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Resistance responses in the leaves of eight rose genotypes, Knock Out (highly resistant), Arka Nishkant (moderately resistant), R. multiflora (highly susceptible), Arka Swadesh (highly susceptible), IIHRR 13-4 (susceptible), Arka Parimala (susceptible), R. indica (susceptible) and IIHRR 4-15-12 (moderately susceptible), exhibiting varied levels of resistance against black spot were investigated post artificial inoculation with black spot pathogen, Diplocarpon rosae. There was consistent increase in the activities of defense related enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase and other defense related secondary metabolites like phenols and flavonoids at different phases of black spot progression and increase was high in resistant genotypes Knock Out and Arka Nishkant. The peak activity of defense enzymes and high concentration of other metabolites was witnessed during early stages of infection in the resistant genotypes while it was during later phase in the susceptible genotypes. These results suggested that the faster and stronger activation of defense system is associated with the resistance against black spot in the rose genotypes.

The article presents a study on the effect of neem coated area (NCU) on growth, flowering and yield of China aster, also known as Callistephus chinensis, a semi hardy annual and commercial flower crop belonging to the family Asteraceae. Topics discussed include increase in consumption of primary nutrient nitrogen from 1965-1966 to 2014-2015, treatment details, and plant height at different growth stages of China aster variety.

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru during 2022-23 to analyse the effect of pruning and growth regulators on 'off season' flower production in Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton. Three pruning treatments were imposed, viz., during the second fortnight of August (P1), October (P2) and December (control). Growth regulator treatment included GA3 at 100 (G1), 150 (G2), and 200 ppm (G3); Cycocel at 500 (G4), 750 (G5), and 1000 ppm (G6) along with double distilled water (Control, G7); there were sprayed at 15 days after pruning. The 21 treatments comprising of pruning schedule and growth regulators was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (FRCBD) with three replications. Among different vegetative characteristics, P3G3 (December pruning + GA3 at 200 ppm) had recorded maximum plant height and plant spread in E-W and N-S directions at 30, 60 and 90 days after pruning, respectively. Number of primary branches per plant showed no significant difference among the treatments. Higher number of secondary branches per plant was recorded in P3G6 (December pruning + Cycocel at 1000 ppm). Flower characteristics viz., days taken for bud initiation (35.00 days), first flowering (47.00 days) and 50 per cent flowering (71.00 days) were minimum in December pruning along with foliar application of Cycocel at 1000 ppm (P3G6) and significantly different from others. Total duration of flowering (250 days) was maximum in plants pruned during October month with application of Cycocel at 1000 ppm (P2G6) with significantly increased in off season flower yield (December to February) per plant (0.141 kg) and per ha (0.628 t). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of different levels of nutrients (NPK) and mulching on various growth and flowering traits of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) cv. Marigold. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five treatments and four replications during 2015- 16. The treatment consisted of different levels of nutrients and mulching, viz. 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) with mulching, 100% RDF with mulching, 125% RDF with mulching, 150% RDF with mulching and 100% RDF without mulching (control) and RDF was 120:150:100 kg NPK per ha. Results revealed that application of 150% RDF with mulching resulted in increased plant height (51.78 cm), leaf area (88.62 cm2), plant spread (N-S, 55.07 cm and E-W, 52.39 cm), number of laterals/plant (22.83) and number of suckers (11.17) after 120 days after planting (DAP). The same treatment has influenced early bud initiation (73.05 days), 50% flowering (103.60 days), increased flower diameter (5.44 cm), number of sprays per plant (14.40), highest flower yield per plant (658.35 g), and yield per ha (24.38 t), however, increased shelf life (6.55 days) was recorded from 125% RDF with mulching after 120 days after planting.

Jasmine is one of the major commercial flower crops cultivated in all most all districts of Karnataka. Hadagali jasmine (Jasminum azoricum) grown in Huvina Hadagali taluk of newly formed Vijayanagara district has got Geographical Indication (GI) due to its unique fragrance. A large section of the farmers surrounding the villages of Huvina Hadagali cultivate jasmine as their source of livelihood. Research studies to examine the production practices, marketing and constraints associated with jasmine cultivation in Huvina Hadagali were limited. Hence, a study was undertaken to understand the production and marketing practices of Hadagali jasmine. The primary data was collected from 60 jasmine growers during 2020-21. The results of the study have shown that with the average yield of the flowers at 3,236 kg per acre, the total cost of cultivation was Rs. 2,24,069 per acre and farmers realized gross and net returns of Rs. 4,53,579 and Rs. 2,29,511 respectively. The benefit to cost ratio at 2.02 showed that the establishment and maintenance of jasmine garden was economically viable. About 70 per cent of sample farmers sold jasmine to distant markets and the trade was facilitated by commission cum wholesalers. A kilogram of GI jasmine was transformed into 20 lengths of 4-6 ft in wholesale market and are sold as strings of 1-1.5 ft in retail market at Rs.20/length. The price spread between producer and consumer in the most frequently traded channel is Rs. 280 per kg and share of the producer in consumer rupee was only 35 per cent. GI jasmine is an important source of livelihood for different value chain actors and provides ample opportunities for floriculture business. Hence, support should be extended to jasmine growers to form farmer producer organizations (FPO) which will facilitate both forward and backward linkages, explore options for value addition and promote exports to enhance farmers income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the most important foliar diseases hindering the cultivation of chrysanthemum as it infects both leaves and flowers. The survey conducted in eastern dry zone of Karnataka, India revealed highest disease severity at Chikkanahalli in Tumakuru district and the least disease severity (8%) at Mavahalli in Kolar district. The pathogen produced conidia which are typically muriform, dark brown, thick walled. The conidium was up to 33.93 - 57.42 µm long and 10.44 - 18.27 µm wide with 6 - 7 transverse septa and 1 - 3 longitudinal septa. (Majority of conidia are non-beaked few with short rudimentary dark brown beaks, with a range of 13.05 - 26.10 µm length). Molecular confirmation of the causal organism was done through PCR amplification and sequencing of ITS region. Invitro evaluation of fungicides revealed, among contact, systemic and combi-products tested copper oxy chloride 50%WP, hexaconazole 5% SC and Zineb 68% + hexaconazole 4% WP and tricyclazole 18% + mancozeb 62% WP respectively were effectively inhibited the pathogen. Invivo evaluation of fungicides revealed, foliar application of copper oxy chloride 50% WP @ 0.3 per cent proved to be highly effective in arresting spread of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for 19 traits among 30 genotypes of China aster. The randomized complete block design with two replications was employed at the College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during the year 2017-18. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences were observed for all the traits. The phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) was a higher magnitude than the genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. Narrow differences between GCV and PCV were recorded in all the characters except flowering duration, vase-life and shelf-life, indicating little environmental influence on the expression of these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean was recorded for the number of florets per flower head, the weight of flower per plant, plant height, flower head diameter, individual flower weight, disc diameter, the number of flowers per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of flowers per branches, plant spread (North-South), 1000 seed weight, plant spread (East-West), flower stalk length, seed yield per plant, vase life and shelf life proves more useful for efficient improvement of a character through simple selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific management of weeds and effective establishment of grasses are the thrust areas of research in turf grass cultivation. Therefore, an investigation was carried out during 2018-19 at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India, to evaluate pre-planting weed management methods and to identify best establishment method in turf grasses. The experiment comprised of twelve treatments of which two weed management practices (hand weeding and soil sterilant application); three planting methods (seed sowing at 10g/m², seed sowing at 5g/m² and stolon dibbling) and two turf grass species (Mexican grass and Bermuda grass) laid out in factorial Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated thrice. The study has revealed that among the two grasses evaluated Bermuda grass var. 'Tif dwarf' showed less number of weeds (4.61/m²), early germination or sprouting (7.28 days), high ground cover per cent score (5.00), higher number of nodes (27.03), number of leaves per stolon (30.74) and leaf width (2.69 mm) compared to Mexican grass. Seed sowing method of establishment at 10g/m² showed a smaller number of weeds per square meter (9.56/m²) and lowest time taken for germination or sprouting (11.00 days). Stolon dibbling was found superior with respect to ground cover per cent score (4.85), number of nodes (27.51) and number of leaves (29.74) while leaf length (23.93 cm), leaf width (2.95 mm) and average leaf area (3.45 cm²) was recorded highest for seed sowing method at 5g/m². Among weed management approaches, Dizomet applied plots showed a smaller number of weeds at 40 days after planting (9.68/m²). Stolon dibbling of Bermuda grass var. 'Tif dwarf' at 160 days after planting recorded highest values for number of nodes (39.61) and number of leaves (42.78) while seed sowing at 10g/m² of Bermuda grass var. 'Tif dwarf' recorded lowest number of weeds (2.70/m²), lowest days to germination or sprouting (6.17 days) and maximum ground cover per cent score (5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out on the growth performance of 9 cultivars of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.), at G.K.V.K. Bangalore, during 2011-12. Among the nine cultivars studied, there was a significant variation observed for growth, cut flower yield and quality parameters under polyhouse (NVPH) and shade house conditions. The results revealed that, plant height, number of leaves and plant spread (N/S and E/W) were highest under polyhouse condition compared to shadehouse. Among the varieties, cv. Kyillian recorded the highest plant height (40.1 cm), cv. Sonata recorded maximum number of leaves (23.5) and cv. Julia recorded the highest plant spread on both north to south and east to west side (70.0 and 66.9 cm). Flowering characters such as flower bud appearance, bud opening, 50 per cent flowering and days taken to first harvest were found to be significant. Flowering occurred early under polyhouse compared to shadehouse. Among the varieties, cv. Kyillian took less number of days for flower bud appearance and bud opening (44.5 and 10.4 days respectively). The cv. Dameblanche took less number of days (105.3 and 88 days) to 50 per cent flowering and first harvest. Flower quality parameters such as stalk length, stem diameter, flower diameter and number of ray florets were found to be significant. The highest flower quality parameters were recorded under polyhouse compared to shadehouse. The cv. Julia recorded maximum stalk length and stem diameter (67.9 and 0.83 cm respectively). Maximum flower diameter was recorded in cv. Kyillian (10.6 cm). Cultivar Arianna the recorded maximum number of ray florets (9.16). Significant differences were found among the yield parameters such as flowers per plant, total yield per plant and flowers per meter square. The highest yield parameters were recorded under polyhouse as compared to shadehouse. Among the treatments, cv. Sonata recorded the maximum number of flowers per plant; and flowers per meter square (4.4, 8.8 and 98.2, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were carried out on spacing and optimum nutrition required for rose cv. Charisma at GKVK, Bangalore, in a factorial randomized complete block design with 12 treatment combinations comprising of three different plant densities viz., S1 (0.75 x 0.75 m), S2 (1.50 × 1.00 m) and S3 (1.80 × 1.00 m) and four levels of nutrients viz., N1 (20:20:30 g NPK/plant), N2 (30:30:45 g NPK/plant), N3 (40:40:60 g NPK/plant) and N4 (50:50:75 g NPK/plant). It was found that plant density S2 (1.50 × 1.00 m) and nutrient level N2 (30:30:45 g NPK/plant) had showed superiority in the flowering and yield attributes viz., early flowering (45.67 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (123.78), the highest yield per plant (0.83 kg), and maximum shelf life (39.72 hr). While, plant density S1 (0.75 × 0.75 m) and nutrient level N1 (20:20:30 g NPK/plant) recorded late flowering (50.67), minimum number of flowers per plant (85.92), the lowest total yield per plant (0.39 kg) and minimum shelf life (31.47 hr). Whereas, plant density S1 (0.75 × 0.75 m) and nutrient levels N4 (50:50:75 g NPK/plant) recorded higher yield per hectare (10.83). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on report of Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) infecting anthurium (Anthurium andreanum) in India. It mentions severity of symptoms observed on anthurium suggests that, GBNV is an important and emerging virus on this ornamental plant with the potential to cause economic damage and therefore merits attention. It also mentions Phylogenetic analysis by the neighbour-joining method using MEGA 7 software.