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Dans le cadre de contribuer à la prise en charge symptomatique des affections respiratoires pouvant se manifester pendant la Covid-19, la présente étude a été entreprise pour recenser les plantes médicinales Africaines actives contre ces manifestations. Une étude bibliographique a été effectuée pour recenser les espèces végétales utilisées dans la prise en charge des maladies respiratoires en Afrique de l’Ouest. La fréquence de citation et un score de convergence d’usage des espèces ont été également calculés. Un total de 318 recettes issues de 145 espèces végétales a été inventorié à travers différentes publications. Guiera senegalensis, Sterculia setigera, Bridelia ferruginea, Euphorbia hirta et Terminalia avicennioides étaient les plantes les plus citées avec les meilleurs scores de convergence d’usage. Les feuilles de ces espèces étaient les plus citées tandis que la toux était la plus indiquée. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient servir de base de données des espèces végétales utilisées dans la prise en charge des maladies du tractus respiratoire en Afrique de l’ouest.Mots clés : Plantes médicinales, Affections respiratoires, Covid-19, Afrique de l’Ouest. English Title: Medicinal plants from West Africa for the management of respiratory diseases that may appear during the Covid-19 As part of contributing to the symptomatic management of respiratory conditions that may manifest during Covid-19, the current study was undertaken to identify African medicinal plants active against these manifestations. A bibliographic study was carried out to identify the plant species used in the management of respiratory diseases in West Africa. The frequency of citation and a convergence score for the use of the species were also calculated. A total of 318 recipes from 145 plant species were inventoried through various publications. Guiera senegalensis, Sterculia setigera, Bridelia ferruginea, Euphorbia hirta and Terminalia avicennioides were the most cited plants with the best usage convergence scores. Leaves from these species were most cited while the cough was more indicated. The results of this study could serve as a database of plant species used in the management of respiratory tract diseases in West Africa.Keywords: Medicinal plants, Respiratory Affections, Covid-19, West Africa.

Background Although most births in Mali occur in health facilities, a substantial number of newborns still die during delivery and within the first 7 days of life, mainly because of existing training deficiencies and the challenges of maintaining intrapartum and postpartum care skills. Objective This trial aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an intervention combining clinical audits and low-dose, high-frequency (LDHF) in-service training of health care providers and community health workers to reduce perinatal mortality. Methods The study is a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial in the Koulikoro region in Mali. The units of randomization are each of 84 primary care facilities. Each trial arm will include 28 facilities. The facilities in the first intervention arm will receive support in implementing mortality and morbidity audits, followed by one-day LDHF training biweekly, for 6 months. The health workers in the second intervention arm (28 facilities) will receive a refresher course in maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH) for 10 days in a classroom setting, in addition to mortality and morbidity audits and LDHF hands-on training for 6 months. The control arm, also with 28 facilities, will consist solely of the standard MNCH refresher training delivered in a classroom setting. The main outcomes are perinatal deaths in the intervention arms compared with those in the control arm. A final sample of approximately 600 deliveries per cluster was expected for a total of 30,000 newborns over 14 months. Data sources included both routine health records and follow-up household surveys of all women who recently gave birth in the study facility 7 days postdelivery. Data collection tools will capture perinatal deaths, complications, and adverse events, as well as the status of the newborn during the perinatal period. A full economic evaluation will be conducted to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of each of the case-based focused LDHF hands-on training strategies in comparison to MNCH refresher training in a classroom setting. Results The trial is complete. The recruitment began on July 15, 2019, and data collection began on July 23, 2019, and was completed in November 2020. Data cleaning or analyses began at the time of submission of the protocol. Conclusions The results will provide policy makers and practitioners with crucial information on the impact of different health care provider training modalities on maternal and newborn health outcomes and how to successfully implement these strategies in resource-limited settings. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03656237; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03656237 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/28644

BACKGROUND Although most births in Mali occur in health facilities, a substantial number of newborns still die during delivery and within the first 7 days of life, mainly because of existing training deficiencies and the challenges of maintaining intrapartum and postpartum care skills. OBJECTIVE This trial aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an intervention combining clinical audits and low-dose, high-frequency (LDHF) in-service training of health care providers and community health workers to reduce perinatal mortality. METHODS The study is a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial in the Koulikoro region in Mali. The units of randomization are each of 84 primary care facilities. Each trial arm will include 28 facilities. The facilities in the first intervention arm will receive support in implementing mortality and morbidity audits, followed by one-day LDHF training biweekly, for 6 months. The health workers in the second intervention arm (28 facilities) will receive a refresher course in maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH) for 10 days in a classroom setting, in addition to mortality and morbidity audits and LDHF hands-on training for 6 months. The control arm, also with 28 facilities, will consist solely of the standard MNCH refresher training delivered in a classroom setting. The main outcomes are perinatal deaths in the intervention arms compared with those in the control arm. A final sample of approximately 600 deliveries per cluster was expected for a total of 30,000 newborns over 14 months. Data sources included both routine health records and follow-up household surveys of all women who recently gave birth in the study facility 7 days postdelivery. Data collection tools will capture perinatal deaths, complications, and adverse events, as well as the status of the newborn during the perinatal period. A full economic evaluation will be conducted to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of each of the case-based focused LDHF hands-on training strategies in comparison to MNCH refresher training in a classroom setting. RESULTS The trial is complete. The recruitment began on July 15, 2019, and data collection began on July 23, 2019, and was completed in November 2020. Data cleaning or analyses began at the time of submission of the protocol. CONCLUSIONS The results will provide policy makers and practitioners with crucial information on the impact of different health care provider training modalities on maternal and newborn health outcomes and how to successfully implement these strategies in resource-limited settings. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03656237; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03656237 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/28644

A recombinant fusion protein targeting the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and delivering a potent catalytic toxin has the advantage of simultaneously targeting both over-expressed uPAR on glioblastoma cells and on the tumor neovasculature. Such a hybrid protein was synthesized consisting of the noninternalizing amino-terminal fragment (ATF) of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) for binding, and the catalytic portion of diphtheria toxin (DT) for killing, and the translocation enhancing region (TER) of DT for internalization. The protein was highly selective for human glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, this DT/ATF hybrid called DTAT caused the regression of small subcutaneous uPAR-expressing tumors with minimal toxicity to critical organs. In vitro, DTAT killed only uPAR-positive glioblastoma cell lines and human endothelial cells in the form of the HUVEC cell line. Killing was selective and blockable with specific antibody. DTAT was highly effective against tumor cells cultured from glioblastoma multiforme patients and in vitro mixing experiments combining DTAT with DTIL13 another highly effective anti-glioblastoma agent showed that the mixture was as toxic as the most potent immunotoxin. In this article, we review our progress to date with DTAT.