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1. Reference values of gait parameters measured with a plantar pressure platform in community-dwelling older Japanese adults

Author

Kawai H, Taniguchi Y, Seino S, Sakurai R, Osuka Y, Obuchi S, Watanabe Y, Kim H, Inagaki H, Kitamura A, Awata S, and Shinkai S

Subjects
gait parameter, variation coefficient, community-dwelling, older adult, reference value, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Hisashi Kawai, Yu Taniguchi, Satoshi Seino, Ryota Sakurai, Yosuke Osuka, Shuichi Obuchi, Yutaka Watanabe, Hunkyung Kim, Hiroki Inagaki, Akihiko Kitamura, Shuichi Awata, Shoji ShinkaiTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, JapanBackground: Gait measures such as gait speed, stride length, step width, and stance duration change with advanced age and are associated with adverse health outcomes among older adults. The stride-to-stride variabilities of gait measures are also related to falls and cognitive decline in older adults; however, reference values of these gait parameters in older Japanese adults do not exist. This study aimed to determine the reference values of gait parameters as measured by a plantar pressure platform in community-dwelling older Japanese adults.Methods: Community-dwelling adults (N=1,212) who were independent in basic activities of daily living and aged 70–96 years (491 men, 721 women) completed the gait performance measurement in a geriatric health assessment. We assessed 10 gait performance measures with a plantar pressure platform system (P-WALK, BTS Bioengineering) and calculated means and coefficient of variations (CVs) of the gait measures as well as quintiles for those gait parameters per age group among men and women.Results: Mean (SDs) of gait speed, stride length, step width, and stance durations were 1.26 (0.24) meters per second (m/s), 121.9 (19.8) cm, 24.0 (3.2) cm, and 552.4 (60.4) milliseconds (ms), respectively, in men, and 1.27 (0.21) m/s, 115.7 (16.3) cm, 17.9 (2.8) cm, and 517.6 (59.8) ms, respectively, in women. Mean of CVs (SD) of stride length, step width, and single-stance duration were 2.76 (1.35), 12.06 (3.98), and 5.74 (2.66), respectively, in men and 2.69 (1.24), 15.65 (4.53), and 5.77 (2.40), respectively, in women. Gait parameters (except CVs of step width) declined significantly with age regardless of gender (P< 0.01 for trends).Conclusion: This study determined age group dependent gait parameter reference values, presented as means with quintile ranges, in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. These reference values may be useful metrics for gait assessment in the elderly.Keywords: gait parameter, variation coefficient, community-dwelling, older adult, reference value

Published
2019

13. Evidence that dog ownership protects against the onset of disability in an older community-dwelling Japanese population

Author

Mogi, M, Taniguchi, Y, Seino, S, Headey, B, Hata, T, Ikeuchi, T, Abe, T, Shinkai, S, Kitamura, A, Mogi, M, Taniguchi, Y, Seino, S, Headey, B, Hata, T, Ikeuchi, T, Abe, T, Shinkai, S, and Kitamura, A

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between dog and cat ownership, the onset of disability and all-cause mortality in an older population. Dog and cat owners take more regular exercise and have closer social relationships than non-owners. We further assess the beneficial effects of these moderating variables on the onset of disability and mortality. METHODS: Dog and cat ownership data were collected from 11233 community-dwelling adults age 65 years and older. These data were matched with data about the onset of disability held by the Japanese long-term care insurance system. Local registry data were used to ascertain all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During the approximately 3.5 year follow-up period, 17.1% of the sample suffered onset of disability, and 5.2% died. Logistic regression analysis indicated that, compared with a reference group of those who had never owned a dog (odds ratio fixed at 1.0), older adults who were currently dog owners had a significantly lower odds ratio of onset of disability (OR = 0.54 95% CI: 0.37-0.79). Our results further show that regular exercise interacts with dog ownership to reduce the risk of disability. The association of dog and/or cat ownership with all-cause mortality was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Dog ownership appears to protect against incident disability among older Japanese adults. Additional benefits are gained from ownership combined with regular exercise. Daily dog care may have an important role to play in health promotion and successful aging.

Published
2022

32. [K.sub.ATP] channels depress force by reducing action potential amplitude in mouse EDL and soleus muscle

Author

Gong, B., Legault, D., Miki, T., Seino, S., and Renaud, J.M.

Subjects
Physiology -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Although ATP-sensitive [K.sup.+] ([K.sub.ATP]) channel openers depress force, channel blockers have no effect. Furthermore, the effects of channel openers on single action potentials are quite small. These facts raise questions as to whether 1) channel openers reduce force via an activation of [K.sub.ATP] channels or via some nonspecific effects and 2) the reduction in force by [K.sub.ATP] channels operates by changes in amplitude and duration of the action potential. To answer the first question we tested the hypothesis that pinacidil, a channel opener, does not affect force during fatigue in muscles of Kir[6.2.sup.-/-] mice that have no cell membrane [K.sub.ATP] channel activity. When wild-type extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles were stimulated to fatigue with one tetanus per second, pinacidil increased the rate at which force decreased, prevented a rise in resting tension, and improved force recovery. Pinacidil had none of these effects in Kir[6.2.sup.-/-] muscles. To answer the second question, we tested the hypothesis that the effects of [K.sub.ATP] channels on membrane excitability are greater during action potential trains than on single action potentials, especially during metabolic stress such as fatigue. During fatigue, M wave areas of control soleus remained constant for 90 s, suggesting no change in action potential amplitude for half of the fatigue period. In the presence of pinacidil, the decrease in M wave areas became significant within 30 s, during which time the rate of fatigue also became significantly faster compared with control muscles. It is therefore concluded that, once activated, [K.sub.ATP] channels depress force and that this depression involves a reduction in action potential amplitude. Kir[6.2.sup.-/-] mice; pinacidil; action potential train; M wave

Published
2003

44. Glucose stimulates somatostatin secretion in pancreatic δ-cells by cAMP-dependent intracellular Ca2+ release

Author

Denwood, G, Tarasov, A, Salehi, A, Vergari, E, Ramracheya, R, Takahashi, H, Nikolaev, V, Seino, S, Gribble, F, Reimann, F, Rorsman, P, and Zhang, Q

Subjects
endocrine system, Somatostatin-Secreting Cells, Cell Membrane, Colforsin, Membrane Potentials, Mice, Glucose, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Gene Expression Regulation, Cyclic AMP, Animals, Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, Thapsigargin, Calcium, Somatostatin, Pancreas, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Research Articles, Research Article
Abstract

The regulation of somatostatin secretion from islet δ-cells remains obscure. Denwood et al. show that glucose stimulates somatostatin secretion through effects on both δ-cell electrical activity and cAMP-dependent intracellular Ca2+ release., Somatostatin secretion from pancreatic islet δ-cells is stimulated by elevated glucose levels, but the underlying mechanisms have only partially been elucidated. Here we show that glucose-induced somatostatin secretion (GISS) involves both membrane potential-dependent and -independent pathways. Although glucose-induced electrical activity triggers somatostatin release, the sugar also stimulates GISS via a cAMP-dependent stimulation of CICR and exocytosis of somatostatin. The latter effect is more quantitatively important and in mouse islets depolarized by 70 mM extracellular K+, increasing glucose from 1 mM to 20 mM produced an ∼3.5-fold stimulation of somatostatin secretion, an effect that was mimicked by the application of the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin. Inhibiting cAMP-dependent pathways with PKI or ESI-05, which inhibit PKA and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 (Epac2), respectively, reduced glucose/forskolin-induced somatostatin secretion. Ryanodine produced a similar effect that was not additive to that of the PKA or Epac2 inhibitors. Intracellular application of cAMP produced a concentration-dependent stimulation of somatostatin exocytosis and elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Both effects were inhibited by ESI-05 and thapsigargin (an inhibitor of SERCA). By contrast, inhibition of PKA suppressed δ-cell exocytosis without affecting [Ca2+]i. Simultaneous recordings of electrical activity and [Ca2+]i in δ-cells expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3 revealed that the majority of glucose-induced [Ca2+]i spikes did not correlate with δ-cell electrical activity but instead reflected Ca2+ release from the ER. These spontaneous [Ca2+]i spikes are resistant to PKI but sensitive to ESI-05 or thapsigargin. We propose that cAMP links an increase in plasma glucose to stimulation of somatostatin secretion by promoting CICR, thus evoking exocytosis of somatostatin-containing secretory vesicles in the δ-cell.

Published
2019

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