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Hand and upper-extremity infections span a broad spectrum of presentations for the hand surgeon, primary care provider, and emergency medicine practitioner. As many hand infections arise from penetrating trauma, knowledge of the offending pathogen, location, and mode of spread allows the clinician to determine the appropriate intervention. Along with a thorough history and physical examination, patient factors such as age, occupation, medical comorbidities, and surgical history should be noted. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management allow for optimal recovery and outcomes. In this article, we describe the ongoing debate regarding the timing and influence of preoperative antibiotics on culture yield, timing of debridement for open fractures as it relates to infection risk, and strategies for obtaining adequate cultures to guide antibiotic therapy for complex infections such as periprosthetic joint and hardware infections. Given the changing epidemiological landscape and increased rates of antibiotic resistance, it is critical to promote antibiotic stewardship. We provide updated treatment recommendations and antibiotic profiles for the treatment of common hand infections. Finally, we discuss newer technologies such as next-generation sequencing and development of promising diagnostic and treatment strategies that will enhance the hand surgeon's ability to treat complex hand infections., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest No benefits in any form have been received or will be received related directly to this article., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Blood cultures (BCx) are important for selecting appropriate antibiotic treatment. Ordering BCx for conditions with a low probability of bacteremia has limited utility, thus improved guidance for ordering BCx is needed. Inpatient studies have implemented BCx algorithms, but no studies examine the intervention in an Emergency Department (ED) setting., Methods: We performed a quasi-experimental pre and postintervention study from January 12, 2020, to October 31, 2023, at a single academic adult ED and implemented a BCx algorithm. The primary outcome was the blood culture event rates (BCE per 100 ED admissions) pre and postintervention. Secondary outcomes included adverse event rates (30-day ED and hospital readmission and antibiotic days of therapy). Seven ED physicians and APP reviewed BCx for appropriateness, with monthly feedback provided to ED leadership and physicians., Results: After the BCx algorithm implementation, the BCE rate decreased from 12.17 BCE/100 ED admissions to 10.50 BCE/100 ED admissions. Of the 3,478 reviewed BCE, we adjudicated 2,153 BCE (62%) as appropriate, 653 (19%) as inappropriate, and 672 (19%) as uncertain. Adverse safety events were not statistically different pre and postintervention., Conclusions: Implementation of an ED BCx algorithm demonstrated a reduction in BCE, without increased adverse safety events. Future studies should compare outcomes of BCx algorithm implementation in a community hospital ED without intensive chart review., (Copyright © 2024 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Wrist Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) complex osteomyelitis is rare, with polymicrobial TB osteomyelitis even more uncommon. The authors describe an unusual case of polymicrobial TB wrist osteomyelitis. The case patient presented with a 2.5-year history of 2 insidiously growing nodules on his wrist. He underwent debridement, and tissue cultures grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , and, later, TB complex. He was started on vancomycin, rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol with improvement in symptoms. This case emphasizes the importance of a broad differential and thorough workup for atypical presentations of osteomyelitis. Diagnosis of uncommon etiologies is essential for definitive treatment.

Background: The optimal duration and choice of antibiotic for fracture-related infection (FRI) is not well defined. This study aimed to determine whether antibiotic duration (≤6 vs >6 weeks) is associated with infection- and surgery-free survival. The secondary aim was to ascertain risk factors associated with surgery- and infection-free survival., Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective study of patients diagnosed with FRI between 2013 and 2022. The association between antibiotic duration and surgery- and infection-free survival was assessed by Cox proportional hazard models. Models were weighted by the inverse of the propensity score, calculated with a priori variables of hardware removal; infection due to Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus lugdunensis , Pseudomonas or Candida species; and flap coverage. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were run with additional covariates including initial pathogen, need for flap, and hardware removal., Results: Of 96 patients, 54 (56.3%) received ≤6 weeks of antibiotics and 42 (43.7%) received >6 weeks. There was no association between longer antibiotic duration and surgery-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.95; 95% CI, .65-1.38; P = .78) or infection-free survival (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, .30-1.96; P = .58). Negative culture was associated with increased hazard of reoperation or death (HR, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.99-6.20; P < .001) and reinfection or death (HR, 3.71; 95% CI, 1.24-11.09; P < .001). Need for flap coverage had an increased hazard of reoperation or death (HR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.61-6.54; P = .001)., Conclusions: The ideal duration of antibiotics to treat FRI is unclear. In this multicenter study, there was no association between antibiotic treatment duration and surgery- or infection-free survival., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. J. L. S. receives royalties from UptoDate as a content expert for pelvic osteomyelitis; received support for attending the IDWeek 2023 meeting to speak about prosthetic joint infection; and has been compensated as an expert witness for 3M, Woods Rogers Vandevenier Black PLC, Frith & Ellerman Law Firm, and Ross Feller & Casey for litigation related to prosthetic joint infection. A. S. R. declares a grant from the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (project 1UH2AA026214-01) and personal fees from DynaMed Plus as a topic editor. M. R. D. receives stock or stock options from Azra Care, NSite, Reselute; receives intellectual property royalties from Osteocentric, Reselute, Shukla, and UptoDate; is a paid consultant for Synthes, Next Science, Resulute, Shukla, and SI Bone; has research support from DePuy, a Johnson & Johnson Company; and is a board or committee member for the Orthopaedic Trauma Association. L. C. received support for this manuscript from the University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedics; received payment for expert testimony by Horn, Aylward, and Brandy for medical malpractice cases involving infected fracture fixation; and serves as a board member for the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. S. B. N. receives royalties from UptoDate for bone and joint infection and skin and soft tissue infection topics; received payment for the Infectious Diseases Board Review Course (George Washington CME); received support for attending the IDWeek 2023 meeting to speak on antibiotic suppression in prosthetic joint infections; is a member of the education committee for the Musculoskeletal Infection Society; and received stock options for Sonoran Biosciences in 2018. All other authors report no potential conflicts., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

We performed a literature review to describe the risk of surgical-site infection (SSI) in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) compared to standard open surgery. Most studies reported decreased SSI rates among patients undergoing MIS compared to open procedures. However, many were observational studies and may have been affected by selection bias. MIS is associated with reduced risk of surgical-site infection compared to standard open surgery and should be considered when feasible.

Background: Treatment with a static or an articulating antibiotic-containing spacer is a common strategy for treating periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), yet many patients have persistent infections after spacer treatment. Although previous studies have compared the efficacy of a static and articulating spacer for treating PJI, few studies have assessed infection control from the time of spacer implantation, or they defined treatment failure as including reinfection, reoperation, or chronic suppressive therapy. Additionally, few studies have examined whether there is an interaction between spacer and pathogen type with respect to treatment success., Questions/purposes: (1) Is there a difference in failure-free survival (defined as no reoperation, reinfection, or suppressive antibiotic therapy) between static and articulating spacers after spacer implantation for PJI? (2) Did the relationship between spacer type and failure-free survival differ by pathogen type (staphylococcal versus nonstaphylococcal and difficult-to-treat [including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Enterococcus spp, and other gram-negative bacterium] versus not-difficult-to-treat organisms)?, Methods: Between January 2014 and January 2022, a convenience sample of 277 patients was identified as having knee PJIs treated with an articulating (75% [208 of 277]) or static (25% [69 of 277]) antibiotic spacer and potentially eligible for this study. During that time, providers at our institution generally used spacers for later-presenting or chronic infections. Spacer choice was determined by surgeon preference, with static spacers used more often in instances of higher bone loss and poor soft tissue coverage. Thirty-one patients (8 static and 23 articulating spacers) were considered lost to follow-up or had incomplete datasets and were excluded from the analysis, resulting in a final analysis cohort of 246 patients: 25% (61 of 246) received a static spacer and 75% (185 of 246) received an articulating spacer. The mean ± standard deviation age of patients was 66 ± 9.9 years, BMI was 33.3 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and Elixhauser score was 18.1 ± 16.9. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. Pathogen type was collected and categorized as staphylococcal versus nonstaphylococcal, and difficult-to-treat (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Enterococcus spp, and other gram-negative bacterium) versus not-difficult-to-treat, as defined by an infectious disease physician. Other variables we collected included sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, BMI, and Elixhauser score. The primary outcome of interest was failure-free survival, which was a composite time-to-event outcome, with failure defined as reoperation, reinfection, death owing to infection, or chronic antibiotic use at a minimum of 1 year after the completion of the patient's Stage 1 postoperative antibiotic course, whichever came first. Reinfection was determined by the treating physicians in accordance with the Musculoskeletal Infection Society guidelines and included an evaluation of infectious laboratory values, cultures, and clinical signs of infection. We compared static and articulating spacers using a Cox proportional hazards model, with spacer type as the primary predictor variable. We compared staphylococcal versus nonstaphylococcal and difficult-to-treat versus not-difficult-to-treat infections by running additional models with interaction terms between spacer type and pathogen type., Results: No difference was observed in the cause-specific hazard ratio for static versus articulating (reference) spacers (HR 1.45 [95% confidence interval 0.94 to 2.22]; p = 0.09), after adjusting for covariates. Additionally, no difference in the association between spacer type and failure-free survival was found between pathogen types or treatment difficulty after evaluating interactions (staphylococcal HR 0.37 [95% CI 0.15 to 0.91], nonstaphylococcal HR 0.79 [95% CI 0.49 to 1.28]; p value for interaction = 0.14; difficult-to-treat HR 0.37 [95% CI 0.14 to 0.99], not-difficult-to-treat HR 0.75 [95% CI 0.47 to 1.20]; p value for interaction = 0.20)., Conclusion: The lack of a difference in failure-free survival and insufficient evidence of a difference in the association between spacer type and treatment failure by pathogen type suggests that infectious organism may not be an important consideration in the decision about spacer treatment type. Further studies should aim to elucidate which patient factors are the most influential in surgeon decision-making when choosing a spacer type in patients with PJI of the knee.Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic study., Competing Interests: Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request., (Copyright © 2024 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons.)

Objective: To evaluate the comparative epidemiology of hospital-onset bloodstream infection (HOBSI) and central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)., Design and Setting: Retrospective observational study of HOBSI and CLABSI across a three-hospital healthcare system from 01/01/2017 to 12/31/2021., Methods: HOBSIs were identified as any non-commensal positive blood culture event on or after hospital day 3. CLABSIs were identified based on National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) criteria. We performed a time-series analysis to assess comparative temporal trends among HOBSI and CLABSI incidence. Using univariable and multivariable regression analyses, we compared demographics, risk factors, and outcomes between non-CLABSI HOBSI and CLABSI, as HOBSI and CLABSI are not exclusive entities., Results: HOBSI incidence increased over the study period (IRR 1.006 HOBSI/1,000 patient days; 95% CI 1.001-1.012; P  = .03), while no change in CLABSI incidence was observed (IRR .997 CLABSIs/1,000 central line days, 95% CI .992-1.002, P  = .22). Differing demographic, microbiologic, and risk factor profiles were observed between CLABSIs and non-CLABSI HOBSIs. Multivariable analysis found lower odds of mortality among patients with CLABSIs when adjusted for covariates that approximate severity of illness (OR .27; 95% CI .11-.64; P  < .01)., Conclusions: HOBSI incidence increased over the study period without a concurrent increase in CLABSI in our study population. Furthermore, risk factor and outcome profiles varied between CLABSI and non-CLABSI HOBSI, which suggest that these metrics differ in important ways worth considering if HOBSI is adopted as a quality metric.

The optimal treatment of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains uncertain. Patients undergoing debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) receive extended antimicrobial treatment, and some experts leave patients at perceived highest risk of relapse on suppressive antibiotic therapy (SAT). In this narrative review, we synthesize the literature concerning the role of SAT to prevent treatment failure following DAIR, attempting to answer 3 key questions: (1) What factors identify patients at highest risk for treatment failure after DAIR (ie, patients with the greatest potential to benefit from SAT), (2) Does SAT reduce the rate of treatment failure after DAIR, and (3) What are the rates of treatment failure and adverse events necessitating treatment discontinuation in patients receiving SAT? We conclude by proposing risk-benefit stratification criteria to guide use of SAT after DAIR for PJI, informed by the limited available literature., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. The authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Purpose: Cutibacterium spp. (formerly Propionibacterium) is a slow growing, Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria and is an emerging clinical entity in prosthetic joint infection (PJI). This study compares the presentation, surgical management, and post-operative antibiotic therapy of patients with positive intraoperative cultures during revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA) of the hip, knee, and shoulder., Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients from 2014 to 2020 of 57 revision TJAs (27 total hip arthroplasty (THA), 17 total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), and 13 total knee arthroplasty (TKA)) with intraoperative cultures positive for Cutibacterium at a tertiary academic centre. Patient demographics, pre-operative labs, radiographs, and aspirate results were collected. Intraoperative data was reviewed. Post-operative antibiotic therapy and repeat infections were recorded. Data was compared with univariate analyses., Results: There was no significant difference in pre-operative lab values between the cohorts. All cohorts had > 58% radiographic lucency. Revision TSA patients had significantly fewer pre-operative aspirates. Six patients undergoing revision THA, three TKA and one TSA had a repeat infection requiring further surgery. Four in the THA cohort and one in the TKA cohort with repeat infections did not receive prolonged antibiotic therapy., Conclusion: Cutibacterium is an infectious agent that can present in an indolent fashion after TJA. It commonly causes progressive radiographic lucency. The workup and post-operative management differs in the hip, knee, and shoulder, which is likely due to existing literature guiding physician practice. In all joints, Cutibacterium is a virulent pathogen that can cause repeat infections requiring surgical treatment., (© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to SICOT aisbl.)

Our surveys of nurses modeled after the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Model of Behavior (COM-B model) revealed that opportunity and motivation factors heavily influence urine-culture practices (behavior), in addition to knowledge (capability). Understanding these barriers is a critical step towards implementing targeted interventions to improving urine-culture practices., Competing Interests: Dr Advani reports support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (grant nos. 5U54CK000616-02 and SHEPheRD 75D30121D12733-D5-E003), the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, and the Duke Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center (National Institute on Aging grant no. P30AG028716), as well as consulting fees from Locus Biosciences, Sysmex America, GlaxoSmithKline, bioMérieux, IPEC Experts (co-owner), and the Infectious Diseases Society of America., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

The antibiotic treatment of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) is complicated by the presence of biofilm produced by bacteria on the abiotic surface of the implant. Bacteria within the deeper layers of the biofilm become metabolically less active, resulting in antibiotic tolerance due to several mechanisms. This review describes the basic principles of antibiotic treatment in PJI in relation to the behavior of bacteria within the biofilm. The concept of biofilm-active antibiotics will be explained from an in vitro as well as in vivo perspective. Evidence from clinical studies on biofilm-active antibiotics in PJI will be highlighted, mainly focusing on the role of rifampicin for Gram-positive microorganisms and fluoroquinolones for Gram-negative microorganisms. The optimal treatment duration will be discussed as the timing of switching to oral antibiotic therapy., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: Research on complications with peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines that are placed for the treatment of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is scarce. We investigated the timing, frequency, and risk factors for PICC complications during treatment of PJI after THA and TKA., Methods: We retrospectively queried an institutional database for THA and TKA patients from January 2015 through December 2020 that developed a PJI and required PICC placement at an academic, tertiary-care referral center., Results: The study included 889 patients (48.3% female) with a mean age of 64.6 years (range, 18.7-95.2) who underwent 435 THAs and 454 TKAs that were revised for PJI. The cohort had 275 90-day ED visits (30.9%), and 51 (18.5%) were PICC related. The average time from discharge to PICC ED visit was 26.2 days (range, 0.3-89.4). The most common reasons for a 90-day ED visit were issues related to the joint replacement or wound site (musculoskeletal or MSK; n = 116, 42.2%) and PICC complaints (n = 51, 18.5%). A multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that non-White race (odds ratio [OR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-4.04; P = .007) and younger age (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95-1.00; P = .035) were associated with PICC-related ED visits. Malposition/readjustment (41.2%) and occlusion (35.3%) were the most common PICC complications leading to ED presentation., Conclusions: PICC complications are common after PJI treatment, accounting for nearly 20% of 90-day ED visits.

We performed surveillance for hospital-acquired COVID-19 (HA-COVID-19) and compared time-based, electronic definitions to real-time adjudication of the most likely source of acquisition. Without real-time adjudication, nearly 50% of HA-COVID-19 cases identified using electronic definitions were misclassified. Both electronic and traditional contact tracing methods likely underestimated the incidence of HA-COVID-19.

The paradoxical relationship between standardized infection ratio and standardized utilization ratio for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in contrast to central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), in addition to CAUTI definition challenges, incentivizes hospitals to focus their prevention efforts on urine culture stewardship rather than catheter avoidance and care.

Objective: To determine the impact of electronic health record (EHR)-based interventions and test restriction on Clostridioides difficile tests (CDTs) and hospital-onset C. difficile infection (HO-CDI)., Design: Quasi-experimental study in 3 hospitals., Setting: 957-bed academic (hospital A), 354-bed (hospital B), and 175-bed (hospital C) academic-affiliated community hospitals., Interventions: Three EHR-based interventions were sequentially implemented: (1) alert when ordering a CDT if laxatives administered within 24 hours (January 2018); (2) cancellation of CDT orders after 24 hours (October 2018); (3) contextual rule-driven order questions requiring justification when laxative administered or lack of EHR documentation of diarrhea (July 2019). In February 2019, hospital C implemented a gatekeeper intervention requiring approval for all CDTs after hospital day 3. The impact of the interventions on C. difficile testing and HO-CDI rates was estimated using an interrupted time-series analysis., Results: C. difficile testing was already declining in the preintervention period (annual change in incidence rate [IR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72-0.87) and did not decrease further with the EHR interventions. The laxative alert was temporally associated with a trend reduction in HO-CDI (annual change in IR from baseline, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75-0.96) at hospitals A and B. The gatekeeper intervention at hospital C was associated with level (IRR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.42-0.60) and trend reductions in C. difficile testing (annual change in IR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98) and level (IRR 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22-0.81) and trend reductions in HO-CDI (annual change in IR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50-0.92) relative to the baseline period., Conclusions: Test restriction was more effective than EHR-based clinical decision support to reduce C. difficile testing in our 3-hospital system.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most common and most costly health care-associated infections, leading to adverse patient outcomes and death. Wound contamination occurs with each incision, but proven strategies exist to decrease the risk of SSI. In particular, improved adherence to evidence-based preventive measures related to appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis can decrease the rate of SSI. Aggressive surgical debridement and effective antimicrobial therapy are needed to optimize the treatment of SSI., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a challenging problem. The purpose of this study was to outline a novel technique to treat TKA PJI. We define 1.5-stage exchange arthroplasty as placing an articulating spacer with the intent to last for a prolonged time., Methods: A retrospective review was performed from 2007 to 2019 to evaluate patients treated with 1.5-stage exchange arthroplasty for TKA PJI. Inclusion criteria included: articulating knee spacer(s) remaining in situ for 12 months and the patient deferring a second-stage reimplantation because the patient had acceptable function with the spacer (28 knees) or not being a surgical candidate (three knees). Thirty-one knees were included with a mean age of 63 years, mean BMI 34.4 kg/m 2 , 12 were female, with a mean clinical follow-up of 2.7 years. Cobalt-chrome femoral and polyethylene tibial components were used. We evaluated progression to second-stage reimplantation, reinfection, and radiographic outcomes., Results: At a mean follow-up of 2.7 years, 25 initial spacers were in situ (81%). Five knees retained their spacer(s) for some time (mean 1.5 years) and then underwent a second-stage reimplantation; one of the five had progressive radiolucent lines but no evidence of component migration. Three knees (10%) had PJI reoccurrence. Four had progressive radiolucent lines, but there was no evidence of component migration in any knees., Conclusions: 1.5-stage exchange arthroplasty may be a reasonable method to treat TKA PJI. At a mean follow-up of 2.7 years, there was an acceptable rate of infection recurrence and implant durability., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We implemented universal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of patients undergoing surgical procedures as a means to conserve personal protective equipment (PPE). The rate of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was <0.5%, which suggests that early local public health interventions were successful. Although our protocol was resource intensive, it prevented exposures to healthcare team members.

Objectives: The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends that all patients with candidemia undergo a dilated retinal exam to exclude endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Our objective was to determine if there are significant risk factors in candidemic patients for developing endogenous Candida endophthalmitis METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of all candidemic patients at three academic medical centers between 2012 and 2017. We extracted risk factors for Candida endophthalmitis based on prior literature and compared them between patients with and without endophthalmitis. We then built a multivariate logistic regression model to assess which ones were significant., Results: We found 771 patients with candidemia. 120 (15.6%) of these patients were diagnosed with Candida endophthalmitis. In our logistic regression analysis, central venous catheter presence (OR 8.35), intravenous drug use (OR 4.76), immunosuppression (OR 2.40), total parenteral nutrition recipient (OR 2.28), race (OR 1.65), age (OR 1.02), and gender (OR 0.57) were risk factors for developing Candida endophthalmitis. Additionally, Candida albicans was more likely to result in Candida endophthalmitis (OR 1.86)., Conclusions: This cohort represents the largest study of risk factors for candidemic patients who developed endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Based on our findings, clinicians should develop targeted and cost-effective strategies for endophthalmitis screening., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2021 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We performed a descriptive study of reflex urine culture (RUC) practices across 51 community hospitals in southeastern United States. We found that 26 unique reflexing criteria were used in 28 hospitals. Only 14% hospitals of hospitals that offered RUC restricted it to specific populations (eg, emergency room). Our data suggest that the current RUC approach in community hospitals warrants further validation of urinalysis criteria and identification of specific populations in which RUC performs best., (Copyright © 2020 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this review article, we discuss the epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunts, cerebrospinal fluid drains, and deep brain stimulators. We also briefly discuss prevention strategies with appropriate antibiotics, devices, and operating room practices to decrease the risk of these infections., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention method, but many primary care physicians (PCPs) have not incorporated PrEP into practice. While PrEP may be a key strategy to reducing high HIV transmission rates in the southern US, knowledge about PrEP prescribing patterns among PCPs in this region is lacking. An online survey was sent to a large network of PCPs at an academic medical center in North Carolina in October 2015. The survey was repeated in September 2016, after an educational intervention that included on-site trainings at 14 PCP offices. Chi-square tests were used to compare PrEP prescribing patterns among providers. The initial survey was sent to 389 PCPs, with 115 (30%) responding. Of these, 78% reported seeing men who have sex with men (MSM). Only 17% had prescribed PrEP. The most frequently identified barrier was lack of knowledge (60%). When the survey was repeated after the educational initiative, 79 PCPs (20%) responded. Of these, 90% reported seeing MSM, and 35% had prescribed PrEP. PCPs who had attended a training were more likely to have prescribed PrEP (OR 4.84, CI 1.77-13.21). In conclusion, PrEP prescribing among PCPs in the southern US is low. A survey among PCPs identified lack of knowledge as a barrier to prescribing, motivating an institutional-wide educational campaign in response. Further efforts are needed to continue to raise awareness and educate PCPs in the South about PrEP.

A unique noninvasive method was used to close a fistulous connection between the stomach and lung of a woman with recurrent bouts of pneumonia resulting from a rare complication of gastric bypass surgery.