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The EPR spectra of irradiated maltose were obtained and compared to those of sucrose and glucose. In maltose anhydrite, the main radicals were produced from the cleavage of the glycoside bond at the C1 carbon with a carbonyl at the C2 carbon the same as those in sucrose. On the contrary, a carbonyl anion radical involving the proton hydrogen bonding to a water molecule was also observed in maltose monohydrate. The conformation of the carbonyl anion radical changed and became stable.

The oxidation of iodide by trichloromethyl peroxide in a 2-propanol/water solution leading to the I3− production was applied to a gel dosimeter along with the addition of 5% hydroxy-propyl-methyl-cellulose (HPMC). The dose response was constant at the dose rate of 300 and 100 Gy/h and stable for more than 7 days. For the ion irradiation, the yield of I3− at the front of the Bragg peak region was 92–93% relative to that at the entrance.

Radicals produced in crystalline L-alanine-3,3,3-d3 and L-alanine-d4 were observed by the electron spin reso-nance (ESR) technique during 1.5 keV soft X-ray irradiation. The spectral change from •CHCD3COOH to •CDCD3COOH by a hydrogen exchange reaction was directly observed in L-alanine-3,3,3-d3. The line width of the ESR spectra obtained by the soft X-ray irradiation was 1.5 times wider than that of hard X-rays from a previous report, meaning a higher density of radicals.

Pulse radiolysis technique was used to investigate early stages of radiation-induced reactions in alcohols (methanol and 2-propanol) containing a halogenated compound, Halon2402, and it was found that repetition of irradiation leads to accumulation of a transient species having absorption around 360 nm, which is attributed to dibromine radical anion (Br2•−). The alcohols containing bromide anion (Br−) were also investigated because it is reported debromonation occurs during the radiation-induced degradation, revealing that at first Br− is oxidized into bromine atom (Br•) by alkoxy radicals of the solvent alcohols, and then, Br2•− is formed by its reaction with another Br−. Since not only Br− but also acid (H+) is produced during the degradation, influence of acid was also investigated, showing that acid is essential in the oxidation of Br− into Br• in the alcohols. In addition, deuteration of the solvent alcohols resulted in significant increase in the amount of Br2•− production, implying it is alkoxy radicals of the solvent alcohols that oxidize Br− into Br•. Difference in the Br− oxidation between methanol and 2-propanol was also discussed in relevance to difference in redox potentials of the transient species.

Radicals produced in crystalline L-alanine-3,3,3-d3 and L-alanine-d4 were observed by the electron spin resonance (ESR) technique during 1.5 keV soft X-ray irradiation. The spectral change from •CHCD3COOH to •CDCD3COOH by a hydrogen exchange reaction was directly observed in L-alanine-3,3,3-d3. The line width of the ESR spectra obtained by the soft X-ray irradiation was 1.5 times wider than that of hard X-rays from a previous report, meaning a higher density of radicals. The efficiency of the radical yield by the soft X-ray irradiation was 10−6 relative to that by γ-irradiation. The product formed by the radical recombination was observed by an LC/MS analysis. For the soft X-ray irradiation, many radicals will be lost by the efficient radical-radical recombination due to the higher density of the radicals, just as the high-LET irradiation by heavy ions. The result was the same as the yield of hydroxyl radicals in an aqueous solution that decreased with the decreasing photon energy from 1.25 MeV to 1.5 keV. We concluded that the high LET nature of the lower energy photons leads to the dense radical formation in the crystalline alanine powder.

UV-photolysis of hydrogen peroxide is a useful technique to produce hydroxyl radical. However, it is not an appropriate method to estimate the reactivity of polyphenols with hydroxyl radicals because many of the polyphenol derivatives also absorb the UV-light to generate hydroxyl radicals. In this study, X-ray irradiation of water with a flowing system was applied to estimate the reactivity of hydroxyl radicals with polyphenols using electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trap. The obtained relative reaction rates reasonably agreed with previous data by pulse radiolysis. This method will be a useful technique to estimate the reactivity of antioxidants including polyphenols with hydroxyl radicals.

The relative yields of radicals produced in four kinds of methanols; i.e., CH3OH, CH3OD, CD3OH and CD3OD, by γ-irradiation have been studied using ESR spin trapping with PBN. Both PBN-H and PBN-D were produced from CH3OD and CD3OH. This means that the proton transfer to the neutral methanol from the cationic one is one of the processes to produce both the methoxy and hydoxy-methyl radicals. The yield of the methoxy radical adduct relative to the hydroxy-methyl radical adduct decreased in the order CD3OH>CD3OD>CH3OH>CH3OD. The difference in the rates of the proton transfer and hydrogen abstraction reactions by substitution with deuterium is the reason for the variation in the relative radical yield.

Radicals produced in L-alanine-3,3,3-d3 and L-alanine-d4 by X-irradiation and their spectral change were investigated using X-band ESR. Apparently, two major radicals appeared. One is the radical formed by deamination from a protonated anion and the other is produced by the loss of an alpha hydrogen. Before the appearance of the de-hydrogen radical, the precursor radical with a singlet feature was observed at 148–158 K. The signal of the precursor decreased and that of the de-hydrogen radical increased with temperature. Because the feature of the precursor radical was a singlet, it will be produced by deprotonation of the alpha hydrogen from the deprotonated cation radical observed at 77–80 K. Protonation to the amine moiety of the deprotonated radical will be a new pathway to produce the de-hydrogen radical. In L-alanine-3,3,3-d3, the hydrogen exchange reaction between the alpha hydrogen in the de-amino radical and the beta deuterium in a neighboring molecule occurred at the first-order rate of 7 × 10−4 s−1 at 294 K. The activation energy was 25 kcal/mol. By annealing at 393 K, the spectral features have obviously changed by the hydrogen exchange reactions in the de-amino radicals. Finally, all the de-amino radicals changed to •CHCH3COOH(D) and the methyl deuterium in the de-hydrogen radicals changed to hydrogen by a hydrogen exchange reaction between the C-D deuteriums of the radical and the N–H hydrogens of a crystal molecule after 100 min of annealing at 393 K. Many of the N–H hydrogens in the crystalline molecules changed to deuterons leading to the deuteration of the amino hydrogens in the de-hydrogen radicals.

Radicals produced by the heavy ion (He, C, Ne, Si, Ar, and Fe) irradiation of methanol were spin trapped with PBN. Three kinds of radicals, PBN-CH 3 O, PBN-CH 2 OH, and PBN-H, were observed similar to those by γ-irradiation. The relative radical yields, PBN-CH 3 O/PBN-CH 2 OH and (PBN-CH 3 O + PBN-CH 2 OH)/PBN-H, varied depending on the LET value, the specific energy and mass of ions.

Methanol and 2-propanol solutions of 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane were irradiated with γ-rays after perfect de-oxygenation. The product, formed by the substitution of one of the bromine or chlorine atoms with a hydrogen atom, was observed by radiation-induced degradation and the product was also de-halogenated. The G -value of de-halogenation was more than a thousand times higher than G (e solv − ) and increased with the decreasing dose rate, meaning that a chain reaction is involved in the process. The efficiency of the degradation in 2-propanol was several times higher than that in methanol. It is concluded that the charge transfer from an alcohol radical will be the trigger of the chain reaction the same as in the degradation of hexachloroethane in alcohol solutions ( Sawai et al., 1978 ).

Soybean pods are located at the nodes, where they are in the shadow, whereas cowpea pods are located outside of the leaves and are exposed to sunlight. To compare the effects of light quality on pod growth in soybean and cowpea, we measured the length of pods treated with white, blue, red or far-red light. In both species, pods elongated faster during the dark period than during the light period in all light treatments except red light treatment in cowpea. Red light significantly suppressed pod elongation in soybean during the dark and light periods. On the other hand, the elongation of cowpea pods treated with red light markedly promoted during the light period. These results suggested that the difference in the pod set sites between soybean and cowpea might account for the difference in their red light responses for pod growth.

N2-saturated 2-propanol solutions containing styrene and maleimide were gelled by the addition of hydroxypropylcellulose and irradiated by proton, He and C-ion beams. The trend in the dose rate and LET effects on the yield and molecular weight distribution of the polymer produced in the gel was almost the same in the solution. On the contrary, the dose rate effect in the gel was higher than that in the solution. This effect was accelerated for irradiations by proton as well as heavier ion with a higher LET value.

The radiation-induced polymerization of styrene with maleimide was studied in methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol solutions by irradiation of electrons, protons, He and C-ions. The polymer yield increased in the order methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol, depending on the reactivity of the solvent radical to initiate the polymerization. Furthermore, the effect of the specific energy of the ions was observed in the methanol and ethanol solutions by ion irradiation at the dose rate of 20 nA. Not only the radical distribution depending on the LET value or dose rate, but also the reactivity of the solvent radical to initiate the polymerization will influence the polymer yield and the distribution of the molecular weight.

The reaction of the hydroxy radical with thymidine and poly-hydroxy benzenes; i.e., catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, and pyrogallol, was studied by ESR spin trapping combined with the UV-A photolysis of hydrogen peroxide. The obtained relative reaction rates reasonably agreed with those previously obtained by pulse radiolysis. Electron distribution in the HOMO obtained by DFT calculations also supports the resulting order of reactivity of the polyphenols.

In this study, PSL of non-irradiated and irradiated corrugated fiberboards (CFs) was investigated to evaluate the possibility that CFs can be used as alternative specimens for the screening detection method of food irradiation. The irradiation at a dose of only 0.15 kGy increased PSL signals of the CF over 1 order of magnitude. The PSL signals increased with increasing in gamma irradiation dose and became almost saturated at a dose of 5 kGy. The core of CFs showed PSL signals sufficient for distinguishing irradiated from non-irradiated at least 6 months after irradiation even though the CF was exposed to light and the environmental temperature increased to 50 °C. These results suggest that the PSL property of the core of CFs is useful for detecting irradiation. However, the large variation of PSL signals among CFs made it difficult to set a well-defined “positive” threshold limit to distinguish irradiated from non-irradiated completely. All of the non-irradiated CFs showed PSL signals above 10 3 counts, which is much higher than that detected for foods. It is apparent that the threshold limit of EN 13751 is not applicable to detecting irradiated CFs. More detailed collaborative research with large number of samples is needed to establish new threshold limits involving “intermediate” classification.

N2-saturated 2-propanol solutions containing styrene and maleimide were irradiated by electron, proton, He and C-ion beams. The styrene–maleimide copolymer was produced by radical polymerization induced during irradiation. The effects of the radical distribution, which depends on the LET or dose rate, on the molecular weight and the polymer yield were discussed.

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) as a screening method is very simple and rapid to detect irradiated foods but various disadvantages (light induced fading of PSL signal or response to clean foods with minerals insensitive to PSL measurement). In this study the characteristics of radiation induced PSL for 10 kinds of pulses (Chinese Soybean and Adzuki bean, Pinto bean, Cowpea, Green gram, Canadian Blue pea and Soybean, American Black-eyed pea and Chickpea, Red Kidney Bean) were investigated. The screening-PSL (s-PSL) cumulate counts of pulses significantly increased with irradiation dose up to 3kGy. The s-PSL cumulate counts of irradiated pulses gradually decreased with increasing storage periods. The s-PSL cumulate counts of all pulse samples irradiated at a minimum dose of 0.5kGy exceeded considerably the upper screening threshold (5000 counts) regardless of storage period. Calibrated PSL (Cal-PSL) were obtained by re-irradiating the pulse samples with a gamma ray dose of 1kGy and the PSL ratios (s-PSL/Cal-PSL) were calculated for normalization of sensitivity of the pulse samples. The PSL ratio at each irradiation dose was almost similar regardless of kind of pulses.

Hydroxymaleimide was irradiated in air-saturated 2-propanol solution by high-energy heavy ions. The differential G-values of the degradation of hydroxymaleimide was smaller than the G-value obtained by γ-irradiation, and decreased with increasing LET value for the same kind of ions. The fitting curve of the differential G-values obtained for He ion is shifted from that for heavier ions. The irradiation effects of the kind and LET value of ions were observed on the degradation of hydroxymaleimide.

Methanol and 2-propanol solutions of hydroxymaleimide were irradiated with γ-ray and mechanism of its γ-irradiation-induced reactions was investigated through final-product analyses using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectroscopy. An addition reaction of a solvent radical toward hydroxymaleimide was dominant among its oxygen-free γ-irradiation-induced reactions in its alcohol solutions while it is known that electron attachment toward hydroxyphthalimide or hydroxysuccinimide is dominant among their γ-irradiation-induced reactions. The radical adduct abstracts hydrogen from solvent molecule to re-produce a solvent radical. Therefore, the degradation efficiency of hydroxymaleimide was more than ten times larger than that of hydroxyphthalimide and hydroxysuccinimide. Dimer was also produced through electron attachment process in the solutions of hydroxymaleimide. In addition, it was found that the degradation efficiency increased with decrease in dose rate. An additional reaction of a solvent radical toward hydroxymaleimide competes with a radical–radical recombination. The latter was reduced, with the former leading to efficient degradation of hydroxymaleimide increased by irradiation at lower dose rate. On the contrary, the production yield of the adduct radical as well as the degradation efficiency of hydroxymaleimide was inhibited in the presence of oxygen.

Penthylthymines and hexyl-, nonyl-, and decyl- uracils were irradiated by C-ion (3.5 GeV) and γ-ray at 77 K. ESR spectra were measured to study radiation induced radicals in the temperature range from 108 to 273 K. A dihydro-5-yl (5-yl) radical formed by H addition to C6 carbon and a secondary alkyl radical by C–H bond fission at the second carbon from the end of the alkyl group were produced at 108 K. A dihydrouracil-6-yl (6-yl) radical formed by H addition to C5 carbon increased with increasing temperature for alkyluracils. The spectral feature obtained by C-ion irradiation was coincident with that by γ-irradiation. Total radical yields increased by alkylation and with increasing the length of alkyl chain. Yields of both 5-yl and secondary alkyl radicals irradiated by C-ion were less than those by γ-ray for penthylthymines and hexyluracil. On the contrary, radical yields were almost the same between ion and γ-ray irradiation for nonyl- and decyl-uracil. Mechanism of radical formation and effect of high-LET irradiation were discussed.

It has been reported that angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) improves proteinuria in diabetic patients. However, whether this is a direct effect of ARB or through lowering blood pressure is still controversial. The aim of this study is to determine the direct effect of ARB on diabetic nephropathy. Thirty-four type 2 diabetic patients with early kidney damage were divided into two groups: losartan group (n=17) and control group (n=17). In losartan group, low dose (25mg) of losartan was administered once daily for a year. Blood pressure at home, blood pressure at office and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured before and during the treatment. After a 1-year observation, the increment of UACR was significantly smaller in losartan group than that in control group [-23.8+/-13.7 mg/gCr vs. 15.9+/-13.2mg/gCr, mean+/-S.E.M., P=0.0114]. Mean blood pressure levels did not change before and during the observation period both in losartan group and control group, though only systolic blood pressure at home decreased slightly but significantly. There were no significant differences in the levels of HbA(1c), fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and body mass index between the two groups. The observed decrease in UACR in the losartan-treated group might be attributed to a direct renoprotective action in addition to a subtle decrease in systolic blood pressure at home.

Hydroxyphthalimide, hydroxysuccinimide, and hydroxybenzotriazole were irradiated in methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and acetonitrile. All the hydroxy compounds, R-NOH, changed to R-NH in acetonitrile, though hydroxyphthalimide in methanol and hydroxysuccinimide in the alcohol solutions were not decomposed. The decomposition of R-NOH is caused by electron attachment. It seems that the strong hydrogen bonding between the solvent alcohol and the solute prevent the electron attachment to hydroxysuccinimide. The molecular structure of the hydroxy compounds will affect the extent of the hydrogen bonding.

The resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) excitation spectrum of jet-cooled 3-chlorophenol (3-ClP) was measured in combination with time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. In the TOF mass spectrum, 3-ClP, 3-ClP dimer and 3-ClP-water cluster cations were observed. The REMPI excitation spectrum of the dimer was observed for the first time. The low-frequency intermolecular vibrations show the hydrogen bonding of the dimer of 3-ClP to be similar to the phenol dimer. The hydrogen bonding was found to be weaker than that of the phenol dimer. The structures of the dimer and the 3-ClP-water cluster were obtained from ab initio calculations, which suggest that dimer has a sandwich-type structure with weak hydrogen bond.

The temperature dependences of the formation of negative ions from C 6 F 6− x Cl x , CF 3 C 6 F 5− x Cl x , and NC 5 F 5− x Cl x ( x =1,2) were studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Cl − and the parent negative ion were produced. The ( M −Cl) − (M: parent molecule) was also observed for CF 3 C 6 F 5− x Cl x and NC 5 F 5− x Cl x . The temperature dependence of the relative intensity, ( M −Cl) − /Cl − , suggested that the electron affinity of the fragment radicals decreases in the order, CF 3 C 6 F 4 >C 5 F 4 N>C 6 F 5 . On the other hand, the relative intensity, Cl − / M − , suggested that the electron affinity of the parent molecules decreases in the order, CF 3 C 6 F 5− x Cl x ⪢NC 5 F 5− x Cl x >C 6 F 6− x Cl x . Geometries of the parent anions were also calculated using with B3LYP/6-31+G method. The parent anions have an out-of-plane deformed structure and the extent of the deformation corresponds to that of the electron affinity for the parent molecule.

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from chlorinated phenols was studied. For all compounds, Cl− was produced and the intensity of the chloride ion increased with the increasing number of Cl atoms present in the molecule. For some of them, (M−HCl)−, (M−H)−, and M− (M: parent molecule) were also observed. The intensities of the fragment ions such as Cl− and (M−HCl)−, increased with the increasing temperature, though that of the parent anion decreased. There may be two mechanisms to produce (M−HCl)−. One is the HCl elimination of the hydroxylic hydrogen atom and the ortho-Cl atom. The other is the HCl elimination followed by the migration of the hydroxylic hydrogen atom to the ortho position for the 3,4- and 3,5-dichlorophenols. The branching ratio of [(M−HCl)−]/[Cl−] depends on the length of the HCl bond of the intermediate for the former mechanism.

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from C6H4XY (X, Y = Cl, Br, I) and cyclo-C6H10X2 (X = Cl, Br) was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The heavier halide ion was mainly observed for C6H4XY. The production rate of halide ions became greater in the order C6H4ClBr << C6H4ClI < C6H4BrI. The relative production rate of the major ions between isomers is related to the character of the substituted halogen atom in the system. The main observed ion was X− for C6H10X2. The production rate of halide ions increased in the order cyclo-cis-1,4-C6H10Cl2 < cyclo-trans-1,4-C6H10Cl2 ∼ cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Cl2 << cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Br2. For cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Br2, not only Br−, but also Br2−, was observed. Four-center elimination with rotation of the C–Br bond seemed to occur when Br2− was produced from cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Br2.

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from C 6 F 5 X , C 6 F 4 X 2 ( X = Cl , Br , I ) , XC 6 F 4 Br ( X = Cl , CF 3 , BrC 6 F 4 , CN ) , and NC5F4Br was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Cl− and the parent negative ion for chlorofluorobenzene, Br − , ( M – Br ) − (M=parent molecule), and the parent negative ion for bromofluorocarbon, and I− and (M–I)− for iodofluorobenzene were observed. The intensity of (M–X)− and the parent negative ion relative to that of halide ion changes with temperature. The relative intensity, C 6 F 4 X − / X − ( X = Br , I ) of 1,2-C6F4X2 is smaller than that of 1,4-C6F4X2. It seems that the heat of formation of (M–X)−+X relative to that of (M–X)+X− in 1,2-C6F4X2 would be higher than in 1,4-C6F4X2 and C6F5X. The temperature dependence of the relative ratio, (M–Br)−/Br−, can lead the relative trend of the electron affinity of M–Br, as C6F4CN>CF3C6F4>C6F4C6F4Br>C5F4N>C6F4Cl>C6F4Br>C6F5. This is correlated with the atomic charge distribution of (M–Br)− calculated using the Hartree–Fock method.

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from CFCl 3 , CF 2 Cl 2 , CBrCl 3 , and CBr2Cl2 was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. For CFxCl4−x(x=1,2), chloride ion was observed and the activation energy agreed with previous data. For CBryCl4−y(y=1,2), Cl− and Br− were observed when the concentration of the sample was 0.01 mol%. The branching ratio of Cl− increases and that of Br− decreases with increasing temperature for CBrCl3. Otherwise, the temperature dependence of the branching ratio was lower for CBr2Cl2. For the higher concentrations of CBrCl3, BrCl− was observed. Not only BrCl− but also Br2− was observed for CBr2Cl2. CBrCl2− and CCl3− or CBr2Cl−, whose production path is electron attachment to the radicals produced from electron attachment to the parent molecules were also observed. Based on these results, the relative ratio of the electron attachment reactions can be estimated.

1,1,2-Trichloro-trifluoroethane, 1,2-dibromo-tetrafluoroethane, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole were dissolved in alkaline isopropyl alcohol and irradiated with 60Co gamma rays after purged with pure nitrogen gas. The concentration of the hydroxide ions and the parent molecules decreased with the dose, while that of the halide ions and the organic products, with less halogen atoms than the parent, increased. Chain degradation will occur in alkaline isopropyl alcohol.

The temperature dependence for the formation of negative ions from Cl2BrC-CBrCl2, FClBrC-CBrF2, and ClBr2C-CF3 was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Halide ions and halogen molecular anions were observed. The intensity ratios between the halide ions and halogen molecular anions were almost equal to F2BrC-CBrF2. Halogen molecular anions are produced from halogen atoms presented by each C atom: the four-center elimination. The temperature dependence of the ion intensity ratios, Br-/Cl- and Br2-/BrCl-, suggests that the strength of the bonding energy of the C-Cl relative to C-Br increases in the order of Cl2BrC-CBrCl2

The formation of negative ions from halogenated acetonitriles XCH2CN (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and C6F4(CN)2 was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The halide ion was observed for XCH2CN (X = Cl, Br, I). While the intensity of the ion increased with increasing temperature for ICH2CN, the temperature dependence for the production of ions was only slightly observed over the temperature range of 393–537 K for ClCH2CN and BrCH2CN. The parent anions were observed for C6F4(CN)2. The intensity of the parent anions increased in the order 1,3-C6F4(CN)2- < 1,2-C6F4(CN)2- < 1,4-C6F4(CN)2-. A temperature dependence for the parent anions was not observed. The difference in the intensity can be explained by a recombination reaction with the positive ions.

The semiconductor characteristics of a non-conducting polyaniline pellet can be modified by implantation of low-energy protons, that is, the resistivity became less than 50 Ω cm by proton doping at the fluence rate and fluence of 4 × 1011 ions/cm2/s and 1 × 1015 ions/cm2, respectively. The resistivity increased with the increasing fluence rate of the protons. FT/IR spectra have shown that a new band resulted from the appearance of N+–H due to the proton implantation.

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from C6F6, C5F5N, C6F5CN, C6F5CF3, and C6F5C6F5 was studied by using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Parent negative ion and fragment ions: F- and (M-F)- (M = Parent Molecule) were observed. Secondary product ions: C5F4- and C5F2- for C6F6 and C5F6N- and C4FN- for C5F5N were also observed at temperatures higher than 523 K. A cluster of the parent molecule and F- is produced for C6F6 and C5F5N. The intensity of parent negative ions increases, while that of fragment ions and secondary ions decreases with decreasing temperature. Such results show that electron detachment from the parent anions will occur. Geometry of parent negative ions and cluster anions of C6F6, C5F5N, C6F5CN, and C6F5CF3 were also calculated using the Hartree-Fock method. The structure and the distribution of the spin density are almost the same for all these molecules. This similarity means that the production of negative ions from them and the reaction mechani...

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from chloroethylenes (cis-1,2-C2H2Cl2, trans-1,2-C2H2Cl2, C2HCl3, C2Cl3F, C2Cl4) and bromoethylenes (cis-1,2-C2H2Br2, trans-1,2-C2H2Br2, C2HBr3, 1,1-C2Br2F2) was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The halide ion was observed for all samples. Other fragment anions, (M-X)- (parent molecule, M, less one halogen atom, X)- and X2- were produced for some samples. The former was observed for trans-1,2-C2H2X2 and C2HBr3, and the latter for 1,2-C2H2Cl2, cis-1,2-C2H2Br2, and C2HBr3. The branching ratio of X2- and (M-X)- decreases with increasing the temperature. The branching ratio of X2- is considerably different for chloroethylenes and for bromoethylenes.

The formation of a negative ion from chlorofluorocarbons(CCl4, Cl2FC–CClF2, Cl3C–CF3, Cl2FC–CCl2F, Cl3C–CClF2, C2Cl5F, C2Cl6, C2HCl3, C2Cl4) or bromofluorocarbons(Br2FC–CF3, BrF2C–CBrF2, Br2FC–CBrF2, CBr3F) was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The halide ion was mainly observed for all molecules. Among cholorofluoroethanes or bromofluoroethanes, a molecule with more chlorine or bromine atoms shows a higher intensity of Cl− or Br−. For C2Cl5F, C2Cl6, BrF2C–CBrF2, Br2FC–CBrF2, and CBr3F, the negative ions of the halogen molecule were also observed. Except for CBr3F, the ion would be produced by dissociative electron attachment.

This study was conducted to evaluate HbA1c and GA as clinical markers for glycemic variability under normal daily living conditions, not in a hospital setting, in patients with type 1 diabetes by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Twenty-one outpatients with type 1 diabetes (age 47.2 ± 16.6 years, with a mean duration of diabetes of 11.1 ± 7.0 years) underwent up to 72 h of the CGM. We analyzed the correlation between ten parameters [mean glucose, area under the curve (AUC) at 180/70 mg/dl, %High/Low, SD, J-index, %CV, high blood glucose index (HBGI)/low blood glucose index (LBGI), M-value, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) and mean of daily differences (MODD)] and the levels of glycemic markers (HbA1c, GA and the GA/HbA1c ratio). The average levels of HbA1c, GA and the GA/HbA1c ratio were 7.9 ± 0.9 %, 25.6 ± 4.4 % and 3.4 ± 0.5, respectively. The Pearson univariate correlation analysis showed that both the levels of HbA1c and GA, but not the GA/HbA1c ratio, were closely related to the CGM-measured mean glucose, AUC at 180, %High, HBGI and the M value. The GA levels also positively correlated with the SD (R = 0.46, P = 0.035), J-index (R = 0.67, P = 3.5 × 10−3) and MAGE (R = 0.45, P = 0.042), while the HbA1c levels did not. In addition, the GA/HbA1c ratio correlated significantly with the glycemic variability, SD (R = 0.58, P = 5.7 × 10−3), J-index (R = 0.45, P = 0.039), M-value (R = 0.46, P = 0.035) and MAGE (R = 0.60, P = 4.3 × 10−3). In conclusion, GA and the GA/HbA1c ratio could therefore be useful clinical markers for the blood glucose level and glycemic variability in patients with type 1 diabetes.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, Furi, mimic gestures in theatricals, are based on daily movements. In this study, daily movements and mimic gestures of the movement of hands and arms were compared. Subjects were 10 adult females and 30 infants. This test involved four experimental gestures: (1) the pot is empty; (2) the pot is half full of water; (3) the pot is full of water; (4) the pot is covered, and the subject does not know how much water it contained. Each experiment had three phases: (1) transport empty (reaching), (2) grasping, and (3) transport loaded (pulling back). The results were as follows. For daily movements, when there was an increase in the volume of water, the time required was longer, especially in the second phase. When subjects could not estimate the volume of water, the time required in the first phase was longer. When there was an increase in the volume of water, the area covered by hand movements was smaller, and the hand tended to move in a straight line. When there was an increase in the volume of water, the trunk of the body rotated around the longitudinal axis. The proximal parts of the body tended to be fixed. Movements of the distal parts of the body were smaller in the real action than in the mimic action. For mimic gestures, when there was an increase in the volume of water, the time required was longer in the third phase. The area covered by movement of the hand and elbow was larger, and the hand tended to move in a curved line. The proximal parts of the body moved with the distal parts. When there was an increase in the volume of water, the trunk of the body leaned anteriorly. As for infants under 4 years, there is no significant differences the time and spaces of upper limb movements effected with object they estimate. The results indicated that the time required was in proportion to the volume of water in both mimic gestures and daily movements. However, in daily movements the time required in the second phase is larger, while in mimic gestures that in the third phase is larger. The area covered by hand movements is even larger. In mimic gestures of theatricals these characteristics were clearly seen. It can be said that actors "overact" or omit some of the daily movements, according to the dramatic requirements of the scenes.

The in vivo clastogenicity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) was examined in the micronucleus test using peripheral blood from three mouse strains (ICR, CD-1, and MS/Ae) and bone marrow from one rat strain (Sprague-Dawley). Doses up to the maximum tolerated were tested. The chemical was given once, twice, thrice, or four times via either the i.p. or p.o. route. Under some conditions, ICR and CD-1 mice showed an increased frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes, but definite conclusions were difficult to draw because the increases were very slight. MS/Ae mice showed a markedly elevated micronucleated reticulocyte frequency after the double and triple ip treatments. Rats showed a slightly but statistically significantly increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes after double i.p. treatments. These results indicate that AF-2 is a weak in vivo clastogen.

The effect of route of administration on the outcome of the micronucleus test was studied in 2 laboratories by administering the model chemical benzene intraperitoneally (i.p.) and orally (p.o.) to 2 strains of mice: MS/Ae and CD-1. On the basis of results obtained in a small-scale acute toxicity study and in a pilot micronucleus test, full-scale micronucleus tests were performed with a 24-h sampling time at doses of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg i.p. and 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg p.o. In both strains of mice, a higher incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was observed after p.o. administration. The ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to total erythrocytes decreased more markedly at higher doses i.p. in both strains. Thus, benzene induced more micronuclei via the p.o. route, while inhibitory effects on bone marrow cells were stronger after i.p. administration.

The decay rates of ground-state atomic nitrogen in the presence of C2H4(ethene), Δ1,3-C4H6(1,3-butadiene), and C2H2(ethyne) were measured by using a pulse radiolysis-resonance absorption technique. It was found that the decay rates decrease drastically upon the addition of a small amount of I2, an efficient radical scavenger. This suggests that the decay of N(4S) in the absence of I2 is due to the reactions between the N(4S) and the free radicals. The rate constants for the reactions of N(4S)+C2H4, Δ1,3-C4H6, and C2H2 were estimated to be much less than 103 m3 mol−1 s−1. The rate constant for the N+I2→NI+I reaction was measured to be 2.4×104 m3 mol−1 s−1.

The temperature dependence of the rate constants for the reactions of ground-state atomic nitrogen with halogens were measured by means of a pulse radiolysis-resonance absorption technique. The rate constants for iodine and bromine were well expressed by the following Arrhenius expressions below 410 K: k(N+I2)=1.1×106 exp(−1170/T); k(N+Br2)=1.1×105 exp(−1490/T), in units of m3 mol−1 s−1. The rate constant for the reaction with chlorine was found to be 1.1×103 m3 mol−1 s−1 at 411 K. Below this temperature, the rate constants for N+Cl2 were too small to be measured. The preexponential factors for the I2 and Br2 reactions were found to be much smaller than the semiempirically calculated ones. These small preexponential factors suggest that the reactions between N(4S) and halogens proceed via nonadiabatic routes.