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This paper presents the effects of October 30, 2020 Samos-Aegean Sea earthquake on hydraulic structures, lifelines and industrial facilities which mainly located in the western cost of Turkey, within the borders of Izmir and Aydin Cities. These two highly populated cities are known for their importance in contributing country’s economics by their industrialized areas. In addition, Izmir is the third largest city of Turkey with its high seismic hazard zone. Although some disruptions in the aftermath of the earthquake were occurred in gas and electricity services, these issues immediately identified, and all systems were managed to reoperate. Damages to the infrastructures were mainly due to the collapse of buildings and tsunami effects. No significant damages were reported on lifeline systems, large industrial facilities, and dams due to relatively low shaking intensity. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

The Hinode area of Itako City in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, suffered some of the most severe liquefaction damage of any areas in the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake in 2011. This liquefaction damage...

A water distribution system is one of the lifeline systems of an urban area. Water distribution systems have been significantly damaged in past earthquakes. In this study, polynomial equations were developed to predict the postearthquake service ratio of water distribution systems. With these equations, the design of more robust water distribution systems will be possible. Parameters of the equations were service ratio of the system, repair rate of the pipes, and a graph index of water distribution system topology. The repair rate of pipes depends on the pipe, soil, and earthquake parameters, while the graph index is related to the topology of the system network. In this study, the medium articulation graph index was used. Two thousand Monte Carlo simulations were performed and mean service ratios were calculated for nine hypothetical water distribution systems with six different repair rates for each by means of GIRAFFE software. Thus, 54 mean service ratios were used in the regression analysis. Coefficients of three polynomial models were determined after regression analysis. (C) 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.

The pipeline damages observed in Christchurch, New Zealand during the 2010-2011 earthquakes provided new insights regarding the seismic performance of pipelines. The water pipeline damages were extensive and water service was interrupted for a long period of time. Meanwhile, unprecedented efforts have been underway following the period right after the first earthquake up to now to obtain and store data related to entire damaged structures, geology, soil conditions, seismicity etc. in the area for the recovery and future planning purposes. These data have been very crucial to study, understand and apply the lessons learnt from these earthquakes and get ready for future earthquakes. This paper focuses on seismic performance of pipelines regarding the pipe type during the MW 6.2 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Majority of pipeline damages occurred in soil liquefaction areas where differential settlements and lateral strains affected the pipelines adversely. In addition, liquefaction severity parameters such as liquefaction potential index (LPI) and liquefaction severity number (LSN) have been considered in the evaluations of damages. Pipelines in Christchurch consisted of different pipe materials and their performance during the earthquake differed significantly. Geographical information systems (GIS), clustering analyses (fuzzy and k-means methods) and reliability aspects were used in their assessment. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Recent earthquakes show that pipeline damage is severe in the areas where permanent ground deformations (e.g., liquefaction zones) occur. Ground movement hazard to pipeline systems can be assessed by using ground displacement measurements around the location of pipelines. There are many different ways of measuring ground displacements after an earthquake occur. This paper compares displacements measured in Avonside area, Christchurch, NZ, by using four different ways with respect to their effects on pipeline damage assessments. They are air photo, satellite, high resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys data presented at 4- and 56-m grids acquired before and after the Mw6.2 22 February 2011 earthquake. Avonside area was in the liquefaction zones of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Where possible, benchmark measurements were also included in the comparisons. In this study, the focus was on asbestos cement and cast iron water pipelines as the length of the pipelines and the number of damages in the study area was much higher compared to other pipe materials, providing sufficient repair rate data passing the screening criteria to develop linear regressions. The correlations between pipeline damage and lateral ground strains were developed by calculating the horizontal strains from these four different type displacements. The comparisons show that satellite imagery is good for estimating total movements but not so good for estimating lateral strains and conversely LiDAR surveys are not so good for estimating total movements, but much better for estimating lateral strains. Hence, pipeline damage correlations with LiDAR calculated strains provide higher determination coefficient (r2) value. The results of comparisons are presented and discussed. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature.

This paper explores key aspects of underground pipeline network response to the Canterbury earthquake sequence in Christchurch, New Zealand, including the response of the water and wastewater distribution systems to the MW6.2 22 February 2011 and MW6.0 13 June 2011 earthquakes, and the response of the gas distribution system to the MW7.1 4 September 2010 earthquake, as well as the 22 February and 13 June events. Repair rates, expressed as repairs/km, for different types of pipelines are evaluated relative to (1) the spatial distribution of peak ground velocity outside liquefaction areas and (2) the differential ground surface settlement and lateral ground strain within areas affected by liquefaction, calculated from high-resolution LiDAR survey data acquired before and after each main seismic event. The excellent performance of the gas distribution network is the result of highly ductile polyethylene pipelines. Lessons learned regarding the earthquake performance of underground lifeline systems are summarized.

Past observations showed that pipeline damages in liquefaction zones are significantly higher than the damages in areas where there was no liquefaction. Existing vulnerability relationships for the pipelines in liquefaction zones utilize parameters such as ground displacement, horizontal ground strain, angular distortion or both. These relationships are particularly useful in performance or risk assessment of pipeline systems. However, prediction of these parameters for pipeline damage estimates is difficult to perform and highly variable with current procedures. This paper proposes new correlations of asbestos cement (AC), cast iron (CI) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipeline damage, expressed as repairs/km, with three different liquefaction parameters: liquefaction severity number (LSN), one-dimensional volumetric reconsolidation settlement (SV1D), and liquefaction potential index (LPI). The pipeline damage data from 22 February 2011, Mw = 6.2 Christchurch earthquake and geotechnical information pertaining to liquefied area in Christchurch are utilized herein. Cone penetration test (CPT) based Boulanger and Idriss [1] liquefaction triggering procedure with 15th, 50th and 85th percentile cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) curves (corresponding to probabilities of liquefaction, PL, equal to 15%, 50%, and 85%) was used to calculate the parameters. It is shown that the relationships between AC, CI and PVC pipeline damages and LSN, SV1D and LPI are strong, except for the correlation for AC pipeline damage versus LPI. Considering CI and PVC pipelines, both LSN and LPI correlations are comparable and slightly better than SV1D correlations. Use of different probabilities of liquefaction triggering does not have significant effect on correlations with LSN and SV1D whereas the same is not true for LPI correlations. Regarding the resilience of pipelines, PVC and AC pipelines performed the best and worst, respectively in all cases with CI pipelines in the middle. The correlations have the potential for use with existing or new liquefaction hazard maps for prediction of pipeline damage from future earthquakes. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

This paper presents and discusses the recent developments related to seismic performance and assessment of buried pipelines. The experience from the performance of pipelines during last earthquakes provided invaluable information and lead to new developments in the analysis and technologies. Especially, the pipeline performance during Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand is taken as a case study here. The data collected for the earthquake sequence are unprecedented in size and detail, involving ground motion recordings from scores of seismograph stations, high resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements of vertical and lateral movements after each event, and detailed repair records for thousands of km of underground pipelines with coordinates for the location of each repair. One of the important learnings from the recent earthquakes is that some earthquake resistant design and technologies proved to be working. This provides a motivation to increase international exchange and cooperation on earthquake resistant technologies. Another observation is that preventive maintenance is important to reduce the pipeline damage risk from seismic and other hazards. To increase the applicability and sustainability, seismic improvements should be incorporated into the pipe replacement and asset management programs as part of the preventive maintenance concept. However, it is also important to put in the most proper pipeline from the start as replacing or retrofitting the pipelines later requires substantial investment. In this respect, seismic considerations should be taken into account properly in the design phase. © The Author(s) 2015.

Since its beginning from 1995, Leonardo da Vinci programme has contributed significantly to engineering and vocational education. This paper describes four Leonardo projects which authors involved between 2006 and 2012 in different technical fields with primarily engineering applications. The common feature of these projects is the use of e-learning platforms that integrate the functions of systems such as LMS (Learning Management System) and LCMS (Learning Content Management System). The project products were produced by international partnerships, and hence satisfied the needs of target groups in many European countries. The WASTE-TRAIN and PROWAT project’s training materials were designed as blended learning. ACES project’s training materials were designed only for e-learning. PM4WAT project’s training materials are primarily designed for e-learning. However, the simulator training in PM4WAT was performed with face to face concept. As part of each project a pilot testing were performed in order to get an evaluation and feedback of the user groups and experts about the training materials and the training approach. The response of Turkish participants were presented and discussed here. The results showed that participants are interested in especially about blended learning approach., 1995 yılındaki başlangıcından beri Leonardo da Vinci programı mühendislik ve mesleki eğitime önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma yazarların 2006 ve 2012 yılları arasında yer aldıkları ağırlıklı olarak mühendislik uygulamalarını içeren farklı teknik alanlardaki dört Leonardo projesini tanımlar. Projelerin ortak özelliği, Öğrenme Yönetim Sistemi ve Öğrenme İçeriği Yönetim Sistemi gibi sistemler ile e-öğrenme platformlarının beraber kullanımıdır. Proje ürünleri uluslararası ortaklıkla üretilmiş ve dolayısıyla çoğu Avrupa ülkesindeki hedef kitlenin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamıştır. WASTE-TRAIN be PROWAT projelerinin eğitim malzemeleri karma eğitime uygun olarak tasarlanmıştır. ACES projesinin eğitim malzemeleri ise yalnızca uzaktan eğitime uygun olarak tasarlanmıştır. PM4WAT projesinin eğitim malzemeleri ise ağırlıklı olarak uzaktan eğitime uygundur. Ancak simülatör eğitimi yüz yüze konseptine uygun olarak tasarlanmıştır. Her bir projenin bir parçası olarak, kullanıcı grupları ve uzmanlardan eğitim malzemeleri ve eğitim yöntemi hakkında değerlendirme ve geri bildirim almak üzere deneme eğitimi yapılmıştır. Burada Türk katılımcıların cevapları sunulacak ve tartışılacaktır. Sonuçlar katılımcıların özellikle karma eğitim yaklaşımına ilgili olduklarını göstermektedir.

Nowadays, continuous, healthy water supply and total water quality management have emerged as an important issue in engineering applications. In a wide ranging assessment, the quality of the drinking water is being monitored in the distribution system, until it is supplied to the end user. It includes regular sampling and testing performed for assessing compliance with guideline values. The major purpose of this study was to monitor, evaluate and control the water quality in distribution system by using GIS to assess the drinking water quality in Denizli. The drinking water necessity in Denizli is supplied from various drinking water sources as Gokpinar, Derindere, Koz-lupinar and Benlipinar springs and more than 30 deep wells. The storage reservoir volume fed by the water sources varies from 20 m3 to 5500 m3. Almost 56% of Denizli drinking water distribution system consists of asbestos cement and cast iron pipes. The non-revenue water in the water supply system is about 50%. In the old distribution systems, epidemic illness risk is at high rate and the free residual chlorine has to be kept at certain amount. Therefore, the free residual chlorine amount has to be measured during the summer months against the epidemic danger. The chlorine reacts with the organic mater and the amount decreases; it forms the carcinogenic trihalomethanes (THMs). In this study, three organic mater precursors; namely total organic carbon (TOC) concentration, UV absorbance at 254 nm and free residual chlorine concentration has been measured in 30 points at various parts of the Denizli city water distribution system and mapped by GIS. © 2010 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.

Clustering techniques are used commonly in a variety of engineering and scientific fields although it is rarely used in lifeline earthquake engineering. Cluster analysis deals primarily with the discovery of structures or groupings within data. This paper presents the application of cluster analysis in pipeline damage assessment and identification of high damage areas. Identification of sites where pipeline damage concentrates has special importance because these sites are generally problematic areas and/or pipelines in these sites have some weaknesses. Understanding why damage is high there may contribute and improve future works related to pipeline damage prevention and mitigation. The 1994 Northridge earthquake water distribution pipeline damage in the city of Los Angeles was used herein to illustrate the application of subtractive and fuzzy c-means cluster analysis. © 2009 ASCE.

Prediction of damage to water supply lines during an earthquake is a critical part of seismic planning. This study evaluates the performance of the water supply system in Denizli, Turkey, in the event of an M6, M6.3, M6.5 and M7 earthquake associated with the Pamukkale and Karakova-Akhan Faults. The relative effects of transient ground deformations and permanent ground deformations based on maps of liquefiable soil and zones of predicted lateral ground displacements are compared. The relative effects of the different magnitude earthquakes and pipeline damage relationships on the pipeline performance following a seismic event are assessed. © Springer-Verlag 2009.

One of the most critical lessons of the recent earthquakes is the need for seismic planning for lifelines, with appropriate supplies and back up systems for emergency repair and restoration. Seismic planning, however requires physical loss estimations before the earthquakes occur. Buried pipeline damage correlations are critical part of loss estimation procedures applied to lifelines for future earthquakes. We review the existing pipeline damage relationships only for ground shaking (transient ground deformations) in the light of recent developments and evaluate them with Denizli City, Turkey water supply system. Eight scenario earthquakes with four different earthquake magnitudes between M6 and M7 caused by two different fault ruptures (Pamukkale and Karakova-Akhan Faults) were used. Analyses were performed by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This high number of different scenario earthquakes made it possible to compare the pipeline damage relationships at different ground shaking levels. Pipeline damage estimations for Denizli City were calculated for each damage relationship and earthquake scenario. Relative effects of damage relationships and scenario earthquakes on the results were compared and discussed. The results were presented separately for brittle, ductile, and all pipelines. It was shown that the variation in ductile pipeline damage estimations by various relationships was higher than the variation in brittle pipeline damage estimations for a particular scenario earthquake. © Springer 2006.

A new technique for real-time visualization of soil liquefaction by using electrical resistivity monitoring is presented. The technique utilizes the relationship between porosity and electric resistivity of soil, which was defined first by Archie in 1942. With the technique, the change of density (including relative density) of saturated soil with respect to depth can be monitored in real-time before, during, and after the dynamic excitation applied. A series of small chamber experiments on single-layer, two-layer, and five-layer soil models were performed and soil liquefaction was monitored in each case. The experiments show that the technique can be used successfully to visualize the change in density of saturated soil throughout the process of pore pressure build-up, liquefaction, and post-liquefaction during shaking experiments. The effects of sand properties, stratification, duration and magnitude of dynamic excitation, and application of successive dynamic excitations on the liquefaction and post-liquefaction behavior of soils are discussed. The technique is particularly promising for large-scale chamber experiments where it can be used to control and monitor relatively large soil mass in addition to determine its state of liquefaction during and after the shaking. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The estimation of liquefiable soils and potential mapping of liquefaction are very important for city planners, building owners, and engineers to determine liquefaction prone areas and hazard levels. In this research, we propose a new method which directly uses dynamic response of soils to evaluate its liquefaction potential. The method, electrical resistivity vibration probe penetration test (ERVPT), utilizes a vibration probe, accelerometer, pore-pressure meter, and electrical resistivity measurement, to determine the liquefiable soils. In principle, the vibration probe is penetrated into soil and vibration is applied, and changes of soil properties such as its electrical resistivity in addition to pore water pressure are measured in situ. As part of this study, we carried out SPT, CPT, and ER-VPT field tests in the shore of Lake Sapanca, Adapazari, Turkey. The results of these tests are presented and ER-VPT test results are discussed herein.

The estimation of liquefiable soils and potential mapping of liquefaction are very important for city planners, building owners, and engineers to see liquefaction prone areas and hazard levels. If the proposed structure is in a liquefaction hazard zone, additional measures against liquefaction can be taken. We propose a new method, electrical resistivity vibration probe penetration test (ER-VPT), which utilizes a vibration probe, accelerometer, pore-pressure meter and electrical resistivity measurement, to determine the liquefiable soils. We did experiments in laboratory and field using ER-VPT and got successful results. The ER-VPT is different from other tests commonly used in liquefaction prediction such as standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT). This method uses dynamic response of soils for liquefaction prediction.

Cone penetration test (CPT) soundings at historic liquefaction sites in California were used to evaluate the predictive capability of the liquefaction potential index (LPI), which was defined by Iwasaki et al. in 1978. LPI combines depth, thickness, and factor of safety of liquefiable material inferred from a CPT sounding into a single parameter. LPI data from the Monterey Bay region indicate that the probability of surface manifestations of liquefaction is 58 and 93%, respectively, when LPI equals or exceeds 5 and 15. LPI values also generally correlate with surface effects of liquefaction: Decreasing from a.median of 12 for soundings in lateral spreads to 0 for soundings where no surface effects were reported. The index is particularly promising for probabilistic liquefaction hazard mapping where it may be a useful parameter for characterizing the liquefaction potential of geologic units.