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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infections in the community and hospitals. Uropathogens colonize the urinary tract and may ascend to bladder causing cystitis, if left untreated reach kidneys through ureters can be responsible for acute pyelonephritis and cause renal damage. Aims: The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital. Settings & Design: This is an observational study conducted in Microbiology department, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki. Materials and Methods: A total of 623 urine(mid-stream) samples were collected from indoor and outdoor departments of hospital and culture was done on UTI chromogenic agar using semiquantitative method. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Prevalence of urinary tract infections is 29% in the study. (43%) is the most common micro-organism isolated followed by (13%), (11%), (10.4%), (8.8%), (3.3%), (1.6%), CONS & (1.1%) and (6.6%). The females(56.6%) are more commonly affected than males. Conclusion: In the present study, beta-lactamase inhibitors and aminoglycosides were effective drugs against gram negative bacteria. Vancomycin and linezolid were sensitive in gram positive bacteria. Nitrofurantoin is the promising drug in cases of uncomplicated UTI, and safe to use in pregnancy. High recurrence rates and antimicrobial resistance are responsible for increasing the burden of disease. It is advised to use the antibiotics judiciously as per the hospital antibiotic policy which will help prevent multidrug resistance micro-organism further reducing morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Escherichia coli, Urinary tract infections, Uropathogens.

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common clinical finding during pregnancy, and if it is asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), it can progress to pyelonephritis, leading to further complications. The present study aims to know the prevalence of ASB in pregnant females and the antimicrobial resistance pattern in our hospital setup. Materials and Methods: A total of 552 urine samples were collected from pregnant females (with no symptoms of UTI) both attending outpatient department and admitted in the wards of obstetrics and gynecology department. Urine culture was performed on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and UTI chromogenic agar. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the results were interpreted. Results: The prevalence rate of ASB in pregnant females was 17.4%. It was common in the age group of 25–33 years (60.4%). The infection rate was higher in the second trimester (43.7%) compared to the third (29.2%) and first (27.1%) trimester. Multiparity (60.4%) was a common finding in ASB during pregnancy. There was a significant finding of previous history of UTI (22.9%) and anemia (58.3%) associated with ASB in pregnant females. Escherichia coli (39.2%) was the most common microorganism isolated followed by Staphylococcus aureus (34.3%), Enterococcus faecalis (14.7%), Klebsiella (4.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (2.9%), and Citrobacter and Acinetobacter (1.9%). Most sensitive drugs to be given in ASB during pregnancy were nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin. Conclusion: It was emphasized that urine culture should be done in early antenatal visit as routine screening to identify ASB in pregnant females as it can prevent fetal and maternal complications.

Background & Objectives: Dermatophytosis is one of the commonest cutaneous infections and prevalence of different species varies with different geographical locations. The present study was undertaken to detect the etiological agents of Dermatophytosis up to species level by microscopy and culture, in a tertiary care rural hospital of Maharashtra. Methods:Patients, who attended the outdoor patients department of a tertiary care rural hospital with skin problems, were included in this cross sectional study. Specimens, such as, hairs, nails and skin scraping were collected from suspected cases. Direct microscopy using potassium hydroxide preparation and culture on Saboraud’s dextrose agar and dermatophytes test agar media were done. Isolates were identified up to species level following conventional methods. Results:Total 150 specimens were processed for dermatophytes from suspected cases of Dermatophytosis. Culture positive cases were 91(60.67%). Trichophyton rubrum (T rubrum) was the commonest isolate, i.e., 50(33.33%). Male, female ratio was 4:1. Age group 21 – 30 was most commonly involved. The most prevalent clinical type was Tinea corporis (42%). Conclusion:Dermatophytosis is not uncommon in our setup. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent transmission of infection. Identification up to species level is necessary because some dermatophytes are resistant to azole derivatives.

Background Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is very common among indoor burn patients. Metallo-I²-lactamases (MBLs) produced by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has increased considerably in recent years. This may cause phenotypic resistance to virtually all clinically available I² lactams. The drug resistance due to MBL has a potential for rapid spread to other micro organisms.  Method A prospective study was conducted over a period of 8 months. All the Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from infected burn wounds of patients admitted in burn ward.  Imipenem resistant isolates were further tested by Hodge test, disk potentiation test, double disk synergy test (DDST) and MBL E test. Results Out of total 140 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 42 (30%) were imipenem resistant, among which, 20 (14.28%) were non MBL producers and 22 (15.71%) were MBL producers. MBL producers were more resistant to commonly used antibiotics than non MBL producers. All isolates were sensitive to colistin (10µg) and polymyxin B (300 µg).  Conclusion Incidence of MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is relatively high in our set up. Simple methods for MBL production should be done routinely. Patients infected with MBL producing organisms should be promptly isolated and antibiotic stewardship programme should be made to prevent spreading of resistance.

Introduction: Non fermentative Gram negative bacilli (NF GNB) are being increasingly isolated from patients admitted in hospitals. Most of these isolates are multidrug resistant (MDR). Methods: Over a period of one year, all clinical samples were processed and NF GNB was identified up to species level following conventional method. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates were done following clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Out of 1498 clinical specimens, 320 (21.36%) isolates were identified as NF GNB. Maximum number of samples was blood, 90(28.12%), followed by pus, 84 (26.25%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P aeruginosa) was the commonest isolate, 192 (60%), followed by Pseudomonas species (P species), 58 (18.12%) & Acinetobacter baumannii (A baumannii), 46(14.37%). All isolates were MDR and were sensitive to polymyxin B, colistin and tigecycline. Conclusion: Multidrug resistant NF GNB was not uncommon in our hospital. All isolates were sensitive to polymyxin B, colistin and tigecycline. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics against these organisms should be avoided.