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Trabajo financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 (proyecto PID2020-115473RR-I00), MCIN/AEI/, NextGeneration EU (PRTR-C17) y Gobierno de Aragón (proyecto BIODIVERSA-AGROALNEXT) y el Gobierno de Aragón – Fondo Social Europeo, “El FSE invierte en tu futuro” [Grupo Consolidado A12–17R].

Se aportan 36 citas de plantas vasculares pertenecientes a 28 taxones herborizados en Andalucía (Sur de España), especialmente en su parte más oriental, que suponen novedades corológicas destacables. 36 citations of vascular plants belonging to 28 collected taxa are provided in Andalusia (southern Spain), especially in its eastern part, which represent remarkable chorological novelties.

Se presentan 40 citas de 28 taxones herborizados en Andalucía, más concretamente en su parte más oriental, aportando nuevos datos corológicos destacables y de especial interés. 40 citations of 28 collected taxa in Andalusia are presented, more specially in its easternmost part. New remarkable chorological data of special interest are provided.

[ES] Se proyecta un centro de educación infantil en las afueras de la ciudad de Chandigarh, zona con mucha vegetación y pulmón de la ciudad. Se pretende crear una escuela que se inserte dentro de este entorno vegetal.

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Se presentan 34 citas de 20 taxones, que suponen novedades o aportaciones corológicas destacables para la flora vascular de Andalucía, con especial hincapié en su parte más oriental. Abstract: Chorological highlight news for vascular flora of Andalusia, (South Spain) II We present 34 citations of 20 taxa, which represent novelties or outstanding chorological contributions for the vascular flora of Andalusia, with special emphasis on its easternmost part.

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La floración tardía es un objetivo común en los programas de mejora genética del almendro, para evitar la floración durante la época de mayor incidencia de heladas y la consecuente pérdida de cosecha. La fecha de floración es en el almendro un carácter cuantitativo con una elevada heredabilidad. Se ha identificado además un gen mayor, Lb (Late blooming) procedente de ‘Tardy Nonpareil’, que se considera que retrasa la floración unos 15 días respecto a los que lo carecen. Las recientes variedades de floración muy tardía de almendro que incorporan el gen Lb están ayudando a introducir este cultivo en zonas de interior donde las variedades tradicionales son improductivas. El fenotipado de la dinámica de la floración en poblaciones de mejora es un paso previo a la obtención de marcadores moleculares ligados a la floración tardía y al gen Lb, y su utilización en la selección asistida en la mejora genética del almendro. Published

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En el Bajo Aragón, la producción de melocotón tardío de carne dura amarilla tiene una gran importancia económica y social. Debido a ello, desde 1999, el Melocotón de Calanda es una Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) reconocida por la Unión Europea. Esto conlleva unas importantes exigencias para los productores, que deben superar controles muy exhaustivos, pero tiene la innegable ventaja de ser reconocido como un producto exclusivo y de alta calidad. La producción del Melocotón de Calanda se ha intensificado y la comercialización se sigue basando en el material vegetal tradicional, los clones seleccionados de la variedad población "Amarillos Tardíos del Bajo Aragón". Con el fin ampliar el período de comercialización de este producto especializado y aumentar sus posibilidades comerciales se ha emprendido un proyecto de mejora de este tipo de melocotón, que incluye su mejora genética, la optimización del manejo agronómico y la mejora de la postcosecha. Se presentan los primeros resultados del programa de mejora genética, la evaluación preliminar de la calidad de fruto de algunas descendencias de mejora y sus perspectivas Published

Almond growing is lately increasing in Spain due to higher kernel prices and better orchard mana - gement techniques, making this crop more profitable and attractive. In addition, the release of more productive, extra-late blooming and fully autogamous cultivars, is allowing the shift of almond growing to inland areas with colder climates. The release of new cultivars must be based on their agronomic behavior under different climatic conditions. Consequently, the performance of the last commercial CITA almond cultivars (‘Guara’, ‘Soleta’, ‘Isabelona’, ‘Diamar’ and ‘Vialfas’) and some breeding selections (‘G-3-3’, ‘G-3-4’, ‘G-5-25’, ‘G-2-22’ and ‘I-3-67’) was studied in a trial at the “AFRUCCAS Experimental Fruit Farm” near Caspe (Zara goza, Spain). The trial was established in 2005 at a distance of 6 x 7m on the peach x almond INRA GF-677 rootstock. Scions were grafted in 2006 and the trees were trained as free open vase and managed under usual commercial requirements and drip irrigation. Phenology, vigor, production, fruit and orchard parameters were controlled to ascertain the agronomical performance of each cultivar or selection. The success of any cultivar not only depends of the accuracy of the breeder’s selection, but also its adaptability must be ascertained to be recommended in a specific region Published

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The Sf allele shows two different expressions: an active form (Sfa) inducing self-incompatibility and an inactive form (Sfi) inducing self-compatibility. Their interaction was studied in several hetero/homozygous genotypes (SfiSfa) in order to establish if self-compatibility was dominant as previously suggested. The seedling genotype was determined by PCR amplification of genomic DNA with universal and specific primers and the phenotype by pollen tube growth. The results showed full self-incompatibility of the SfiSfa genotypes as a result of the recognition of any kind of Sf pollen (Sfi or Sfa) by the style, where Sf-RNase was produced due to the presence of the Sfa allele. These results confirm the allelism of the Sf allele with the series of S alleles of self-incompatibility and that a mutation in the stylar part of the Sfa haplotype has led to the self-compatibility of the Sfi form. The recognition of the Sfi pollen by the Sfa style confirms that the presence of the Sfi haplotype does not ensure self-compatibility, and that in these hetero/homozygous genotypes the expression of Sfa is dominant over that of Sfi Published

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The almond breeding programme of the CITA of Aragón aims at late-blooming cultivars with good horticultural behaviour, self-compatible, and with good kernel quality. After previous releases, ‘Vialfas’ responds to most of these objectives. This new release (selection I-3-27, clone 546) comes from the cross ‘Felisia’ × ‘Bertina’. Its blooming time is very late, three days before ‘Mardía’ on the average, with similar chilling requirements than ‘Mardía’ but with slightly lower heat requirements which could explain the difference in blooming time. Flowers are of mean size, white, with peristigmatic style. Bloom density is high and consistent. It is selfcompatible (genotype SfiS11), of high fruit set and resistance to frosts. Nuts are of mean size (4.7 g), as well as kernels (1.2 g), with a low shelling percentage (25%) and hard shell, and early ripening. Kernel composition is average for protein (18.84% of dry matter), oil (56.72%), and tocopherols (251.8 g/kg oil), and phytosterols (2589 mg/kg oil), but very high for oleic acid (78% of total oil). The tree is slightly upright, with relative tolerance to disease and highly productive Published

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El manejo del fertilizante, especialmente el nitrogenado, tiene un impacto sobre la producción y calidad del melocotón, presentando además implicaciones medioambientales. Por ello se llevó a cabo un ensayo con árboles de nectarina cv. ‘Big Top’ de siete años de edad plantados en grandes contenedores situados en un marco de 2.4 x 5 m para estudiar el efecto de la aplicación de un fertilizante sólido de liberación controlada (FSLC, tecnología Multicote®) frente a un tratamiento estándar de fertirriego (FLIR), pero manteniendo similares cantidades de macronutrientes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los parámetros productivos (peso de fruta y calibre) ni en los parámetros de calidad. A pesar de manejar el riego para tener una fracción de lavado en torno al 15%, no se observaron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones ni en las masas de nitrato lavadas en ambos tratamientos, que fueron muy bajas. Estos primeros resultados indican que los fertilizantes de liberación controlada pueden ser útiles para evitar las pérdidas de N por lavado, especialmente en plantaciones con riego superficial

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Prunus mira wild peach

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El melocotonero se ha convertido en la especie frutal con más importacia en España, duplicándose la producción nacional en los últimos veinte años. Este incremento ha sido posible gracias a una profunda reconversión del sector, caracterizada por la innovación, no solo del material vegetal, sino también a una especialización y tecnificación del cultivo, siendo, sin duda alguna, el uso de la fertirrigación uno de los avances más destacados. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un ensayo realizado en el Bajo Aragón, con el fin de identificar qué rertilización presenta una mejor eficiwencia económica en el uso de los fertilizantes y determinar la posibilidad de reducir la contaminación de los acuíferos, obteniendo una producción más sostenible para el medio ambiente

Self-compatibility (SC) is an interesting horticultural trait. Molecular approaches have been recently applied to the elucidation of the interacting pollen-pistil mechanism and to the identification of the genes involved in pistil-pollen recognition. Both mutations of the pistil S-RNases and the pollen SFBs have been reported to explain the changes in the S allele expression. Stylar-part mutations have revealed that ribonuclease activity of the S-RNases is required to inhibit pollen growth. A defective function of the pollen may also give rise to SC. Breakdown of SI has also been associated with mutations affecting modifier loci unlinked to the S-locus. Additionally, a double phenotypic expression of the same genotype has been observed. The nature of these different mutations has only been identified in a few cases, including deletions, insertions, shift mutations and, more recently, epigenetic changes. EUCARPIA. European Association for Research on Plant Breeding

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Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) is a natural mechanism in flowering plants, including almond and other fruit tree species, to prevent inbreeding and promote outcrossing. It is typically under the control of a specific locus, known as the S-locus, which contains at least two genes. The first gene encodes glycoproteins with ribonuclease (S-RNase) activity in the pistils, and the second is a specific F-box gene (SFB) expressed in the pollen. In Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Rosaceae, active S-RNases in the style are essential for rejection of haploid pollen, when the S-allele of pollen matches one of two S-alleles of the diploid pistil. The S-RNase was first identified in Prunus more than 20 years ago, whereas SFB was identified only recently. In spite of the knowledge of the genetic structure of the female and male determinants of GSI, the nature of their mutual interactions at genetic and biochemical levels remain unclear. Thus, detailed understanding of the protein structure involved in GSI may help in discovering how proteins involved in GSI function and fulfil their biological roles. To this aim, three-dimensional (3D) models of a self-compatible (Sf) and a self-incompatible (S8) S-RNase of almond have been constructed, using comparative modelling tools. The molecular models of Sf and S8 showed that 3D architectures of their folds had the same topology as typical members of the RNase T2 family. The modelled structures consisted of mixed α and β folds, with six helices and six beta-strands. Peer Reviewed almond self-(in) compatibility 3D modelling RNase T2 Published

Almond (P. amygdalus Batsch) shows a gametophytic self-incompatibility system controlled by a multiallelic locus, known as the locus S. Self-compatibility has been related to Sf allele presence and this trait has become a priority in the main almond breeding programs and the search for new cultivars is focused on the evaluation of desirable traits in autogamous seedlings. Traditionally, self-compatibility has been assessed in almond by laborious and time consuming methods, such as determination of fruit set in bagged branches or microscopic observation of pollen tube growth after self-pollination in laboratory conditions. Recently, molecular methods have been developed to assess the S-genotype, such as the identification of stylar S-RNases by NEPHGE (non equilibrium pH gradient electro focusing) and the use of conserved and specific PCR primers for the amplification of fragments from the different S alleles. In this research we applied these molecular methods for the S-genotype assessment in two almond breeding progenies, from the crosses of the self-compatible elite selection 'G-2-25' (S11Sf) of the CITA, as female parent, with two self-incompatible cultivars, 'Desmayo Largueta' (S1S25) and 'Marcona' (S11S12), as male parents. Although no discrepancies were found between the two methods, PCR was more suitable than NEPHGE for S-genotype assessment. PCR is easier to optimize, cheaper, more precise and reliable. It is also possible to assess the genotype sooner than with NEPHGE, as flowers are not required for the determination, allowing an earlier elimination of the seedlings. In the 'G-2-25' (S11Sf) x 'Marcona' (S11S12) progeny, the ratio of genotypes was 42% S11S12 and 58% SfS12, approaching the Mendelian laws of transmission in spite of the slightly higher proportion of self-compatible seedlings. In the other family, 'G-2-25' (S11Sf) x 'Desmayo Largueta' (S1S25), four S-genotypes are possible, but the ratios obtained were 21% S1S11, 53% S1Sf, 0% S11S25, and 26% SfS25. These results showed that pollen carrying the S25 allele had only a 26% fertilization success as compared to 73 of pollen carrying the S1 allele. The absence of S11S25 seedlings may imply the expression of a homozygous lethal trait in these zygotes and the distortion of the Mendelian ratios L’amandier (P. amygdalus Batsch) montre un système d’auto-incompatibilité gamétophytique contrôlé par un locus multiallélique, connu comme locus S. L’auto-compatibilité a été reliée à la présence de l’allèle Sf et cette caractéristique est devenue une priorité pour les principaux programmes d’amélioration de l’amandier, et ainsi la recherche de nouveaux cultivars se focalise sur l’évaluation des caractères désirables pour les plants autogames. Traditionnellement, l’auto-compatibilité a été évaluée chez les amandiers par des méthodes laborieuses et prenant beaucoup de temps, telles que la détermination de la nouaison pour les branches ensachées ou l’observation microscopique de la croissance des tubes de pollen après auto-pollinisation en conditions de laboratoire. Récemment, des méthodes moléculaires ont été développées pour évaluer le génotype-S, telles que l’identification de S-RNases stylaires par NEPHGE (non equilibrium pH gradient electro-focusing) et l’utilisation d’amorces PCR conservées et spécifiques pour l’amplification de fragments provenant de différents allèles-S. Pour cette recherche nous avons appliqué ces méthodes moléculaires pour l’évaluation du génotype-S chez les descendances améliorées de deux amandiers, à partir des croisements d’une sélection d’élite auto-compatible 'G-2-25' (S11Sf) du CITA, comme parent femelle, avec deux cultivars auto-incompatibles, 'Desmayo Largueta' (S1S25) et 'Marcona' (S11S12), comme parents mâles. Bien que l’on n’ait pas trouvé de divergences entre les deux méthodes, la PCR était plus adéquate que NEPHGE pour l’évaluation du génotype-S. La PCR est plus facile à optimiser, moins onéreuse, plus précise et fiable. Il est également possible d’évaluer le génotype plus tôt qu’avec NEPHGE, étant donné qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’obtenir des fleurs pour la détermination, permettant ainsi une élimination précoce des plants. Dans la descendance de 'G-2-25' (S11Sf) 'Marcona' (S11S12), le quotient des génotypes était de 42% S11S12 et de 58% SfS12, se rapprochant des lois mendéliennes de transmission malgré la proportion légèrement plus élevée de plants auto-compatibles. Pour l’autre famille, 'G-2-25' (S11Sf) 'Desmayo Largueta' (S1S25), quatre génotypes-S sont possibles, mais les quotients obtenus étaient de 21% S1S11, 53% S1Sf, 0% S11S25, et 26% SfS25. Ces résultats montrent que le pollen portant l’allèle S25 avait une réussite de fertilisation d’uniquement 26% comparée à 73 pour le pollen portant l'allèle S1. L’absence de plants S11S25 pourrait faire penser à l’expression d’un caractère létal homozygote chez ces zygotes et à la distortion des quotients mendéliens

Almond growing in the Mediterranean area has been enduring sharp changes in the last decades. Whereas in some countries production has substantially decreased, in others a renewal of the concept of almond growing is taking place. In such a situation, new cultivars and rootstock are essential tools to achieve a success. Whereas in California 'Nonpareil' has been, and continues to be, the essential cultivar, and the new releases only represent a small percentage of the new plantings, the Mediterranean area showed an impressive change with the introduction of 'Ferragnès' by Charles Grasselly. An even more important change took place in Spain by the introduction of 'Guara' by Antonio J. Felipe. Now, the different breeding programmes aim at the release of late-blooming and self-compatible cultivars, two traits duly accompanied by autogamy and frost resistance, although not always these objectives are completely fulfilled. Most of the lately released cultivars are from Spanish breeding programmes, including those from IRTA, CEBAS, and CITA. In addition, only Israel has registered a new cultivar due to its large-sized kernel. For rootstocks, the changes have been in the same frame: small in California and sharp in the Mediterranean, where peach × almond hybrids have become the dominant rootstock, both in irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. 'GF-677' has been the most utilized rootstock in the past years, with an increasing utilization of new releases, more for the Spanish rootstocks from Aula Dei and CITA than for the Italian ones from the University of Pisa, looking for better management, adaptability and resistance to nematodes. New cultivars and rootstocks may improve almond production if they fulfil the requirements of modern fruit growing, as discussed in the presentation La culture de l'amandier dans la région méditerranéenne a subi dans les dernières décennies des changements appréciables. Si dans quelques pays la production a diminué considérablement, dans d'autres pays il y a eu un renouvellement du concept de la culture de l'amandier. Dans cette nouvelle situation, de nouveaux cultivars et porte-greffes sont essentiels pour aboutir à un succès. En Californie 'Nonpareil' a été, et continue à être, le cultivar principal et les nouvelles obtentions représentent seulement un pourcentage réduit des nouvelles plantations. Dans la région méditerranéenne, un changement considérable a eu lieu avec l'introduction de 'Ferragnès' par Charles Grasselly. Un changement encore plus important a eu lieu en Espagne avec l'introduction de 'Guara' par Antonio J. Felipe. Maintenant les différents programmes d'amélioration génétique ont comme but l'obtention de cultivars à floraison tardive et auto-compatibles, deux caractères dûment accompagnés par l'autogamie et la résistance aux gelées tardives, malgré que ces objectifs ne soient pas toujours accomplis totalement. La plupart des nouveaux cultivars proviennent des programmes d'amélioration espagnols, y compris ceux de l'IRTA, du CEBAS et du CITA. Par ailleurs, seulement Israël a enregistré un nouveau représentant des amandons de grand calibre. Pour les porte-greffe les changements ont été dans le même sens : réduits en Californie et profonds dans la Méditerranée, où les hybrides pêcher × amandier sont devenus le porte-greffe prédominant, tant dans des conditions d'irrigation comme en non irrigué. 'GF-677' a été le porte-greffe le plus utilisé dans les années précédentes, avec maintenant une utilisation majeure des nouvelles obtentions, plus pour les obtentions espagnoles d'Aula Dei et du CITA que pour les italiennes de l'Université de Pisa, en cherchant une culture plus efficace, une adaptabilité et résistance plus fortes aux nématodes. De nouveaux cultivars et porte-greffe peuvent améliorer la production de l'amandier s'ils parviennent à accomplir les besoins d'une culture moderne, comme discuté dans la présentation

Self-compatibility has become the primary objective of most almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) breeding programmes in order to avoid the problems related to the gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system present in almond, as in other species of the genus Prunus, belonging to the Rosaceae family. Self-incompatibility is a mechanism in flowering plants which prevents self-fertilization and promotes out-crossing. The S locus encodes for ribonucleases expressed in the style (S-RNase) and for F-box proteins expressed in the pollen (SFB). Interactions between both genes are suspected of being involved in determining the specific self pollen and with same haplotype rejection. As this mechanism is still not fully understood, a progeny of 90 seedlings from the cross 'Vivot' (S23Sf?) 􀂯 'Blanquerna' (SfSf?) was studied because the microscopic observation of pollen tube growth after self-pollination during several years showed an unexpected self-incompatible behaviour in most seedlings. Although the zymograms from stylar ribonucleases and the PCR products using specific and consensus primers allowed distinguishing the individuals with SI or SC genotype, the expression of the Sf allele was not the same in all cases, as shown by the SI phenotype of many seedlings with a SC genotype, suggesting a possible differential expression of Sf. Cloning and sequencing of the SFBs in the two parents may allow to determine whether they have a different protein expression and also to closely study the pollen-expressed F-box genes in almond L'auto-compatibilité est devenue l'objectif prioritaire de la plupart des programmes d'amélioration génétique de l'amandier (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) pour éviter les problèmes liés à la présence du système d'auto-incompatibilité gamétophytique de l'amandier, comme chez d'autres espèces du genre Prunus, appartenant à la famille Rosaceae. L'auto-incompatibilité est un mécanisme des plantes qui empêche leur auto-fertilisation en favorisant le croisement entre les différents génotypes. Le locus S code pour une ribonucléase exprimée dans le style (S-RNase) et aussi pour une protéine exprimée dans le pollen (SFB). Les interactions entre les deux gènes sont suspectées d’être déterminantes du pollen spécifique ainsi que du pollen avec le même haplotype. Comme ce mécanisme n'est pas encore bien compris, une famille de 90 individus provenant du croisement 'Vivot' (S23Sf?) 􀂯 'Blanquerna' (SfSf?) a été étudiée parce que l'observation microscopique de la croissance des tubes polliniques après l'autopollinisation pendant plusieurs années a montré un comportement auto-incompatible inattendu chez la plupart des individus. Malgré que les zimogrammes des ribonucléases stylaires et les produits de PCR avec des primers spécifiques et primers consensus ont permis de distinguer les génotypes AI ou AC, l'expression de l'allèle Sf n'est pas toujours la même, comme le montre le phénotype AI chez beaucoup de plantes ayant un génotype AC, suggérant une possible expression différente de Sf. Après clonage et séquençage des SFB des deux parents, il sera possible de déterminer s'il existe des niveaux différents d'expression de protéine et d'étudier les gènes de F-box exprimés chez l'amandier