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Daniyal H Mirza,1,* Lucy Zha,1,* Claudia See,2 Isabella N Paoletti,1 Feng Dai,3 Mark Hocevar,4 Jinlei Li,5 Daniel Wiznia6 1Yale College, New Haven, CT, 06520-8241, USA; 2Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; 3Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; 4Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA; 5Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; 6Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jinlei Li, Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 20 York Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA, Tel +1 917-601-6828, Email jinlei.li@yale.eduBackground: The most common route of opioid delivery is nurse-administered pills. However, there are numerous challenges such as nursing burden, opioid diversion, medication delay, and patient dissatisfaction. In this study, we conducted two surveys, first to assess patients’ and nurses’ opinions on the current administration of opioids in pill form, followed by their attitudes towards an innovative concept of oral medication delivery based on a medical device currently undergoing research and development within the University, patient-controlled dispenser and deactivator (PCDD) that allows patients to self-administer liquid oral opioids on demand based on physician prescription.Methods: Questionnaires were developed, verified and deployed to assess nurse and post-surgical patient opinions on the current administration of opioids in pill form, as well as the proposed new concept of patient -controlled administration of oral liquid medication via an illustration of PCDD, from September 2022 through July 2023 at a major academic tertiary care center. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from postoperative patients and nurses from surgical specialties including General Surgery, Surgical Oncology, Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics, and Neurosurgery.Results: Forty-three patients and 53 nurses were interviewed. Seventy percent of patients frequently called nurses for pain medication post-surgery 1– 4 times daily, and 32% of patients were told each day by nurses that they could not receive medication because they were not due yet. Medication delay caused 24% of patients to worry about nursing availability for medication delivery. Likewise, nurses reported that half of patients receive delayed medication (22 minutes median delay time) and half of nursing time was spent administering pain medication. Nurses expressed moderate satisfaction with their current delivery of medication (median satisfaction score 6.5 out of 10). When being introduced to the concept of PCDD via a product illustration, 15% of patients said that they prefer liquid medication and 51% said they prefer PCDD or were interested in trying it.Conclusion: Nurse-administered pills are a common but suboptimal method for postoperative pain management. Based on patient and nurse feedback, patient controlled self-administered liquid oral opioid delivery is conceptually innovative, practically viable and potentially a preferred alternative for timely and less nurse-exhaustive pain management.Keywords: pain management, opioid, survey, nursing, patient-controlled analgesia pump

A hybrid pulse interval modulation code-division multiple-access (hPIM-CDMA) scheme employing the strict optical orthogonal code (SOCC) with unity and auto- and cross-correlation constraints for indoor optical wireless communications is proposed. In this paper, we analyse the symbol error rate (SER) and bit error rate (BER) of hPIM-CDMA. In the analysis, we consider multiple access interference (MAI), self-interference, and the hybrid nature of the hPIM-CDMA signal detection, which is based on the matched filter (MF). It is shown that the BER/SER performance can only be evaluated if the bit resolution M conforms to the condition set by the number of consecutive false alarm pulses that might occur and be detected, so that one symbol being divided into two is unlikely to occur. Otherwise, the probability of SER and BER becomes extremely high and indeterminable. We show that for a large number of users, the BER improves when increasing the code weight w . The results presented are compared with other modulation schemes.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.05.034 Byline: M.G. Tomasko, L.R. Doose, L.E. Dafoe, C. See Keywords: Titan Abstract: The Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) instrument on the Huygens probe into the atmosphere of Titan yielded information on the size, shape, optical properties, and vertical distribution of haze aerosols in the atmosphere of Titan [Tomasko, M.G., Doose, L., Engel, S., Dafoe, L.E., West, R., Lemmon, M., Karkoschka, E., 2008. Planet. Space Sci. 56, 669-707] from photometric and spectroscopic measurements of sunlight in Titan's atmosphere. This instrument also made measurements of the degree of linear polarization of sunlight in two spectral bands centered at 491 and 934nm. Here we present the calibration and reduction of the polarization measurements and compare the polarization observations to models using fractal aggregate particles which have different sizes for the small dimension (monomer size) of which the aggregates are composed. We find that the Titan aerosols produce very large polarizations perpendicular to the scattering plane for scattering near 90[degrees] scattering angle. The size of the monomers is tightly constrained by the measurements to a radius of 0.04[+ or -]0.01[mu]m at altitudes from 150km to the surface. The decrease in polarization with decreasing altitude observed in red and blue light is as expected by increasing dilution due to multiple scattering at decreasing altitudes. There is no indication of particles that produce small amounts of linear polarization at low altitudes. Author Affiliation: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA Article History: Received 3 September 2008; Revised 1 May 2009; Accepted 5 May 2009

Author(s): M. G. Tomasko [1]; B. Archinal [2]; T. Becker [2]; B. Bézard [3]; M. Bushroe [1]; M. Combes [3]; D. Cook [2]; A. Coustenis [3]; C. de Bergh [3]; [...]