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Given increasing evidence, most deaths are due to non-communicable diseases; half of them are the cardiovascular disease. Hridaya is moolasthana of pranvavaha and rasavaha strotas. According to Acharya Sushruta, any condition that produces disturbance in the heart is Hridroga. It is classified into five types. Vataja Hridroga is characterized by Ruja in Urah Pradesha (Pain in the chest region). Vatika type seems to have conceived the disease entity correlated with ischemic heart disease. None of the other Cardiac afflictions appears to have been described under Hridroga. The prevalence rate in the younger age group is increasing day by day so, we need to know the detailed knowledge of vatika hridroga

Background Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) programs aim to facilitate early discharge and improve patient care; however, rates of readmission remain high. After discharge, safe monitoring and follow-up is logistically heterogenous and prone to error. We aimed to utilize a Six Sigma framework to evaluate our OPAT process and define opportunities for improvement in patient care. Methods A define, measure, analyze, improve, control (DMAIC) approach was used by a multidisciplinary group to evaluate errors and opportunities in the OPAT discharge process (Fig 1). Baseline analysis of 6-months of OPAT discharges revealed an all cause 30-day readmission rate of 19.7%, and less than half of all patients (45%) were seen in the infectious diseases (ID) clinic within 28-days. The group created a process map and identified potential opportunities for error and heterogeneity in the process. A define, measure, analyze, improve, control (DMAIC) approach was used by a multidisciplinary group to evaluate errors and opportunities in the OPAT discharge process Results Process mapping revealed process heterogeneity depending on patient discharge location (Fig 2). Reliability of ordering labs and transporting patients to appointments varied by location (Skilled nursing facility (SNF) versus home infusion, etc.). Furthermore, the OPAT note was not included in the discharge summary and the process was reliant on an ID team member emailing the clinic to request follow-up. An Ishikawa diagram identified numerous factors contributing to OPAT related adverse events (Fig 3). Main opportunities for improvement included (1) the OPAT note, (2) delegation of laboratory ordering for monitoring patient after discharge, (3) patient follow-up scheduling and monitoring, and (4) skilled nursing facility (SNF) communication and expectations. Interventions resulting included working with information technology to update the OPAT note to include appointment dates, attaching OPAT note to discharge summary, and bridging communication and ensuring task completion by delegating certain reliable SNFs as centers of excellence. Process mapping revealed significant process heterogeneity depending on patient discharge location, that the OPAT note was not included in the discharge summary, and the process was heavily reliant on an ID team member emailing the clinic to request follow-up and ensure future laboratory tracking. An Ishikawa diagram identified numerous factors contributing to OPAT related adverse events including numerous system and individual factors Conclusion The DMAIC approach was useful in identifying opportunities to improve transitions of care in patients discharged on OPAT and developing interventions for targeted process improvement. Other centers may use a similar strategy to analyze and improve the care of OPAT patients. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Background In 2021, there were approximately 1300 people on a given day who have experienced homelessness within the city of Detroit, Michigan. Sheltered beds within the 24 homeless shelters in the city were drastically cut in half during the COVID-19 pandemic due to concerns of overcrowding perpetuating SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. We aimed to describe the outreach efforts made by Street Medicine Organizations (SMO) of Detroit during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, highlighting infection prevention and control strategies, and promotion of COVID-19 vaccinations amongst the unsheltered homeless. Methods Health promotion interventions were directed at individuals who were unsheltered (defined as those living on the streets of Detroit, encampment sites and abandoned buildings). Education, which was provided through in-person sessions, as well as targeted COVID-19 informational pamphlets were distributed with every street-based run. Hygiene kits, which included masks, hand sanitizer and gloves were distributed thrice weekly at shelters and encampment sites. Since access to hand hygiene was drastically limited, the SMO constructed 10 hand washing stations throughout the city. COVID-19 vaccination in people experiencing homelessness started in April 2021. Results SMO prioritized a 60 square mile range within the city of Detroit, providing care to approximately 500 persons over the months of April 2020 to April 2021. Demographics for this population varied; age ranged from 23 to 76 years old, sex was 70% males, race were 67% Black, 29% White and 4% Hispanic. More than 2000 hygiene kits were distributed throughout this period. Ninety-one individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness were provided the COVID-19 vaccine in April 2021. Conclusion Individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness face unique challenges to accessing timely medical care, which has been further exacerbated during the pandemic. These individuals have limited or no access to necessary measures needed to prevent the spread and severity of diseases of SARS-CoV-2. We describe a focused and effective approach to preventing infection among these individuals as a model for organizations nationally. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Methicillin-resistant

Body parts and their Pramana are specially described in Ayurveda which is an important part of Rachana Sharir. Description of Angula Pramana was found in Vedic Kala, Purana-Upanishad Kala. Samhita Kala like Vrahtai (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha, Astanga Hridya) Kashyapa Samhita, Bhela Samhita, Sharangadhara Samhita, Vangsena Samhita, and Kautilya Arthashastra. Pramanas are not useful only in Rog and Rogi Pariksha but also useful to know about his/her Ayu such as Hitaayu, Ahitaayu, Sukhayu and Dukhaayu. At the time of Acharya Charaka, the length and breadth of different Anga-Pratyanga was measured by using their own fingers. This technique of measurement is known as Anguli Pramana. Anguli Pramana which is based on Swa-Angula Pramana is used for measuring the dimensions (Ayam, Vistara and Parinaha etc.) of the different Anga Pratyanga of the body. The study was conducted on 200 volunteers in the age group of 16-40 years. One Angula as a unit of Angula Pramana was obtained by measuring the width of Madhyamparva of middle finger of working hand. The measurements were taken in centimetres for standardization as per metric system and then converted into Anguli Pramana based on individual. This article summarizes the facts related to Anguli Pramana from classical literature, Ayurvedic literature and modern literature along with result of our research work to identify the anatomical landmark of Shadanga to measure through Anguli Pramana and its impact on physical health in present era. At present, there are many physical anomalies either they are genetic disorders, endocrine disorders, traumatic injury which results as anatomical disfiguration of body parts that can distinguish from their Anguli pramana or anthropometry.

Background: Mixed ligand-metal complexes are efficient chelating agents because of their flexible donor ability. Mixed ligand complexes containing hetero atoms sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen have been probed for their biological significance. Methods: Nine mixed ligand-metal complexes of 2-(butan-2-ylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide (2- butanone thiosemicarbazone) with pyridine, bipyridine and 2-picoline as co-ligands were synthesized with Cu, Co and Zn salts. The complexes were tested against MDA-MB231 (MDA) and A549 cell lines. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The drug character of the complexes was evaluated on parameters viz. physicochemical properties, bioactivity scores, toxicity assessment and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) profile using various automated softwares. Molecular docking was performed against Ribonucleotide Reductase (RR) and topoisomerase II (topo II). Results: The mixed ligand-metal complexes were synthesized by condensation reaction for 4-5 h. The characterization was done by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, molar conductance and UV spectroscopic techniques. Molecular docking results showed that [Cu(C5H11N3S)(py)2(CH3COO)2], [Zn(C5H11N3S)(bpy)(SO4)] and [Zn(C5H11N3S)(2-pic)2(SO4)] displayed the lowest binding energies with respect to RR. Against topo II [Cu(C5H11N3S)(py)2(CH3COO)2], [Cu(C5H11N3S)(bpy)(CH3COO)2] and [Zn(C5H11N3S)(2-pic)2(SO4)] had the lowest energies. The druglikness assessment was done using Leadlikeness and Lipinski’s rules. Not more than two violations were obtained in case of each filtering rule showing drug-like character of the mixed ligand complexes. Some of the complexes exhibited positive bioactivity scores and almost all the complexes were predicted to be safe with no hazardous effects as predicted by the toxicity assessment. Ames test predicted the non-mutagenic nature of the complexes. Conclusion: In vitro activity evaluation showed that [Zn(C5H11N3S)(py)2(SO4)], [Co(C5H11N3S(bpy) (Cl)2] and [Cu(C5H11N3S)(2-pic)2(CH3COO)2] were active against MDA. Against A549 [Co(C5H11N3S)(py)2(Cl)2], [Cu(C5H11N3S)(py)2(CH3COO)2] and [Co(C5H11N3S(bpy)(Cl)2] were active. Antibacterial evaluation showed that [Co(C5H11N3S)(bpy)(Cl)2], [Zn(C5H11N3S)(2-pic)2(SO4)] and [Cu(C5H11N3S)(2-pic)2(CH3COO)2] were active against S. aureus. Against E. coli, [Zn(C5H11N3S)(2- pic)2(SO4)] showed activity at 18-20 mg dose range.

PurposeThe present paper highlights the increasing importance of remote learning amidst the closure of educational institutions in India in the wake of COVID-19. This paper not only discusses critical issues and challenges that remote learning system in the higher education sector in India has been encountering amidst this pandemic but also sheds light on ways to deal with them.Design/methodology/approachThe paper makes use of secondary sources of data along with descriptive and comparative approaches to examine the issues, challenges and way forward for a transition from face-to-face teaching to remote learning in the case of India.FindingsThe paper suggests that greater use of this alternative mode of learning can be made for checking “human capital deficit,” preventing loss of future earnings (because of loss of education) and also for preparing a future-ready digital workforce to surf the Industry 4.0 wave. Besides, this can help to achieve the goal of “Education for all” and Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Among others, concerted policies for bridging skill gaps, forging partnerships and following equity-oriented policies for ensuring learning outcomes seem to be the way forward for a resilient education system.Originality/valueAs per our knowledge, no such study on the use of remote learning covering the higher education sector in India amidst COVID-19 has been done so far.

The coronavirus onslaught has hit the global economy very hard. India is not an exception to the devastations triggered by the pandemic. The present paper provides some glimpses and insights into the potential implication of COVID-19 pandemic on India's services sector and also suggests the way forward. The study reveals that service sector which has been the major contributor to GDP in India for the past four decades is likely to witness a decline in its contribution to both GDP and employment in the wake of this disease. Therefore, it is imperative to rejuvenate and revive the services sector to put India's economy on a path to recovery. The paper also suggests that through pro-active and pre-emptive interventions and by understanding and tapping inter-sectoral linkages the government can offset the headwinds and a sharp and rapid economic rebound could follow.

Pramana mean measurement that may be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative measurement is based on character such as sex, education etc. But on the other hand, quantitative measurement is based on scale or unit of measurement. In Ayurveda, Anguli Pramana and Anjali Pramana are two types of measurement for different state of matter such as liquid and solid form. In humans Rasadi Dhatu are measured with the help of Anjali Pramana, in its contrast height, width and circumference are measured with the help of Anguli Pramana. Pramana are classically associated with health. Clinical implementation of Pramana may be helpful to assess the health of patient in sequence of Kshaya-Vridhi-Sama Awastha of Dosh, Dhatu, Mal and body parts in relation to his/her Anjali and Anguli Pramana. Anguli Pramana is important step in Dashvidh Aatur Pareeksha to assess physical health and to implement proper treatment according to the individual.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an essential component of innate immunity, are very important resources for human therapeutics to counter the current threat of drug resistance. We have previously established that one such AMP, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an endogenous neuropeptide, and its derivatives have potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). However, the immense potential of α-MSH for therapeutic development against staphylococcal infections is marred by its reduced efficacy in the presence of standard microbiological culture medium. To overcome this issue, in this study, we designed a series of five novel analogues of the C-terminal fragment of α-MSH, i.e., α-MSH(6-13), by replacing uncharged and less hydrophobic residues with tryptophan and arginine to increase the hydrophobicity and cationic charge of the peptide, respectively. While all of the peptides showed a preferential interaction with negatively charged phospholipid vesicles, the most hydrophobic and cationic peptide, i.e., Ana-5, exhibited the highest activity against S. aureus cells while maintaining cell selectivity. Moreover, Ana-5 could retain its activity even in complex media like the Mueller Hinton broth and displayed rapid bactericidal activity in the presence of serum. Ana-5 also caused rapid bacterial membrane depolarization, permeabilization, and cell lysis and was able to bind to polyanionic plasmid DNA suggesting a possible dual mode of action of the peptide. Importantly, Ana-5 was able to eradicate intracellular S. aureus in fibroblast cells similar to conventional antibiotics. Collectively, in the present study, we obtained a potent α-MSH-based analogue with excellent staphylocidal potency in microbial growth medium and ex vivo efficacy, which may translate into therapeutic application.

Background Corticosteroids use in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) improves survival; however, the optimal dose is not established. We aim to evaluate clinical outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 receiving high-dose corticosteroids (HDC) versus low-dose corticosteroids (LDC). Methods This was a quasi-experimental study conducted at a large, quaternary care center in Michigan. A corticosteroid dose change was implemented in the standardized institutional treatment protocol on November 17, 2020. All patients admitted with severe COVID-19 that received corticosteroids were included. Consecutive patients in the HDC group (September 1 to November 15, 2020) were compared to the LDC group (November 30, 2020 to January 20, 2021). High-dose corticosteroids was defined as 80 mg of methylprednisolone daily in 2 divided doses, and LDC was defined as 32–40 mg of methylprednisolone daily in 2 divided doses. The primary outcome was all-cause 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included progression to mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay (LOS), discharge on supplemental oxygen, and corticosteroid-associated adverse events. Results Four-hundred seventy patients were included: 218 (46%) and 252 (54%) in the HDC and LDC groups, respectively. No difference was observed in 28-day mortality (14.5% vs 13.5%, P = .712). This finding remained intact when controlling for additional variables (odds ratio, 0.947; confidence interval, 0.515–1.742; P = .861). Median hospital LOS was 6 and 5 days in the HDC and LDC groups, respectively (P Conclusions Low-dose methylprednisolone had comparable outcomes including mortality to high-dose methylprednisolone for the treatment of severe COVID-19.

Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) is a pathogen of growing concern due to increasing development of antibiotic resistance, increasing length of hospitalizations and excess mortality. The utility of some infection control practices are debatable, as newer developments in infection prevention strategies continued to be discovered. This article summarizes the significance of VRE and VRE transmission, along with highlighting key changes in infection control practices within the past 5 years.

Urbanization and economic growth are closely related. Previous studies have revealed that there is a positive impact of economic growth on urbanization. As nations embark on the path of development, migration from rural habitats to urban centres in search of better livelihood opportunities and better incomes among other things is a key feature of structural changes. Workers’ movement not only lifts their income and living standard but also thrusts them into the ‘consuming class’. As higher purchasing power puts them in a better position to consume more, this huge consuming class adds fuel to the engine of industrialization and urbanization. Economic growth, of course, is very critical to urban growth, but studies focusing on certain other variables which on a priori can be expected to influence urbanization rate are very less in number. Our country-specific diverse data approach to understand and analyse the correspondence between urbanization rate and level of economic growth controlling for some other variables (as important determinants of urbanization rate) demarcates (constitutes) a clear-cut departure from the often done micro-level or country-level studies using panel data approach for identifying the determinants of agglomeration economies. The objective of the present paper is to ascertain the key determinants of urbanization in India. Taking cross-section data of 28 states and two Union Territories (UTs) of India for which data was available in case of all the variables and making use of multiple regression technique and ordinary least squares test procedure, we find evidence that economic growth, industrialization and infrastructure are the three key determinants of urbanization rate in case of India.

This work reports the fabrication of SiO

NiGdxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles with x = 0.0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.10 were synthesized by co-precipitation method and effect of Gd3+ substitution on various properties of nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 has been studied. Formation of single phase cubic mixed spinel structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy and cations distribution has also been proposed from Rietveld refined data. Room temperature Mossbauer spectra showed two ferrimagnetic Zeeman sextets with one superparamagnetic doublet. Octahedral site occupancy of Gd3+ ions in these nanoparticles is suggested by Mossbauer parameters. Within the framework of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the ratio of cation concentration at tetrahedral and octahedral sites has been found to be consistent with proposed cation distribution. Magnetic measurements at room temperature exhibit the reduction in the saturation magnetization from 36 emu/gm to 4.9 emu/gm for x = 0.0 to 0.10 samples. The discrepancy in measured and calculated magnetic moment may be ascribed to the nonzero Yafet–Kittel angles of B site spins, which weaken A–B interaction. The coercivity decreases from 121 Oe to 48 Oe for x = 0.0 to 0.07 samples and again increases to 153 Oe for x = 0.10 sample. The degree of inversion calculated by Raman analysis varies with Gd3+ concentration which is supported by the variation of coercivity. The calculated spin numbers from electron spin resonance spectra decreases with Gd3+ doping which confirms the reduction in magnetization. Both dielectric constant and dielectric loss are found to decrease with the Gd3+ substitution because of the reduced hopping rate for Fe3+ at the octahedral sites in doped nanoparticles. Lower values of dielectric loss suggest that Gd3+ doped NiFe2O4 nanoparticles are suitable for high frequency microwave device applications.

Background The early administration of corticosteroids (CS) in patients with severe COVID-19 (hospitalized with need for supplemental oxygen) has been the only therapy to improve survival. However, the optimal dosing of CS remains unclear. Beginning March 2020 methylprednisolone (MP) in a dose of 40mg twice daily (high dose CS - HDC) was adopted at our institution. Based on emerging trials, this dose of MP was reduced to 16mg twice daily (moderate dose CS – MDC) in November 2020. The study aims to evaluate the outcome difference in patients receiving HDC versus MDC. Methods This pre-post quasi-experimental study was done at Henry Ford Hospital, an 877-bed tertiary care hospital in Detroit, Michigan. Consecutive patients in the HDC group from September 1, 2020 to November 15, 2020 were compared to the MDC group from November 30, 2020 to January 20, 2021. Only hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 were included. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included progression to mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay, discharge on supplemental oxygen and CS-associated adverse events. Patient demographics were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was planned to test the association between primary outcome and exposure. Results 470 patients were evaluated, 218 and 252 in the HDC and MDC groups respectively. Clinical characteristics and severity of illness on admission were comparable in both groups (Table 1). Among comorbidities - lung disease, cardiovascular disease and hypertension were higher in MDC. Antibiotic and tocilizumab use were lower in MDC. Significantly more patients in MDC group received oral CS. There was no difference in mortality between HDC and MDC through bivariate and multivariate analysis (14.7% and 13.5%, p < 0.712, adjusted OR 0.913 [0.514-1.619]) (Table 2,3). Median length of hospital stay was 5 and 6 days in HDC and MDC respectively (p < 0.001). There was no difference in CS-associated adverse events. Conclusion The survival in severe COVID-19 patients treated with MDC is comparable to HDC. Oral corticosteroids are an equally effective option. Disclosures Rachel Kenney, PharmD, Medtronic, Inc. (Other Financial or Material Support, spouse is an employee and shareholder)

Nanoparticles of CoGd x Fe 2−x O 4 with x=0.0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10 and 0.15 were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Gd 3+ substitution effect on different properties of nanocrystalline CoFe 2 O 4 has been studied. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of single phase cubic mixed spinel structure. Cation distribution has been proposed from Rietveld refined data. Mossbauer spectra at room temperature showed two ferrimagnetic Zeeman sextets with one superparamagnetic doublet. Mossbauer parameters suggested that Gd 3+ ions occupy the octahedral site in CoFe 2 O 4 . Room temperature magnetic measurements exhibited that the saturation magnetization decreased from 91 emu/gm to 54 emu/gm for x=0.0 to 0.15 samples. The coercivity decreased from 1120 Oe to 340 Oe for x=0.0 to 0.07 samples and increased from 400 Oe to 590 Oe for x=0.10 and 0.15 samples, respectively. Raman analysis showed that the degree of inversion with Gd 3+ substitution supporting the variation of coercivity. Electron spin resonance spectra revealed the dominancy of superexchange interactions in these samples. Optical band gap measurement suggested that all samples are indirect band gap materials and band gap has been decreased with Gd 3+ substitution. Both dielectric constant and dielectric loss is found to decrease because of the decrease in hopping rate with the Gd 3+ substitution for Fe 3+ at the octahedral sites. Low dielectric loss suggested the applicability of Gd 3+ doped CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles for high frequency microwave device applications.

In this study BiFeO3 (BFO), Bi0.9Dy0.1FeO3 (BDFO) and Bi0.9Dy0.1Fe0.97Zr0.03O3 (BDFZO) nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel route. X-ray diffraction study showed rhombohedral structure for BFO while orthorhombic structure for BDFO and BDFZO samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the dominancy of Fe3+ oxidation state in BDFO sample which decreases in BDFZO sample. All samples showed ferromagnetic behaviour with saturation magnetization of 0.5, 5.5 and 5.2 emu/g for BFO, BDFO and BDFZO samples, respectively. A slight decrease in magnetization for BDFZO sample as compared to BDFO sample may be attributed to the substitution of non-magnetic Zr4+ ion which does not take part directly in magnetization. Two-phonon Raman mode located at ∼1260 cm−1 showed anomalous intensity in pure BFO which subsequently suppressed for BDFO and BDFZO samples indicating spin-two phonon coupling in these samples. UV–Visible diffuse spectroscopy results showed that the band-gap of BFO, BDFO and BDFZO samples were 2.26, 2.22 and 2.24 eV, respectively, suitable for photocatalytic applications.

Nanoparticles of Co1−xNixFe2O4 with x=0.0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The structural analysis reveals the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure with a narrow size distribution between 13–17 nm. Transmission electron microscope images are in agreement with size of nanoparticles calculated from XRD. The field emission scanning electron microscope images confirmed the presence of nano-sized grains with porous morphology. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of Fe2+ ions with Fe3+. Room temperature magnetic measurements showed the strong influence of Ni2+ doping on saturation magnetization and coercivity. The saturation magnetization decreases from 91 emu/gm to 44 emu/gm for x=0.0–0.50 samples. Lower magnetic moment of Ni2+ (2 µB) ions in comparison to that of Co2+ (3 µB) ions is responsible for this reduction. Similarly, overall coercivity decreased from 1010 Oe to 832 Oe for x=0.0–0.50 samples and depends on crystallite size. Cation distribution has been proposed from XRD analysis and magnetization data. Electron spin resonance spectra suggested the dominancy of superexchange interactions in Co1−xNixFe2O4 samples. The optical analysis indicates that Co1−xNixFe2O4 is an indirect band gap material and band gap increases with increasing Ni2+ concentration. Dispersion behavior with increasing frequency is observed for both dielectric constant and loss tangent. The conduction process predominantly takes place through grain boundary volume. Grain boundary resistance increases with Ni2+ ion concentration.

This study deals with the removal of cationic dyes from the simulated wastewater using Fe

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Background::Computational or in silico studies are undertaken to assess the drug like properties of lead compounds. These studies help in fast prediction of relevant properties.Objective: :Through this review, an effort is made to encapsulate some of the important parameters which should be met by a compound for it to be considered as a potential drug candidate along with an overview of automated softwares which can be used for making various predictions.Methods::Drug uptake, its absorption, evacuation and associated hazardous effects are important factors for consideration in drug designing and should be known in early stages of drug development. Several important physicochemical properties like molecular weight, polar surface area (PSA), molecular flexibility etc. have to be taken into consideration in drug designing. Toxicological assessment is another important aspect of drug discovery which predicts the safety and adverse effects of a drug.Results: :Additionally, bioactivity scores of probable drug leads against various human receptors can also be predicted to evaluate the probability of them to act as a potential drug candidate. The in vivo biological targets of a molecule can also be efficiently predicted by molecular docking studies.Conclusion::Some important software like iGEMDOCK, AutoDock, OSIRIS property explorer, Molinspiration, MetaPrint2D, admetSAR and their working methodology and principle of working have been summarized in this review.