch Studien die Hinweise darauf geben, dass Erkrankte besonders empathisch sind. Dies könnte an den sehr heterogenen Stichproben liegen. Patienten mit akuter oder remittierter affektiver Störung, mit unipolarer oder bipolarer Depression werden mitunter nicht getrennt untersucht. Zudem findet die aktuelle Stimmung zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung zu wenig Beachtung. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen diese Punkte differenziert untersucht werden. Wie lässt sich jedoch eine so grundlegende und wichtige Fähigkeit wie Empathie erfassen und messen? In der bisherigen Forschung wird hierbei häufig auf Fragebögen zur Selbsteinschätzung gesetzt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieser Ansatz um die Möglichkeit zur Fremdeinschätzung durch Menschen aus dem persönlichen Umfeld der Person ergänzt. Zudem erfolgen direkte Messungen der Erkennung von Emotionen sowie der Fähigkeit, über Emotionen, Absichten und Wünsche nachzudenken. Methoden: Wie lässt sich ein mögliches Defizit der Empathiefähigkeiten messen? Können soziale Schwierigkeiten unipolar depressiver oder bipolarer Patienten mit einem Defizit der Empathiefähigkeiten erklärt werden? Zur Klärung dieser zentralen Fragen werden zwei empirische Untersuchungen durchgeführt: Im Rahmen der Fragebogenvalidierung wird an einer gesunden studentischen Stichprobe eine verbesserte deutsche Übersetzung des Empathy Quotient sowie eine Umformulierung desselben in ein Fremdbeurteilungsmaß validiert. Eine Experimentalstudie untersucht Patienten mit akuter oder remittierter unipolarer Depression, Patienten mit bipolarer Störung in Vollremission sowie gesunde Kontrollen bezüglich ihrer Empathiefähigkeiten, gemessen mit den beiden Versionen des Empathy Quotient sowie behavioralen Tests zur Emotionserkennungsfähigkeit (Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery) und zur Fähigkeit, Schlussfolgerungen über mentale Zustände eines anderen Menschen zu treffen (Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition). Zudem erfolgt eine experimentelle Manipulation der aktuellen Stimmung durch Musik. Ergebnisse: Die Fragebogenvalidierung mit 140 gesunden studentischen Probanden zeigt, dass sowohl die Übersetzung des Empathy Quotient sowie die Fremdbeurteilungsversion als valide angesehen werden können. Beide Versionen verfügen über hohe interne Konsistenzen und weisen Faktorstrukturen auf, die der des englischen Originals weitgehend entsprechen. Sowohl Durchführungs-, Auswertungs- und Interpretationsobjektivität als auch Konstruktvalidität können als gegeben angenommen werden. Im Rahmen der Experimentalstudie mit insgesamt 203 Teilnehmern finden sich Hinweise auf die erwarteten Defizite der Patientengruppen bezüglich des sozialen Funktionierens. Bezüglich der Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung der Empathie und der behavioralen Messung der Empathie können jedoch -- anders als erwartet -- keine Unterschiede zwischen Patienten mit affektiven Störungen und gesunden Kontrollen gefunden werden. Obwohl die Induktion negativer Stimmung erfolgreich gewesen zu sein scheint, findet sich kein Hinweis auf einen Einfluss der aktuellen Stimmung auf die Emotionserkennung oder auf die Fähigkeit Schlussfolgerungen über mentale Zustände anderer Personen zu ziehen. Diskussion: Die Begrenzungen der Studie -- wie eventuelle Stichprobenverzerrungen, zur Erfassung möglicher subtiler Defizite möglicherweise nicht geeignete Messmethoden sowie unklare Definitionen der untersuchten Konzepte -- sollten bei der Interpretation der Ergebnisse beachtet werden. Auf der Grundlage der vorliegenden empirischen Daten ist jedoch nicht davon auszugehen, dass soziale Schwierigkeiten von Patienten mit affektiven Störungen durch ein Defizit der Empathiefähigkeiten erklärt werden können. Die deutsche Übersetzung und Umformulierung des Empathy Quotient kann hingegen als geeigneter Fragebogen zur Selbst- oder Fremdeinschätzung der Empathie angesehen werden., Satisfying interpersonal relationships and encounters are a fundamental need of most humans. Patients suffering from affective disorders experience not only burdening symptoms like subdued mood or lethargy. They are also facing interpersonal problems within their family, their social and professional environment and even social isolation. The reason for this decrease in social functioning remains unexplained. Empathy deficits are discussed as one possible explanation. Empathy allows us to put oneself in the position of other people, to understand their mood and feelings as well as their goals and motivations. Empathy is an essential and ubiquitous skill in our everyday social interactions. Regarding empathy in patients with affective disorders the data are uncertain. Some experimental results suggest decreased empathy, whereas other studies indicate enhanced empathy in patients. This might be due to the fact that very heterogenous samples were examined. Patients with current episodes and in partial or complete remission, with unipolar and bipolar depression are investigated jointly. Furthermore the present mood at the time of the investigation is often ignored. In this work, a differentiated consideration of these issues is taken into account. How can such a fundamental and important ability like empathy be captured and measured? Previous research has primarily been based on questionnaires and self-assessment. In the present work, this approach is expanded by external assessment by people from the personal environment of the participant. Further, direct measurement of recognition of emotions as well as reasoning about emotions, intentions and wishes in behavioural data are considered. Methods: How can a possible deficit in empathy be captured? Can patients' social difficulties be explained by a deficit in empathy? To clarify these two central questions, two empirical studies are implemented: A validation study examines an enhanced German translation of the Empathy Quotient as well as a reformulated external assessment version in a student population. In an experimental study, patients with unipolar and bipolar depression in current episode or complete remission as well as healthy controls are tested with both versions of the Empathy Quotient as well as with behavioural tests for emotion recognition (Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery) and for reasoning about mental states of other people (Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition). Furthermore the present mood is manipulated experimentally by music. Results: The validation study with 140 healthy student participant shows that the German translation as well as the reworded external assessment version of the Empathy Quotient can be considered valid. Both versions seem to have high internal consistencies and factorial structures that comply with the English original. Implementation, evaluation and interpretation objectivity as well as construct validity are assumed as given. The experimental study with a total of 203 participants provides evidence for the expected social difficulties in patients. Concerning self or external assessment of empathy and behavioural measurement of empathy -- differently than expected -- no discrepancies between patients and healthy controls were found. The induction of negative mood seems to be effective. Nevertheless the negative mood seems to have no effect on emotion recognition or reasoning about mental states of other people.\\ Discussion: The limitations of this study -- for example potential sampling biases, possibly inappropriate measurement methods for the detection of deficits, that may be subtle, or ambiguous definitions of the investigated concepts -- should be considered when interpreting the data. However, based on the empiric data at hand, it can not be assumed that patients' social difficulties can be explained by a deficit in empathy. On the other hand, the German translation and reformulation of the Empathy Quotient can be considered as an applicable questionnaire for self-report or external assessment of empathy.

A positive growth in the global population would increase the need for clean water. Therefore, continuous, adequate, and sustainable clean water supply is a major concern in modern society. A highly effective approach to resolve this concern is to instil self-awareness in consumers. This study established a simple self-rating system for consumers to evaluate their domestic water usage. The rating classifications are ‘Poor’, ‘Fair’, ‘Average’, ‘Good’, and ‘Excellent’, based on a score established using statistical analysis. A high percentage of respondents received an Average (41.3%) or a Good (49.7%) rating. A lower percentage of respondents received a Fair (5.3%) or an Excellent (3.7%) rating. Minimising the frequency of indoor and outdoor activities, practising good water habits, including the use of water saving appliances such as dual-pump cisterns, buckets for showering and bathing, and rainwater harvesting systems are factors that contributed primarily to an Excellent rating. No respondent received a Poor rating, which suggests that there is intrinsic behaviour of good water usage and efforts to conserve water in the community. Consumers can become more aware of and motivated to use water saving practices when they can quantitatively rate their domestic water consumption thru the self-rating system developed in this study.

Aim To evaluate and compare how children with Tourette syndrome and parents rate tic and non-tic behavioral related impairment in home, school, and social domains; to compare these with clinician tic ratings; and to identify factors that may predict greater impairment. Method In a sample of 85 Tourette syndrome and 92 healthy control families, the Child Tourette Syndrome Impairment Scale, designed for parent-report and which includes 37 items rated for tic and non-tic impairment, was administered to parents and, with the referent modified, to children ages 9 to 17 years. Tic severity was rated using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Analyses utilized descriptive and multivariate statistics. Results Tourette syndrome children's and parents' impairment ratings were higher than HC (p

Zusammenfassung. Lehrkräfte spielen in der psychologischen Diagnostik eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle als Informationsquellen. Unklar ist bisher, inwieweit Beurteilungsübereinstimmungen zwischen Lehrkräften und Schülern sowie zwischen verschiedenen Schülerurteilen durch spezifische Merkmale wie Alter und Geschlecht der Schüler beeinflusst werden. In einer Stichprobe von N = 189 Schülern zwischen neun und 18 Jahren (Altersdurchschnitt = 13,69, SD = 2,26) wurde mittels Regressionsanalysen geprüft, ob das Alter und das Geschlecht der Schüler die Übereinstimmung zwischen Selbst- und Lehrerurteilen beim Sozial- und Lernverhalten beeinflusst. Des Weiteren wurde dieser Effekt in Bezug auf die Übereinstimmung von Selbstbeurteilungen für prosoziales Verhalten und psychische Belastungen auf der einen Seite und Sozial- und Lernverhalten auf der anderen Seite analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Beurteilungen von Schülerinnen und ihren Lehrkräften stärker zusammenhängen als diejenigen zwischen Schülern und ihren Lehrkräften. Mögliche Erklärungen für diese Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.

Background: Student performance determines learning achievement and how students absorb lessons in class. One of the factors that cause student performance to decline is physical fatigue, which arises because of the classroom’s physical environment that does not support the teaching and learning process. Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between classroom’s physical environmental conditions and fatigue among high school students. Methods: The study design used was cross-sectional. Data collection included measurements of physical environmental parameters (humidity, temperature, lighting, noise, air flow, ventilation, temperature control, room capacity, room area ratio per person, and school location) and measurements of fatigue among students using the Subjective Self Rating Test in the form of questionnaire. Total sample was 448 students in 10 private high schools, with inclusion criteria: the students are not sick in the last two weeks and 10th and 11th grade students from 10 private high schools. Results: The research showed classroom’s physical environmental factors that affect fatigue among student’s included temperature, relative humidity, air flow, and air conditioner. While the most dominant indicator that was related to the occurrence of students’ fatigue was sex. Conclusion: Further research is needed on other factors that may cause fatigue among students in the classroom to support the conclusion of this research.

This study aimed to quantify the effects of vocal loading and vocal rest using aerodynamic, acoustic, and self-rating measurements.Ten participants were recruited to perform vocal loading tasks lasting 60 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of vocal rest. Objective parameters (phonation threshold pressure, fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio) and subjective parameters (current speaking effort level and laryngeal discomfort) were taken at different time intervals: before vocal loading (baseline), after 15 minutes (L15), 30 minutes (L30), 45 minutes (L45), and 60 minutes (L60) of vocal loading, as well as after 5 minutes (R5), 10 minutes (R10), 20 minutes (R20), and 30 minutes (R30) of vocal rest.Phonation threshold pressure was found to increase significantly within the first 15 minutes of the vocal loading task (P = 0.032), followed by a relatively gentle increase in the subsequent 45 minutes. Subjective self-ratings increased significantly after 30 minutes of loud reading (P 0.05). Phonation threshold pressure recovered faster than subjective parameters after the vocal loading activity had finished. Fundamental frequency was found to consistently increase during vocal loading but return to baseline rapidly within 5 minutes of vocal rest. However, no significant changes in jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio were observed after vocal loading.Phonation threshold pressure and self-ratings may have the potential to track vocal fatigue and recovery. Furthermore, a dynamic monitor of vocal fatigue was presented, which may further provide a guide for appropriate voice use.