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Many soils and other porous media exhibit dual- or multi-porosity type features. In a previous study (Seki et al., 2022) we presented multimodal water retention and closed-form hydraulic conductivity equations for such media. The objective of this study is to show that the proposed equations are practically useful. Specifically, dual-BC (Brooks and Corey)-CH (common head) (DBC), dual-VG (van Genuchten)-CH (DVC), and KO (Kosugi)1BC2-CH (KBC) models were evaluated for a broad range of soil types. The three models showed good agreement with measured water retention and hydraulic conductivity data over a wide range of pressure heads. Results were obtained by first optimizing water retention parameters and then optimizing the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and two parameters (p, q) or (p, r) in the general hydraulic conductivity equation. Although conventionally the tortuosity factor p is optimized and (q, r) fixed, sensitivity analyses showed that optimization of two parameters (p + r, qr) is required for the multimodal models. For 20 soils from the UNSODA database, the average R2 for log (hydraulic conductivity) was highest (0.985) for the KBC model with r = 1 and optimization of (Ks, p, q). This result was almost equivalent (0.973) to the DVC model with q = 1 and optimization of (Ks, p, r); both were higher than R2 for the widely used Peters model (0.956) when optimizing (Ks, p, a, ω). The proposed equations are useful for practical applications while mathematically being simple and consistent.

Closed‐form expressions of the hydraulic conductivity function for linearly superposed subretention (multimodal) functions were derived for arbitrary sets of the Brooks and Corey (BC), van Genuchten (VG), and Kosugi (KO) water retention models. The generalized Mualem hydraulic conductivity model was evaluated using the mathematical approach of Priesack and Durner. Three types of modification to the multimodel were also proposed. Firstly, the derived conductivity equations can be simplified when the submodel parameters, hbi${h_{{{\rm{b}}_i}}}$ for the BC model, αi−1${{\alpha}}_i^{ - 1}$ for the VG model, and hmi${h_{{{\rm{m}}_i}}}$ for the KO model have the same (common) value (denoted as CH). Secondly, as in the case of the modified single VG and KO models, a hypothetical air‐entry head near saturation can be introduced for the multimodal VG and KO models to prevent unrealistic reductions in the hydraulic conductivity near saturation when the VG n parameter approaches its lower limit of n = 1. Furthermore, the multimodal hydraulic conductivity functions become a simple sum of conductivity subfunctions when the exponent r is unity (such as for Burdine's model), which leads to independent tortuosity effects for each submodel. The models are illustrated for two soils: a highly aggregated Kumamoto Andisol and a relatively unimodal dune sand. The dual‐(BC, VG, KO) and the VG1BC2 models equally represented the water retention data of the Andisol, with similar hydraulic conductivity curves. The dual‐BC‐CH, dual‐VG‐CH, and VG1BC2‐CH models fitted the water retention data of the dune sand well, with the hydraulic conductivity curves of the dual‐porosity model being similar to those of the Fayer and Simmons (FS) model. Core Ideas: Mualem‐based hydraulic conductivity functions for multimodal retention models are derived.The approach uses the Brooks–Corey, van Genuchten, and Kosugi water retention models.The multimodal equations describe the hydraulic properties from saturated to dry conditions.The closed‐form equations are attractive for flow simulations because of their simple form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The external field dependence of the hyperfine field at La-site has been studied on La2− x Srx CuO4 (x=0.115) and La2− x Bax CuO4 (x=0.125), where the magnetic ordering in Cu-3d spins exists at low temperature. In La1.885 Sr0.115 CuO4, a significant decrease in the resonance line width was observed above a field of Hc ≈ 7.5T, which is the direct evidence of the spin-flop in the canted-spin system with Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction. The spin-flop field Hc of 7.5T is slightly lower than that in La2 CuO4 (Hc ≈ 10T), reflecting the decrease of the tilting angle of the CuO6 octahedra by the substitution of Sr2+ ion for La-site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of soil, especially of the upper soil layer, is a basic parameter for modeling water infiltration and solute transport in the soil. In the present study, spatial and temporal variability of Ks in the upper soil layer of a loam soil, which was covered by native vegetation for 20 years and had not undergone any cultivation treatment, is investigated. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of 76 undisturbed soil samples, taken twice a year at the dry (37 soil samples) and rainy periods (39 soil samples), was measured using a constant head method. The study reveals that Ks values exhibit significant spatial variability over the two time periods of measurement and follow a lognormal distribution with a coefficient of variation greater than 70%. On the contrary, there was no statistically significant seasonal variability of Ks between summer (dry period) and winter (rainy period) sampling (p > 0.05), and, therefore, there was no significant temporal variability of Ks. The outcome of this study indicated that hydrological models have to include more process understanding in terms of natural variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]