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Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder that involves the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and matrix metabolism imbalance in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Selenium, an indispensable trace element, plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis by being incorporated into antioxidant selenoproteins as selenocysteine. In this study, we employed a straightforward synthesis method to produce selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with consistent size and distribution, and evaluated their potential protective effects in ameliorating IVDD. In a simulated inflammatory environment induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in vitro, SeNPs demonstrated a protective effect on the matrix synthesis capacity of NPCs through the up-regulation of aggrecan and type II collagen, while concurrently suppressing the expression of matrix degradation enzymes including MMP13 and ADAMTS5. Additionally, SeNPs preserved mitochondrial integrity and restored impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism by activating glutathione peroxidase1 (GPX1) to rebalance redox homeostasis. In a rat lumbar disc model induced by puncture, the local administration of SeNPs preserved the hydration of nucleus pulposus tissue, promoted matrix deposition, and effectively mitigated the progression of IVDD. Our results indicate that the enhancement of GPX1 by SeNPs may offer a promising therapeutic approach for IVDD by restoring mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accumulation of biofilm over composite resin restorations is one of the principal causes of recurrent caries. Therefore, this study aimed to develop antibacterial composite resins by crystalline selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), assessing the antibacterial, mechanical, and physical properties of the composite resin after SeNPs incorporation. Methods: SeNPs were synthesized via a green method. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nano-filled composite (Filtek™ Z350XT) was considered as a control group (G0). Two concentrations of SeNPs (0.005 wt% and 0.01 wt%.) were added to the tested resin composite (G1& G2), respectively. The physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of the composite specimens (n = 10/group) were characterized. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze these data followed by Bonferroni post hoc test for pairwise comparison. Results: Modified composites with SeNPs showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. mutans. Mechanical properties including diametral tensile strength, compressive strength, or surface roughness were not affected by nano-incorporation compared to control. Furthermore, the degree of conversion showed no statistical difference. However, SeNPs incorporation into resin composite produces color change that can be visually perceived. Conclusions: The green synthesized SeNPs significantly improved the antimicrobial properties of the dental composite without compromising mechanical performance. However, it shows color change after SeNPs incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microbial processes are crucial in the redox transformations of toxic selenium oxyanions. This study focused on isolating an efficient selenate-reducing strain, Azospira sp. A9D-23B, and evaluating its capability to recover extracellular selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from selenium-laden wastewater in different reactor setups. Analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed significantly higher extracellular SeNPs production (99%) on the biocathode of the bioelectrochemical (BEC) reactor compared to the conventional bioreactor (65%). Further investigations into the selenate reductase activity of strain A9D-23B revealed distinct mechanisms of selenate reduction in BEC and conventional bioreactor settings. Notably, selenate reductases associated with the outer membrane and periplasm displayed higher activity (18.31 ± 3.8 µmol/mg-min) on the BEC reactor's biocathode compared to the upflow anaerobic conventional bioreactor (3.24 ± 2.9 µmol/mg-min). Conversely, the selenate reductases associated with the inner membrane and cytoplasm exhibited lower activity (5.82 ± 2.2 µmol/mg-min) on the BEC reactor's biocathode compared to the conventional bioreactor (9.18 ± 1.6 µmol/mg-min). However, the comparable kinetic parameter ( K m ) across cellular fractions in both reactors suggest that SeNP localization was influenced by enzyme activity rather than selenate affinity. Overall, the mechanism involved in selenate reduction to SeNPs and the strain's efficiency in detoxifying selenate below levels regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has broad implications for sustainable environmental remediation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the synthesis of nanoparticles using bioactive agent, the so-called green synthesis, has attracted scientist's attentions due to their unique potentials. Since breast cancer death is one of the most prevalent causes of mortality in women, providing the nanoparticles in a facile, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient method for treatment of breast cancer is necessary. For this purpose, the evaluation of toxicity, antioxidant capacity, and anticancer activity of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles using Crataegus monogyna extract (SeNPs@CM) against breast cancer cell line was investigated in this study. The biosynthesized SeNPs@CM was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, EDS, and TEM analysis. TEM images confirmed the oval and spherical morphology of SeNPs@CM with particle size ranging about 30–60 nm. Anticancer activity of SeNPs@CM on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was studied and compared with balk selenium (Se). MTT assay results showed toxicity of both SeNPs@CM and bulk Se on MCF-7 cell line at lower concentration, but no toxicity was observed for SeNPs@CM on normal cell line. In contrast, bulk selenium showed toxicity against normal cell lines at higher concentrations. Clonogenic assay data showed that proliferation of MCF-7 decreased in group treated with SeNPs@CM in contrast to control and bulk Se groups. Moreover, total antioxidant capacity showed no significant changes in group treated with SeNPs@CM compare to control group, but the average amount of activity increased by increasing the concentrations. Furthermore, catalase activity showed that SeNPs@CM increased the amount of activity on both cell lines at 24 and 48 h, but bulk Se reduced the catalase activity on MCF-7 cell line after 48 h. Our results demonstrated that SeNPs@CM has better efficiency especially when using in high concentrations in contrast to selenium. The present study suggests that the Crataegus monogyna extract mediated synthesized Se NPs can be exploited for potential biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Selenium nanoparticles (Se‐NPs) were produced adopting an environmentally benign green synthetic approach from the waste biomaterial obtained from the apple peel extract (APE). The produced NPs were characterized through UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV–Visible spectra exhibited the absorption peak λmax at 295 nm, confirming the formation of Se‐NPs. The AFM examination revealed the roughness and distribution of the nanoparticles, and FT‐IR ascertained the surface‐contained functional groups presence. The XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the sample, and FE‐SEM validated the surface morphology and the size range of 52 to 84 nm. The TEM demonstrated the spherical shapes of the Se‐NPs with a face‐centered cubic crystal nature, whereas the size distribution analysis showed mean size of 70 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 500 μg mL−1 against Candida spp., namely, C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, and C. ciferrii, confirmed their anti‐fungal activity with the in control and minor statistical difference (p < 0.05) in the dissemination mean zones of inhibition for the Se‐NPs treatment against these fungi. The Se‐NPs effects on MexA gene expression demonstrated the efflux pump role in the anti‐fungal activity and gene's down regulation for the treated fungal strains. The Se‐NPs exhibited their anti‐fungal activity against the multi‐drug resistant microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of healthcare, Central Nervous System disorders pose a formidable challenge, affecting countless lives globally. Conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and traumatic brain injuries exact a heavy toll. However, a glimmer of hope arises from the world of nanotechnology in the shape of Selenium Nanoparticles. Selenium, a trace element, is known for its antioxidant properties, but Selenium Nanoparticles take it a step further, offering enhanced antioxidant capabilities, better absorption and the ability to deliver therapeutic agents precisely where they're needed in the brain. Oxidative stress, a major player in many Central Nervous System disorders, faces a formidable adversary in Selenium Nanoparticles, potentially offering relief to those grappling with conditions characterized by oxidative damage. Selenium Nanoparticles also exhibit anti-inflammatory prowess, valuable for tackling neuroinflammation, a common feature in these disorders. Moreover, Selenium Nanoparticles pave the way for precision drug delivery within the brain, minimizing side effects while maximizing treatment efficiency. In summary, Selenium Nanoparticles represent a promising frontier in the ongoing battle against Central Nervous System disorders, offering a glimpse of innovative solutions that could alleviate the burdens of these complex neurological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Encapsulation of siRNA fragments inside liposome vesicles has emerged as an effective method for delivering siRNAs in vitro and in vivo. However, the liposome's fluid-phospholipid bilayer of liposomes allows siRNA fragments to diffuse out of the liposome, decreasing the dose concentration and therefore the effectiveness of the carrier. We have previously reported that β-cyclodextrins formulated in liposomes help increase the stability of siRNAs in cell culture medium. Here, we continued that study to include α, γ, methyl-β-cyclodextrins and β-cyclodextrin-modified gold and selenium nanoparticles. Methods: We used Isothermal Titration Calorimetry to study the binding thermodynamics of siRNAs to the cyclodextrin-modified nanoparticles and to screen for the best adamantane derivative to modify the siRNA fragments, and we used gel electrophoresis to study the stabilization effect of siRNA by cyclodextrins and the nanoparticles. Results: We found that only β- and methyl-β-cyclodextrins increased siRNA serum stability. Cyclodextrin-modified selenium nanoparticles also stabilize siRNA fragments in serum, and siRNAs chemically modified with an adamantane moiety (which forms inclusion complexes with the cyclodextrin-modified-nanoparticles) show a strong stabilization effect. Conclusions: β-cyclodextrins are good additives to stabilize siRNA in cell culture medium, and the thermodynamic data we generated of the interaction between cyclodextrins and adamantane analogs (widely used in drug delivery studies), should serve as a guide for future studies where cyclodextrins are sought for the delivery and solvation of small organic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNanotechnology has significantly impacted drug discovery and development over the past three decades, offering novel insights and expanded treatment options. Key to this field is nanoparticles, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres, with unique properties distinct from larger materials. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are particularly promising due to their low toxicity and selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. They have shown efficacy in reducing various cancers types and mitigating conditions like diabetic nephropathy and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review highlights SeNPs’ role in enhancing drug delivery systems, improving the absorption of water-soluble compounds, proteins, peptides, vaccines, and other biological therapies. By modifying nanoparticle surfaces with targeting ligands, drug delivery can achieve precise site-specific delivery, increasing effectiveness. SeNPs can be synthesised through physical, chemical, and biological methods, each offering advantages in stability, size, and application potential. Additionally, SeNPs enhance immune responses and reduce oxidative stress, validating their role in biotherapy and nanomedicine. Their ability to target macrophages and regulate polarisation underscores their potential in antimicrobial therapies. Recent advancements, such as mannosylated SeNPs for targeted delivery, exemplify innovative nanotechnology applications in medicine. Overall, SeNPs represent a promising frontier in nanomedicine, offering new avenues for treating and managing various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The tobacco epidemic signifies a major public health threat. Nicotine (NIC), a major active constituent in tobacco, impedes male fertility and semen quality. This work is implemented to explore the potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and the newly fabricated SeNPs @vitamin C (SeNPs@VITC) nanocomposite in mitigating testicular toxicity induced by NIC. Materials and methods The six groups of 48 adult Wistar rats were designed as follows: the control group injected intraperitoneally with normal saline, the SeNPs group treated orally with 2 mg/kg of SeNPs, the SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite group treated orally with 2 mg/kg of SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite, the NIC group injected intraperitoneally with 1.25 mL/kg of NIC, the NIC+ SeNPs group received SeNPs plus NIC, and the NIC+ SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite group received SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite plus NIC. Treatments were administered over a 28-day period. Results NIC treatment significantly caused poor sperm quality, decreased serum testosterone, increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations, reduced hemoglobin levels, leukocytosis, disrupted testicular oxidant/antioxidant balance, and disorganized testicular structure. The construction of the novel SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite, compared to NIC plus SeNPs alone, demonstrated a more potent ameliorative effect on NIC-induced reproductive toxicity in adult rats. The SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite significantly increased sperm count, reduced the percentage of sperm head abnormalities, lowered both serum FSH and LH concentrations, and improved the hemoglobin response. Conclusions Both SeNPs and SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite alleviated the testicular toxicity induced by NIC, but the SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite exhibited superior efficacy. The SeNPs@VITC nanocomposite could be employed to advance enhanced therapeutic strategies for addressing male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a plant-origin toxin that could induce oxidative stress in fish. The micromineral selenium (Se) possesses well-documented antioxidant properties. To assess the ameliorative effects of SeNPs (1 mg/kg fish feed) on oxidative stress induced by AFB1 (500 μg/kg fish feed), Nile tilapia (32.2±1.7 g body weight) were distributed randomly and even in six groups for 8-week feeding trial. Live enzymes, AST, ALT, and ALP levels were increased in the serum of fish fed AFB1-contaminated diet, and the addition of SeNPs could restore normal values compared to the control. The gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme and catalase (CAT) enzyme, and DNA fragmentation were significantly increased in response to aflatoxin exposure, while dietary SeNPs could mitigate the generated oxidative stress. The innate immunity, serum antibacterial activity (SAA), oxidative burst activity (OBA), phagocytic activities (PA and PI), and gene expression of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, heat shock protein70 (Hsp), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) revealed a status of immunosuppression in Nile tilapia fed on AFB1-contaminated diet. These findings showed that fish became more vulnerable to Streptococcus agalactiae infection with a high mortality rate while dietary SeNPs provided a high relative protection level (RPL). From the obtained findings, SeNPs could mitigate the oxidative stress induced by feeding the AFB1 diet and could boost the immunity of stressed Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most popular vaccine adjuvants are aluminum ones, which have significantly reduced the incidence and mortality of many diseases. However, aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines are constrained by their limited capacity to elicit cellular and mucosal immune responses, thus constraining their broader utilization. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles are a low-cost, environmentally friendly, low-toxicity, and highly bioactive form of selenium supplementation. Here, we purified selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Levilactobacillus brevis 23017 (L-SeNP) and characterized them using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the L-SeNP has a particle size ranging from 30 to 200 nm and is coated with proteins and polysaccharides. Subsequently, we assessed the immune-enhancing properties of L-SeNP in combination with an adjuvant-inactivated Clostridium perfringens type A vaccine using a mouse model. The findings demonstrate that L-SeNP can elevate the IgG and SIgA titers in immunized mice and modulate the Th1/Th2 immune response, thereby enhancing the protective effect of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines. Furthermore, we observed that L-SeNP increases selenoprotein expression and regulates oxidative stress in immunized mice, which may be how L-SeNP regulates immunity. In conclusion, L-SeNP has the potential to augment the immune response of aluminum adjuvant vaccines and compensate for their limitations in eliciting Th1 and mucosal immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was (1) to study the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using whole plant extract of Catharanthus roseus (CR or C. roseus) known to have anticancer effects, (2) to investigate the induction of cell death by CR synthesized SeNPs (CR‐SeNPs) in lung cancer cell line (A549), and (3) to compare their anticancer potential with commercial SeNPs. The formation of polycrystalline CR‐SeNPs with absorption maxima of 275 nm, needle shaped nanorods, with mean diameter of 95 nm and −45mv zeta was demonstrated by XRD, UV‐vis spectroscopy, SEM, and zeta potential measurements. The presence of functional group from CR biomolecules was observed in CR‐SeNPs by FTIR. Cytotoxicity assay against A549 cancer cell line indicated potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 23.180 ± 0.140 µg) for CR‐SeNPs and mechanism of induction of cell death was found to be mediated through apoptotic phenomena through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Notably, a significant increase in apoptosis was observed in the cells treated with CR‐SeNPs than commercial SeNPs treated cells. Nevertheless, lack of toxicity was observed in in vitro (hemolysis assay) and in vivo models. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles may possess higher anticancer properties than commercial SeNPs due to synergism of phytochemicals from CR and SeNPs. Further investigation in the therapeutic mechanisms of CR‐SeNPs is warranted in the in vivo conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is significantly influenced by oxidative stress. Trace element selenium (Se) can be incorporated into selenoproteins to participate in redox regulation. In our previous study, it was found that brain-targeting chlorogenic acid-modified selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) could effectively relieve oxidative stress in AD. However, the main mechanism of polyphenol-decorated SeNPs on antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase is still unknown. Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is one polyphenol that has neuroprotective effects through antioxidant activities. In this study, chitosan (CS) was introduced as a stabilizer for the synthesis of a brain-targeted peptide (Tg: TGNYKALHPHNG) and DMY-modified SeNPs (Tg-CS/DMY@SeNPs). Tg-CS/DMY@SeNPs could improve the solubility of DMY and exhibited better free radical scavenging ability than DMY. Meanwhile, Tg-CS/DMY@SeNPs significantly enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which effectively inhibited ROS accumulation in Aβ aggregate-induced PC12 cells. More importantly, Tg-CS/DMY@SeNPs could activate the Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathway to regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, especially selenophenase glutathione peroxidase in the brain and liver of APP/PS1 mice. In that case, Tg-CS/DMY@SeNPs also prevented oxidative damage-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the Caspase-3 signaling pathway in the brain and liver of APP/PS1 mice. Finally, Tg-CS/DMY@SeNPs remarkably improved cognitive disorders in the APP/PS1 mice. These results indicated that Tg-CS/DMY@SeNPs exhibited promising therapeutic effects in the antioxidant therapy of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple hybrid nanocomplexes based on selenium (Se0) nanoparticles, cellulose polymer carrier (CPC), and the photosensitizer fotoditazine (FD) were synthesized with different sequences of component addition and ratios. The spectral characteristics of these triple nanocomplexes were compared with analogous characteristics of FD and double complexes of variable composition (FD/Se0, CPC/FD, and CPC/Se0) using spectral methods. The synthesized triple hybrid Se-containing nanocomplexes could be promising for photodynamic therapy and diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by using Calluna vulgaris as a reducing agent. The process involves the addition of Na2SeO3 to a C. vulgaris aqueous solution, followed by reduction with ascorbic acid. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed SeNP formation, with a distinct absorption peak at 289 nm. Morphological analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed spherical nanoparticles below 100 nm, as corroborated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images displaying sizes ranging from 42.91 to 66.93 nm. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of selenium. Antibacterial assessments demonstrated the efficacy of C.vulgaris Selenium Nanoparticles (Cv-SeNPs) against gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Cv-SeNPs exhibited notable antibacterial activity, particularly against E. Faecalis. In terms of antioxidant activities, Cv-SeNPs exhibited significant scavenging potential against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with low IC50 values of 24.72 and 16.87 µg/mL, respectively. The scavenging activities increased with concentration, reaching 86.6% for DPPH and 99.7% for ABTS at specific concentrations. The inclusion of ascorbic acid as a capping agent further augmented the free radical scavenging capabilities, indicating a synergistic relationship between selenium nanoparticles and capping agents. This research underscores the dual functionality of Cv-SeNPs as effective antibacterial agents and potent antioxidants. The green synthesis methodology utilizing C. vulgaris offers a sustainable approach for producing selenium nanoparticles with desirable characteristics, suggesting potential applications in medicine and industry. Further research on biomedical and industrial uses of Cv-SeNPs is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder that involves the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and matrix metabolism imbalance in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Selenium, an indispensable trace element, plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis by being incorporated into antioxidant selenoproteins as selenocysteine. In this study, we employed a straightforward synthesis method to produce selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with consistent size and distribution, and evaluated their potential protective effects in ameliorating IVDD. In a simulated inflammatory environment induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in vitro, SeNPs demonstrated a protective effect on the matrix synthesis capacity of NPCs through the up-regulation of aggrecan and type II collagen, while concurrently suppressing the expression of matrix degradation enzymes including MMP13 and ADAMTS5. Additionally, SeNPs preserved mitochondrial integrity and restored impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism by activating glutathione peroxidase1 (GPX1) to rebalance redox homeostasis. In a rat lumbar disc model induced by puncture, the local administration of SeNPs preserved the hydration of nucleus pulposus tissue, promoted matrix deposition, and effectively mitigated the progression of IVDD. Our results indicate that the enhancement of GPX1 by SeNPs may offer a promising therapeutic approach for IVDD by restoring mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis.

Abstract Background Accumulation of biofilm over composite resin restorations is one of the principal causes of recurrent caries. Therefore, this study aimed to develop antibacterial composite resins by crystalline selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), assessing the antibacterial, mechanical, and physical properties of the composite resin after SeNPs incorporation. Methods SeNPs were synthesized via a green method. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nano-filled composite (Filtek™ Z350XT ) was considered as a control group (G0). Two concentrations of SeNPs (0.005 wt% and 0.01 wt%.) were added to the tested resin composite (G1& G2), respectively. The physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of the composite specimens (n = 10/group) were characterized. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze these data followed by Bonferroni post hoc test for pairwise comparison. Results Modified composites with SeNPs showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. mutans. Mechanical properties including diametral tensile strength, compressive strength, or surface roughness were not affected by nano-incorporation compared to control. Furthermore, the degree of conversion showed no statistical difference. However, SeNPs incorporation into resin composite produces color change that can be visually perceived. Conclusions The green synthesized SeNPs significantly improved the antimicrobial properties of the dental composite without compromising mechanical performance. However, it shows color change after SeNPs incorporation.

In order to reduce the toxicity of inorganic arsenic and improve the bioavailability of selenium, this study used yeast to convert inorganic selenium into synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Through the screening of seven probiotic yeast strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 18824 was finally screened as the best nano-selenium synthesized strain and its optimal nano-selenium synthesized conditions were established. The synthesized nano-selenium was observed and characterized in terms of structure and morphology using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the safety of nano-selenium was verified by feeding experiments in mice for 30 days. ATCC 18824 synthesized nano-selenium exhibited good dispersion, presenting Se0 nano selenium monoliths of uniform size and full spherical shape, and the Na2SeO3 addition was controlled to be optimal at 0.5~1.5 mg/mL, 30 °C, and 60~72 h incubation. It was also found that nano-selenium was synthesized intracellularly and gradually released over time, ultimately excreted within 72 hours. The 30 days feeding experiment showed that nano-selenium had no significant effect on body weight change, organ index, blood routine and biochemical analysis, and major organ tissues in mice, verifying the safety of nano-selenium. Based on the results of the study, the present study successfully developed yeast-derived nano-selenium milk tablets with good sensory evaluation and rich nutritional content of 12.67 μg/g, 16.67 μg/g, and 33.33 μg/g of selenium, its nutritional value was higher than part of the commercially available milk tablets, showing its potential as a novel and safe food additive in the food processing industry application value in the food processing industry.

Polysaccharide nano-selenium (polysaccharide selenium nanoparticles, Polysaccharide-SeNPs) exhibits unique properties and biological functions, offering limitless potential and promising applications in various fiels such as medicine, food and pharmacology. This review mainly focuses on the structure and properties of polysaccharides, nano-selenium (selenium nanoparticles, SeNPs) and the complementary combination of polysaccharides and SeNPs. SeNPs utilizes the hydrogen or Se-O bonds on its surface, thereby achieving dispersion and stability. The article provides a summary of the preparation conditions, methods, and optimization strategies for Polysaccharide-SeNPs. Currently, chemical synthesis methods are commonly used to produce Polysaccharide-SeNPs, with auxiliary techniques such as ultrasound, vacuum, high pressure, or enzymes employed to enhance yield or biological activity. Furthermore, the article reviews representative biological effects of Polysaccharide-SeNPs reported in the international literature over the past five years. Finally, emphasis is placed on the application and progress of Polysaccharide-SeNPs in the fields of medicine, food, pharmaceuticals, and health products. The study of Polysaccharide-SeNPs expands new perspectives in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, particularly polysaccharides derived from Chinese herbal medicine, providing a valuable reference for exploring novel and highly biologically active "selenium-shaped" entities.

Kai Yao,1,* Yongbo Peng,2,* Qiyu Tang,3 Kaixuan Liu,3 Cheng Peng3 1Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Cheng Peng, Email pcheng83@csu.edu.cnIntroduction: Photoaging-induced skin damage leads to appearance issues and dermatoma. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) possess high antioxidant properties but are prone to inactivation. In this study, human serum albumin/SeNPs (HSA-SeNPs) were synthesized for enhanced stability.Methods: HSA-SeNPs were prepared by self-assembling denatured human serum albumin and inorganic selenite. The cytotoxicity of HSA-SeNPs was assessed using the MTT method. Cell survival and proliferation rates were tested to observe the protective effect of HSA-SeNPs on human skin keratinocytes against photoaging. Simultaneously, ICR mice were used for animal experiments. H&E and Masson trichromatic staining were employed to observe morphological changes in skin structure and collagen fiber disorders after UVB irradiation. Quantitative RT-PCR was utilized to measure changes in mRNA expression levels of factors related to collagen metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress regulation, and senescence markers.Results: The HSA-SeNPs group exhibited significantly higher survival and proliferation rates of UVB-irradiated keratinocytes than the control group. Following UVB irradiation, the back skin of ICR mice displayed severe sunburn with disrupted collagen fibers. However, HSA-SeNPs demonstrated superior efficacy in alleviating these symptoms compared to SeNPs alone. In a UVB-irradiated mice model, mRNA expression of collagen type I and III was dysregulated while MMP1, inflammatory factors, and p21 mRNA expression were upregulated; concurrently Nrf2 and Gpx1 mRNA expression were downregulated. In contrast, HSA-SeNPs maintained the mRNA expression of those factors to be stable In addition, the level of SOD decreased, and MDA elevated significantly in the skin after UVB irradiation, but no significant differences in SOD and MDA levels between the HSA-SeNPs group with UVB irradiation and the UVB-free untreated group.Discussion: HSA-SeNPs have more anti-photoaging effects on the skin than SeNPs, including the protective effects on skin cell proliferation, cell survival, and structure under photoaging conditions. HSA-SeNPs can be used to protect skin from photoaging and repair skin injury caused by UVB exposure.Keywords: selenium nanoparticles, human serum albumin, skin photoaging, senescence, SOD

Abstract The nanoparticles (NPs) of metals and metal oxides constitute significant components of technology in terms of monometallic NPs (MNPs). Over the last decade, the most fascinating and in‐depth uses of NPs have been found in the biomedical field, which has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these particles. Significant strides have been made in the application of nanotechnology across various industries, including biomedical sciences. In biomedicine, two of the most important applications of NPs are in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Given their ability to deliver specific drugs, these next‐generation NPs provide safe and effective pharmacotherapies for a wide range of disorders. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs offer potential treatments for various applications, including hair care and cancer treatment. SeNPs help with abiotic stress, plant disease, and growth, while TiO2 NPs enhance bio‐imaging and drug delivery. This comprehensive review focuses on MNPs like Se (metal‐based) and TiO2 (metal‐oxide based). It covers their synthesis methods, nanoscale physicochemical properties, and the definition of specific industrial applications in various fields of applied nanotechnology, including biomedicine.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients, but its clinical treatment is seriously limited by side effects of drugs such as poor efficacy, low bioavailability and severe nephrotoxicity. Trace element selenium (Se) has been found will affect the disease progression of pneumonia, but its antivirus efficacy could be improved by speciation optimization. Therefore, herein we performed anti-HAdV effects of different Se speciation and found that lentinan (LNT)-decorated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) exhibited low cytotoxicity and excellent anti-HAdV antiviral activity. Furthermore, SeNPs@LNT reduced the HAdV infection-induced mitochondrial damage and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was also involved in the repair of host cell DNA damage and inhibition of viral DNA replication. SeNPs@LNT inhibited HAdV-induced apoptosis mainly by modulating the p53/Bcl-2 apoptosis signaling pathway. In vivo, SeNPs@LNT replenished Se by targeting the infected site through the circulatory system and was involved in the synthesis of Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1). More importantly, GPx1 played an antioxidant and immunomodulatory role in alleviating HAdV-induced inflammatory cytokine storm and alleviating adenovirus pneumonia in Se-deficient mice. Collectively, this study provides a Se speciation of SeNPs@LNT with anti-HAdV activity, and demonstrate that SeNPs@LNT is a promising pharmaceutical candidate for the treatment of HAdV.

Objective(s): The current study aims to achieve synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) through a green chemistry route using sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and Caccinia macranthera (C. macranthera) plant extract as stabilizing and reducing agents and to investigate the anticancer effects of the synthesized NPs.Materials and Methods: The outcomes affirmed the successful production of the synthesized Se-NPs, as their spherical framework and particle size scale of 54 to 60 nm were exhibited by the images of FESEM/PSA. This spherical frame was also detected in the TEM images at a size of 11.5 nm. The inhibitory effect of Se-NPs was investigated on the proliferation of human liver cancer cells (Huh-7). Additionally, the effect of Se-NPs was studied on the expression of the implicated genes throughout the cell apoptosis using the Real-Time PCR technique. Also, the percentage of apoptotic cells was obtained using Annexin V/PI and DAPI kits. Finally, flow cytometry was exerted to determine the amount of produced ROS. Results: The results of laboratory studies showed that Se-NPs can significantly reduce the survival of Huh-7 cancer cells in dosage and time-reliant behavior, while they have very little toxicity on normal L929 cells. Also, Se-NPs were able to induce apoptosis in liver cancer cells, which was observed along with the increased expression of Bax, p53, Caspase3, and Caspase 9 genes. In addition, Se-NPs increased the production of ROS in Huh-7 cells and led to an increase in oxidative stress in these cells. Conclusion: Therefore, these NPs can be used in clinical studies of liver cancer.

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is closely related to lysosomal dysfunction and ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs), for which effective treatments are urgently needed. Although selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as promising candidates for AKI therapy, their underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of SeNPs on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced ferroptosis and lysosomal dysfunction in TECs in vitro and evaluated their efficacy in a murine model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-AKI. We observed that H/R-induced ferroptosis was accompanied by lysosomal Fe2+ accumulation and dysfunction in TECs, which was ameliorated by SeNPs administration. Furthermore, SeNPs protected C57BL/6 mice against I/R-induced inflammation and ferroptosis. Mechanistically, we found that lysosomal Fe2+ accumulation and ferroptosis were associated with the excessive activation of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, a process mitigated by SeNPs through the upregulation of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Downregulation of XBP1 promoted ferritinophagy and partially counteracted the protective effects of SeNPs on ferroptosis inhibition in TECs. Overall, our findings revealed a novel role for SeNPs in modulating ferritinophagy, thereby improving lysosomal function and attenuating ferroptosis of TECs in I/R-AKI. These results provide evidence for the potential application of SeNPs as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of AKI.

Abstract Background Beet filter cake (BFC) is a food-grade solid waste produced by the sugar industry, constituting a permanent source of pollution. Cyanobacteria are considered a sustainable resource for various bioactive compounds such as phycocyanin pigment with valuable applications. This study aimed to use beet filter cake extract (BFCE) as an alternative medium for the economic cultivation of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. SSI24 PP723083, then biorefined the bioactive component such as phycocyanin pigment that could be used in the production of selenium nanoparticles. Results The results of the batch experiment displayed that the highest protein content was in BG11medium (47.9%); however, the maximum carbohydrate and lipid content were in 25% BFCE (15.25 and 10.23%, respectively). In addition, 75% BFCE medium stimulated the phycocyanin content (25.29 mg/g) with an insignificant variation compared to BG11 (22.8 mg/g). Moreover, crude phycocyanin extract from Leptolyngbya sp SSI24 cultivated on BG11 and 75% BFCE successfully produced spherical-shaped selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) with mean sizes of 95 and 96 nm in both extracts, respectively. Moreover, XRD results demonstrated that the biosynthesized Se-NPs have a crystalline nature. In addition, the Zeta potential of the biosynthesized Se-NPs equals − 17 mV and − 15.03 mV in the control and 75% BFCE treatment, respectively, indicating their stability. The biosynthesized Se-NPs exhibited higher effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the biosynthesized Se-NPs from BG11 had higher antioxidant activity with IC50 of 60 ± 0.7 compared to 75% BFCE medium. Further, Se-NPs biosynthesized from phycocyanin extracted from Leptolyngbya sp cultivated on 75% BFCE exhibited strong anticancer activity with IC50 of 17.31 ± 0.63 µg/ml against the human breast cancer cell line. Conclusions The BFCE-supplemented medium can be used for the cultivation of cyanobacterial strain for the phycocyanin accumulation that is used for the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles that have biological applications. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a widespread endocrine disorder, which is categorized as the fourth leading cause of global mortality. Allopathic medicine has yet to provide a satisfactory cure for this condition. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for innovative antidiabetic treatment approaches with enhanced management and minimum side effects and costs. The study investigated the synergistic antidiabetic potential of combining selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) and plasma-rich platelets (PRP) in diabetic mice. Antidiabetic activity of the proposed combination (Se NPs and PRP) was evaluated from histopathological and biochemical perspectives. The experiment involved alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic mouse model. In the in vivo study, several biochemical parameters for assessing the antidiabetic effect of the novel combination of (Se NPs and PRP) were performed such as blood glucose levels, body weight, lipid profiles, and liver damage markers (AST and ALT). Scavenging antioxidant activity was assessed by evaluation levels of hepatic and renal GSH, MDA, SOD, and CAT activities. Complete histopathological examinations of vital internal organs were carried out. Results revealed that combining Se NPs and PRP presents a novel approach for better diabetes management and reduced complications associated with the disease. These findings have therapeutic implications for managing diabetes mellitus.

Abstract In this study, highly selenite-resistant strains belonging to Brevundimonas diminuta (OK287021, OK287022) genus were isolated from previously operated single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC). The central composite design showed that the B. diminuta consortium could reduce selenite. Under optimum conditions, 15.38 Log CFU mL-1 microbial growth, 99.08% Se(IV) reduction, and 89.94% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were observed. Moreover, the UV–visible spectroscopy (UV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses confirmed the synthesis of elemental selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the formation of SeNPs nano-spheres. Besides, the bioelectrochemical performance of B. diminuta in the SCMFC illustrated that the maximum power density was higher in the case of selenite SCMFCs than those of the sterile control SCMFCs. Additionally, the bioelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry characterization illustrated the production of definite extracellular redox mediators that might be involved in the electron transfer progression during the reduction of selenite. In conclusion, B. diminuta whose electrochemical activity has never previously been reported could be a suitable and robust biocatalyst for selenite bioreduction along with wastewater treatment, bioelectricity generation, and economical synthesis of SeNPs in MFCs.

Introduction: The process of laser-induced breakdown of amorphous and crystalline selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) of various shapes during nanosecond laser fragmentation of aqueous colloidal solutions of nanoparticles with different concentrations has been studied. Methods: The methods of studying the characteristics of plasma and acoustic oscillations induced by optical breakdown are applied. The methods of assessing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, the amount of long-lived reactive species of protein and 8-oxoguanine are applied. Results: It has been established that in the process of laser fragmentation of selenium nanoparticles at a wavelength of 532 nm, corresponding to the maximum absorption of selenium, the highest probability of breakdown, the number of plasma flashes, their luminosity and the amplitude of acoustic signals are achieved at concentrations of the order of 109 NPs/mL. It has been shown that the use of selenium nanoparticles of various shapes and structures leads to a change in the photoacoustic signal during laser-induced breakdown. When crystalline selenium nanoparticles are irradiated, the intensity of the photoacoustic response during breakdown turns out to be greater (1.5 times for flash luminosity and 3 times for acoustics) than when amorphous particles are irradiated at the same concentration. It has been shown that selenium nanoparticles exhibit significant antioxidant properties. Selenium nanoparticles effectively prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during water radiolysis, eliminate radiation-induced long-lived reactive species of protein, and reduce the radiation-chemical yield of a key marker of oxidative DNA damage 8-oxoguanine. Discussion: In general, the intensity of processes occurring during laser fragmentation of amorphous and crystalline selenium nanoparticles differs significantly. The antioxidant properties are more pronounced in amorphous selenium nanoparticles compared to crystalline selenium nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of chitosan-selenium nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) through in situ reduction of selenite-Vc using chitosan (CS) as a template were extensively investigated. However it was important to consider the potential influence of Vc on the stable phase of freshly prepared CS-SeNPs, and not just its role in reducing selenite. In this study, we prepared CS(I)-SeNPs and CS(h)-SeNPs utilizing chitosan with varying molecular weights (3 kDa and 200 kDa) as templates, respectively. Firstly, we compared and characterized the differences in microscopic morphology and chemical structure between these two types of nanoparticles, as well as to investigate changes in particle size, ζ-potential, microscopic morphology, and elemental composition of the CS-SeNPs over time following removal of Vc treatment. Furthermore, we analyzed transformation of selenium's crystalline structure and the chemical structure of CS-SeNPs during stable phase of freshly prepared CS-SeNPs by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results demonstrated that when Vc was removed on the first day of stable phase, the particle sizes of both CS-SeNPs increased initially but remained stable thereafter. Additionally, ζ-potential gradually decreased over time; however after 14 days. the removement of Vc caused aggregation of CS(I)-SeNPs, while had less impact on CS(h)-SeNPs. Moreover, our findings indicated that Vc could influence both the chemical structure within the system by affecting O-H and N-H hydrogen bonding interactions among sugar chain molecules during stable phase of CS-SeNPs as well as selenium's crystalline structure. This study presents novel insights into the stable phase of freshly prepared nanoparticles from Vc or other reducing small molecules when employed in an in-situ approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted expanding consideration, particularly in the nanotechnology field. This element participates in important biological processes, such as antioxidant defense, immune function, and thyroid hormone regulation, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Selenium in the form of nanoscale particles has drawn attention for its biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity; thus, it has found several biomedical applications in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Green methods for SeNP synthesis using plant extracts are considered to be single-step, inexpensive, and eco-friendly processes. Besides acting as natural reductants, compounds from plant extracts can also serve as natural capping agents, stabilizing the size of nanoparticles and contributing to the enhanced biological properties of SeNPs. This brief overview presents the recent developments in this area, focusing on the synthesis conditions and the characteristics of the obtained SeNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nano-selenium synthesized by Lactobacillus plantarum LP21 is easy to adhere to the surface of the bacteria and is difficult to separate and extract. In this study, under the premise of maintaining the integrity of the cells structure, the nano-selenium attached to the bacteria was dispersed. The effects of ultrasound.organic solvents and surfactants on the dispersion of nano-selenium were investigated by single factor experiments. The optimal dispersion conditions were determined through orthogonal experiments. Finally, sucrose density gradient and microporous filter membrane filtration were used to separate and purify nano selenium. The results of single factor showed that ultrasonic.organic solvent and surfactant all had dispersion effect among which surfactant SDS had the best effect. The optimum dispersion conditions were determined by orthogonal method to be the addition of 2.5% SDS and 1.5% n-hexanol, and the ultrasonic treatment time was 25 minutes. Separation and purification using 50%, 60%, and 70% sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by 0. 22 µm water-based microporous filter membrane filtration to obtain pure nano-selenium. The particles were evenly distributed and the average particle size was 165.88±35.35 nm. This study provides a reference for the separation and preparation of nano-selenium from microbial sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone metastasis along with osteolysis is a common complication of advanced breast cancer, which directly destroys bone function and becomes one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality. It is crucial to develop a new strategy to achieve effective cancer therapy and inhibition of osteolytic bone metastasis. Metal ruthenium (Ru) complexes exhibit therapeutic potential in cancer chemotherapy. However, the clinical applications of Ru complexes were limited by poor bioavailability, lacking targeting, nonspecific distribution. Therefore, in this study, engineering of cell membrane biomimetic modification was used to construct a highly biocompatible nanoplatform with carrying Ru metal complex of RuPOP and Se nanoparticles (SeNPs). Strikingly, the obtained RPSR nanoparticles can efficiently inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 cells) in vitro. More importantly, RPSR nanoparticles can induce cycle arrest, apoptosis by generating excessive intracellular (reactive oxygen species, ROS) to disrupt the normal redox balance and induce DNA damage in tumor cells. Furthermore, RPSR nanoparticles can also reshape bone microenvironment by regulating selenoproteins to inhibit osteoclasts and avoid osteolytic bone metastasis induced by tumor development. Taken together, this study not only provides an effective cell membrane biomimetic strategy to enhance the shortcomings of metal complexes, but also demonstrates potential clinical significance for the combined treatment of anti-cancer and bone metastasis inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beet filter cake (BFC) is a food-grade solid waste produced by the sugar industry, constituting a permanent source of pollution. Cyanobacteria are considered a sustainable resource for various bioactive compounds such as phycocyanin pigment with valuable applications. This study aimed to use beet filter cake extract (BFCE) as an alternative medium for the economic cultivation of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. SSI24 PP723083, then biorefined the bioactive component such as phycocyanin pigment that could be used in the production of selenium nanoparticles. Results: The results of the batch experiment displayed that the highest protein content was in BG11medium (47.9%); however, the maximum carbohydrate and lipid content were in 25% BFCE (15.25 and 10.23%, respectively). In addition, 75% BFCE medium stimulated the phycocyanin content (25.29 mg/g) with an insignificant variation compared to BG11 (22.8 mg/g). Moreover, crude phycocyanin extract from Leptolyngbya sp SSI24 cultivated on BG11 and 75% BFCE successfully produced spherical-shaped selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) with mean sizes of 95 and 96 nm in both extracts, respectively. Moreover, XRD results demonstrated that the biosynthesized Se-NPs have a crystalline nature. In addition, the Zeta potential of the biosynthesized Se-NPs equals − 17 mV and − 15.03 mV in the control and 75% BFCE treatment, respectively, indicating their stability. The biosynthesized Se-NPs exhibited higher effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the biosynthesized Se-NPs from BG11 had higher antioxidant activity with IC50 of 60 ± 0.7 compared to 75% BFCE medium. Further, Se-NPs biosynthesized from phycocyanin extracted from Leptolyngbya sp cultivated on 75% BFCE exhibited strong anticancer activity with IC50 of 17.31 ± 0.63 µg/ml against the human breast cancer cell line. Conclusions: The BFCE-supplemented medium can be used for the cultivation of cyanobacterial strain for the phycocyanin accumulation that is used for the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles that have biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is closely related to lysosomal dysfunction and ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs), for which effective treatments are urgently needed. Although selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as promising candidates for AKI therapy, their underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of SeNPs on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced ferroptosis and lysosomal dysfunction in TECs in vitro and evaluated their efficacy in a murine model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-AKI. We observed that H/R-induced ferroptosis was accompanied by lysosomal Fe2+ accumulation and dysfunction in TECs, which was ameliorated by SeNPs administration. Furthermore, SeNPs protected C57BL/6 mice against I/R-induced inflammation and ferroptosis. Mechanistically, we found that lysosomal Fe2+ accumulation and ferroptosis were associated with the excessive activation of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, a process mitigated by SeNPs through the upregulation of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Downregulation of XBP1 promoted ferritinophagy and partially counteracted the protective effects of SeNPs on ferroptosis inhibition in TECs. Overall, our findings revealed a novel role for SeNPs in modulating ferritinophagy, thereby improving lysosomal function and attenuating ferroptosis of TECs in I/R-AKI. These results provide evidence for the potential application of SeNPs as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) poses a significant challenge in local treatment, primarily attributed to its intricate tumor immune microenvironment. The immunosuppression of natural killer (NK) cells within the microenvironment, exacerbated by selenium (Se) deficiency, constitutes a pivotal treatment bottleneck. Building upon prior investigations, this study delves into the impact and mechanisms of functionalized lentinan selenium nanoparticles (LET‐SeNPs) on NK cells in MPE, presenting a novel local treatment strategy for lung adenocarcinoma with malignant pleural effusion (MPE‐LA). The synergistic application of LET‐SeNPs serves to replenish Se levels in MPE, modulate NK cells, augment their quantity, restore and enhance their functionality. Additionally, LET‐SeNPs facilitate NK cells activation through the TrxR1‐IL18RAP‐pSTAT3 pathway, resulting in effective lung cancer cell eradication and reduced pleural effusion production. Furthermore, pre‐stimulation of NK cells by LET‐SeNPs, combined with CAR‐NK cell therapy, harnesses the innate immune system, exhibiting a potent anti‐tumor effect. This research introduces a compelling strategy to advance the clinical implementation of targeted nanomaterials or lead compounds with explicit targets and mechanisms, thereby enhancing NK cell therapy for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of MPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a threatening disease that needs strong therapy with fewer side effects. A lot of different types of chemotherapy or chemo-drugs are used in cancer treatments but have many side effects. The increasing number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms requires more study of new antimicrobial compounds and delivery and targeting strategies. This work aims to isolate and identify Azotobacter sp., and extract alginate from Azotobacter sp. As well as fabricating selenium nanoparticles using ascorbic acid as reducing agent (As/Se-NPs), and loading extracted alginate with selenium nanoparticles (Alg-Se-NCMs). The As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs were categorized by TEM, EDX, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, and zeta potential. The antifungal activities of both As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs were investigated against some human pathogen fungi that cause skin infection such as Aspergillus niger (RCMB 002005), Aspergillus fumigatus (RCMB 002008), Cryptococcus neoformans (RCMB 0049001), Candida albicans (RCMB 005003), and Penicillium marneffei (RCMB 001002). The anticancer activities were determined against HCT-116 colorectal cancer and Hep G2 human liver cancer cells. UV spectra of As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs confirmed a surface plasmon resonance at 269 and 296 nm, and zeta potential has negative charges −37.2 and −38.7 mV,. Both As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs were hexagonal, size ranging from 16.52 to 97.06 and 17.29 to 44.2. Alg-Se-NCMs had anticancer activities against HCT-116 and HepG2. The Alg-Se-NCMs possessed the highest antifungal activities against Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Aspergillus niger, but did not possess any activities against Penicillium marneffei. Alginate-capped selenium nanoparticles can be used as antifungal and anticancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simple and eco-friendly approach to the selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesis process was carried out in this study by using Pseuderanthemum palatiferum leaves (P.palatiferum) extract, which possesses a large number of flavonoids, triterpenoids, and polyphenols, as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. Along with those, the characterization of SeNPs was analyzed through modern analytical methods, confirming the spherical shape with an average diameter of 247 nm and uniform distribution. The fundamental antibacterial performance toward strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was recorded as inhibition diameters of 14.67, 13.67, and 14.67 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the anticancer ability concerning liver cancer cells (Hep-G2), lung cancer cells (A549), and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) of SeNPs was also given excellent with the inhibition ability up to 100% at a concentration of 256 μg/mL. Besides, SeNPs showed the photodegradation efficiency of organic dyes including methylene blue and crystal violet both up to 99%. Conclusively, the as-synthesized SeNPs, with the synergistic assistance of the P. palatiferum leaves extract, perform as a potential candidate in medicine and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread endocrine disorder, which is categorized as the fourth leading cause of global mortality. Allopathic medicine has yet to provide a satisfactory cure for this condition. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for innovative antidiabetic treatment approaches with enhanced management and minimum side effects and costs. The study investigated the synergistic antidiabetic potential of combining selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) and plasma-rich platelets (PRP) in diabetic mice. Antidiabetic activity of the proposed combination (Se NPs and PRP) was evaluated from histopathological and biochemical perspectives. The experiment involved alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic mouse model. In the in vivo study, several biochemical parameters for assessing the antidiabetic effect of the novel combination of (Se NPs and PRP) were performed such as blood glucose levels, body weight, lipid profiles, and liver damage markers (AST and ALT). Scavenging antioxidant activity was assessed by evaluation levels of hepatic and renal GSH, MDA, SOD, and CAT activities. Complete histopathological examinations of vital internal organs were carried out. Results revealed that combining Se NPs and PRP presents a novel approach for better diabetes management and reduced complications associated with the disease. These findings have therapeutic implications for managing diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study is to explore effects of nano-selenium（SeNPs）on growth and stress resistance of tobacco seedlings under lead（Pb）stress, as well as Pb absorption and translocation, aiming to reveal the mechanisms of SeNPs-mediated growth promotion, Se enrichment, and inhibition of Pb uptake and transfer in plants. [Method] Common tobacco（Nicotiana tabacum）was selected as the test crops. Various treatments were designed and used in a series of pot experiments, including low（100 mg/L）and high（200 mg/L）doses of Pb stresses, inorganic Se（Na2SeO3）and SeNPs trteatments as well as blank controls. Physiological and biochemical indexes of tobacco seedlings were quantitatively measured, including biomass, photosynthetic physiological parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation product contents, and the related gene expression levels in tobacco seedling. The contents and distribution of Se and Pb were also examined in both aboveground and underground organs. [Result] Compared with the control group, Se treatments significantly promoted the growth and photosynthesis of tobacco seedlings, with SeNPs showing more significant growth-promoting effect. Se treatments also enhanced the antioxidant enzyme（SOD, CAT, POD and APX）activities and accumulation of lipid peroxidation products（proline, ascorbic acid and glutathione）, followed by reducing accumulation of lipid peroxidation products（proline, ascorbic acid and glutathione）in tobacco seedlings. Under Pb stress conditions, Se treatments significantly increased the selenium content in tobacco seedlings, whereas the Pb absorption and transport rate from underground to aboveground parts were largely reduced in tobacco seedlings. [Conclusion] SeNPs demonstrates signicantly growth-promoting effects, including increasing plant biomass, protecting photosynthesis system, activating antioxidant system, blocking lead absorption and transport, facilitating selenium enrichment and improving plant resistance to lead stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized Aspergillus flavus to produce selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) in an environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable manner, targeting several medicinal applications. These biosynthesized Se-NPs were meticulously characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and UV–visible spectroscopy (UV), revealing their spherical shape and size ranging between 28 and 78 nm. We conducted further testing of Se-NPs to evaluate their potential for biological applications, including antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm activities. The results indicate that biosynthesized Se-NPs could be effective against various pathogens, including Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 14884), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 19404), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). Additionally, the biosynthesized Se-NPs exhibited anticancer activity against three cell lines: pancreatic carcinoma (PANC1), cervical cancer (Hela), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), with IC50 values of 177, 208, and 216 μg/mL, respectively. The nanoparticles demonstrated antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HAV, achieving inhibition rates of 66.4% and 15.1%, respectively, at the maximum non-toxic concentration, while also displaying antibiofilm and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, the biosynthesized Se-NPs by A. flavus present a promising avenue for various biomedical applications with safe usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The current study aims to achieve synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) through a green chemistry route using sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and Caccinia macranthera (C. macranthera) plant extract as stabilizing and reducing agents and to investigate the anticancer effects of the synthesized NPs. Materials and Methods: The outcomes affirmed the successful production of the synthesized Se-NPs, as their spherical framework and particle size scale of 54 to 60 nm were exhibited by the images of FESEM/PSA. This spherical frame was also detected in the TEM images at a size of 11.5 nm. The inhibitory effect of Se-NPs was investigated on the proliferation of human liver cancer cells (Huh-7). Additionally, the effect of Se-NPs was studied on the expression of the implicated genes throughout the cell apoptosis using the Real- Time PCR technique. Also, the percentage of apoptotic cells was obtained using Annexin V/PI and DAPI kits. Finally, flow cytometry was exerted to determine the amount of produced ROS. Results: The results of laboratory studies showed that Se-NPs can significantly reduce the survival of Huh-7 cancer cells in dosage and time-reliant behavior, while they have very little toxicity on normal L929 cells. Also, Se-NPs were able to induce apoptosis in liver cancer cells, which was observed along with the increased expression of Bax, p53, Caspase3, and Caspase 9 genes. In addition, Se-NPs increased the production of ROS in Huh-7 cells and led to an increase in oxidative stress in these cells. Conclusion: Therefore, these NPs can be used in clinical studies of liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Active components from natural fungal products have shown promising potential as anti‐tumor therapeutic agents. In the search for anti‐tumor agents, research to overcome the drawbacks of high molecular weight and low bioavailability of pure polysaccharides, polysaccharide‐conjugated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has attracted much attention. RESULTS: A novel polysaccharide‐selenium nanoparticle complex was produced, in which SeNPs were decorated with polysaccharide obtained from fermented mycelia broth of Lactarius deliciosus (FLDP). Transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the FLDP‐SeNPs; and human hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2) was used to assess growth inhibition efficacy. The FLDP‐SeNPs that were prepared had a spherical shape with the smallest mean diameter of 32 nm. The FLDP‐SeNPs showed satisfactory dispersibility and stability after combination, demonstrating that a reliable consolidated structure had formed. The results revealed that FLDP‐SeNPs had notable growth inhibition effects on HepG2 cells. They reduced the membrane potential of mitochondria significantly, increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, enhanced levels of both Caspase‐3 and Caspase‐9, and led to the nucleus in a wrinkled form. CONCLUSION: The FLDP‐SeNPs could exert a synergetic toxicity reduction and inhibition enhancement effect on HepG2 cells by inducing early apoptosis, through mitochondria‐mediated cytochrome C‐Caspases and reactive oxygen species‐induced DNA damage pathways. These results indicate that FLDP‐SeNP treatment of HepG2 cells induced early apoptosis with synergetic efficacy, showing that FLDP‐SeNPs can be useful as natural anti‐tumor agents. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review describes and summarizes, for the first time, the molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxic effect of selenium nanoparticles of various origins on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The text provides information from recent years indicating the regulation of various signaling pathways and endoplasmic reticulum stress by selenium nanoparticles; the pathways of cell death of liver cancer cells as a result of exposure to selenium nanoparticles are considered. Particular attention is paid to the participation of selenoproteins and selenium-containing thioredoxin reductases and glutathione peroxidases in these processes. Previously, there were no reviews that fully reflected the cytotoxic effects of selenium nanoparticles specifically in hepatocellular carcinoma, despite the fact that many reviews and experimental articles have been devoted to the causes of this disease and the molecular mechanisms of regulation of cytotoxic effects by other agents. The relevance of this review is primarily explained by the fact that despite the development of various drugs and approaches for the treatment and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma, this disease is still the fourth leading cause of death in the world. For this reason, a complete understanding of the latest trends in the treatment of oncology of various etiologies, especially hepatocellular carcinoma, is extremely important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the anti‐cervical cancer activity of chondroitin sulfate–functionalized selenium nanoparticles (SeCS) and to elucidate their action mechanism. Cytotoxic effect of SeCS on HeLa cells was assessed by MTT assay. Further molecular mechanism of SeCS was analyzed by flow cytometric assay and western blotting. The results showed that treatment with SeCS resulted in a dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibition in the proliferation of HeLa cells. The data obtained from flow cytometry demonstrated that SeCS inhibited HeLa cell growth via the induction of S‐phase arrest and cell apoptosis. Further mechanism analysis found that SeCS down‐regulated expression levels of cyclin A and CDK2 and up‐regulated p21 expression, which contributed to S arrest. Moreover, SeCS increased the level of Bax and decreased the expression of Bcl‐2, resulting in the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria and activating caspase‐3/8/9 for caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Meanwhile, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were elevated after SeCS treatment, suggesting that ROS might be upstream of SeCS‐induced S‐phase arrest and cell apoptosis. These data show that SeCS has anti‐tumor effects and possesses the potential to become a new therapeutic agent or adjuvant therapy for cancer patients. Practical Application: In our previous study, we used chondroitin sulfate to stabilize nano‐selenium to obtain SeCS to improve the bioactivity and stability of nano‐selenium. We found that it possessed an inhibitory effect on HeLa cells. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study elucidated the mechanism of SeCS damage to HeLa cells. SeCS has the potential to become a new therapeutic agent or adjuvant therapy for cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the major limiting factors for the production of tomato in Iran. In this study, the efficiency of selenate and Se nanoparticle (SeNP) foliar application on tomato plants was assessed to vestigate mitigating the risk associated with water-deficit conditions. Tomato plants were treated with SeNPs at the concentrations of 0 and 4 mg L−1; after the third sprays, the plants were exposed to water-deficit conditions. The foliar spraying with SeNPs not only improved growth, yield, and developmental switch to the flowering phase but also noticeably mitigated the detrimental risk associated with the water-deficit conditions. Gene expression experiments showed a slight increase in expression of microRNA-172 (miR-172) in the SeNP-treated plants in normal irrigation, whereas miR-172 displayed a downregulation trend in response to drought stress. The bZIP transcription factor and CRTISO genes were upregulated following the SeNP and drought treatments. Drought stress significantly increased the H2O2 accumulation that is mitigated with SeNPs. The foliar spraying with Se or SeNPs shared a similar trend to alleviate the negative effect of drought stress on the membrane integrity. The applied supplements also conferred drought tolerance through noticeable improvements in the non-enzymatic (ascorbate and glutathione) and enzymatic (catalase and peroxidase) antioxidants. The SeNP-mediated improvement in drought stress tolerance correlated significantly with increases in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, proline, non-protein thiols, and flavonoid concentrations. SeNPs also improved the fruit quality regarding K, Mg, Fe, and Se concentrations. It was concluded that foliar spraying with SeNPs could mitigate the detrimental risk associated with the water-deficit conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from plant extract, characterize them, coat them on clear aligners, and evaluate their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: The green synthesis of SeNPs utilized the leaves of Withania somnifera. The biosynthesized nanoparticles are incorporated in clear aligners using sol-gel thin film dip coating method to check for antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species using time kill curve assay. The cytotoxicity of the material was checked using brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: The optical density values indicated that the SeNPs-coated clear aligners effectively inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus sp. and S. mutans. Time kill curve assessed in varying concentration of 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL revealed greater antibacterial activity at a lower concentration with increasing time. Conclusion: Clear aligners coated with SeNPs had positive antibacterial effects on suspensions of Lactobacillus sp. and S. mutans and are biocompatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is commonly referred as self-eating and a complex cellular process that is involved in the digestion of protein and damaged organelles through a lysosome-dependent mechanism, and this mechanism is essential for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis. Selenium is a vital trace element that plays essential functions in antioxidant defense, redox state control, and range of particular metabolic processes. Selenium nanoparticles have become known as a promising agent for biomedical use, because of their high bioavailability, low toxicity, and degradability. However, and in recent years, they have attracted the interest of researchers in developing anticancer nano-drugs. Selenium nanoparticles can be used as a potential therapeutic agent or in combination with other agents to act as carriers for the development of new treatments. More intriguingly, selenium nanoparticles have been extensively shown to impact autophagy signaling, allowing selenium nanoparticles to be used as possible cancer treatment agents. This review explored the connections between selenium and autophagy, followed by developments and current advances of selenium nanoparticles for autophagy control in various clinical circumstances. Furthermore, this study examined the functions and possible processes of selenium nanoparticles in autophagy regulation, which may help us understand how selenium nanoparticles regulate autophagy for the potential cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a controlled released delivery drug system designed and synthesized by loading curcumin and selenium nanoparticles (SeNaPs) on chitosan hydrogel, and while evaluating the physicochemical properties of the prepared drug delivery system, the tissue changes caused by the local implant of that system in rats with experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) were investigated. For this purpose, 100 adult female rats were randomly divided into five equal groups which are: Control group without any treatment for SCI, chitosan group that received chitosan hydrogel, curcumin group that received curcumin-loaded hydrogel, SeNaP group that received chitosan loaded with SeNaPs and SeNPCur group that received chitosan loaded with SeNaPs and curcumin. On the 3rd and 7th days of the study, severe infiltration of leukocytes, especially lymphocytes, as well as axon swelling and hemorrhagic necrosis at the lesion sites were observed in all groups, especially the control group. On the 7th day, the severity of these injuries decreased in the SeNPCur group and the highest number of astrocytes was observed in this group. In addition, on the 14th and 21st days of the study, the lowest severity of nerve tissue damage and the lowest presence of inflammatory cells along with the highest number of astrocytes were seen in the SeNPCur group. The glial fibrillary acidic protein study also confirmed the presence of more and significant astrocytes in the SeNPCur, curcumin and SeNP groups at different times of the study, respectively. The histopathological results showed the neuroprotective effects of chitosan hydrogel loaded with selenium and curcumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]