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In this study, in order to reduce the core losses of power transformers, the case of using two cores that can be activated according to the need instead of a single core is discussed. As it is known, in power transformers, the tolerance of core losses in the case of drawing the nominal power from the secondary depends on the materials used. In particular, the flux loss of the soft, siliceous sheet forming the core is tried to be improved by the manufacturing companies. However, if a small amount of the nominal power is drawn from this transformer while using a single core, core losses can be even greater than the power drawn. In the project of this study, a transformer with two different cores will be produced by dividing the core that will provide the total nominal power while manufacturing the transformer instead of a single core. Theoretical studies and simulation results show that this is possible. In the scientific literature, this situation is examined as a parallel study. It is known that transformers that show high variability in the amount of loading throughout the year in the national grid operate at a low occupancy rate. Instead of the single active core, the increase in the occupancy rate will make the second core active and meet the demand by working in parallel with the cores, which will contribute to the country's economy. Here, the switching on and off of the two cores placed in the same tank will be adapted considering the operating range of the cores with the highest efficiency by selecting the true direction of windings. Transformer prototypes to be produced within the scope of the new generation dual-core transformer project will be selected from among transformers with unbalanced load profiles in YEDAŞ responsibility areas, and transformers with a power of 2x50 kVA will be installed to be applied in pilot areas.

Vurgulu elektrik alan (PEF; pulsed electric field) yöntemi, günümüzde algısı ve beklentisi değişen bireylerin sadece güvenilir değil aynı zamanda duyusal ve besleyici yönden cazibesi yüksek doğal gıdalara olan talebini karşılamak üzere geliştirilmiş ısıl olmayan yeni bir muhafaza yöntemidir. İlk çağlardan beri farklı tekniklerle muhafaza edilen taze et ve et ürünlerinin çekiciliğini artırmak ve doğala yakın özelliklerini korumak için bilinen yöntemlere alternatif olarak değerlendirilen PEF uygulaması, etin sertliği, su tutma kapasitesi, renk ve mikrobiyel yük gibi kalite kriterlerini önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu derlemede et teknolojisinde prosesi iyileştirme, verimi artırma ve son ürün kalitesini iyileştirme potansiyeli olan PEF uygulamaları ile ilgili çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by an increase in bone fragility and fracture risk due to low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. Application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF), a non-invasive method with a low complication risk, is known to stimulate bone formation. The present study examines the histomorphometric and biochemical effects of PEMF application on the healing of bone defects in rats with heparin-induced secondary osteoporosis. Briefly, 12-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined in a prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Osteoporosis was induced by administering a daily dose of 2 IU/g heparin for 33 days. Bone defects were created on the right femur on Day 35. PEMF of an average intensity of 0.8 +/- 0.2 mT and a frequency of 7.3 Hz, was applied for 1 h/day, for 28 days following surgery. Bone healing was evaluated by histomorphometric and biochemical analyses. The heparin + PEMF group displayed the largest amount of new bone area (P = .002) and the lowest mean CTx on Day 63 (P = .05). This study demonstrates that heparin administration leads to bone loss and osteoporosis, whereas the application of PEMF decreases this effect.

A Pulsed Electrical Field (PEF) reactor was developed to process biological sludge as a pretreatment method prior to anaerobic digestion. This study focuses on the effects of operational parameters such as applied voltage, pH, conductivity, flow-rate, and temperature affecting the treatment of waste active sludge (WAS) by PEF, the simulation of reactor process conditions and anaerobic biodegradation of PEF pretreated sludge. The effects of the sludge conductivity, flow-rate, and temperature on the Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD) of WAS treated by PEF reactor were investigated by using a Box-Wilson statistical experiment design. Simulations of the PEF process conditions were performed to verify experimental results. After PEF optimization study, the PEF operational conditions for maximum SCOD were obtained at 4 mS/cm conductivity, 5 mL/min flow-rate, and 40 degrees C temperature during PEF treatment. The measured and predicted SCOD showed a good consistency (R (2 )= 0.92). After it was pretreated by the PEF, the SCOD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, polysaccharide and protein contents of WAS increased. However filterability property also decreased. In the anaerobic digestion study, the reactor fed with the PEF pretreated WAS provided 1.70 times higher methane production compared with raw sludge. In addition to this situation, 18% and 19% improvements, respectively, were observed in SCOD and VSS reductions when it was compared with raw sludge in the 23 days of anaerobic operation. Sixteen percent decrease in CST showed that the PEF enhanced the ?lterability of WAS during the anaerobic stabilization.

Mikrodalga ablasyonu (MDA) kanserli dokuları mikrodalga enerjisini kullanarak yok etme tekniği olarak bilinmektedir. İmplant antenler mikrodalga ablasyonu (MDA) için uygun antenler olup, küçük yapıları ve düşük maliyetleri ile tercih edilmektedir. Kanserli dokunun gelişimini etkin bir şekilde baskılayabilmek için, özgül soğrulma oranı (ÖSO) ve sıcaklık dağılımı kontrol edilebilen bu tip antenler değişik frekans ve güçlerde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada mikrodalga tümör ablasyonu için CST Studio ile tasarlanan ve 2.41 GHz de rezonans durumunda olan hüzme yönlülüğü yüksek kompakt anten ve 2.46 GHz’ de rezonans durumunda olan kompakt çok bandlı düzlemsel anten kullanıldı. Bu radyatör tip antenler 2.45 GHz’ de tümörlü doku karşısına yerleştirilerek simule edildi. Hüzme yönlülüğü yüksek kompak anten için 2.41 GHz de yaptığı ışıma sonucunda maksimum SAR değeri 8.53 W/kg SAR/10g olarak elde edildi ve ısı akışı 1 W için sıcaklık aralığı 37 –48℃ olarak elde edildi. Kompakt çok bandlı düzlemsel anten için 2.45 GHz de yaptığı ışıma sonucunda maksimum SAR değeri 22.5 W/kg SAR/10g olarak elde edildi ve ısı akışı 1 W için sıcaklık aralığı 36 –41℃ olarak elde edildi. Antenlerin analizi ile ilgili olarak Geri dönüş kaybı (S11), elektrik alan, yönlendiricilik ve SAR değerleri ile simulasyonda mikrodalga gücünün uygulanmasıyla bir eğri buyunca elde edilen sıcaklık – uzaklık grafikleri simulasyon sonucu olarak rapor edilmiş ve sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır. Elde edilen simulasyon sonuçlarına göre her iki anteninde mikrodalga ablasyonunda kullanılabileceğine dair sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.

In this study, the muscle equivalent tissue models wereexamined for unavoidable electromagnetic radiation from various devices whichused in daily life. Nowadays, daily exposure growing because of the increasinguse of electromagnetic field-emitting devices and their widespread diversity ofthe frequency and power levels. Electromagnetic waves make different effects indifferent frequencies and different strengths human body. This effect causessome changes in body by heating or chemically. In this study, for differentfrequencies such as 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies for mobile phone and 2.45 GHzfrequency for wireless communication devices and also the 27.12 MHz frequencyfor medical devices, physiotherapy treatment (short-wave diathermy), muscleequivalent liquid models are aimed for determining their effects on humanmuscle tissue. Thermal changes in this phantom were measured for validation onthe model of electromagnetic exposure as well., Bu çalışmada günlük hayatta maruziyetinden sakınılamayanfarklı frekanslardaki cihazların oluşturduğu elektromanyetik yayılım için kaseşdeğer modelleri oluşturulmuştur. Günümüzde elektromanyetik alan yayancihazların kullanımının giderek yaygınlaşması maruz kalınan frekans ve güçseviyelerinin çeşitliliğini artırmaktadır. Elektromanyetik dalgalar farklıgüçlerde ve farklı frekanslarda, insan vücudunda değişik etkilerdebulunmaktadır. Bu etkiler vücutta dokuları ısıtmakta veya kimyasal yoldandeğişimlere yol açmaktadır. Buçalışmada, 900 MHz ve 1800 MHz frekanslarındakicep telefonu, 2.45 GHz frekansındaki kablosuz haberleşme cihazlarının ve ayrıca27.12 MHz frekansındaki tıbbi fizyoterapi tedavi cihazlarının (kısa dalgadiatermi) insan kas dokusu üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amaçlı kas eşdeğersıvıları oluşturulmuştur. Bu oluşturulan fantom model üzerinde elektromanyetikmaruziyetin neden olduğu ısıl değişimler ölçülmüştür.

Amaç; Diş hekimliği mesleği, kas-iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıkları ve stres yoğunluğuna bağlı hastalıklar ile öne çıkmaktadır. Ancak yapılan araştırmaların tamamı ergonomi ve klinik çalışma şekli ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Elektromanyetik alanların insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri bilinmesine rağmen, diş hekimliğinde kullanılan elektrikli cihazların elektrik-manyetik alanlarına ve çalışanlar üzerindeki potansiyel tehlikelerine yönelik bir araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, diş hekimliği pratiğinde kullanılan ve elektrik akımı ile çalışan cihazların oluşturduğu elektromanyetik alanların büyüklüklerini tespit etmektir. Yöntem; Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi ve Isparta Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı Merkezi kliniklerinin tamamında elektrik ve manyetik alan ölçümü yapıldı. Ölçümler için dijital elektromanyetik ışınım detektörü kullanıldı. Ortam ölçümlerinin ardından, kliniklerde rutin olarak kullanılan ve elektrik akımı ile çalışan anguldurva, endodontik anguldurva, laboratuvar motoru (masa / dizden basmalı tip) kavitron, ultrasonik temizleyici, aljinat karıştırma cihazı, sert ve yumuşak doku lazer cihazı ölçümleri gerçekleştirildi. Ölçümler, cihazlar açık / kapalı halde, cihaza temas halinde ve kullanım yerlerine göre, 10cm, 20cm, 30cm ve 50cm uzaklıktan olacak şekilde gerçekleştirildi. Sonuçlar, Uluslararası Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği Enstitüsü (IEEE) nün CE95 standartlarına göre değerlendirildi. Ölçüm sonuçları ortalama ve standart sapma olarak dökümante edildi. Bulgular; Ölçüm sonuçları, diş hekimliği kliniğinde kullanılan cihazlardan yayılan elektromanyetik alanın, ölçüm mesafesine göre değişkenlik göstererek IEEE nin günlük yaşam alanları için belirlediği 1µT (mikrotesla) ve çalışma ortamları için belirlediği 1mT (militesla) nın üç katından (3mT) fazla olabildiğini göstermiştir. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın verileri, çeşitli meslek grupları için tehlike arz ettiği bilinen elektromanyetik alanların diş hekimliği açısından da bir “çevresel kirlilik” olarak kabul edilmesi ve önlem alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir.

OBJECTIVE: In this experimental study, we aimed to investigate whether 0 Hz-Static and 50 Hz-Electric fields have an effect on bone healing. METHODS: In this study, 45 male Wistar-Albino rats were equally and randomly separated into three groups as follows: a 0 Hz-Static electric field (SEF), a 50-Hz low-frequency electric field (LFEF) and a control group. A manual fracture was performed in the left tibia diaphysis of all rats, and fractures were fixed using circular plaster over the knee. The LFEF group was exposed to 50 Hz electric field for 30 minutes a day, five days a week, for a total of eight weeks. The SEF group was exposed to 0 Hz electric field within the same time interval. The control group was held in identical environmental conditions, without exposure to electric field. Periodic radiographs were taken from all the animals. At the end of this study, rats were sacrificed and mechanical/histopathologic examinations were performed. RESULTS: Radiologic, mechanical and histologic scores of the LFEF group were lower than those of the SEF and control groups; however, no significant difference was found in group comparisons in terms of average histologic and radiologic scores (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Results extracted from the current study suggest that 0-hz static and 50-hz electric field exposures affect bone healing tissue of tibial fracture models in rats, although it is not significant.

Objective The study was aimed to evaluate the physiopathological consideration of the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) from the radiation of 4.5 G mobile phones on the liver tissue of rats and quercetin (Qu) applied as an antioxidant for reducing these effects. Methods Male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into four groups with 8 rats in each group. Group 1 (control group), Group 2 (sham group), Group 3 (EMF group) and Group 4 (EMF + Qu). From the animals sacrificed at the end of the 30th day; liver tissues were taken for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results In the liver tissue of the electromagnetic field group; dilatation of sinusitis was determined to be higher than in the sham group. It was concluded that the concentration of caspase-3 and TNF-α immunopositive cells was in the EMF group (+3) level and also the immunostaining was stronger, it caused an increase in malondialdehyde level, the difference between the groups was statistically significant, in terms of superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, the difference was not significant. Conclusion It was determined that 2600 MHz EMF exposure caused damage to the liver, 100 mg/kg/day quercetin was not sufficient to prevent this damage (Tab. 5, Fig. 15, Ref. 27).

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the effects of 2450 MHz EMR on the heart and blood in rat and possible ameliorating effects of melatonin. MATERIAL AND METHOD Thirty-two female Wistar Albino rats were randomly grouped (by eight in each group) as follows: Group I: cage-control group (dimethysulfoxide (DMSO), 10mg/kg/day i.p. without stress and EMR. Group II: sham-control rats stayed in restrainer without EMR and DMSO (10mg/kg/day i.p.). Group III: rats exposed to 2450 MHz EMR. Group IV: treated group rats exposed to 2450 MHz EMR+melatonin (MLT) (10mg/kg/day i.p.). RESULTS In the blood tissue, there was no significant difference between the groups in respect of erythrocytes GSH, GSH-Px activity, plasma LP level and vitamin A concentration (p > 0.05). However, in the Group IV, erythrocytes' LP levels (p < 0.05) were observed to be significantly decreased while plasma vitamin C, and vitamin E concentrations (p < 0.05) were found to be increased when compared to Group III. In the heart tissues, MDA and NO levels significantly increased in group III compared with groups I and II (p < 0.05). Contrary to these oxidant levels, CAT and SOD enzyme activities decreased significantly in group III compared with groups I and II (p 0.05). Besides, MLT treatment lowered the MDA and NO levels compared with group III. DISCUSSION In conclusion, these results demonstrated that contrary to its effect on the heart, the wireless (2450 MHz) devices cause slight oxidative-antioxidative changes in the blood of rats, and a moderate melatonin supplementation may play an important role in the antioxidant system (plasma vitamin C and vitamin E). However, further investigations are required to clarify the mechanism of action of the applied 2450 MHz EMR exposure (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 49).

For MWA applications in the ISM band, the bioimplant single slot coaxial antenna and NiTi ring antenna are designed. The characteristics of the Sucoform_86 / coaxial cable used in the design of the single slot coaxial antenna are given. Simulation and measurement results of return loss, input impedance, gain, VSWR of the designed bioimplant single slot coaxial antenna are examined. Tumor ablation simulation configuration used, SAR (f = 2.45 GHz) (1gr) simulation result, cut plane image of antenna, curve and multilayered tissues (skin, fat, muscle, tumor), obtained along the curve using heat sources of different strengths Length (mm) - Temperature (Kelvin) graph and Length (mm) - Electric Field (V / m) graph obtained along the curve are presented. The electrical properties of NiTi material have been measured and presented. The return loss, electrical field and orientation parameters of the designed NiTi ring antenna were analyzed and CST drawing of NiTi ring antenna, return loss measurement mechanism and measurement result were presented.

This study analyzes the effects of the devices that work at the frequency of 2450 MHz and that release electromagnetic waves on the growth of bacteria. E. Coli bacterial cells are used in this experiment. The bacterial cult is divided into two groups under sterilized conditions. For both groups, the temperature is held constant at 37 Co while the heating effect of the devices working at the frequency of 2450 MHz is minimized. Then, the bacterial cells in the experimental group are exposed to the electromagnetic waves released by the devices working at the frequency of 2450 MHz while the control group is incubated for 8 hours without any exposure to electromagnetic waves. At each hour, samples from the E. Coli bacteria that are exposed to electromagnetic waves and from the control group. After measuring the optical density of the samples, it is found that the electromagnetic waves released by the devices working at the frequency of 2450 MHz have negative effects on the growth of bacteria. So, the effects of the electromagnetic waves released by the devices working at the frequency of 2450 MHz on the growth of the bacteria might be thermal or stress-related. However, there is a need for further physiologic and morphologic studies on this issue. The studies on this issue should be conducted for the public health.

Although a large number of exposure studies have been carried out to investigate possible detrimental effects of a power-line frequency magnetic field (PF-MF; 50-60 Hz) on living organisms, there is no consensus in reported results. Recent research suggested that short-term exposure to a 50 Hz PF-MF can have a greater effect than long-term exposure. In our study, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of short-term 50 Hz PF-MF exposure on central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems through electroencephalogram (EEG), nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and heart rate variability (HRV) measurements. To that end, Wistar albino rats and sciatic nerves gathered from the rats were exposed to a 50 Hz, 0.3 mT MF, and changes on EEG, NCV, and HRV were investigated. According to data we gathered, MF frequency and magnetic flux density that we applied did not affect EEG, NCV, or HRV. The reason for conflicting results gathered from MF exposure studies may be that the nervous system can be affected by a specific MF frequency and magnetic flux density, but that different MF exposures do not affect it. Moreover, exposure duration to MF may also have influenced results.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the pancreas tissue of young rats and the ameliorative effect of Gallic acid (GA). Six-week-old, 48 male rats were equally divided into four groups: Sham group, EMR group (2.45 GHz), EMR (2.45 GHz)+GA group (30 mg/kg/daily) orally and GA group (30 mg/kg/daily). After 30 days, serum and pancreatic tissue samples were harvested for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Serum amylase, lipase, glucose, and tissue malondialdehyde, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index were increased, whereas total antioxidant status decreased in the EMR group. The histopathological examination of the pancreases indicated slight degenerative changes in some pancreatic endocrine and exocrine cells and slight inflammatory cell infiltrations in the EMR group. At the immunohistochemical examination, marked increase was observed in calcitonin gene related protein and Prostaglandin E2 expressions in pancreatic cells in this group. There were no changes in interleukin-6 expirations. GA ameliorated biochemical and pathological findings in the EMR+GA group. These findings clearly demonstrate that EMR can cause degenerative changes in both endocrine and exocrine pancreas cells in rats during the developmental period and GA has an ameliorative effect. (C) 2017 The Egyptian Society of Radiation Sciences and Applications. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This paper discusses briefly a fuzzy-based assessment of health hazard due to electromagnetic radiation. The RF electromagnetic fields, out of the measurement points, were calculated by the developed software based on fuzzy logic. The electric and magnetic field components of RF radiation value at any point can be compared with national/international standards and limits easily using this software. There is currently a general consensus in the scientific and standards community that the most significant parameter, in terms of biologically relevant effects of human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, specific absorption rate is the specific energy absorption rate in tissue, a quantity properly averaged in time and space and expressed in watts per kilogram. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers recognizes that there is public concern regarding the safety of exposure to the radio frequency and microwave fields from hand-held, portable, and mobile cellular telephones. International organizations have established guidelines for human exposure to radio frequency energy. While these guidelines differ in some respects, their limits in the frequency range used by wireless communications devices are broadly similar. The consensus of the scientific community, as reflected in these exposure guidelines, is that exposure to RF energy within the recommended limits stated in these guidelines is safe. However, there is a scientific discontinuity in view of health hazards. In this study, a fuzzification/defuzzification method of the discontinuity problem makes the “soft” boundaries between hazardous regions and non-hazardous regions. In future studies, more sophisticated fuzzy methods should be tested for more realistic solutions.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of fabric lamination angle and fabric ply number on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of weft knitted fabric-reinforced polypropylene composites. Knitted fabric-reinforced composites are composed of aramid yarn, polypropylene yarn, and copper wire. Polypropylene is the matrix phase and the aramid yarn and copper wires are the reinforcement phase of the composite materials. It was achieved to form 1.5 to 3 mm thickness composites. The composites have nearly 20–50 dB electromagnetic shielding values. To form the knitted fabrics, 7G semiautomatic flat knitting machine was used. The composites were formed by a laboratory-type hot press. EMSE of composites were tested by using ASTM D 4935 coaxial test fixture in 27–3000 MHz frequency band. Lamination angle and ply number parameters were examined related to EMSE of structures. For this study, three different structures were knitted and named as plain knit, 1×1 rib knit, and half cardigan knit. To determine the effect of lamination angle of composites on electromagnetic shielding performance, the composites were produced in two different lamination angles as 0°/90°/0°/90° and 0°/45°/0°/45°. To determine the effect of fabric ply number of composites on electromagnetic shielding performance, the composites were produced in two and four plies. It was observed that the fabric ply number and lamination angle does not affect the EMSE of composite materials very much. It was determined that weft knitted reinforced composite structures have appropriate and high EMSE values for electromagnetic applications. This knitted fabric-reinforced polypropylene composites are flexible and suitable for other industrial applications as civil engineering, aerospace, etc.

In this study, the effects of medical physiotherapy devices, cellular phones and wireless communication devices on human muscle tissue was examined in different studying frequency. Different muscle models were formed using HFSS program by taking into consideration electrical properties of the muscle tissue for different operating frequencies. Specific absorption rate values were computed on these models. Also the temperature rise amount and Spesific absorbation rate in the tissue from caused by exposure to electromagnetic fields were determined mathematically.

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte çevremizdeki elektronik cihazların kullanımı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Özellikle hastane gibi hassas ortamlarda elektromanyetik alan kaynaklarının artması; cihazlar arasında elektromanyetik girişime sebep olurken, insan sağlığı açısından da risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesinin elektromanyetik alan haritası çıkarılmıştır. Ölçümler hastanenin kritik olan noktalarından alınmıştır. Bu noktalardaki ölçümler alınarak, ortamdaki enerji seviyesi belirlenmiştir. Ölçümler sonucunda elde edilen değerler, sınır değer ile karşılaştırılıp çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün kabul edip etmediği sınır değerleri belirlenmiştir.

Children are exposed to various kind of non-ionizan radiation in their daily life involuntarily. The potential sensitivity of developing organism to the effects of radiofrequency (RF) signals, the higher estimated specific absorption rate (SAR) values of children and greater lifetime cumulative risk raised the scientific interest for children's vulnerability to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). In modern societies, children are being exposed to EMFs in very early ages. There are many researches in scientific literature investigating the alterations of biological parameters in living organisms after EMFs. Although the international guidelines did not report definite, convincing data about the causality, there are unignorable amount of studies indicating the increased risk of cancer, hematologic effects and cognitive impairment. Although they are less in amount; growing number of studies reveal the impacts on metabolism and endocrine function. Reproductive system and growth look like the most challenging fields. However there are also some concerns on detrimental effects of EMFs on thyroid functions, adrenal hormones, glucose homeostasis and melatonin levels. It is not easy to conduct a study investigating the effects of EMFs on a fetus or child due to ethical issues. Hence, the studies are usually performed on virtual models or animals. Although the results are conflicting and cannot be totally matched with humans; there is growing evidence to distress us about the threats of EMF on children.

The aim of the present study is to investigate whether or not pulsed electric field (PEF) affects some hematological parameters in rats. Sixteen healthy male Wistar rats weighting 150–200 g were used and were randomly divided into two groups. Exposure group ( n = 8) was exposed to a PEF (10 kV m−1 for 1 h d−1) for 10 consecutive days. The control group rats ( n = 8) were not exposed to PEF. The following hematological parameters were measured in both the groups: white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht) and platelets (PLTs). Some of the hematological parameters under investigation were similar in both the groups. Exposure group, exposed for 1 h d−1 during 10 consecutive days, induced a significant increase in the rates of WBC ( p

The heart is a contractile organ that can generate its own rhythm. The contraction, or the rhythm, of the heart may be influenced by electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, because of the heart's excitability characteristic. In previous studies, different methods have been used to study the possible effects of an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on the heart. But the studies' designs were not similar, and the results were also different. Recent studies have shown some evidence that short-term EMF exposure can influence the heart more than long-term exposure. This study investigated how the heart is affected in the first EMF exposure. In a simulation of the daily exposure of humans to a power frequency, Wistar albino rats were used. By utilizing the Helmholtz-coil set, we obtained a 50-Hz, 1-μT EMF and examined rat heart activity during short-term EMF exposure. No effect was observed under this exposure condition. The results obtained do not confirm a possible mechanism in the electrical activity of the rat heart model.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of selenium and L-carnitine on oxidative stress induced by 2.45-GHz radiation in heart of rat. For this purpose, 30 male Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into five groups namely controls, sham controls, radiation-exposed rats, radiation-exposed rats treated with intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day, and radiation-exposed rats treated with intraperitoneal injections of L-carnitine at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day. Except for the controls and sham controls, the animals were exposed to 2.45-GHz radiation during 60 min/day for 28 days. The lipid peroxidation (LP) levels were higher in the radiation-exposed groups than in the control and sham control groups. The lipid peroxidation level in the irradiated animals treated with selenium and L-carnitine was lower than in those that were only exposed to 2.45-GHz radiation. The concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E were lower in the irradiated-only group relative to control and sham control groups, but their concentrations were increased in the groups treated with selenium- and L-carnitine. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was higher in the selenium-treated group than in the animals that were irradiated but received no treatment. The erythrocyte-reduced glutathione and β-carotene concentrations did not change in any of the groups. In conclusion, 2.45-GHz electromagnetic radiation caused oxidative stress in the heart of rats. There is an apparent protective effect of selenium and L-carnitine by inhibition of free radical formation and support of the antioxidant redox system.

The present study has investigated the potential effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field exposure on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels of adult male rats. Sixty rats have been divided into three independent groups randomly, 20 of which arranged as controls (without exposure to 50 Hz electric field), 20 of which have been exposed to a 50 Hz electric field for 10 days and 20 of which have been exposed to a 50-Hz electric field for 30 days. Levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in plasma samples have been measured. Total cholesterol concentration of the plasma in group 2 with short-term exposure and group 3 with long-term exposure to 50 Hz EF (65.33 ± 15.31 mg/dL and 59.55 ± 15.01 mg/dL, respectively) has showed significant decrease when compared with control groups (70.44 ± 19.60 mg/dL). Also, plasma triglyceride showed similar changes (control: 84.44 ± 16.79 mg/dL, 67.33 ± 15.63 and 51.53 ± 14.17 mg/dL in group 1 and 2, respectively). Fifty Hz electric field may decrease plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents significantly, especially with long-term exposure.

This study investigated the long-term effects of electric fields (EF) which might cause physiopathological or morphological changes in the testis tissues of rats. We assumed that using resveratrol (RES) might reduce harmful effects of the EF. Thirty-two male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups with eight animals in each; control, EF, EF + RES and RES. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and histopathological parameters were evaluated in testis tissue. Epididymal sperm count, motility and DNA damage were studied. Total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, estradiol and growth hormone levels were evaluated in the plasma samples. EF caused statistically significant increase in MDA levels, body weight and DNA damage. A significant decrease was detected in sperm count and motility. The histopathological examination of the testes showed the germ cell decrease in the seminiferous epithelium with oedema and vascular congestion in the interstitial tissue. In immunohistochemical examination, the increase in the apoptotic cells number was detected. RES partially ameliorated biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in the EF + RES group. These findings clearly demonstrated that EF can cause damage in rat testis. RES can ameliorate the damage caused by EF.

To investigate prenatal and post-natal effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field (EF) on growth and pubertal development, pregnant Wistar rats were randomly distributed among three groups. The pregnant rats of the prenatal group were exposed to 24-hour EF at 50 Hz EF 10 kV/min during pregnancy and their subsequent randomly selected female pups continued to be exposed until puberty. The post-natal group was unexposed to EF during pregnancy, but randomly selected female pups from this group were exposed to EF between delivery and puberty at the same doses and duration as the prenatal group. The third group was a sham-exposed group. The mean birth weight and weight gain of the pups during study period were found significantly reduced in prenatal group than post-natal and sham-exposed groups (p < 0.001). No difference could be found among the three groups for body weight at puberty (p > 0.05). The mean age at vaginal opening and estrous were significantly higher at prenatal group than post-natal and sham-exposed groups (p < 0.001). Serum insulin-like growth hormone-1 (IGF-1) levels were found significantly reduced in prenatal exposure group compared with the other two groups (p < 0.001). There was no difference for birth weight, weight gain, the mean age at vaginal opening and estrous and IGF-1 levels between post-natal and sham-exposed groups (p > 0.05). There was also no difference for FSH, LH and E2 levels at puberty among the three groups (p > 0.05). Histological examination revealed that both the prenatal and post-natal groups had the evidence of tissue damage on hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries. In conclusion, early beginning of prenatal exposure of rats to 24 hours 50 Hz EF at 10 kV/m until puberty without magnetic field (MF) resulted in growth restriction, delayed puberty and reduced IGF-1 levels in female Wistar rats. These effects probably associated with direct toxic effects of EF on target organs. Post-natal exposure to EF at similar doses and duration seems to be less harmful on target organs. Post-natal exposure to EF at similar doses and duration seems to be less harmful.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of short-wave diathermy on hand and finger grip strength of healthy volunteers. Six male volunteers from Egirdir Bone Joint Diseases Treatment and Rehabilitation Hospital were included in this study. Age, body weight, height, body mass index, hand grip strength, lateral grip strength, palmar grip and finger grip strength values were recorded. As a result, after acute exposure to short-wave diathermy all strengths are reduced according to the initial values. After 10 sessions of chronic exposure to short-wave diathermy all hand strengths of volunteers has almost reached to initial values.

Objectives: There are increasing number of evidence that exposure to the radiofrequency fields from mobile phones could affect human health. An electromagnetic field (EMF) has some biological effects on the behavior of the cell population of bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 900 MHz EMF emitted by mobile phones on the bone mineral density (BMD) of rat bone tissue. Materials and methods: This study was done in Süley­man Demirel University, Turkey in 2006 . A total of 30 male rats were divided in three groups. EMF with 1±04 mW/cm2 power and 900 MHz frequency: Group I (n=10) was exposed to short term (ST) 900 MHz EMF for 30 min/day, fıve day per week during 4 weeks, group II (n=10) was exposed to long term (LT) 900 MHz EMF for 30 min/day fıve day per week during 8 weeks and group III (n=10) was non-irradiated as control group and was held in the same environmental conditions for the same time except EMF application. At the end of the experiment, BMD of all rats was measured by scanning with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Results: Both lumbar spine and femur diaphysis BMD values were found to be lower in the exposed to ST or LT 900 MHz groups compared with the control group. How­ever, the differences did not reach to a significant level (P>0.05). Conclusions: It can be said that exposure to ST or LT 900 MHz EMF acquired from cellular phones and/or simi­lar sources with an average power intensity of 1.04 mW/cm2 and a SAR value of 0.008 W/kg has not significant effects on rats bone tissue BMD, Amaç: Cep telefonlarından yayılan radyofrekans dalgala­rın insan sağlığına etkisiyle ilgili artan sayıda kanıt vardır. Elektromanyetik alanın (EMA) kemik hücreleri üzerine bazı biyolojik etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir. Çalışmamız­da, cep telefonlarından yayılan 900 MHz frekansındaki EMA\'nın rat kemik dokusundaki kemik mineral yoğunluğu (KMY) üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışma Süleyman Demirel Üniver­sitesinde 2006 yılında yapıldı. Otuz erkek sıçan üç gruba ayrıldı. 1.gruptaki ratlar; kısa dönem, dört hafta boyunca haftada beş gün ve günde 30 dakika 1 ± 04 mW/cm2 gü­cünde ve 900 MHz frekansında EMA\'a maruz bırakıldı. 2.gruptaki ratlar ise; aynı güçte uzun dönem, sekiz hafta boyunca haftada beş gün ve günde 30 dakika 900 MHz frekansında EMA\'a maruz bırakıldı. 3.gruptaki ratlar EMA uygulanan ratlarla aynı gün, süre ve çevresel şartlarda tutuldu ancak EMA uygulanmadı ve kontrol grubu olarak kabul edildi. Çalışma sonunda tüm sıçanların KMY değer­leri “Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry” cihazı ile tarana­rak ölçüldü. Bulgular: Kısa ya da uzun dönem EMA maruziyetine bırakılan her iki grupta; kontrol grubuna göre lomber ve femur KMY değerlerinde minimal azalma vardı. Ancak aradaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeye ulaşmadı (p>0.05). Sonuç: Cep telefonu ve benzer kaynaklardan yayılan 1.04 mW/cm2 gücünde ve of 0.008 W/kg SAR değerinde EMA\'a kısa ya da uzun dönem maruziyetin, sıçanların ke­mik dokusu KMY üzerine anlamlı etkisi olmadı.

BackgroundFibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is identified by widespread musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbance, nonrestorative sleep, fatigue, morning stiffness and anxiety. Anxiety is very common in Fibromyalgia and generally leads to a misdiagnosis. Self-rated Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and doctor-rated Hamilton Anxiety Inventory (HAM-A) are frequently used by specialists to determine anxiety that accompanies fibromyalgia. However, these semi-quantitative anxiety tests are still subjective as the tests are scored using doctor-rated or self-rated scales. MethodIn this study, we investigated the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) frequency subbands and anxiety tests. The study was conducted with 56 FMS patients and 34 healthy controls. BAI and HAM-A test scores were determined for each participant. ECG signals were then recruited and 71 HRV subbands were obtained from these ECG signals using Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT). The subbands and anxiety tests scores were analyzed and compared using multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN). ResultsThe results show that a HRV high frequency (HF) subband in the range of 0.15235Hz to 0.40235Hz, is correlated with BAI scores and another HRV HF subband, frequency range of 0.15235Hz to 0.28907Hz is correlated with HAM-A scores. The overall accuracy is 91.11% for HAM-A and 90% for BAI with MLPNN analysis. ConclusionDoctor-rated or self-rated anxiety tests should be supported with quantitative and more objective methods. Our results show that the HRV parameters will be able to support the anxiety tests in the clinical evaluation of fibromyalgia. In other words, HRV parameters can potentially be used as an auxiliary diagnostic method in conjunction with anxiety tests. Display Omitted HRV subband analysis is the significant part of the study.The study is realized for helping the diagnosis of FMS with HRV subband analysis.There is a new vision on the evaluation of anxiety that accompanies fibromyalgia.Novelty is supporting the subjective verbal tests by objective physiological tests.This method may be a beneficial tool for estimation of anxiety.

There are numerous reports on the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in various cellular systems. Melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a component of honeybee propolis, were recently found to be potent free radical scavengers and antioxidants. Mechanisms of adverse effects of EMR indicate that reactive oxygen species may play a role in the biological effects of this radiation. The present study was carried out to compare the efficacy of the protective effects of melatonin and CAPE against retinal oxidative stress due to long-term exposure to 900 MHz EMR emitting mobile phones. Melatonin and CAPE were administered daily for 60 days to the rats prior to their EMR exposure during our study. Nitric oxide (NO, an oxidant product) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA, an index of lipid peroxidation), were used as markers of retinal oxidative stress in rats following to use of EMR. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were studied to evaluate the changes of antioxidant status in retinal tissue. Retinal levels of NO and MDA increased in EMR exposed rats while both melatonin and CAPE caused a significant reduction in the levels of NO and MDA. Likewise, retinal SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities decreased in EMR exposed animals while melatonin and CAPE caused a significant increase in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes. Treatment of EMR exposed rats with melatonin or CAPE increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT to higher levels than those of control rats. In conclusion, melatonin and CAPE reduce retinal oxidative stress after long-term exposure to 900 MHz emitting mobile phone. Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference between the efficacies of these two antioxidants against to EMR induced oxidative stress in rat retina. The difference was in only GSH-Px activity in rat retina. Melatonin stimulated the retinal GSH-Px activity more efficiently than CAPE did.

Nowadays, the use of a wireless network as well as all over the world has increased very quickly. Although WLAN system constitute an important part of our lives almost on a daily, even though there is clear evidence of harmful effects on health available. This idea of the present study was exposed to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field L. rhamnosus studied on the development of bacteria. Bacterial culture is divided into 16 falcon tube with 15 ml of sterile conditions. During the test tubes were divided into the two groups, control groups (n = 8) and test groups (n = 8). 2.45 GHz half-wave dipole antenna is used as the source of the electromagnetic field, 1 watt maximum power density tubes were exposed to radiation. These two groups throughout the experiment samples were taken one-hour intervals for 8 hours. (experimental group and control group) Effect of pH eliminated at this stage, only time and was working on. Experiment lasted for 8 hours, and was made in sterile environments. Analyzing the results of the experiment the experimental group of L. rhamnosus bacteria grow in less than control group of L. rhamnosus bacteria. The experimental group reach the period of dead earlier than the control group, were found. As a result, the electromagnetic radiation which emitted by the dipole antenna was affected by bacteria of L. rhamnosus.

The effect of 50 Hz electric field (EF) on developing neural tissues is not known. We aimed to determine whether there would be any oxidative stress effect of 50 Hz EF on developing spinal cord tissues of pup rats by evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) measurement. Materials and methods: In the prenatal+postnatal group, the pregnant rat was exposed to continuous EF at 50 Hz 10 kV/s until delivery. Then the female pups of this group (n = 7) were exposed to EF at the same doses and for the same duration until puberty. In the postnatal group, the pregnant rat was unexposed to EF during pregnancy, but the female pups from this group (n = 7) began to be exposed to EF at delivery, and continued to be exposed to EF at 50 Hz EF 10 kV/m for 24 h until puberty. Results: In the prenatal+postnatal group, the MDA and NO levels in the spinal cord tissue of pup rats were significantly higher when compared to the control group. However, in the postnatal group, the MDA and NO levels in the spinal cord tissue of pup rats were not significantly different when compared to the control group. Conclusion: A 50 Hz electric field may cause oxidative stress in the spinal cord of rats in the prenatal+postnatal period.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 2450 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) (wireless internet frequency) on the growth and development of female Wistar rats. The study was conducted on three groups of rats. The prenatal and postnatal groups were exposed to EMF 1 h/day beginning from intrauterine and postnatal periods, respectively. The third group was the sham-exposed group. Growth, nutrition and vaginal opening (VO) were regularly monitored. Serum and tissue specimens were collected at puberty. Histological examinations, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) measurements in ovary and brain tissues and also immunohistochemical staining of the hypothalamus were performed besides the determination of serum FSH, LH, E2 and IGF-1 values. Birth masses of the groups were similar (p 0.05). Mass gain per day was significantly lower and the puberty was significantly later in the prenatal group. Brain and ovary TOS and OSI values in the prenatal group were significantly increased (p 0.05) compared to the control group. Serum LH levels of the prenatal and postnatal groups were increased, although serum FSH, and E2 values did not differ among the groups (p 0.05). Histological examinations of the specimens revealed no statistically significant difference between the groups (p 0.05). Exposure to 2450 MHz EMF, particularly in the prenatal period, resulted in postnatal growth restriction and delayed puberty in female Wistar rats. Increased TOS and OSI values in the brain and ovary tissues can be interpreted as a sign of chronic stress induced by EMF. This is the first longitudinal study which investigates the effects of EMF induced by wireless internet on pubertal development beside growth.

Purpose: The current study aimed to reveal the therapeutic effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field and swimming exercises on rats with experimental sciatic nerve injury, which was induced with crush-type neuropathy model damage, using electrophysiological methods. Subjects: In the current study, the sample consisted of 28 adult male Wistar albino rats. Methods: The rats were randomized into four groups (n=7). Swimming exercise and PEMF (2 Hz and 0.3 MT) were applied one hour a day, five days a week, for four weeks. Electroneuromyographic (ENMG) measurements were taken on day 7. Results: When the data were evaluated, it was found that the 4 weeks of PEMF and swimming exercises led to an increase in motor conduction rates and a decrease in latency values, but the changes were not significant in comparison with the control and injury groups. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) values of the left leg were lower in weeks 2, 3, and 4 in the swimming exercise group in comparison with the control group, although for the PEMF group, the CMAP values of the left leg reached the level observed in the control group beginning in week 3. Conclusion: PEMF and swimming exercise made positive contributions to nerve regeneration after week 1, and regeneration was enhanced. © 2014 The Society of Physical Therapy Science. Published by IPEC Inc.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at 900 MHz frequencies on bone fracture healing.Methods: The study included 30 adult male Wistar albino rats (average weight: 256 g) divided into two equal groups. Transverse fracture was created manually by pressing a finger on the right tibias of all rats and fractures were fixed intramedullary using a K-wire. Rats in Group 1 were exposed to EMF at 900 MHz frequency 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Group 2, the control group, was kept under the same experimental conditions without EMF exposure. Radiological, mechanical and histological examination of tibial fracture healing was performed.Results: There was a significant difference between radiological, histological and manual biomechanical scores of the study and control groups (p=0.020, p=0.006 and p=0.032, respectively). All scores were lower in the study group than the control group.Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrate that EMF at 900 MHz of frequency emitted from cellular phones has a significantly negative effect on bone fracture healing in a rat tibia model., Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı 900 MHz frekansındaki cep telefonlarından yayılan elektromanyetik alan (EMA)’ların kırık iyileşmesi üzerine etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmaktı.Çalışma planı: Çalışmaya ortalama ağırlıkları 256 g olan iki eşit gruba ayrılan 30 erişkin erkek Wistar albino sıçan alındı. Tüm sıçanların sağ tibialarına parmakla bastırılarak transvers kırık oluşturuldu ve kırıklar intramedüller K-teli ile tespit edildi. Grup 1, sekiz hafta boyunca haftada 5 gün, günde 30 dakika 900 MHz frekansında EMA’ya maruz bırakıldı. Grup 2 (kontrol grubu) ise EMA uygulanmaksızın aynı deney şartları altında tutuldu. Sıçan tibialarında kırık kaynamasıyla ilgili radyolojik, mekanik ve histolojik inceleme yapıldı. Bulgular: Çalışma ve kontrol grubunun radyolojik, histolojik ve manuel biyomekanik skorları arasında anlamlı derecede farklılık vardı (sırasıyla p=0.020, p=0.006 ve p=0.032). Çalışma grubundaki skorların tamamı kontrol grubundakilere göre daha düşüktü.Çıkarımlar: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları cep telefonlarından yayılan 900 MHz frekansındaki EMA’nın sıçan tibia kırık modelinde kırık iyileşmesini anlamlı derecede olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir.

In this study, human median nerve was exposed to power frequency magnetic fields in order to provide clarification for possibly changeable nerve conduction mechanism. The nerve was exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field by utilizing a special Helmholtz applicator. The experiments were carried out with six healthy human-volunteers. Median motor distal amplitude/proximal amplitude ratios were recorded from adult human median nerve pre-exposure, during, and post-exposure to a 50 Hz, 1 mT magnetic field. The result of 18 measurements shows that median motor distal amplitude/proximal amplitude ratio significantly decreases in pre-exposure state as compare to post exposure of which. The results of this study may be useful for some nerve rehabilitation, excitation, and stimulation in more effective/safe physical therapy. Additionally, 50 Hz, 1 mT sinusoidal magnetic field should not be recognizing as safe for conduction mechanism on a nerve. These mechanisms would be cleared by new advanced engineering models in other future works.

Electrospinning, an electrostatic fiber fabrication technique that is the notable applications includes in tissue engineering, filtration, biosensors, and wound dressing. Highly homogenous and controllable static fields are essential parameter for expected size and shape of fiber. Appropriate geometry should be chosen for a very homogeneous thickness fiber. The work dW = +/- QE (Joule) against the field can be determined the voltage gradient del V regardless of the path of charged polymer molecule. With aluminum plates, in the same physical and electrical conditions, thinner fiber could be obtained. Because copper is a better conductor surface charge density is higher than the surface of copper plates. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Erken, Gülten (Balikesir Author), Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the electromagnetic field generated from the 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation (EF) on erythrocyte rheological parameters and erythrocyte zinc levels. Material and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar Albino rats were randomly grouped as follows: 1) two control groups and 2) study groups: i) Group A: EF exposed group (2.5 h/day for 30 days, the phone on stand-by), and ii) Group B: EF exposed group (2.5 min/day for 30 days, the phone ringing in silent mode). At the end of the experimental period erythrocyte rheological parameters such as erythrocyte deformability and aggregation were determined by an ectacytometer. Erythrocyte zinc level, which affects hemorheological parameters, was also measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Erythrocyte deformability was decreased in both study groups but the decrease in group A was not statistically significant. Exposure to EF did not have any significant effect on erythrocyte aggregation. On the other hand, erythrocyte zinc level was significantly reduced in both study groups. Conclusion: Exposure to EF may have decreased tissue oxygenation due to reduced erythrocyte deformability. Decrease in erythrocyte zinc level may have caused the impairment in erythrocyte deformability., Giriş: Bu çalışmanın amacı 1800 MHz radyofrekans radyasyondan kaynaklanan elektromanyetik alanın (EF) eritrositlerin reolojik parametreleri ve çinko seviyeleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Yirmi dört adet erkek Wistar Albino sıçan, rastgele olarak aşağıdaki gruplara ayrıldı: 1) İki kontrol grubu ve 2) Çalışma grupları: i) A grubu: EF' ye maruz kalan grup (Telefon stand-by pozisyonundayken, 30 gün boyunca 2.5 saat/gün), ve ii) B grubu: EF' ye maruz kalan grup (Telefon sessiz modda çalarken, 30 gün boyunca 2.5 dakika/gün). Deneysel priyodun sonunda, eritrosit deformabilitesi ve agregasyonu gibi, eritrosit reolojik parametreleri bir ektasitometre aracılığıyla saptandı. Hemoreolojik parametreleri etkileyebilen eritrosit çinko seviyeleri ise atomik absorbsiyon spektrofotometresiyle ölçüldü. Sonuçlar: Eritrosit deformabilitesi tüm gruplarda kontrole göre azaldı. Fakat bu azalma A grubu için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde değildi. EF' ye maruziyet eritrosit agregasyonu üzerinde anlamlı bir değişikliğe yol açmadı. Diğer taraftan eritrosit çinko düzeyleri tüm çalışma gruplarında kontrole göre anlamlı düzeyde azalmış bulundu. Tartışma: EF' ye maruziyet eritrosit deformabilitesini düşürerek doku oksijenasyonunu azaltmış olabilir. Eritrosit deformabilitesindeki bozulma ise eritrosit çinko seviyesindeki düşüşten kaynaklanmış olabilir., Pamukkale University - 2006-TPF-016