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1. Leveraging eBPF and AI for Ransomware Nose Out

Author

Sekar, Arjun, Kulkarni, Sameer G., and Kuri, Joy

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture
Abstract

In this work, we propose a two-phased approach for real-time detection and deterrence of ransomware. To achieve this, we leverage the capabilities of eBPF (Extended Berkeley Packet Filter) and artificial intelligence to develop both proactive and reactive methods. In the first phase, we utilize signature based detection, where we employ custom eBPF programs to trace the execution of new processes and perform hash-based analysis against a known ransomware dataset. In the second, we employ a behavior-based technique that focuses on monitoring the process activities using a custom eBPF program and the creation of ransom notes, a prominent indicator of ransomware activity through the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP). By leveraging low-level tracing capabilities of eBPF and integrating NLP based machine learning algorithms, our solution achieves an impressive 99.76% accuracy in identifying ransomware incidents within a few seconds on the onset of zero-day attacks., Comment: 7 pages

Published
2024

2. Superstep wavefield propagation

Author

Nemeth, Tamas, Nihei, Kurt, Loddoch, Alex, Sekar, Anusha, Bube, Ken, Washbourne, John, Decker, Luke, Kaplan, Sam, Wu, Chunling, Shabelansky, Andrey, Bader, Milad, Cristea, Ovidiu, and Yin, Ziyi

Subjects
Physics - Geophysics, Mathematics - Numerical Analysis
Abstract

This paper describes how to propagate wavefields for arbitrary numbers of traditional time steps in a single step, called a superstep. We show how to construct operators that accomplish this task for finite-difference time domain schemes, including temporal first-order schemes in isotropic, anisotropic and elastic media, as well as temporal second-order schemes for acoustic media. This task is achieved by implementing a computational tradeoff differing from traditional single step wavefield propagators by precomputing propagator matrices for each model location for k timesteps (a superstep) and using these propagator matrices to advance the wavefield k time steps at once. This tradeoff separates the physics of the propagator matrix computation from the computer science of wavefield propagation and allows each discipline to provide their optimal modular solutions.

Published
2024

4. Intention among Information Technology Professionals to Adopt Paid MOOCs from E-Learning Platforms: An Empirical Study

Author

Jyothish Asokkumar, Kannan Sekar, Angela Susan Mathew, and Ronny Thomas

Abstract

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can be considered an important tool for professionals to reskill and upskill as well as a cost-efficient way to stay relevant. However, evidence-based research is still needed to identify why specific categories of people, especially professionals, take paid MOOCs. The paper aims to analyze the factors that influence IT working Professionals to adopt paid MOOCs using the UTAUT 2 model. Based on a survey conducted on 250 respondents, the study uses multiple regression to understand the significance of factors affecting the intention to adopt paid MOOCs. A multigroup analysis was also done to understand the differences among different age groups and genders. The results establish that social influence, facilitating conditions, brand credibility and price value are significant in the adoption of MOOCs. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and curiosity were found to be insignificant. Based on the research findings, the implication of the study and future scope for research have been suggested.

Published
2024
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5. Network Function Capacity Reconnaissance by Remote Adversaries

Author

Kashaf, Aqsa, Walsh, Aidan, Apostolaki, Maria, Sekar, Vyas, and Agarwal, Yuvraj

Subjects
Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture
Abstract

There is anecdotal evidence that attackers use reconnaissance to learn the capacity of their victims before DDoS attacks to maximize their impact. The first step to mitigate capacity reconnaissance attacks is to understand their feasibility. However, the feasibility of capacity reconnaissance in network functions (NFs) (e.g., firewalls, NATs) is unknown. To this end, we formulate the problem of network function capacity reconnaissance (NFCR) and explore the feasibility of inferring the processing capacity of an NF while avoiding detection. We identify key factors that make NFCR challenging and analyze how these factors affect accuracy (measured as a divergence from ground truth) and stealthiness (measured in packets sent). We propose a flexible tool, NFTY, that performs NFCR and we evaluate two practical NFTY configurations to showcase the stealthiness vs. accuracy tradeoffs. We evaluate these strategies in controlled, Internet and/or cloud settings with commercial NFs. NFTY can accurately estimate the capacity of different NF deployments within 10% error in the controlled experiments and the Internet, and within 7% error for a commercial NF deployed in the cloud (AWS). Moreover, NFTY outperforms link-bandwidth estimation baselines by up to 30x.

Published
2024

6. What is Best for Students, Numerical Scores or Letter Grades?

Author

Micha, Evi, Sekar, Shreyas, and Shah, Nisarg

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory, Statistics - Applications
Abstract

We study letter grading schemes, which are routinely employed for evaluating student performance. Typically, a numerical score obtained via one or more evaluations is converted into a letter grade (e.g., A+, B-, etc.) by associating a disjoint interval of numerical scores to each letter grade. We propose the first model for studying the (de)motivational effects of such grading on the students and, consequently, on their performance in future evaluations. We use the model to compare uniform letter grading schemes, in which the range of scores is divided into equal-length parts that are mapped to the letter grades, to numerical scoring, in which the score is not converted to any letter grade (equivalently, every score is its own letter grade). Theoretically, we identify realistic conditions under which numerical scoring is better than any uniform letter grading scheme. Our experiments confirm that this holds under even weaker conditions, but also find cases where the converse occurs., Comment: Accepted to IJCAI 2024

Published
2024

7. Incorporating Gradients to Rules: Towards Lightweight, Adaptive Provenance-based Intrusion Detection

Author

Wang, Lingzhi, Shen, Xiangmin, Li, Weijian, Li, Zhenyuan, Sekar, R., Liu, Han, and Chen, Yan

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Abstract

As cyber attacks grow increasingly sophisticated and stealthy, it becomes more imperative and challenging to detect intrusion from normal behaviors. Through fine-grained causality analysis, provenance-based intrusion detection systems (PIDS) demonstrated a promising capacity to distinguish benign and malicious behaviors, attracting widespread attention from both industry and academia. Among diverse approaches, rule-based PIDS stands out due to its lightweight overhead, real-time capabilities, and explainability. However, existing rule-based systems suffer low detection accuracy, especially the high false alarms, due to the lack of fine-grained rules and environment-specific configurations. In this paper, we propose CAPTAIN, a rule-based PIDS capable of automatically adapting to diverse environments. Specifically, we propose three adaptive parameters to adjust the detection configuration with respect to nodes, edges, and alarm generation thresholds. We build a differentiable tag propagation framework and utilize the gradient descent algorithm to optimize these adaptive parameters based on the training data. We evaluate our system using data from DARPA Engagements and simulated environments. The evaluation results demonstrate that CAPTAIN enhances rule-based PIDS with learning capabilities, resulting in improved detection accuracy, reduced detection latency, lower runtime overhead, and more interpretable detection procedures and results compared to the state-of-the-art (SOTA) PIDS., Comment: Accepted to NDSS 2025. Camera-ready version with supplementary materials

Published
2024
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8. Towards a New Configurable and Practical Remote Automotive Security Testing Platform

Author

Kulandaivel, Sekar, Lu, Wenjuan, Barry, Brandon, and Guajardo, Jorge

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Abstract

In the automotive security sector, the absence of a testing platform that is configurable, practical, and user-friendly presents considerable challenges. These difficulties are compounded by the intricate design of vehicle systems, the rapid evolution of attack vectors, and the absence of standardized testing methodologies. We propose a next-generation testing platform that addresses several challenges in vehicle cybersecurity testing and research domains. In this paper, we detail how the Vehicle Security Engineering Cloud (VSEC) Test platform enables easier access to test beds for efficient vehicle cybersecurity testing and advanced (e.g., penetration, fuzz) testing and how we extend such test beds to benefit automotive security research. We highlight methodology on how to use this platform for a variety of users and use cases with real implemented examples., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures

Published
2024

9. The Implementation of KWL Strategy in EFL Students' Reading Comprehension

Author

Diasti, Krismalita Sekar, Murniati, Cecilia Titiek, and Hartono, Heny

Abstract

Reading is one of the fundamental aspects underlying students' achievement yet becomes an activity abstained by students. In fact, EFL learners demand more enjoyable and diverse reading activities. Most EFL students perceive that they are continuously exposed to prevalent reading activities. This qualitative study aims to scrutinize the implementation of KWL strategy in EFL reading comprehension. To answer the research question, twelve higher students of the English department were invited as the participants to be interviewed. The findings reflected that EFL learners encountered reading challenges related to vocabulary, reading comprehension, and attention span. However, KWL strategy assisted them, particularly in setting goal, monitoring reading process, and evaluating reading activity.

Published
2023

35. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB Host Response assay for the triage of patients with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study in Viet Nam, India, the Philippines, Uganda, and South Africa

Author

Gupta-Wright, Ankur, Ha, Huy, Abdulgadar, Shima, Crowder, Rebecca, Emmanuel, Jerusha, Mukwatamundu, Job, Marcelo, Danaida, Phillips, Patrick PJ, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Nhung, Nguyen Viet, Theron, Grant, Yu, Charles, Nahid, Payam, Cattamanchi, Adithya, Worodria, William, Denkinger, Claudia M, Network, R2D2 TB, Thangakunam, Balamugesh, Shankar, Deepa, Ernest, Vinita, John, Flavita, Karthikeyan, Bharath, Sekar, Reena, Mangal, Divya, Vijayasree, Sai, Sankar, Swetha, Shibiya, Mary, Gajendran, Priyadarshini, Elango, Shanmugasundaram, Sekar, Rajasekar, Almonte, Jared, Basilio, Ramon, Cariaga, Asella Ruvijean, Destura, Raul, Dalay, Victoria, Dayawon, Karlo, Gelina, Darecil, Goleña, Joseph Aldwin, Golla, Maria Marissa, Ilagan, Gidalthi Jonathan, Lim, Dodge, Pabruada, Angelita, Reyes, Annalyn, Reyes, Roeus Vincent Arjay G, Tonquin, Maricef, Derendinger, Brigitta, Hendrikse, Megan, Okunola, Anna, Palmer, Zaida, Andama, Alfred, Kisakye, Esther, Mwebe, Sandra, Nakaye, Martha, Nyawere, Justine, Bukirwa, Alice, Mangeni, Wilson, Ssonko, John Baptist, Nakaweesa, Annet, Nassuna, Irene, Nekesa, Irene, Katumba, David, Asege, Lucy, Nalugwa, Talemwa, Dang, Hai, Dinh, Luong, Doan, Thien, Do, Hang, Do, Tam, Le, Hien, Le, Nguyet, Nguyen, Anh, Nguyen, Dong, Nguyen, Hanh, Nguyen, Hoang, Nguyen, Thanh, Pham, Nam, Pham, Thuong, Phan, Ha, Trinh, Trang, Castro, Robert, Cook, Catherine, Mochizuki, Tessa, Kato-Maeda, Midori, Nathavitharana, Ruvandhi, Nolan, Kevin, Olaru, Ioana-Diana, del Mar Castro Noriega, Maria, and Yerlikaya, Seda

Subjects
Epidemiology, Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, Tuberculosis, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, HIV/AIDS, Rare Diseases, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Detection, screening and diagnosis, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Cough, HIV Seropositivity, India, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Philippines, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, South Africa, Sputum, Triage, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Uganda, Vietnam, R2D2 TB Network, Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Health services and systems, Public health
Abstract

BackgroundNon-sputum-based triage tests for tuberculosis are a priority for ending tuberculosis. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the late-prototype Xpert MTB Host Response (Xpert HR) blood-based assay.MethodsWe conducted a prospective diagnostic accuracy study among outpatients with presumed tuberculosis in outpatient clinics in Viet Nam, India, the Philippines, Uganda, and South Africa. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older and reported cough lasting at least 2 weeks. We excluded those receiving tuberculosis treatment in the preceding 12 months and those who were unwilling to consent. Xpert HR was performed on capillary or venous blood. Reference standard testing included sputum Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and mycobacterial culture. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify the optimal cutoff value for the Xpert HR to achieve the target sensitivity of 90% or more while maximising specificity, then calculated diagnostic accuracy using this cutoff value. This study was prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04923958.FindingsBetween July 13, 2021, and Aug 15, 2022, 2046 adults with at least 2 weeks of cough were identified, of whom 1499 adults (686 [45·8%] females and 813 [54·2%] males) had valid Xpert HR and reference standard results. 329 (21·9%) had microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis. Xpert HR had an area under the ROC curve of 0·89 (95% CI 0·86-0·91). The optimal cutoff value was less than or equal to -1·25, giving a sensitivity of 90·3% (95% CI 86·5-93·3; 297 of 329) and a specificity of 62·6% (95% CI 59·7-65·3; 732 of 1170). Sensitivity was similar across countries, by sex, and by subgroups, although specificity was lower in people living with HIV (45·1%, 95% CI 37·8-52·6) than in those not living with HIV (65·9%, 62·8-68·8; difference of 20·8%, 95% CI 13·0-28·6; p

Published
2024

36. Painting Taylor vortices with cellulose nanocrystals: supercritical spectral dynamics

Author

Ghanbari, Reza, Pashazadeh, Sajjad, Sekar, Kesavan, Nygård, Kim, Terry, Ann, Liebi, Marianne, Matic, Aleksandar, and Kádár, Roland

Subjects
Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract

We study the flow stability and spatio-temporal spectral dynamics of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions in a custom Taylor-Couette flow cell using the intrinsic shear induced birefringence and liquid crystalline properties of CNC suspensions for flow visualizations for the first time. The analysis is performed at constant ramped speed inputs of the independently rotating cylinders for several cases ranging from only inner or outer rotating cylinders to three counter-rotation cases. All CNC suspensions have measurable elastic and shear thinning, both increasing with CNC concentration. We show that the flow patterns recorded are essentially Newtonian-like, with non-Newtonian effects ranging from a decrease in wavenumbers to altering the critical parameters for the onset of instability modes. Outer cylinder rotation flow cases are stable for all concentrations whereas inner cylinder rotation flow cases transition to axisymmetric and azimuthally periodic secondary flows. However, unstable counter-rotation cases become unstable to asymmetric spiral modes. With increasing CNC concentration a counter-rotation case was found where azimuthally periodic wavy patterns transition to asymmetric spiral modes. In contrast to polymeric solutions of similar low to moderate elasticity and shear thinning, the shear-thinning region of CNC suspensions is expected to lead to the breakdown of the chiral nematic phase, whose elastic constants constitute the dominant structural elasticity mechanism. Thus, we interpret the Taylor-Couette stability of the CNC suspensions as dominated by their shear-thinning character due to the expected loss of elasticity in nonlinear flow conditions.

Published
2023
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37. Correlation Between Salivary Levels and Tissue Expression Status of HER2 in Breast Cancer Patients – A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Anandhi Sekar Arthisri, F Massillamani, Thilla Sekar Vinothkumar, and Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan

Subjects
breast cancer, risk factors, saliva, screening, tumor marker, Dentistry, RK1-715, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Background: Breast cancer constitutes a significant proportion of malignancies among the female population, accounting for approximately 25% of all cancer cases on a global scale. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is the more reliable marker in breast cancer diagnosis. Objective: This study investigates the potential of soluble salivary HER2 in breast cancer diagnosis and explores its correlation with demographic and hormonal factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 subjects were selected and divided into three groups: Group A: healthy patients (n = 15), Group B: HER2-negative breast cancer patients (n = 15), and Group C: HER2-positive breast cancer patients (n = 15). Patients’ saliva was collected, and assessment of salivary soluble HER2 was performed by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results: Salivary HER2 levels were 32.3 pg/ml in healthy group, 43.2 pg/ml in HER2-negative group, and 147.8 pg/ml in HER2-positive group. On evaluating the risk factors associated with the salivary HER2 levels, increased age (P = 0.007), positive family history (P = 0.006), patients with the habit of tobacco chewing (P = 0.001), and patients with no breastfeeding history (P = 0.001) showed a statistically significant result. Conclusion: Salivary HER2 levels were higher in both HER2-positive and -negative breast cancer groups compared to controls, indicating its potential as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for breast cancer screening.

Published
2024
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39. Microbial Colonization Pattern of Indwelling Double J Stents in Children

Author

Nishanth, Sandeep, Babu, Ramesh, Arunaa, Sathyamurthy, Prasad, D. Arun, Shanthi, M., and Sekar, Uma

Subjects
Urinary tract infections -- Health aspects, Medical research -- Health aspects, Medicine, Experimental -- Health aspects, Pediatrics -- Health aspects, Stent (Surgery) -- Health aspects, Sulbactam -- Health aspects, Antibacterial agents -- Health aspects
Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: Indwelling double-J-stent (DJ stent) kept post-urological procedures may cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to polymicrobial biofilm formation and colonisation. Aims: To determine the incidence and microbiological characteristics of DJ stent related UTIs in a paediatric population. Methods and Material: Patients under the age of 18 admitted for DJ stent removal following pediatric urological procedures were enrolled into the study. Prior to surgical removal of the DJ stent, a urine sample was collected and the stent was cystoscopically removed under anesthesia. The ends of the stent were inoculated into culture media and incubated up to 48 hours. When growth was observed, an antibiogram was obtained using a panel of anti-microbial agents. Results: The study group consisted of 27 patients (M:F = 23:4) with a mean age of 4.3 years (1 month - 13 years). The commonest indication for stent placement was Pyeloplasty, 19 (70). Stent colonisation was found in 8 out of 27 patients (29.6; CI 12-51) and E.Coli (33) was the commonest organism. Polymicrobial growth was noted in 4 patients. Organisms were sensitive to Cephaerazone/ Sulbactam and Amikacin, and resistant to other Cephalosporins. All 8 culture positive patients were asymptomatic and a repeat urine culture revealed no growth. Colonisation did not lead to active UTI and post stent removal the urine became sterile. Conclusions: Microbial colonisation was noted in 30 of patients with indwelling DJ stents. Prior knowledge of culture sensitivity pattern helps to cover the patients with appropriate antibiotic on the day of stent removal. Keywords: Antibiotic prophylaxis, bacterial colonization, pyeloplasty, urinary tract infection, Author(s): Sandeep Nishanth (corresponding author) [1]; Ramesh Babu [1]; Sathyamurthy Arunaa [1]; D. Arun Prasad [1]; M. Shanthi [2]; Uma Sekar [2] INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can vary from [...]

Published
2024
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44. Systematic Review of Prevalence of Histoplasma Antigenuria in Persons with HIV in Latin America and Africa

Author

Sekar, Preethiya, Hale, Gila, Gakuru, Jane, Meya, David B., Boulware, David R., Ellis, Jayne, Nalintya, Elizabeth, Bahr, Nathan C., and Rajasingham, Radha

Subjects
Urine -- Analysis, Antigens -- Measurement -- Health aspects, Histoplasmosis -- Statistics -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis, HIV patients -- Statistics, Immunologic diseases -- Statistics -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis
Abstract

Histoplasmosis is an endemic fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. In immunocompetent persons, histoplasmosis is often asymptomatic or localized to the pulmonary system. However, in immunocompromised persons, histoplasmosis can manifest [...]

Published
2024
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46. Women's Role in Improving the Welfare of Traditional Indonesian Fishing Families

Author

Suyanto, Bagong, Sugihartati, Rahma, Mas'udah, Siti, Singgih, Doddy Sumbodo, Sudarso, and Savira, Pingkan Sekar

Subjects
Social service -- Demographic aspects, Fishers (Persons) -- Family -- Demographic aspects -- Economic aspects, Poor women -- Family -- Influence -- Economic aspects, Sociology and social work, Women's issues/gender studies
Abstract

Among traditional fishing families in coastal village areas in Indonesia, women play a strategic role in improving the business they are engaged in and their families' welfare. This study aimed to examine the role and involvement of women in the empowerment and improvement of the welfare of poor, traditional fishing families in coastal areas. This study employed a quantitative research method with a descriptive research type. In addition to collecting data from the results of a survey of 500 respondents, this study also collected qualitative data from the results of in-depth interviews with 25 informants. Women in traditional fishing families play a significant role in supporting the family's financial stability by doing side jobs within or outside the fisheries sector. They have become more empowered, seeking various types of work to support the family's economy. Unfortunately, they do not have long-term goals for the work in which they are involved. Most women in traditional fishing families face obstacles such as capital acquisition, marketing issues, and a strong patriarchal culture that has hampered their work opportunities and developing businesses. Keywords: Fisherwomen, Traditional fishing, Coastal communities, Family welfare, Indonesia, Women's economic empowerment, Introduction Among traditional fishing families in coastal village areas of Indonesia, women play a strategic role in increasing the welfare of the business they are engaged in, even though the [...]

Published
2024

47. Effectiveness of Edutainment Module Based on Local Excellence of Pantai Utara Indonesia Reviewed from Students' Concept Understanding

Author

Wanabuliandari, Savitri and Ardianti, Sekar Dwi

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze edutainment modules based on local excellence in Pantai Utara of Indonesia in terms of students' conceptual comprehension abilities. The edutainment module based on local excellence on Pantai Utara of Indonesia was developed with the Borg and Gall models developed. The development phase of the ethno-edutain module adds preliminary studios, product development and validation, and product trial trials. In testing the product, a large-scale trial was conducted. The effectiveness test was carried out on a large-scale trial with research subjects of fourth grade students at SD IT Umar Bin Khattab. The effectiveness of the ethno-edutainment module was accepted using test techniques. Based on N-gain trials Increased pretest and posttest scores of students produced 8 students increased in the high category, 21 students increased in the moderate category, and 3 students increased in the low category.

Published
2023

48. Android Game HUPROSED (Human Reproductive System and Sex Education) as Learning Media on Human Reproductive System Topic

Author

Putri Sekar Melati, Eka Cahya Prima, and Eliyawati

Abstract

The topic of the Human Reproductive System integrated with comprehensive sex education was selected for this research because the concept of the human reproductive system is highly related to daily life. This study aims to develop an Android game application named "HUPROSED" for learning media on human reproductive system topics integrated with sex education. The DDD-E model used as the research method consists of deciding, designing, developing, and evaluating. The deciding stage begins with analyzing content and software. The designing stage consists of making a game hierarchy and storyboard. Then, the application was developed based on the previous stage. The last stage is evaluating, which involves three expert judges, three science teachers, and forty-six students chosen to review the application by purposive sampling. The total average results from the expert judgment show a score of 3.37. The results from teachers and students conduct a score of 3.23 and 3.25. It can be concluded that the development of the game "HUPROSED" using Unity 2019 is categorized as "good" for learning media on the human reproductive system topic.

Published
2023

49. Transformational Leadership and Teacher Well-Being: A Systematic Review

Author

Olga Meidelina, Airin Yustikarini Saleh, Cintya Amelia Cathlin, and Sekar Aulia Winesa

Abstract

Teachers play a significant role and face diverse challenges everyday, therefore escalating the research of teacher well-being and its factors, with leadership being one of them. This review aims to summarize the findings focusing on the differences and teacher's perspectives on teacher well-being and transformational leadership in schools. The review consists of peer reviewed articles from 2012 to 2021, with kindergarten to high school teachers as participants. Several databases were used, which are Scopus, Science Direct, PsycInfo, World of Science (WoS) Journal, PubMed, SAGE journals, Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC), and Garuda. Articles were selected using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and 10 were included in the qualitative synthesis. Studies showed that transformational leadership positively correlated with teacher well-being. Research regarding the efficiency of transformational leadership's each aspect in increasing teacher well-being can be interesting to study in the future.

Published
2023

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