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Experiments using rubber/resin foam (RB) have already shown that far-infrared rays suppress the proliferation of cancer cells1. We will report as a follow up to these findings. When RB was used, the temperature of the culture solution increased by about 0.4°C. This time, with a focus on this temperature rise, a new heating plate was manufactured, and culture experiments were conducted without using RB. It was determined that the suppression of growth was because of heat transfer, not due to the special action of RB. The distribution of heat was calculated using Planck's formula, and it was speculated that mid-infrared rays around 4.8 µm are involved in the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, irradiation with a 4.8 µm mid-infrared free electron laser confirmed that the ratio of α-helix to β-sheet changed, providing corroborative evidence for growth suppression.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has become a global pandemic. Many survivors of serious COVID‐19 pneumonia have long‐term residual pulmonary disease. However, there is little documentation of the histopathological characteristics of lung sequelae post‐COVID‐19 and effective treatments. We present two Japanese cases of lung sequelae post‐COVID‐19. The patients were histopathologically diagnosed with organizing pneumonia (OP) or OP with fibrosis and no diffuse alveolar damage on video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Case 1, who had been diagnosed with OP, was successfully treated with corticosteroid and other immunosuppressive agents over a 6‐month period. Although case 2, who had been diagnosed with OP with fibrosis, had a partial and unsatisfactory response to immunosuppressive agents, the patient responded to antifibrotic treatment including nintedanib., We present two Japanese cases of lung sequelae post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The patients were histopathologically diagnosed with organizing pneumonia (OP) or OP with fibrosis and no diffuse alveolar damage on video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Case 1, who was diagnosed with OP, was successfully treated with corticosteroid and other immunosuppressive agents over a 6‐month period. Although case 2, who was diagnosed with OP with fibrosis, had a partial and unsatisfactory response to immunosuppressive agents, the patient responded to antifibrotic treatment including nintedanib.

Background For colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, the standard histological lymph node (LN) evaluation has low sensitivity. Our previously developed one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA™) assay measures cytokeratin 19 gene expression in whole LNs. We recently showed that 17.6% of pN0 stage II CRC patients were OSNA positive, suggesting a correlation between OSNA results and disease recurrence. This multicenter, prospective study investigateed the prognostic value of the OSNA assay for pStage II CRC patients. Methods We examined 204 CRC patients who were preoperatively diagnosed as cN0 and cN1 and surgically treated at 11 medical institutions across Japan. Nine patients were excluded, and 195 patients (Stage I: n = 50, Stage II: n = 70, Stage III: n = 75) were examined. All LNs, harvested from patients, were examined histopathologically using one-slice hematoxylin–eosin staining. Furthermore, half of the LNs was examined by the OSNA assay. Patients were classified according to the UICC staging criteria and OSNA results, and the 3-year, disease-free survival (DFS) of each cohort was analyzed. Results Average 21.2 LNs/patient were subject to pathological examination. Approximately half of all harvested LNs (average, 9.4 LNs/patient) were suitable for the OSNA assay. Significantly lower 3-year DFS rates were observed in pStage (pathological Stage) II OSNA-positive patients than in OSNA-negative patients (p = 0.005). Among all assessed clinical and pathological parameters, only the OSNA result significantly affected 3-year DFS rates in pStage II CRC patients (p = 0.027). Conclusions This study shows that OSNA positivity is a risk factor for recurrence of the patients with pStage II CRC.

A 71‐year‐old non‐smoker woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of a six‐month history of dry cough. She had kept java sparrow for nine years and has been raising budgerigars for the previous eight months. High‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of the chest revealed reticulonodular lesions predominantly in the bilateral upper lobes. Surgical lung biopsy specimens showed non‐caseous epithelioid cell granulomas in the alveolar spaces, including irregular and centrilobular fibrosis with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. When she started using a duck feather duvet at home, she developed dyspnoea and chest HRCT abnormalities progressively deteriorated. The results of precipitation of antibodies against duck feather, java sparrow, and budgerigars dropping extracts were positive in sera. Consequently, the patient was diagnosed as having chronic bird fancier's lung with acute exacerbation caused by the use of a feather duvet. After combination treatments with corticosteroid and cyclosporine, her respiratory symptoms and reticulonodular shadow immediately improved., This is a case of chronic bird fancier's lung (BFL) (java sparrow and budgerigars) presenting with acute exacerbation due to exposure to feather duvet. Chronic BFL occasionally can associate with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE). Searching for precipitins against antigens of bird droppings and feather is useful for our clinicians to make a diagnosis of BFL.

Key message Pulmonary sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of miliary opacities in bilateral upper lobes predominance., We present a rare case of a 37‐year‐old woman diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis who presented with unusual bilateral upper lobes miliary opacities on chest high‐resolution computed tomography.

The objective of this work was to determine models for the estimation of leaf wetness percentage at three heights in the soybean (Glycine max) canopy, using meteorological variables from stations installed at the crop site and at an agrometeorological station. The experiment was conducted in three harvest seasons, in an area cropped with soybean, in the municipality of Londrina, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. To collect the meteorological variables, electronic trees were installed at four heights (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.7 m) in the crop and a station was installed in an agrometeorological station. The data were separated according to days with and without rain, and the analyses of correlation and of simple and multiple regressions were carried out, in order to obtain models with equations for leaf wetness estimation. Most of the equations that did not use the data of the sensors installed at 1.7 m, especially those of the models based on variables only from the agrometeorological station, presented low reliability. The models obtained with meteorological data only from the soybean crop show high reliability and use a lower amount of variables, which makes them a good alternative for wetness estimation. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar modelos para estimativa da percentagem de molhamento foliar em três alturas no dossel da soja (Glycine max), a partir de variáveis meteorológicas de estações instaladas na cultura e em posto agrometeorológico. O experimento foi conduzido em três safras agrícolas, em área com cultura de soja, no Município de Londrina, PR. Para a coleta das variáveis meteorológicas, foram instaladas árvores eletrônicas com sensores de molhamento, em quatro alturas (0,3, 0,6, 0,9 e 1,7 m), na cultura e uma estação em posto agrometeorológico. Separaram-se os dados de dias com e sem chuva, e realizaram-se as análises de correlação e de regressões simples e múltipla, para obter modelos com equações de estimativa de molhamento. A maioria das equações que não utilizou os dados dos sensores instalados a 1,7 m, principalmente as dos modelos baseados apenas nas variáveis do posto agrometeorológico, apresentou baixa confiabilidade. Os modelos obtidos a partir de dados meteorológicos unicamente da cultura de soja apresentam alta confiabilidade e utilizam menor quantidade de variáveis, o que os torna boa alternativa para estimativa de molhamento.

We previously reported that the one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay provided a judgment performance for colorectal cancer equivalent to a 2-mm-interval histopathological examination of lymph nodes (concordance 97.1 %, n = 385 lymph nodes). In this prospective multicenter study, we uncovered an OSNA-assisted pathology to detect lymph node metastasis. A total of 204 (50 stage I, 74 stage II, and 80 stage III) colorectal cancer patients. All 4324 lymph nodes were examined by the standard histology (one-slice H&E staining) and 1925 lymph nodes (44.5 %) of them were also subject to the OSNA analysis. The concordance rate between 1 slice hematoxylin/eosin and OSNA assay was 95.7 % (1,842/1925 lymph nodes). The sensitivity and specificity of the OSNA assay were 86.2 % (125/145) and 96.5 % (1717/1780), respectively. Among 124 node-negative patients (pN0), the respective upstaging rates of pStages I, IIA, IIB, and IIC were 2.0 % (1/50), 17.7 % (11/62), 12.5 % (1/8), and 25 % (1/4). OSNA-positive patients had deeper invasion to the colonic wall and severe lymphatic invasion (P = 0.048 and P = 0.004, respectively). The sum of the quantitative results of OSNA and total tumor load increased as the number of metastasized lymph nodes increased: 1550 copies/μL in pN0, 24,050 copies/μL in pN1, and 90,600 copies/μL in pN2. The present study on colorectal cancer provided fundamental data regarding OSNA-assisted pathology of lymph node metastasis in Japan.

Primary peritoneal carcinoma is usually advanced at diagnosis and curability is low unless the patient has a small tumor burden. Peritoneal carcinoma can occur in association with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, which is thought to account for 5-6% of all breast cancer. Mutations of two breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, are responsible for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Women with BRCA1/2 mutations often undergo risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) to prevent both ovarian and breast cancer. However, peritoneal carcinoma has been reported to develop after RRSO in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations. We experienced a patient with peritoneal carcinoma and inguinal lymph node metastasis after surgical resection of breast cancer and subsequent RRSO. This report describes the first case of peritoneal carcinoma arising after RRSO in a Japanese patient with BRCA1 mutation, including a review of the literature on peritoneal carcinoma associated with BRCA1/2 mutation.

Background A greater proportion of ground-glass opacity (GGO) is well known to be strongly associated with less invasive lung adenocarcinoma. Recently, the solid area diameter has also been reported to be a simple and better marker for the same purpose compared with the whole nodule diameter. Methods From 1997 to 2009, 383 patients with clinical T1-2N0M0 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a solid area of 3 cm or less underwent surgical resection, and their preoperative high-resolution computed tomographic images were preserved in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine format. Less invasive lung cancer was defined as having no vascular, lymphatic, or pleural invasion or lymph node metastasis. We compared the solid area and whole nodule diameters and proportion of GGO, with the objective of predicting less invasive lung cancer. Results Among the 383 patients, 187 were men, 335 had adenocarcinoma histologic type, 242 had less invasive lung cancer, and 43 experienced recurrence. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to predict less invasive lung cancer showed that the area under the curve of proportion of GGO was the highest (0.848; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.810–0.886), followed by the solid area diameter (0.785; 95% CI, 0.740–0.829), and then whole nodule diameter (0.621; 95% CI, 0.565–0.677). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that proportion of GGO was the only significant predictor of less invasive lung cancer. The proportion of GGO was also found to be a significant prognostic factor of disease-free survival (DFS) along with solid area diameter by multivariate analysis. Regardless of the solid area diameter, no patient with a greater proportion of GGO (> 50%) experienced recurrence. Conclusions Proportion of GGO remains important for predicting less invasive lung cancer.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos fungicidas difenoconazole e carboxin + thiram aplicados em sementes de trigo cultivares 'CD 104' e 'OR Mirante', inoculadas com Cochliobolus sativus. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x3 (2 cultivares e 2 fungicidas + testemunha sem controle) em sete repetições. O fungo foi isolado e reproduzido em meio de cultura BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar) e, posteriormente, multiplicado em sementes de trigo pré-cozidas, constituindo a fonte de inóculo. As avaliações foram do número de lesões na folha basal de cinco plantas por vaso aos 22, 25, 29, 31, 35 e 38 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e aos 41 dias foram avaliados o comprimento (cm), massa fresca (g) e seca (g) da parte aérea e das raízes. A partir das avaliações do número de lesões, também foi calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), cujos dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. A cultivar 'CD 104' foi mais suscetível ao patógeno do que 'OR Mirante'; difenoconazole foi eficiente no controle da doença na parte aérea, enquanto carboxin + thiram se igualou à testemunha; os dois fungicidas interferiram negativamente no desenvolvimento das plantas, uma vez que as médias de comprimento, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes obtidas das sementes tratadas é inferior à média das sementes não tratadas. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of fungicides difenoconazole and carboxin + thiram applied in seed wheat cultivars 'CD 104' and 'OR Mirante', inoculated with Cochliobolus sativus. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x3 factorial design (2 cultivars and 2 fungicides + untreated control) in seven replications. The fungi was isolated and reproduced in PDA culture medium (potato-dextrose-agar) and subsequently multiplied in seeds of wheat pre-cooked and is the source of inoculum. The evaluations were the number of lesions in the basal leaf of five plants per pot at 22, 25, 29, 31, 35 and 38 days after sowing (DAS), and at 41DAS were evaluated the length (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) of shoot and root. From the evaluations of the number of lesions was also calculated the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The datas were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The 'CD 104' cultivar was more susceptible to the pathogen than 'OR Mirante'; difenoconazole was efficient to control the disease as carboxin + thiram equaled the witness; both fungicides interfered negatively on plant development, since the average length, fresh weight and dry shoot and root obtained from treated seed is lower than the untreated seeds.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o momento ideal da aplicação dos fungicidas de ação preventiva, (Opera + Assist)* e (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, baseado na detecção inicial de primeiros esporos associado às condições ambientais, monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional (após a detecção dos primeiros sintomas), verificando sua eficiência no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, onde foram instalados coletores de esporos na área para detecção dos primeiros esporos e também se fez anotação das condições climáticas obtidas em estação metereológica. As aplicações foram feitas a 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias após detecção dos primeiros esporos, seguindo o monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem da área foliar infectada, desfolha e produtividade de grãos. Observou-se uma menor porcentagem de infecção foliar, quando os produtos foram aplicados logo no início da detecção dos primeiros esporos (1, 7 e 14 dias após detecção) e seguindo o monitoramento climático e, apesar do produto (PrioriXtra +Nimbus)* ter apresentado menores porcentagens de infecção foliar e desfolha quando aplicado nos diferentes momentos, observou-se que na produtividade de grãos não houve diferença entre os produtos testados. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the ideal time for the application of the fungicides of preventive action (Opera + Assist)* and (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, based on the initial detection of early spores associated with environmental conditions, climate monitoring and conventional monitoring (after the detection of the first symptoms), verifying their effectiveness in the control of Asian soybean rust. The study was conducted at the Londrina State University Experimental Station, where spore collectors were installed in the area for early detection of spores and the climate conditions were monitored in a climate station. The applications were made at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after first detection of spores, according to the climate monitoring and conventional monitoring. Evaluations were made of the infected leaf area, defoliation and soybean yield. There was a lower percentage of leaf infection when the products were applied early in the detection of spores (1, 7 and 14 days after detection), and according to the climate monitoring. Moreover, despite that the product (Nimbus + PrioriXtra)* presented lower percentages of infected leaf and defoliation when applied at the different times, it was observed that in the final yield of the crop there was no difference between the products tested.

respectivamente). No tratamento em que a infeccao ocorreu em R 5.3 - R 5.4 , houve a menor media de area foliar afetada pela doenca (24%) e a produtividade teve queda de 26%. Os resultados mostraram que as perdas de produtividade pelo oidio na cultivar Embrapa 48 variaram ao redor de 26 a 50%, e que a recomendacao oficial para o inicio de controle do oidio da soja, quando esta se apresentar entre 40 e 50% de severidade, deve ser questionada e outros trabalhos neste âmbito devem ser desenvolvidos para determinacao das perdas ocasionadas por esta doenca na cultura. ABSTRACT DAMAGES CAUSED BY INFECTION OF POWDERY MILDEWS IN DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES OF SOYBEANS. At present there are no precise studies quantifying the damages caused by powdery mildews and other foliar diseases for the majority of economically important crops in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to quantify the losses caused by powdery mildews (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybeans in different phenological stages, and to correlate them with the development and yield of the crop. The trials was carried out in the greenhouse and the treatments were: controlled check, noncontrolled check, infection initiated at stage R1-R2, infection initiated at stage R3-R4, infection initiated at stage R5.1-R5.2, infection initiated at stage R5.3-R5.4. The evaluation was done weekly considering the percentage of infected leaf area. The results showed that for the infection beginning at stages R1-R2 and R3-R4 the percentage of affected leaf area was higher (41% and 38%), with consequently lower yields (1,200 and 1,240 kg ha -1 ). When the infection occurred later at stage R5.3-R5.4, a lower affected leaf area (24%) was observed, and the yield decreased 26%. The results showed that the loss of yield by powdery mildew in cultivar Embrapa 48 ranged from around 26 to 50%, and that the official recommendation for the beginning of control of powdery mildew of soybean, where it presents between 40 and 50% of severity, should be questioned, and other work in this area should be undertaken to determine the loss caused by this disease in the crop.

Junctional epithelium, a nonkeratinized stratified epithelium, extends apically in apposition to the surface of the enamel to form a seal between the epithelium and the tooth. Desmosomes and gap junctions adhere to the junctional epithelium through cell-cell contact, but no evidence of tight junctions has been found. Recently, tight junction hallmark proteins and tight junction-related structures have been identified in stratified squamous epithelium. The present study examined whether tight junction proteins were expressed in the junctional epithelium. We used immunohistochemical techniques to observe expression of claudin-1, -4, -5, -7, and occludin in porcine gingival junctional epithelium. Claudin-4 exhibited immunoreactivity in the intercellular spaces of all layers of the oral epithelium and the junctional epithelium. Stronger expression was observed in junctional epithelial cells adjacent to the inner and outer basal laminae than in the inner cell layers. Immunohistochemical positivity for claudin-7 was clearly observed in the junctional epithelium, but only a faint positivity was observed in the basal layer of the oral epithelium. No immunohistochemical positivity for claudin-1, -5, or occludin was observed in the junctional epithelium. RT-PCR assay confirmed expression of porcine claudin-4 and -7 mRNAs in the junctional epithelium. These findings indicate that claudin-4 and -7 may play a role in the junctional epithelium even in the absence of tight junctions.

The present study investigated the effects of group reflection on the education of dental hygienist students. The level of Critical Thinking (CT) was assessed by questionnaires to examine the effectiveness of the training in 46 dental hygienist students. The students were divided into two groups for sort and long periods after the group reflection. In 22 out of the 46 students, the CT was evaluated just before and immediately after the group reflections were performed(group A). In the other 24 students, the CT was evaluated immediately after and one month after the reflections (group B).The statistical analysis was performed between the just before and immediately after administrations in group A, and between immediately after and one month after them in group B. The CT level statistically was significantly higher immediately after the reflections than just before the reflections. The score was significantly lower in the students one month after the reflections than immediately after the reflections. The results indicate that group reflections may be an effective method in the education of dental hygienist students. The group reflection should be embedded continuously in the education curriculum of dental hygienist school to ensure the maximum effect.

We report a case of colitic cancer detected by target biopsies at surveillance colonoscopy in a patient with long-standing and extensive ulcerative colitis. At first, the detected colitic cancer was removed by endoscopic mucosal resection as the patient refused surgical resection. However, total proctocolectomy with an ileal-J-pouch anal anastomosis was performed additionally after informed consent had been obtained from the patient, as the resected specimen included invasive cancer histologically. Surprisingly, histologic examination of the surgical specimens revealed another flat invasive colitic cancer and 2 microcarcinoids, which were not detectable by preoperative colonoscopy or by macroscopic investigation of the surgically resected specimen. The occurrence of carcinoid in patients with ulcerative colitis has been reported only sporadically. In addition, coexistence of colitic cancer and carcinoids is extremely rare. Cases of this rare combination reported previously in the English literature are summarized and discussed.

Objective It is unknown which genes are differentially expressed in cultured epithelial cells derived from the epithelial rests of Malassez (ERM) in periodontal ligament and oral gingival epithelium (OGE). This study analysed the different gene expression of OGE and ERM cells using a DNA microarray technique. Design Epithelial cells from ERM and OGE were isolated from porcine periodontal ligament and oral gingival epithelium. Each RNA sample extracted from the cells was reverse transcribed into cDNA and labelled with either cytidine 5-dUTP (Cy5) or cytidine 3-dUTP (Cy3). These labelled cDNA probes were then mixed and simultaneously hybridised to the Pig 13K microarray plate bearing 13,295 different genes (Operon, AL). Cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) was performed to confirm the expression at protein level. Results There were nine genes common to the triplicate microarrays in ERM cells and one in OGE cells. Four of the nine genes including tissue factor (TF), FAT cadherin (FAT) and two unknown genes were expressed at levels more than threefold higher in ERM cells than in OGE cells. The protein levels of both TF and FAT in ERM cells were significantly higher than those in OGE. Conclusion TF and FAT may act as markers to distinguish ERM cells from OGE cells in vitro.

beta-Defensins (BD) are small cationic antimicrobial peptides that produced principally in the epithelial cells of a number of organs. The present study analyzed the expression patterns of BD-1, -2, and -3 during the development of sialoadenitis in MRL/lpr mice. Submandibular glands were dissected from MRL/lpr mice at 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks of age. The expression of mouse (m) BD-1, -2, and -3 mRNAs was examined by RT-PCR and quantified using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. No significant differences in the level of expression of mBD-1 were observed among mice of different ages. The level of expression of mBD-2 was significantly higher at 16 weeks than at 4 or 8 weeks. The expression level of mBD-3 was highest in 14-week-old mice and was significantly higher than in 4-week or 16-week-old animals. Immunohistochemical staining showed that BD-3 was clearly localized in the ductal cells with variable intensities. In the center of the foci of lymphatic infiltration, ductal staining was faint or often not present. The results indicate that BD-2 and -3 may be upregulated during the development of autoimmune sialoadenitis.

The autopsy findings of patients who died of recurrence after curative resection of pancreatic cancer may afford a reliable guide to increase long-term survival after surgery. Recurrence patterns were analyzed for 27 autopsied patients who had undergone potentially curative resection of pancreatic cancer. The pattern of recurrence was classified as follows: (1) local recurrence, (2) hepatic metastasis, (3) peritoneal dissemination, (4) para-aortic lymph node metastasis, and (5) distant metastasis not including hepatic metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, and para-aortic lymph node metastasis. Of the 27 autopsied patients, recurrence was confirmed for 22 of 24 patients, except for three who died of early postoperative complications. Eighteen (75%) of the 24 patients had local recurrence, 12 (50%) had hepatic metastasis, and 11 (46%) had both. For four patients, local recurrence confirmed by autopsy was undetectable by computed tomography, because the recurrent lesions had infiltrated without forming a tumor mass. Peritoneal dissemination, para-aortic lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis were found for eight (33%), five (21%), and 18 (75%) of the cases, respectively. Twenty patients died of cancer, but local recurrence was judged to be the direct cause of death of only four. Local recurrence frequently occurs, but is rarely a direct cause of death, and most patients died of metastatic disease. Therefore, treatment that focuses on local control cannot improve the survival of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer, and thus, treatment regimens that are effective against systemic metastasis are needed.

Objective : Human β-defensins (hBDs) are a group of antimicrobial peptides, expressed by the epithelial cells of many organs including gingival epithelium. The present study examined correlation between the gene expressions of hBD-1, -2, -3 mRNAs and the inflammatory cytokines in human gingival tissues. Study design : The gingival tissues were obtained from surgical discards from 20 different patients (age range, 5–13 years). The expression levels of mRNAs were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR with LightCycler™. The mRNA expression levels were normalized with those of keratin 10 mRNA. The data were statistically analysed using Person’s correlation coefficient. Results : The expression levels of hBD-1,-2 and -3 were significantly correlated with each other and also correlated with that of TNF-α. Conclusions : The results indicate that the expression levels of hBDs vary from one individual to another.

目的: 局所切除後の大腸sm癌に対するリンパ節郭清の適応基準を明らかにすることを目的として臨床病理学的因子を検討した.対象と方法: リンパ節郭清を伴う腸切除を施行した大腸sm癌113例を対象とし, リンパ節転移と臨床病理学的因子13項目との関連性を検討した. 結果: リンパ節転移率は12.4%であった. 単変量解析からリンパ節転移の有無は, sm垂直浸潤距離 (以下, depth), sm水平浸潤距離 (以下, width), 簇出, リンパ管侵襲 (ly) の各因子に有意差を認め, 多変量解析では, lyと簇出が選択された. また, lyと簇出は有意に相関した. 肉眼型別浸潤量の比較では表面型においてdepth, widthはリンパ節転移例に有意に多い結果となった.考察: sm浸潤距離がdepth 1mm以下でwidth 3mm以下であれば, リンパ節転移, ly, 簇出はなく, 浸潤距離がこの範囲内であれば腫瘍切除で根治性がえられることが示唆された. また, 簇出はリンパ節転移の予知因子として重要な因子と考えられた.

症例は70歳,女性. 2000年11月,腹部膨満感を主訴に近医を受診した,上部消化管内視鏡にて十二指腸下行脚に隆起性病変を認め,精査目的で当センター紹介となった.諸検査施行後,十二指腸副乳頭部に発生したcarcinoidと診断した.画像診断上明らかな転移巣を認めなかったが,最大径20mmを越える腫瘍でmicro metastasisの可能性も考慮し切除術を選択した.病理組織学的検索では,最大径15mm,粘膜下層に限局するcarcinoidであったが,検索したリンパ節14個中6個に転移が確認された.自験例を含め十二指腸副乳頭部に発生したcarcinoidは7例報告されているが,いずれも高い転移率を認め,周囲リンパ節郭清を伴う膵頭十二指腸切除が妥当であると考えられた.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência do uso do kitQuickStix™ para a identificação de esporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja, coletados por meio de um coletor SIGA. O kit QuickStix é capaz de detectar a presença de Phakopsora pachyrhizi nos estágios iniciais da infecção foliar, determinando a presença ou ausência do patógeno na amostra. Ele captura propágulos de fungos presentes no ar, que são identificados ou quantificados por varredura de lâminas em microscópio óptico comum. Foram testados diferentes números de esporos com 4, 8 e 12 gotas da solução extratora. Para os resultados positivos, foram avaliados a intensidade da linha de teste e o tempo para sua ocorrência. O kit foi capaz de detectar pequenas quantidades de esporos, sendo que a proporção de resultados positivos foi diretamente proporcional ao número de esporos e inversamente proporcional ao total de gotas. A porção adequada de gotas da solução extratora foi de quatro, pois apresentou mais resultados positivos para todas as classes dos números de esporos. Não foi possível observar uma diferença entre o tempo para a ocorrência dos resultados positivos aos diferentes tratamentos. A intensidade da linha de teste foi superior para as classes com mais esporos. The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of QuickStix™ kit use for identification of Phakopsora pachyrhizi spores, which are the causal agents of Asian soybean rust, collected by "SIGA" spores collector. This kit is capable of detecting the presence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in the early stages of leaf infection by determining the presence or absence of pathogen in the sample. It captures propagules of fungi present in the air that are identified or quantified by scanning blades in ordinary optical microscope. Different numbers of spores were tested with 4, 8 and 12 drops of extraction solution. For positive results, intensity of the test line and time for its occurrence were evaluated. The kit was able to detect small amounts of spores and the proportion of positive results was directly proportional to the number of spores and inversely proportional to the amount of drops. The proper portion of drops of extraction solution was four, as it showed more positive results for all classes of numbers of spores. No difference was found between the time to occurrence of positive results for the different treatments. The intensity of the test line was higher for classes with larger numbers of spores.

Para estabelecer o momento adequado da aplicação de fungicidas no manejo da ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS), avaliou-se a época da pulverização dos fungicidas epoxiconazole e piraclostrobina (FEP) com base na detecção de uredósporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi (PP) em condições de campo na área experimental da Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourão, no Paraná, na safra verão de 2009/2010. O delineamento experimental foi realizado em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo: 1) aplicação do FEP com umidade acima de 80%; 2-5) aplicação do FEP 1-2, 6-7, 11-12 e 18-20 dias após a detecção dos primeiros esporos de PP, respectivamente; 6) aplicação do FEP após a detecção dos primeiros sintomas da FAS; 7) aplicação do FEP no estádio R1. A testemunha foi composta por plantas não tratadas com FEP. Houve redução da severidade da FAS em todos os tratamentos. Os valores da área abaixo da curva de progresso da FAS (AACPFA), taxa de progresso da doença (r) e severidade máxima (Y max ) na testemunha foram de 520,31; 0,06 e 45,65%, respectivamente. Foram detectados os menores valores de AACPFA (39,73), r (0,02) e Y max (3,91%) no tratamento 1. No entanto, o maior número de pulverizações do FEP foi realizado neste tratamento, com quatro aplicações. No tratamento 4, houve duas aplicações. Registrou-se a menor produtividade na testemunha (2085 kg. ha-1). A maior produtividade foi obtida nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7, acima de 3000 kg ha-1. Além disso, registrou-se o menor valor da massa de mil grãos na testemunha. Os maiores valores foram obtidos nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 6. Portanto, a época de aplicação de fungicida baseada na detecção de uredósporos de PP é eficiente no manejo da FAS. In order to establish the adequate timing of fungicide application in the management of Asian soybean rust (ASR), the spraying of epoxiconazol and pyraclostrobin fungicide (EPF) was evaluated based on the detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (PP) uredospores in field conditions at the research farm of Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourão, in the state of Paraná, in the crop season of 2009/2010. The experimental design was performed in randomized complete blocks with four replications composed by: 1) EPF application with humidity higher than 80%; 2-5) EPF application 1-2, 6-7, 11-12, and 18-20 days after the first detection of PP spores, respectively; 6) EPF application after the first detection of ASR symptoms; 7) EPF application in the R1 stage. Control was constituted by plants not treated with EPF. There was reduced ASR severity in all treatments. The values of the area under ASR progress curve (AUASRPC), rate of disease progress (r), and maximum severity (Y max ) in control were 520.31, 0.06, and 45.65%, respectively. The lowest values of AUASRPC (39.73), r (0.02), and Y max (3.91%) were found in treatment 1. Nevertheless, the higher number of EPF spraying was carried out in this treatment with four applications. On the other hand, there were two applications in treatment 4. The lowest yield was recorded in control (2085 kg. ha-1). The highest yield was obtained in treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, being higher than 3000 kg/ha. Furthermore, the lowest value of the thousand grain weight was estimated in control. The highest values were estimated in treatments 1, 2, 3, and 6. Therefore, the timing of fungicide application based on the detection of PP uredospores is efficient in the ASR management.

A ferrugem asiática da soja causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, é a doença de maior virulência e rápida disseminação da cultura no Brasil. Para que haja a infecção nas plantas são necessárias condições ambientais favoráveis, principalmente molhamento foliar quantificado pela duração do período de molhamento (DPM). Alterações no espaçamento entrelinhas de cultivo podem modificar a DPM. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da utilização de dois espaçamentos entrelinhas sobre a duração e porcentagem do molhamento foliar, e a influência sobre a infecção inicial e desenvolvimento da doença. O experimento foi conduzido nas safras 2011/2012 e 2012/2013 na fazenda da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (23º34' S / 51º21' W), onde foram instalados coletores de esporo SIGA para identificar os uredósporos da P. pachyrhizi. Para quantificar a DPM e sua porcentagem foram utilizadas Árvores Eletrônicas de Molhamento, com sensores em três alturas (0,9m; 0,6m; 0,3m), nos espaçamentos entrelinhas de 0,45 e 0,8 m. Nas safras avaliadas foram detectados uredósporos da P. pachyrhizi antes do aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas. Foram necessárias cerca de 6 h de DPM acima 50% para que houvesse a infecção e manifestação dos sintomas de ferrugem. Foram detectadas 2 h a mais de DPM acima de 50% no terço médio (0,6 m) no espaçamento de 0,45 m em relação ao de 0,8 m em ambas as safras, no entanto não houve diferenciação na severidade entre os espaçamentos. A maior quantidade de uredósporos detectados e o volume de chuva podem explicar a maior severidade final de ferrugem na safra 2012/2013. The Asian soybean rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is the disease of greatest virulence and rapid spread affecting soybean culture in Brazil. For the infection to occur in plants, favorable environmental conditions are necessary, especially leaf wetness measured based on the leaf wetness duration (LWD). Changes in the inter-row spacing can modify the LWD. This study aimed to verify the effect of using two inter-row spacings on leaf wetness duration and percentage, as well as the influence on Asian soybean rust initial infection and development. The experiment was conducted in the crop seasons 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at the farm of "Universidade Estadual de Londrina" (23 º 34 ' S / 51 º 21' W), where SIGA spore traps were installed to identify P. pachyrhizi urediniospores. To quantify LWD and its percentage, Electronic Trees for Wetness containing sensors at three heights (0.9 m, 0.6 m, 0.3 m) were used in 0.45 and 0.8 m inter-row spacings. During the evaluated crop seasons, P. pachyrhizi urediniospores were detected before the first symptoms. About 6 h of LWD over 50% were necessary for the infection to occur and for the manifestation of the first rust symptoms. Additional 2 h of LWD over 50 % were detected in the middle third (0.6 m) of 0.45 m spacing, compared to 0.8 m spacing in both seasons; however, there was no difference in the disease severity between spacings. The largest number of detected urediniospores and the volume of rainfall may explain the greater final severity of soybean rust in the crop season 2012/2013.

Background: An α-Amylase in human liver is detected with an anti-human salivary amylase antibody, but the enzyme activity is very low. We previously found that the rat liver contained an amylase which differed from the enzyme of mice. In this study, we characterized the human liver amylases biochemically and immunohistochermically. Methods and Results: Although the amylase activity of human liver was much lower than that of rat, protein moiety and sugar chains of the human amylase were identified as similar to the rat liver enzyme with an anti-human salivary amylase antibody and by concanavalin A (Con A) affinity chromatography. Liver amylases from human and rat were the same size, 50 kDa, on Western blot analysis and had the same isoelectric points. The cytoplasm of hepatocytes was moderately stained immunohistochemically with the anti-human salivary amylase antibody. Intrahepatic bile ducts were also stained weak-to-moderately. RT-PCR, with a specific primer for the consensus sequence of human amylases, amplified a single 474-bp product from the human liver total RNA. The PCR product was sequenced and referred to the homology. Thirteen bases in the 434-bp fragment of the human liver amylase differed from the corresponding region of the AMY-1 gene transcript and the deduced amino acid sequence differed at five residues. The human liver amylase cDNA sequence was identical to the corresponding cDNA of the AMY-2B, which was known to expressed in tumorous tissues. In situ hybridization revealed the expression of AMY-2B mRNA in non-tumorous human liver. Conclusions: The present results suggest the possibility that a novel amylase detected in tumorous tissues and encoded by the AMY-2B gene is a liver-specific amylase expressed in the human liver.

5回の開腹切除を施行した結腸間膜原発脂肪肉腫を経験した. 症例は53歳,男性.腹部腫瘤の診断で当センターを受診した. 1993年11月, S状結腸間膜原発の20cm大の腫瘍に対しS状結腸切除を伴う腫瘍切除術を施行した.術後早期に腹腔内再発を繰り返し, 1年9カ月の間に4回の腫瘍切除術を施行した.その4年後に再々発に対し5回目の開腹術を施行し,小腸間膜内の4cm大の腫瘍を摘出した.病理組織学的には粘液型脂肪肉腫で,第2回,第3回目の切除標本では合併切除臓器への浸潤像を認めた.経過中に組織学的に脱分化は認めていない.初回手術後7年経過し,現在無再発生存中である.

著明な炎症性細胞浸潤と瘻孔様構造を伴うびまん浸潤型を呈したS状結腸の高分化腺癌の1例を経験した.症例は55歳,男性.主訴は便秘で,下部消化管の精査にてS状結腸に約7cmの全周性の狭窄を認めた.術前の生検では癌の組織診断は得られなかったが,狭窄が高度で悪性腫瘍が否定できないため,S状結腸切除術を施行した.切除標本では狭窄部の腸管壁は全周性に肥厚し,いわゆるびまん浸潤型を呈する腫瘍を認めた.組織学的に腫瘍は固有筋層まで浸潤する高分化腺癌で,粘膜下層を中心に高度の炎症性細胞浸潤を広範に認めた.病変部の粘膜面には正常粘膜が不連続に残存し,粘膜下浸潤部にも正常粘膜を認めた.本症例に類似したびまん浸潤型を呈する分化型大腸癌は過去に7例が報告されており,本症例はその発育様式について極めて示唆に富む症例であると考えられたので,文献的考察を加えて報告する.

われわれは28年前に食道あからしあに対し胃弁移植術を施行し, 術後2次的に発生したと考えられるBarrett上皮由来の2型噴門部食道腺癌を経験した. 症例は55歳の男性で嚥下困難を訴え, 上部消化管内視鏡にて噴門部に2型進行癌を認めた. 生検では, 腫瘍からは中分化型管状腺癌, 腫瘍周囲のるごーる不染領域からは円柱上皮が得られた. 術前診断で噴門部進行Barrett食道腺癌と診断し, 下部食道・噴門側胃切除脾摘術を施行した. 病理組織学的には, 腫瘍はBarrett上皮に囲まれた乳頭腺癌であり, 胃壁には胃弁移植術による筋層断裂, 食道壁にはあからしあに相当する所見が認められた. 本例においては食道あからしあに対する胃弁移植術に起因する逆流性食道炎がBarrett食道を形成し, さらに腺癌が発症したものと考えられた.

症例は, 腹部超音波検査で膵尾部に腫瘤を指摘された65歳の男性. 血液生化学検査は, HCV抗体が陽性以外, 異常所見を認めなかった. 腹部CT検査では, 膵尾部に境界明瞭な7×8cmのやや低濃度の腫瘤が存在し, 造影早期相でよく濃染され, 後期相まで持続する不均一な高濃度域を呈していた. MRI所見は, T1強調画像で膵実質と等信号, T2強調画像で不規則な高信号を呈し, Gd-DTRA造影でCTと同様の濃染様式を示した. 血管造影所見は, 脾動脈から分枝する動脈により栄養される血流豊富な腫瘍を膵尾付近に認めたが, 肝動脈から腫瘍への血流分布は認めなかった. 以上より, 膵尾部の非機能性内分泌腫瘍が疑われ膵体尾部切除術が行われた. 組織所見は異型度Edmondson II型の肝細胞癌と診断した. 肝臓とは肉眼的にも, 組織学的にも連続性が全く認められず, 膵尾近傍の後腹膜由来の異所性肝細胞癌と診断し, 極めて稀で貴重な症例と考え報告した.

大腸癌の発育進展の解明には小さな進行癌の臨床病理学的特徴を分析することが重要である.大腸mp癌は進行癌全体では約15%を占めるが,20mm以下の小さな進行大腸癌では半数以上を占め,小さな進行大腸癌を検討する際には壁深達度を考慮する必要がある.大腸mp癌91例を,20mm以下の小型mp癌と20mmより大きい通常型mp癌,Polypoid growth (PG)群とNon-polypoid growth (NPG)群で臨床病理学的因子およびDNA ploidy pattern, DNA index (DI)に関して比較検討した.小型mp癌は通常型mp癌と比較して内輪筋層までの浅い浸潤例が多く,若年発症で,中分化腺癌の占める割合が高かった.また両群でDNA ploidy patternに差はないが小型mp癌でDIが低値を示した.NPG群はPG群と比較して腫瘍径が低値を示した以外に差はなかった.小型mp癌は通常型mp癌と比較して臨床病理学的には同等もしくはそれ以上の悪性度を有していると考えられ,慎重な対応が必要である.

1987から98年までの12年間における多発早期胃癌症例83例および同期間内に初回手術が施行されfollow up中に残胃癌が診断された早期胃癌11例の臨床病理学的検討より, 早期胃癌術後における残胃follow upの意義を検討した. 多発胃癌症例の85.5%は分化型腺癌症例であり, 副病巣も94.4%が分化型症例であった. 副病巣における術前診断率は28.9%に過ぎず, 大部分の症例は術後病理検索によって診断された. 残胃癌11例の初回手術から診断までの平均期間は4年, 全例10年以内であり, 初回手術時の遺残癌と考えられた. したがって早期胃癌, 特に分化型腺癌症例の術後には遺残した微小病変の存在を念頭に置き詳細な残胃の観察が重要である.

We report two cases of rectal carcinoma presented with perianal abscess. Although perianal abscess is not uncommon, rectal carcinoma is rarely associated with the disease in a frequency of about 1%. In our series of 144 cases of lower rectal carcinoma, two (1.4%) cases were presented with perianal abscess. It has been reported that rectal cancer with perianal abscess has a high risk of local recurrence after curative operation, but in these cases there have been no signs of recurrence. In both cases, we performed abscess drainage and lavage to control local inflammation prior to curative operation. Abdominosacral excision of the rectum was carried out and the tumor was resected with abscess cavity and abscess wall to prevent local recurrence. In one case, musculocutaneous flap reconstruction was performed secondarily to fill up the dead space in the pelvic cavity and gluteal region. One patient died of pulmonary metastasis two year and three months after the operation, but there was no sign of local recurrence. Other patient has been free from recurrence as of three year and 10 months after the operation.

表在型食道癌の肉眼型分類においてO-Isep型の腫瘍は粘膜上皮下に胞巣を形成して発育する癌である.われわれは胸部下部食道のO-Isep型腺扁平上皮癌で, 食道固有腺導管由来と考えられた1例を経験した.症例は61歳の男性.1995年10月に健康診断にて食道の隆起性病変を指摘され当院を受診した.内視鏡検査で下部食道に16mm大の隆起性病変が認められ, O-I型食道癌の診断で食道亜全摘術が施行された.肉眼所見は16×10mm大のO-Isep型の腫瘍で, ヨード染色で境界の不鮮明な淡染を示した.組織学的には小胞巣状に増殖する癌で, 粘液を容れた食道腺導管に類似した小腺腔の形成と一部に角化傾向のある充実性胞巣を認めた.癌は粘膜固有層から粘膜下層に増殖し粘膜上皮との連続性は認められなかった.各種特殊染色, 電顕により癌の腺性性格は明らかであった.本症例は食道固有腺導管由来の腺扁平上皮癌と考えられ, 腫瘍形態と組織発生との関連が示唆された.