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Analysis of the relief and geophysical fields showed the seismic zone of the southeastern margin of the Bureya massif to be confined to a ring structure, where signs of shear deformation were revealed: displacement of submeridional structures by NE faults and oblique mantle detachment. Gravity field analysis indicates that strike-slip displacements were initiated by NE- and NW-oriented heterogeneities. Anomalies of the released seismic energy also have NE and NW directions, but the intensity and size of the first direction are much greater. The strongest seismic sources with M ≥ 5 are confined to deep-seated NE intense gravity anomalies, suggesting that activation of NE structures in this seismic zone is the main process. The area where sources with 5 > M ≥ 4 cluster on the surface is confined to the narrow depression formed above the edge of the deep NW-oriented intense anomaly which tends to pinch out laterally. In the near-surface horizons, according to the gravity field analysis data, submeridional anomalies are displaced by NE-oriented structures to form a transtensional fault. Thus, the area of enhanced seismic activity represents a tectonic center with NE- and NW-oriented structures aligned. These structures initiate rotational and shear deformations, which probably reflects the joint influence of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, on the one hand, and the Pacific subduction zone, on the other, on intraplate processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early morning of 21 July 2023, a few low to moderate magnitude earthquakes struck the city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, India. These tremors were strong enough to wake up the city residents and were felt even in other relatively distant cities such as Jaisalmer and Delhi. This study reports preliminary findings of the reconnaissance conducted in Jaipur following these earthquakes. Field observations indicate a maximum seismic intensity V ('awakening') on the MSK 1964 intensity scale (IS 1893-1, 2016), which is consistent with the seismic zone (II) in which Jaipur city is located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tall buildings have unique seismic challenges, particularly the P-delta effect. This can cause an increase in loads on certain parts of the structure, leading to potential instability or collapse. The solution is to use buckling restrained bracing (BRB) systems, which improve the lateral strength of the structure and control the P-delta effect. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of various brace configurations in reducing the seismic response of a 50-story reinforced concrete structure, with a focus on P-delta effects. To achieve this, linear dynamic analysis (response spectrum analysis) was conducted using E-TAB software. The selection of bracing configuration, however, depends upon the seismic zone. For this reason, five distinct configurations (X-pattern, inverted V, forward inclined, zig-zag, and bare frame) are considered for the analysis of buildings in different seismic zones. A building model was employed to study the behaviour of a structure with and without BRB to compare the parameters of storey drift, story displacement, diaphragm drift, story shear, story stiffness, and story acceleration using E-TAB software. Results showed that both Type-4 and Type-2 braces perform similarly in several aspects in seismic zones III and V. However, Type-2 braces perform slightly better in terms of storey stiffness-Y, with a lower difference of 39-40 % compared to Type-4 braces with a difference of 49 %.

Given the current context at national and European level in terms of reducing skilled labour force in constructions, as well as the high level of density and traffic in large cities, there is an increasing emphasis on the possibility of shortening the duration of building the structural frames on site, reducing the number of workers or even reducing the level of noise pollution. Thus, the introduction of precast technologies in the case of office buildings and residential buildings, with multi-storey frame structure, is becoming an increasingly pressing and topical issue.

Purpose. The research is aimed at solving the tasks of monitoring and assessing the state of an engineering object and determining predictive characteristics in the form of construction of various models of settlement and deformation of a structure based on the results of geodetic measurements, taking into account the space-time interaction of engineering objects with the geological environment in a seismic zone with the earthquake energy class values of K = 6–7.5, in the area of possible underground fluctuations with an intensity of 3–4 points. Methodology. An analytical methodology has been developed that takes into account the geological conditions of the foundation, changes in the groundwater level, soil compaction under significant static load, as well as the accumulation of damage in the supporting structures caused by the impact of numerous and insignificant underground seismic shocks, for predicting the vertical displacements of the engineering facility supporting structures. To assess the durability and stability of design components, the least squares method is used, which makes it possible to display the patterns of deformation process development. Obtaining new results during the period of further operation in order to draw up a technical conclusion on the state of the facility and its stability is possible by monitoring and predicting deformation deviations of individual components of an engineering object in the vertical plane. Findings. With the help of mathematical modeling of strength calculations of supporting structures based on geodetic measurement data, it is possible to determine the quantitative characteristics and patterns of deformation process development during the engineering facility operation. The performed calculations on mathematical modeling make it possible to reveal the distribution of the parameters of amplitude-frequency characteristics of the linearly deformable monolithic plate upper layer along the perimeter and to predict possible deformation changes over a certain period of time during the engineering facility operation. According to the executive survey data, vertical deviations of structures along the facility perimeter AB, BC, CD, DA have been determined in the range from 1 to 27 mm, which is the basis for predicting deformation deviations in the vertical plane. In addition, as a result of engineering-geological surveys conducted on the building construction site, the geological-lithological structure of the site has been determined. Originality. A methodology for predicting the deformation processes of individual sections of vertical structures and monolithic walls of an engineering facility, which are associated with the complex lithological structure of the foundation section and the location of the object in a seismically hazardous zone, is proposed. Practical value. The obtained results of studying the deformation processes of structures and individual facilities make it possible to take into account the form of complex interaction of individual sections and, in general, to predict deformation deviations in the vertical plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the recognition of crustal deformation patterns surrounding the North Tabriz Fault in Northwestern Iran, utilizing Multi-Temporal InSAR analysis. The fault, despite its seismic inactivity for over two centuries, has a long history of ancient seismicity, with earthquake recurrence intervals exceeding two centuries. This makes it highly susceptible to future activity and the generation of significant and devastating earthquakes. However, limited research has been conducted on extracting and modeling deformation patterns of the North Tabriz Fault to identify its active segments. The primary objective of this study is to derive a general trend for fault displacement and investigate regions under pressure in terms of abnormal crustal movements. The results indicate that the Earth's crust in the surrounding regions of the central and northwest segments of the fault exhibits an upward movement ranging from approximately 2 to 10 millimeters per year from 2015 to 2022. In contrast, neighboring areas of the northwestern fault, as well as the northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of Tabriz County, experience ground subsidence with rates ranging from approximately 5 to 40 millimeters per year. These findings are consistent with GNSS-derived line-of-sight measurements obtained from some IPGN stations around the fault with an RMSE of 1.72 mm/yr. Furthermore, the study identifies critical points near the fault that exhibit varying and diverse displacement patterns over time, suggesting significant strain and notable stress within the subsurface environment. According to the analysis of time series data on crustal movements at the identified critical points, it has been found that the prevailing motion pattern of the Earth's crust within the fault zone largely conforms to a sinusoidal descending pattern. Additionally, recent earthquakes in the northwest vicinity of the fault have been observed to occur close to these critical points. Using line-of-sight (LOS) data acquired at these critical points, the study estimates a slip rate of 7.71 ± 0.01 mm/year and a locking depth of 11.27 ± 0.01 km, contributing to a better understanding of the fault's seismogenic behavior. These findings provide valuable insights into the crustal deformation patterns around the North Tabriz Fault, highlighting active segments and regions under pressure. • Active Tectonic Zones Identification: Dynamic tectonic areas near the north Tabriz fault show varied surface movements. • Sinusoidal Motion Patterns: Rhythmic stress release is observed through sinusoidal motion patterns in the fault zone. • GNSS Validation: Surface deformation measurements are validated by strong agreement with GNSS observations. • The slip rate is estimated at 7.71 ± 0.01 mm/year with a locking depth of 11.27 km from LOS data. • Spatial Earthquake Correlation: Critical points correlate significantly with past earthquake epicenters, indicating seismic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the demand for using jack-up platforms to carry out a large percentage of deep-water oil and gas exploration is steadily increasing. The response of jack-up platforms to the severe dynamic loads that may be encountered during the structure life is not examined enough. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the response of jack-up platforms performance under the effect of dynamic loads due to wave, wind, earthquake and tsunami forces using the finite element method for two models with the lowest and highest hull elevations. The jack-up platform is located in the Gulf of Mexico. Earthquake accelerations are applied to the model in high and moderate seismic levels. In addition, tsunami waves are applied to the platform in three different directions at 0°, 45° and 90°. This study utilised Airy's linear wave approach to assess the surface elevations and wave kinematics. The reference wind velocity is 10 knots at 10 m over the mean water level. Results indicate that the dynamic response of the structure is affected by the height of the platform and by the increase of the platform hull elevation. The combination of the El-Centro earthquake, dead and live loads provides the major impact on the platform at the lowest (70 m) and highest (85 m) hull elevations. The comparison of all result proves that the jack-up platform hull under high earthquake intensity and tsunami waves with 45° has experienced maximum deformation. Moreover, raising the deck will increase the response of the dynamic load and displacements but will negatively affect the platform.

We present high‐resolution 3‐D tomographic models of isotropic P‐wave velocity (Vp), azimuthal anisotropy, and radial anisotropy down to 1,300 km depth beneath the central and eastern United States (CEUS), which are obtained by inverting a great number of local and teleseismic data and making a whole‐mantle correction to teleseismic travel‐time data recorded by the USArray. Trade‐offs between azimuthal and radial anisotropies occur due to the correlation between the azimuthal and incidence angles of seismic rays, but the use of uniform and crisscrossing rays can reduce the trade‐off effect. Our tomographic images reveal the North American Craton with layered anisotropy and strong anisotropies in the lower mantle related to the deeply subducted Farallon slab and passage of the Bermuda hotspot. In the upper mantle, low‐velocity anomalies with significant seismic anisotropy are revealed beneath three intraplate seismic zones in New Madrid, East Tennessee, and South Carolina, suggesting that hot and wet mantle upwelling occurs under the seismic zones, and the related fluids affect the earthquake generation. The most important dynamic processes in the mantle beneath the CEUS are the deep subduction of the Farallon plate and the passage of the Bermuda hotspot, which have caused strong structural heterogeneities, seismic anisotropy, as well as thermal anomalies and fluids that contributed to the formation of intraplate seismic zones in the CEUS. Plain Language Summary: In the central and eastern United States (CEUS), the North American Craton has been stable for over ∼1.3 Ga, whereas three intraplate seismic zones exist in New Madrid, East Tennessee and South Carolina. Their locations coincide well with the track of the passed Bermuda hotspot and the deeply subducted Farallon slab in the lower mantle, but related mantle dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we adopt two types of seismic anisotropy (directional dependence of seismic wave speed) to describe the mantle dynamics beneath the CEUS. We obtain high‐resolution 3‐D anisotropic images down to 1,300 km depth by inverting high‐quality travel‐time data of local and teleseismic events recorded by the USArray seismic network. Our results reveal detailed mantle structure and dynamics beneath the CEUS, including the layered North American Craton, weak lithosphere beneath the three seismic zones, and seismic anisotropies in the mantle transition zone (410–660 km depths) and the lower mantle. The New Madrid Seismic Zone is affected by asthenospheric upwelling beneath the Mississippi Embayment. A narrow low‐velocity pillar is revealed in the thick lithosphere beneath the East Tennessee Seismic Zone. The South Carolina Seismic Zone is affected by mantle convection under the passive continental margin. The deep subduction of the Farallon plate and the passage of the Bermuda hotspot are the most critical dynamic processes in the mantle beneath the CEUS, which have caused significant structural variations, strong seismic anisotropy, as well as thermal anomalies and fluids that contributed to the formation of the intraplate seismic zones in the CEUS. Key Points: 3‐D P‐wave anisotropic tomography down to 1,300 km depth beneath the central‐eastern USA is obtainedDifferent upper‐mantle structures and dynamics are revealed beneath the three intraplate seismic zonesAnisotropies in the upper part of the lower mantle are related to the subducted Farallon slab and passage of the Bermuda hotspot [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial cost of a bridge project determined using an estimation model depends on the dimensions, types, and materials but only a few studies have included bridge location as a determinant variable. The inclusion of the location is, however, important due to the different seismic accelerations and seismic load analysis attached to it. Therefore, this study aimed to create a model to calculate the quantity of materials needed for the construction of abutment in different locations with a PCI-Girder superstructure. Moreover, the data used for the quantity estimation model was derived from the abutment design results and those associated with concrete and reinforcing steel quantities were based on the variations of the bridge span at 20 m, 25 m, 30 m, 35 m, and 40 m, abutment height at 4 m, 6 m, and 8 m, and seismic zone 1, 2, 3, and 4. Meanwhile, the volume estimation models were obtained through multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed a very strong correlation between the span of the bridge and the height of abutment with the dependent variables while the seismic zone was observed to have a strong correlation with the dependent variables but was unable to meet the linear regression assumptions. Therefore, the statistical analysis was conducted separately for each seismic zone and the data for abutment height was transformed from H into H2. This study developed 8 models with R2 values ranging between 0.983 – 0.997 and this means they were adequately designed to estimate abutment volumes with a PCI-Girder superstructure.

In some regions of the world subjected to frequent severe earthquakes, such as Algeria, attention is focused on seismic design in order to assure the public welfare. When, for many countries most of the building consists of constructions of "self-steady frames" type system. The last seismic events have shown the inefficiency of such a type of to avoid evident disaster. On the other hand, the use of shear walls as "Lateral Load Resisting System" (LLRS) seems to be a good alternative. This study tries to confirm the requirement of shear walls in seismic zones by highlighting their beneficial effect on structures subjected to strong motions. For this purpose, a comparison is made between the two types using both linear and nonlinear analysis with a focus on two parameters which are of great im-portance, the base shear and the lateral drift in particular. Applications are made on two types of Reinforced Concrete (RC) multistory structures: with shear walls (dual systems) and without (w/o) shear walls (self-steady structures). The results permit to emphasize the need of shear walls as LLRS in seismic zones and confirm the restrictions imposed by the Algerian code, amongst others, concern-ing the use of self-steady frames system for structures in such area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results obtained during the study of seismicity of the Kazakh shield based on the data from seismic stations of the Institute of Geophysical Researches of Kazakhstan which are a part of the international monitoring systems. Emphasis has been placed on seismic activation in 2016–2018 in the middle part of the Central Kazakhstan arch, previously considered aseismic. The earthquake focal mechanisms determined for 40 seismic events recorded in the investigated area are based on the displacement directions of the first arriving P waves.On the basis of the analysis of the earthquake focal mechanism data set, an assessment has been made of the present-day stress-strain state of the Earth’s crust of the low-seismicity Kazakh shield. It is shown that a system of stresses in the investigated area is characterized by conditions for near-horizontal compression whose direction is consistent with the direction of movement of the Alpine geomorphostructures. It has been found that the earthquake sources in the investigated area are dominated by reverse faults and reverse-slip faults which correspond structurally to the northeast-striking and submeridional tectonic faults, thus testifying to present-day seismic activation of the northeastern thrusts.This study allowed for concluding that the seismic events considered are human-induced, i.e. technogenic-tectonic, earthquakes. A long-term technogenic impact reducing the strength of rocks in fault zones can be a cause of critical stress drop in earthquake sources located in the Kazakh shield. The data on the character of motions and stresses in the earthquake sources influencing on shaking intensity will be used in combination with other methods for the assessment of natural and technogenic hazards related to geodynamic processes.

Due to the fast growth of the population, multi-story structures are becoming more important. The fundamental issue with multi-story constructions is that they are sensitive to ground motion. The earthquake causes vibrating forces at the structure's foundation; as a result of these vibrations, the building experiences oscillations, which may severely destroy the structure. These oscillations become more pronounced as the structure's height rises, causing serious damage to large-scale facilities. Structures are intended to resist and withstand dynamic forces using a mix of strength, deformability, and energy absorption to protect them from substantial damage. Dampers are employed in high-rise structures in seismic zones to minimise vibrations caused by lateral stresses, such as strong winds and earthquakes, in order to prevent such catastrophic damage. RCC constructions of 10m, 20m, and 30m storeys are investigated in this research. The buildings have a rectangular form and are 20x45 m2 in size, with a seismic zone of V. E-Tabs software is used to analyse structures. For modelling of RC framed structures, the loading calculations were done according to code regulations, namely IS:1893- 2002, IS:875(Part-III)-1987, and IS:456-2000. With and without dampers, the parameters of base shear, storey drifts, storey forces, and storey stiffness are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the current context at national and European level in terms of reducing skilled labour force in constructions, as well as the high level of density and traffic in large cities, there is an increasing emphasis on the possibility of shortening the duration of building the structural frames on site, reducing the number of workers or even reducing the level of noise pollution. Thus, the introduction of precast technologies in the case of office buildings and residential buildings, with multi-storey frame structure, is becoming an increasingly pressing and topical issue. The purpose of this paper is to enable structural engineers, architects and potential investors to consciously choose the type of optimal structure, taking into account a number of technical and economic aspects. In this sense, in order to highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of using multi-storey precast reinforced concrete frame structures, a comparative case study will be carried out between a precast frame structure and a monolithic frame structure, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of magnitude-frequency distribution of earthquake hazards in a region remains a crucial analysis in seismology. Its significance has varied from seismicity quantification to earthquake prediction. The analysis of seismicity anomalies of magnitude M => 5.0 earthquakes in Chile from 1964 to 2015 was undertaken by the present study with a view of reporting the trend of earthquake occurrences in the region. Chile has an area of about 756, 950 km2 with an extensive coastline of approximately 6,435 kms. It is situated in a highly seismically and volcanically active zone with a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east and the Drake Passage in the far south. Of a total of 3,893 earthquakes that have been documented historically, magnitudes Richter 5.0 to 5.9 represent 92.6%, magnitudes 6.0 to 6.9 represent 6.8%, magnitudes 7.0 to 7.9 represent 0.6%, and magnitudes 8.0 to 8.9 about 0.1%. The quantity of earthquakes (a-value) revealed an estimate of 8.4. The b-value was estimated using Gutenberg-Richter (GR) and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) methods. The estimated b-value using GR and MLE methods are 0.97 and 1.1 respectively, with an estimated average b-value ≈ 1. The present studies supprort the conclusion that Chile is seismically very active and prone to the recurrence of moderate- to-great earthquakes in the future.

Seismic isolation is a seismic protection technique for buildings which has been recently introduced in Peru. More than twenty seismically isolated buildings exist in Peru, at present. Seismic isolators in many of these buildings have been designed using foreign codes developed for foreign seismic conditions in the absence of local design code. These conditions may not accurately represent Peruvian seismicity. The mandatory use of seismic isolators in new major hospital buildings has been established recently in the Peruvian seismic design code. Available studies in Peru indicate that most health centres may be temporarily affected after a rare seismic event. The seismic isolation Peruvian code is being developed taking into account the needs and implications of Peruvian seismicity. This paper presents the design procedure of the seismic isolation system of a representative four storey reinforced concrete hospital block. The requirements of the draft code for seismic isolation and the current seismic code have been used. The design process and verification show reasonable response of the structure in terms of drifts and acceleration even after including maximum and minimum modification factors of properties for the seismic isolation bearings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the possibility for seismic early warning (EW) in the Balkan Peninsula. A number of characteristics of seismic record were evaluated for EW utility. Some tests checked the possibility to locate events reliably by Golitsyn's method, using one seismic station (SS). The distance and relevant travel time from some crustal faults to the nearest SS and big towns were appraised. EW procedures for most of the seismic zones in the Balkan Peninsula are not reliable, excepting the Vrancea zone, because of the small density of the SS, crustal depth of the earthquakes and fault crowdedness of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study is focused on earthquake migrations along active faults in seismic zones of Mongolia. The earthquake migrations are interpreted as a result of the influence of deformational waves. Vector velocities and other parameters of the deformational waves are studied. Based on data from largescale maps, local faults are compared, and differences and similarities of parameters of waves related to faults of different ranks are described.

This publication is aimed at formalization of the notions of «seismic zone» and «seismic belt». A seismic zone (SZ) is a territory defined and contoured in a technically active area. Within the limits of this territory, more than 10 seismic event with М>3 (К>9) occurred in the specified period of time (typically, 50 years), or the number of seismic event is not below a certain statistically relevant value. The external contour of SZ should be drawn according to the isolines of the corresponding density of registered earthquakes with М≥3, pending no less than three events within the given square area. In each case, selection of contours of SZ should be determined so that it can provide for classification of SZs. SZ should correspond to one or several tectonic structures. The interior structure of SZ can be zoned according to densities of earthquake epicentres.A seismic belt (SB) is a structure with a uniform geodynamic regime, wherein seismic zones are closely spaced. Typically, such structures are margins of plates or large intra­plate blocks. In real time, SB is generally characterized by a permanent state of lithospheric stresses. Stress vectors in local segments of SB may differ from the dominant type of stresses. They can be variable due to changes in strike of local and regional faults which control seismicity and also due to various directions of zones of the recent lithospheric destruction.The Earth’s SBs and SZs are mapped. SBs and a number of most important SZs are briefly described. Main parameters of SBs and SZs are tabulated. Based on the available data on SBs and SZs and taking into account the common geodynamical settings and elongated localities of earthquake foci, we suggest that it is required to evaluate structural factors controlling the seismic process and its components (locations of earthquake foci) at all the hierarchic levels, i.e. seismic belts, seismic zones, fault zones wherein stresses are concentrated, and structures wherein earthquake foci are located. Due to differences in the structural factors of control and scaling of SB and SZ manifestation, criteria for occurrence of earthquakes of various magnitudes are significantly different. Rare catastrophic earthquakes in SB result from the evolution of inter­plate and large inter­block margins in the geochronological scale intervals and/or disturbances of the evolution regularities due to catastrophic seismic event in the adjacent SB. Developing tectonophysical models of SBs is a future challenge.In SZ, earthquakes of medium magnitudes and rare strong seismic events results from the impact of strain waves on the mega­stable state of the recent lithospheric destruction zones which comprise the SZ structure. Time spans between seismic events in SZ are estimated in real time scales (decades, years, months) and thus can be considered instant in relation to periods of the geological evolution of inter­plate margins and other large structural margins (hundred thousand years, million years). In terms of the given time evaluation, the mega­stable state of the recent lithospheric destruction zones in SZ can be disturbed by factors of external impact in real time intervals, rather than by ‘the geological evolution’ factors.In this publication, the Baikal SZ is selected for analyses and testing as one of the best studied zones. In future studies, similar tests can be done for other seismic zones. Spatial and temporal regularities of earthquake locations in the areas of dynamic influence of faults in SZ and results of studies to provide for tectonophysical modeling of SZ can be applicable for expanding possibilities of mid­term seismic forecasting. The research data in the present publication confirm strong arguments in favor of transition to quantitative classification of SZs, identification of faults which are active in real time and function as concentrators of earthquake foci, and evaluation of parameters of fault zones which determine space­and­time locations of earthquake foci.This publication demonstrates the need to develop tectonophysical models of SPs and apply such models to gain a more comprehensive understanding of interactions/correlations between seismic zones in cases of catastrophic earthquakes and/or closely spaced SBs with similar states of stresses.

The study of magnitude-frequency distribution of earthquake hazards in a region remains a crucial analysis in seismology. Its significance has varied from seismicity quantification to earthquake prediction. The analysis of seismicity anomalies of magnitude M => 5.0 earthquakes in Chile from 1964 to 2015 was undertaken by the present study with a view of reporting the trend of earthquake occurrences in the region. Chile has an area of about 756, 950 km² with an extensive coastline of approximately 6,435 kms. It is situated in a highly seismically and volcanically active zone with a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east and the Drake Passage in the far south. Of a total of 3,893 earthquakes that have been documented historically, magnitudes Richter 5.0 to 5.9 represent 92.6%, magnitudes 6.0 to 6.9 represent 6.8%, magnitudes 7.0 to 7.9 represent 0.6%, and magnitudes 8.0 to 8.9 about 0.1%. The quantity of earthquakes (a-value) revealed an estimate of 8.4. The b-value was estimated using Gutenberg-Richter (GR) and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) methods. The estimated b-value using GR and MLE methods are 0.97 and 1.1 respectively, with an estimated average b-value ≈ 1. The present studies supprort the conclusion that Chile is seismically very active and prone to the recurrence of moderate-to-great earthquakes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintaining environment is priority to any plan in human life. It is planned for monitoring CO2 injection, storage and leakage by using geophysical, numerical and analytical methods in seismic zone. In this regard the mineralogy, chemical composite, lithology, seismic wave propagation, small earthquake, accelerating natural earthquake, thermal stress-strain modeling, ground movement level and fault activation will be consider. It is expected to better understand CO2 leakage, storage and injection process and problems.