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The relevance of the study is dictated by the increased interest in regional history and the growing role of the anthropogenic factor in arid territories. The purpose of this article is to study the problem of the formation of socio-economic infrastructure on the territory of the settled villages of the Stavropol province in the context of the imperial policy of transferring nomadic peoples to settled life. Based on the analysis of documentary materials from the funds of the State Archive of the Stavropol Territory, using the methods of historical anthropology and historical geography, the paperwork documentation of the office of the Stavropol governor and the Department of Nomadic Peoples was examined. The authors pay special attention to the aspect of the expression of the will of the people at public gatherings, recorded in the verdicts passed at them. It was the practice of jointly resolving the main issues of the life of society, transferred from nomadic society, then legalized by the authorities in regulatory legal acts, that allowed nomads to adapt to the conditions of a new way of managing. As a result, the authorities, based on the established practice of nomadic farming, developed measures to organize the socio-economic infrastructure in the settled villages. The study revealed the absence of a clear policy of the imperial authorities on the transfer of nomads to settled life. The very difficult process of introducing nomads to settled life is shown, which led to their ranking into certain groups depending on their material well-being.

In this study, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary lifestyle of young adults were evaluated. The cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals aged 18–35 years between December 2021 and March 2022. In the study, sedentary life was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), screening time and the Brief Eating Behaviors Questionnaire. 397 people participated in the study and the mean age was 24.41 ± 4.18. Body Mass Index (BMI), time spent in front of the screen, need for psychosocial support, and Short Diet Behaviors Questionnaire (SDBQ) scores showed a significant increase during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period (respectively; p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). It has been observed that there is an increase in the time spent in front of the screen, worsening in eating behaviors, decrease in physical activity, and an increase in BMI values of young adults during pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long-term effects of childhood screen time on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between screen time during adolescence and sex-specific HRQoL in early youth. Methods: We studied the data from 642 adolescents aged 13-19 years, who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study from 2005 to 2011 (baseline) with complete data on HRQoL in their early adulthood (22-28 years at the last follow-up). Physical and Mental HRQoL were assessed using the Iranian version of the short-form 12-item health survey version 2 (SF-12v2). Screen time and leisure-time physical activity were evaluated using the Iranian Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ). All analyses were conducted in Stata (version 14); MI used the mi impute command. Results: The mean ± SD of age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity in childhood were 16.33 ± 1.27, 23.27 ± 4.63 and 13.77 ± 16.07, respectively. Overall, 35% of boys and 34% of girls had high screen time (HST) in childhood. In general, the HRQoL scores in male participants were higher than in females in both the mental and physical domains. HST in males in childhood was associated with decreased mental health (β = -6.41, 95% CI: -11.52, -1.3 and P = 0.014), social functioning (β = -5.9, 95% CI: -11.23, -0.57 and P = 0.03) and mental component summary (MCS) (β = -2.86, 95% CI: -5.26, -0.45 and P = 0.02). The odds of poor MCS were significantly higher in those with HST compared to their counterparts with low screen time (LST) after adjusting for all potential cofounders. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed the negative effect of screen time during adolescence on HRQoL in early youth. This effect was observed in men, mainly in the mental dimension. Investigating the long-term consequences of screen-time behaviors on self-assessed health in other populations with the aim of effective primary prevention is also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep breeding and feeding in the steppe areas of Algeria is often linked to the use of pastures, but in light of climatic changes, drought, and deterioration of pastures, sheep breeders resorted to adopting pastoral agriculture to meet the needs of their livestock as a result of the deterioration of pastures, in addition to determining the patterns of livestock breeding in the Ain Ben Khelile region, Nâama Province (western Algeria). From a natural area characterised by a stepic environment in the region of Ain Ben Khelile wilaya of Nâama West of Algeria, A 02 year's field survey and investigation (2021-2022), 50 farmers who agreed to cooperate in the research were randomly selected to engage in agriculture and animal husbandry. These farms are also located in a lower arid bioclimatic zone with cool winters. The methodological approach followed to carry out our study requires the use of appropriate observation or survey methods and the use of analysis means adapted to the situations encountered. In this context, the means used to carry out this work are based on documentary research, surveys and observations. Based on field investigations, three main categories of livestock breeders were distinguished the farmers surveyed have at least an education level thanks to the reforms carried out by the Algerian state in the field of rural development and that this profession did not remain the prerogative of illiterate people. The majority of educators surveyed are elderly as 52% of educators surveyed are between 36 and 50 years of age and 42% of educators surveyed have a primary education. It seems that the breeding of the Ouled Djellal and Rembi sheep breed is of great interest to livestock breeders because of its rusticity and ease of fattening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify and examine available literature addressing physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in the workplace in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. Design: Scoping Review Method: Academic and gray literature databases were searched for studies published prior to April 2021. Only studies conducted in the GCC region, available in Arabic or English, and addressing workplace PA were included. Results: Ten studies were identified; seven intervention studies, a cross-sectional study, a peer-reviewed brief report, and a 5-year strategy document. For the interventional studies, duration ranged from 3–26 weeks. Interventions delivered varied and included those focusing on multiple behaviour (diet and physical activity), walking challenges, and supervised exercise in paid time. Most included behavior change strategies like prompts, incentives, and education. PA was only measured in four intervention studies with most reporting no significant changes. The one study that reported significant changes from a national workplace walking challenge had a less robust study design and methods making these results difficult to interpret. Studies were hampered by poor study design and reporting of research and intervention details. Two studies reported hot weather and lack of time as barriers to workplace-PA in the GCC region. Conclusions: Literature on workplace PA and SB interventions in the GCC region is limited. Well-designed studies using standardised measures are required to assess PA interventions in GCC workplaces. Further, higher quality research is required to assess motivators and barriers to workplace PA in the GCC to develop sustainable workplace PA interventions.

Objectives: To identify and examine available literature addressing physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in the workplace in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. Design: Scoping Review. Method: Academic and gray literature databases were searched for studies published prior to April 2021. Only studies conducted in the GCC region, available in Arabic or English, and addressing workplace PA were included. Results: Ten studies were identified; seven intervention studies, a cross-sectional study, a peer-reviewed brief report, and a 5-year strategy document. For the interventional studies, duration ranged from 3-26 weeks. Interventions delivered varied and included those focusing on multiple behaviour (diet and physical activity), walking challenges, and supervised exercise in paid time. Most included behavior change strategies like prompts, incentives, and education. PA was only measured in four intervention studies with most reporting no significant changes. The one study that reported significant changes from a national workplace walking challenge had a less robust study design and methods making these results difficult to interpret. Studies were hampered by poor study design and reporting of research and intervention details. Two studies reported hot weather and lack of time as barriers to workplace-PA in the GCC region. Conclusions: Literature on workplace PA and SB interventions in the GCC region is limited. Well-designed studies using standardised measures are required to assess PA interventions in GCC workplaces. Further, higher quality research is required to assess motivators and barriers to workplace PA in the GCC to develop sustainable workplace PA interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern medusae are primarily macroscopic, free‐swimming marine organisms with a tetraradial symmetry. But the early Cambrian medusozoans, such as biradial Hexaconularia sichuanensis and tetraradial Quadrapyrgites quadratacris from the basal Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation in South China, were millimeter‐scale and sedentary forms. Although well‐documented as common components in a shelf environment, little is known about their in situ life conditions since they are easily transported by tidal flow before burial. Specifically, the interactions between their exoskeleton shapes and the hydrodynamic conditions are poorly known. Here we use fluid–structure interaction computational fluid dynamics to analyze the functional performance of the two taxa using 3D mesh models constructed from scanned fossils. The simulation experiments reveal that: (a) due to their millimeter‐scale size, most sedentary small shelly fossils (SSFs), including those of medusozoans lived within the viscous sublayer range of tidal flow; (b) the biradial symmetry of Hexaconularia was more structurally stable than the tetraradial symmetry of Quadrapyrgites; (c) different orientations of Hexaconularia, relative to the water flow, resulted in different force distributions on the surface. This research provides quantitative data of the hydrodynamic conditions of SSFs in shelf environments and critical insights into the biotic replacement of the early Cambrian benthic medusozoan community. Plain Language Summary: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method in recent 5 years has been proved to be an effective tool to address functional morphology of macrofossils. However, it has never been applied to microfossils, particularly those from the early Cambrian, which have played increasingly important roles in understanding the origin of animal phyla and stepwise establish of complex food web during the Ediacaran‐ Cambrian transitional period. In this study we examined the fluid dynamics of millimeter‐scale sedentary medusozoan fossils (Quadrapyrgites quadratacris and Hexaconularia sichuanensis) from the Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation in South Chian using 3D mesh models and computational fluid dynamics. The results reveal that even microscopic morphological characteristics (shapes, symmetry patterns and orientations) can lead to significant differences in hydrodynamic effects, which may exert further influence on their lifestyles and evolution. This research first introduces CFD to the field of early Cambrian microfossils and paves the way for more sophisticated simulations in the future, leading us to a better understanding of the role hydrodynamics played in the natural selection of early Cambrian sedentary benthos. Key Points: Hydrodynamics related with the viscous flow layer profoundly affected the Cambrian millimeter‐scale benthic medusozoansThe biradial symmetry is more adaptable to shelf environments than the tetraradial formThis could help to explain the biotic replacement of the early Cambrian benthic medusozoan community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemsirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Hemsirelik Fakultesi Elektronik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: A great threat of a novel virus – coronavirus otherwise known as COVID-19 pandemic rocked the entire world in the wake of the year 2020. The threat is so strenuous that the entire world was placed on lockdown in the matter of social restriction such as on international and national transport links, market or business transactions, school and organizational activities, and all related social and religious gatherings. This restriction might change people's lifestyle. This study was aimed at assessing the lifestyle changes caused by the pandemic among Nigerians. Methodology: A web based cross sectional survey was conducted using an e-questionnaire. A paired t-test, independent t-test were used to test hypothesis while mean, frequency, and percentage were used to summarize the data. Results: Majority of the participants were male (72.1%), single (83.2%), and middle class (79.5%) of social status. There was a decrease in the habit of consuming meals routinely at regular intervals during COVID-19 (19.4% vs 25.7%). There were significant differences in eating patterns before and during COVID-19 (P<0.05). Likewise, significant differences in physical activity before and during COVID-19 were observed. Conclusion: Some of the protocol put in place in curtailing the virus has been proven to have a positive impact on the lifestyle of Nigerians Such health benefits include but not limited to an increase in moderate exercise, increase in the consumption of healthy and reduction in the consumption of unhealthy food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sports Sciences Research / Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Sport Sciences Researches / Spor Bilimleri Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, the author set out to test the procedure for studying the size of dwellings from the perspective of the household using the Sosnovy Ostrov culture of the Late Neolithic as an example. This implies considering the house collective as being maximally adapted to local environmental conditions and as being optimal in size for the implementation of a specific type of economic activity associated with the household. The study covers the south-ern taiga zone of the Tobol basin area (the border region between the Urals and Western Siberia) in the first half of 5th millennium Cal ВС. In the course of the systematic source analysis, the author employed the methods commonly used in natural science, geography and the humanities: topographic, hypsometric, planigraphic, com-parative ethnographic, etc. It was found that the dwellings of the Sosnovy Ostrov culture were large in sizes (60–125 m2) as compared to the dwellings of other Neolithic cultures in the Trans-Urals. In addition, a pattern in the location of villages relative to the water network was shown. They are situated close to lake isthmuses and well-head capes (located downstream of a tributary mouth). The analysis of settlements revealed in-depth long-term dwellings, as well as light structures and utility pits located inside and outside of dwellings. This fact, along with the material distribution, suggests the sedentary lifestyle of the population. A settled way of life in the context of appropriating economy is possible only if the population possess a highly productive skill. The modelling of the situation, drawing on the ethnographic data available for these territories, indicates that the population was en-gaged in weir fishing. This conclusion is consistent with paleoclimatic reconstructions and the topography of the settlements. In addition, it is indirectly confirmed by a large number of woodworking tools in the stone inventory. The construction and maintenance of a weir require the coordinated work of a large team, which correlates with the size of the Sosnovy Ostrov dwellings. The presence of a common hearth in the dwellings suggests that the Sosnovy Ostrov households were built on the principles of undivided authority and existed in the form of large (extended) families. The study results indicate a high informative potential of a dwelling when considered from the perspective of a household adapted to the specific conditions.

The impact of lockdown on life style and behaviour have piqued the interest of people and scientific community, all over the world. It has been demonstrated that in some countries, mandatory stay-at-home limitations and self-isolation measures are linked to an increase in sleeping hours and smoking cigarettes per day. However, these results derive from countries that lockdown had different features and length, and it is possible that society, culture, customs, ecological or other factors may independently or in combination affect life style habits (such sleeping and smoking) in different populations. So, we focus on sleeping and smoking changes in Greek adults during the lockdown of early COVID-19 presence in Greece. Therefore, our aim was to investigate whether lockdown alters smoking and sleeping habits and whether physical activity (PA), gender, age or body mass index (BMI) play a role. The modified online-based Active-Q (Greek version) questionnaire (see Supplementary file 1_Active-Q_modyfied) was used to collect data prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (PRE condition) and during physical distancing and lockdown measures (POST condition). The data period collection was from April 4 to April 19, 2020 (15 days in total) and respondents classified into four PA categories based on their sporting activities (PRE condition), five age categories and four BMI categories, which corresponding to different subgroup. Overall, sleeping hours change (from PRE to POST condition) was 11.80% and smoking cigarettes per day change was 9.35%. However, it appears that between the different subgroups significant differences were also identified.

There is a worldwide interest in how lockdown affects physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although it has been shown that the mandated stay-at-home restrictions and self-isolation measures applied in different countries were accosiated with a reduction in physical exercise and activity, such results derive from studying only specific periods of lockdown. However, in order for this hypothesis to be tested, consecutive lockdown periods need to be examined separately. In this study we focus on PA change in Greek adults over time, during each of the last four weeks of lockdown in Greece. The web-based Active-Q questionnaire (see Supplementary file 1_Active-Q) was used to collect data prior to the COVID-19 crisis (PRE condition) and during lockdown measures (POST condition). The period of data collection (5 April to 3 May 2020) was divided into four phases (Ph-I, Ph-II, Ph-III, Ph-V), corresponding to the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th lockdown week respectively (out of a six-week total lockdown). There were four independent groups of respondents (G-I, G-II, G-III, G-V) who reported their age, weight, height and usual PA habits. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated (MET-min/week; see Supplementary file 2_Data) in four main different domains (daily occupation activities, means of transportation to and from daily occupation, leisure time and regular sporting activities; see Supplementary file 3_Corresponding MET values). Each group's dataset corresponded to one of the aforementioned phases (G-I to Ph-I, G-II to Ph-II, and so on). Overall PA change (from PRE to POST condition) ranged from -21.50% in G-I (Ph-I) to -5.03 in G-V (Ph-V); PA change in male subgroups ranged from -26.10% in Ph-I to -13.64 in Ph-V; in female subgroups it ranged from -17.42% in Ph-I to -1.39 in Ph-V. Although the decline in overall PA is evident in all groups during each lockdown phase (p

The Bedouins who live nomadically have existed for a long time in the desert region of Arabia. They existed before and during the time of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), when the cities in Arabia were still limited in number and level of population. They led a pastoralist life by herding livestock, especially camels. The Bedouins often appear in stories relating to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), usually anonymous, with their typical characters of rudeness, discourtasy and lack of knowledge. They came to Makkah and Madīnah from time to time. Sometimes they involved in tribal warfare among themselves or against the emerging Islamic sovereignty. Urban society may play an important socio-political role and has more prominent leadership in the region, but the existence of the Bedouin society cannot be said to be unimportant in the structure of society at that time. Understanding the characteristics and the relation between the Bedouins and the sedentary people is actually important to understand the development of society and civilization, as suggested by the explanation of Ibn Khaldūn in his Muqaddimah. The objective of this study is to elucidate the characteristics of nomadic and sedentary societies and the relationship between the two in the era of the Prophet (PBUH) as well as the Islamic attitude towards these two patterns of life. This research is a historical study that uses the Qur’an and Hadīth as its main sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research report sheds light on the scarcely known world of Sinti fairground workers living in the Modena province in Italy's Emilia-Romagna region. The families described herein alternate between a settled life in winter and an itinerant one in summer. In wintertime, they remain in a so-called 'micro-area' situated in the Modena province. In summer, the families that live together during the winter months leave the microarea and spread out following precise itineraries. This report, based on ethnographic fieldwork, reveals the intricate pattern that connects working activities, family ties, spatial strategies and relations with the local authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Apart from many positive changes associated with technical civilization, there are also - from the health point of view - some threats. The reduction in the level of physical activity is one of them. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there are any relationships between children's physical activity and behaviors, and to assess the impact of the adults' activity on their children's habits.Material and methods: The study involved a group of 340 children aged 7-12 years (mean age: 9.81 ±1.7) and their parents. In order to evaluate children's physical activity and the amount of time that they spend with electronic devices, an original questionnaire and the IPAQ questionnaire were used.Results: Children usually use electronic devices between 2 and 7 days per week (mean: 4.74 ±0.86), regardless of sex (p > 0.09) and spend between 5 and 1620 min per week (mean: 459.46 ±308.1) with their mobile phone, tablet, PCs and TVs. 67.92% of boys and 69.61% of girls lead an active lifestyle. The children's activity level depends on their parents' level of activity (p < 0.000001). Parents of semi-active children lead a lifestyle with a moderate level of physical activity.Conclusions: The level of physical activity in younger children depends on the children's relationship with their parents and their level of activity. Children spend a lot of free time with their electronic devices. It is necessary to develop and implement activities intended to raise awareness of children and their families about the effects of hypokinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of the research was to compare morphology of Iraqi students of the first and fourth years of study with mostly sedentary style of life. Material/Methods The research involved 88 students of the first year of study and 88 students of the fourth year of study of the University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Basic anthropometric measurements were taken of the body mass, straight-linear dimensions, parts of extremities' circumferences, skin-fat folds. Results The fourth-year students had significantly greater body mass as compared to the firstyear students. Their linear dimensions were higher, even though insignificantly; their circumferences and skin-fat folds were significantly higher. BMI was for both groups within a norm, but the fourth-year students had a greater value of this index. Conclusions It could be concluded that the sedentary style of life was the reason for higher values of body dimensions, especially skin-fat folds, in students of the fourth year of study. Another reason was probably lack of exercise and westernization of lifestyle, especially fast food consumption. The city and university administration should establish places for all people in order to prepare the neighbourhoods for exercising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate difference of Physical Activity and Sedentary Life according to Health and Obesity status. A total of 4,783 adults participated in this study. The subjects were divided to four group(metabolically healthy normal weight; MHNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolically healthy obesity; MHO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; MUO) and analyzed clinical character, physical activity, and sedentary life time. As results, Compared with MHNW, MHO was higher physical activity and sedentary time but there was no notable differences. Compared with MHNW, MUNW was higher physical activity and lower sedentary time but there was no notable differences. Compared with MUNW, MHO was lower physical activity and sedentary time but there was no notable differences. In conclusion, we suggest that MHO has high physical activity comparing nomal weight group relatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction This metabolic syndrome case was written to illustrate the connections between a lifestyle change involving nutrition and a sedentary life, and the consequent comorbidities. Since this case is presented towards the end of the medical biochemistry course in our first-year medical curriculum, several metabolic pathways are revisited and the interactions between them are mapped, thereby showing an overall effect on different organs in the human body Methods This clinical-based workshop takes approximately 2 hours. The majority of the session is spent on the final discussion of the case with each group where students are given the opportunity to ask clarifying questions. The session concludes with a 15-minute individual case quiz that consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. This case can be implemented in different teaching approaches such as problem-based learning, team-based learning, or, in our case, concept mapping workshops, and any hybrids thereof. Results Our data from the quiz and exam questions related to this material suggest that the concepts illustrated by this case were well understood by students. The average score of the attached case quiz was 83%. The case-related material was also tested in three questions on the unit 4 exam, and students scored 81%, 98%, and 98%, respectively, while the overall average of the unit exam was 81%. These data indicate that students effectively retained and applied their knowledge of this case. Discussion The prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities in developed countries is a growing concern for the medical community. This case comprehensively connects biochemical concepts to the importance of nutritional choices in order to provide a thorough understanding of the causes and prevention of the obesity epidemic. This acquired knowledge enables future physicians to educate their patients and their communities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of physical activity and sedentary life in metabolically healthy obesity(MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity(MUO). A total of 1585 middle-aged obesity men and women participated in this study. The subjects were divided to MHO(n=840) and MUO(n=745) by metabolic syndrome markers(National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ). We analyzed measurement data using t-test. As results, physical activity and exercise participant between group had not significant difference in men subjects. But, in women subjects, total physical activity volume and muscle strength exercise participant between group had a significant difference. In conclusion, we suggest that physical activity and exercise participant are important factors affecting health status in the same level of obesity women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of the present study is to apply cardiac rehabilitation (CR) to the sedentary cases with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and to investigate the effect of CR on the various blood parameters and aerobic capacity of the cases. Method: The study included 106 individuals with sedentary life. Age, smoking history, presence of anxiety, CVD and DM history, pulmonary disease history, alcohol use, dietary habits, lipid profile, ECHO test of the patients were determined before the cardiac rehabilitation application. Furthermore, body mass index (BMI) values, weight, waist-hip-thigh circumference, lipid profile, Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET), and VO2 Max of all patients were measured. The patients who had a sedentary lifestyle were then put to respiratory function test, submaximal exercise test, and ECG-CB monitoring and treadmill-ergometric stress tests. The patients who responded well to the tests were included in an aerobic program for 12 weeks (30-50 min of aerobic exercise, 5 days/3 weeks) based on the exercise tolerance test according to their clinical condition. Besides, the parametric measurements, which had been conducted prior to the aerobic program, and the results of the pre and post tests were evaluated and compared at the end of the 12th week. Results: There were meaningful improvements in body weights, BMI, waist and hip and EKO measurements of the individuals included in the study (p<0.005). The difference between triglyceride, HDL, LDL, MET, AT, VO2 max and body fat rate of the study participants before and after CR were found statistically significant (p<0.005). Conclusions: In the present study, CR applied to individuals having sedentary lifestyle has positive impacts on BMI decrease, body fat rate and lipids. Besides, CR achieves a significant increase in aerobic capacity in individuals having sedentary lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant's celebrity was enhanced not only by his three critiques, but also by his lifestyle and biography. Over time, historians have emphasised Kant's life as the most sedentary life that a philosopher has ever lived. Nonetheless, the author of the article argues that historians' research was not sufficient. Behind Kant's biography lies a true metaphysical principle that coordinated his life. A sedentary life is fundamentally metaphysical. What is the principle of such a life? The author attempts to shed some light over this enigmatic issue that historians have passed on without focusing on the principle that lied beneath it. The idea of this article is that Kant's sedentary life revolves around a certain way in which he regarded the element as the metaphysical principle of life itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Physical exercise has anti-inflammatory effects. Interleukin-18 is an inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein is an acute phase protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of circulating levels of Interleukin-18 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to endurance and resistance training in inactive lean men. Materials & Methods: In a semi-expetrimental trial study in 2011 in Boukan and Saghez Cities, Iran, 28 sedentary lean men were purposefully chosen and randomly placed at 3 groups endurance training, resistance training and control. Height, weight, body mass index, body fat percent, maximal oxygen consumption, serum levels of Interleukin-18, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (after12h fasting) were assessed prior to and after the training. Endurance training and resistance training were accomplished for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey ad hoc tests. Findings: Serum levels of Interleukin-18 (p=0.098) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p=0.11) were similar in three groups before the training. Also, no significant differences were observed in serum levels of Interleukin-18 (p=0.159) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p=0.19) among the groups after the training. Conclusion: The circulating levels of Interleukin-18 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein do not change following 12 weeks of endurance and resistance training in inactive lean men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims. Diet and lifestyle in school-age children have a particularly large impact on health, as well as various consequences in future. The objective of this papers it to assess the relationship between lifestyle and daily diet and the effects of an unhealthy diet. Material and Methods. An observational cohort study was conducted in Bucharest, in three schools and one high school on 100 children, between 2011 and 2013. The criterion for inclusion was the appropriate age (school-age). The protocol consisted in clinical examination, body mass index (BMI) calculation, questions about diet, physical activity and time spent watching television (TV). Results. Most children do not respect a schedule of meals and snacks (78%). Unhealthy diet (fast food, carbonated beverages, chocolate) registered higher preferences. Mean TV time was 2.32 hours/day (SD=1.92) and a strong evidence on relationship between age and number of hours allocated to TV was discovered (p< .01). Four percent of children were found to be under the 5th percentile (underweight), 18% between 85th and 95th percentile (overweight) and 14% above 95th percentile (obesity). Conclusions. A sedentary life in this case was mainly determined by the time spent daily in front of the television rather than lack of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing webs for survival is rare in wolf spiders. However, some species, postulated as basal in the family, live in funnel-webs. Aglaoctenus lagotis (Holmberg 1876), a South American lycosid, lives permanently in webs. It is virtually unknown how web construction occurs for this species and the few other lycosid weavers. Also, costs associated with construction have not been studied, although funnels are suggested to be particularly costly webs. This study describes the funnel-web construction behavior of A. lagotis (Lycosidae: Sosippinae) and measures its costs in subadult and adult individuals. We recorded web construction, effects of sealing spinnerets in weaving activity, and immune costs of weaving (measuring melanization of an implant) in individuals allowed to weave and prevented from weaving. Construction consisted of three alternating behaviors: deposition of thick threads with a radial orientation and prolonged attachments (mainly involving the anterior spinnerets); deposition of swaths of fine threads without consistent orientation and with short attachments (mainly involving the posterior spinnerets); and motionlessness. No sticky threads are present in the web. The thick threads have a supporting function and the fine threads have a filling function. Subadults and males allowed to weave reduced their immune response compared with those prevented from weaving; no such relationship was observed for females. Males presented the weakest immune response, followed by subadults and females. The web construction process showed greater similarity with agelenid spiders than with the only other lycosid studied, Sosippus janus Brady 1972, and appears to be a costly activity, especially for males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Neolithization has been used to examine a wide range of human relationships to the post-glacial environment, including the rise of farming and the invention of new adaptive technologies, like pottery. This paper focuses on understanding the establishment of sedentary life-ways by Jomon hunter-fisher-gatherers living around Lake Biwa, Central Japan, as a key aspect of Neolithization processes. Natural landscapes in this area presented different opportunities for human subsistence and settlement. Focusing on the characteristics and distribution of key aquatic and terrestrial resources, it is clear that two settlement strategies could have been sustained by local hunter-fisher-gatherer populations. The first involved targeting settlement in areas with complementary resources to avoid the risk of seasonal shortfalls; these areas are, however, limited geographically and would have filled up quickly. The second strategy involved a more elaborate approach to the logistics of mobility and food storage to secure the resources to sustain a settled life; this strategy opened up much larger areas for colonization. This analysis demonstrates that early populations initially favored the first strategy, but then shifted to the second, as population pressures generated major landscape shifts toward the end of the Middle Jomon period (4000 cal BP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is organic in nature, with vascular etiologies being the most common risk factors. Although there have been sufficient data on the relationship between ED and several well-recognized risk factors, including aging, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and pelvic surgeries, little attention has been paid by the urologists to the role of lifestyle factors in ED. However, accumulating data from basic science and clinical studies have determined a link between the occurrence of ED and a number of lifestyle factors, such as smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity. The application of findings from animal and human studies to the clinical practice regarding the modification of lifestyle factors could help improving ED as well as reducing the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases. This communication addresses the impact of lifestyle factors on erectile function and the potential benefits of modifying these factors to improve ED in respect to the current evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the associations of body fatness, TV-watching time, and physical activity with the occurrences of asthma and respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren in Taipei, Taiwan. A questionnaire survey was conducted to elicit episodes of respiratory symptoms and data on lifestyle and anthropometric factors in 2290 5th-grade schoolchildren. Results show that overweight was positively associated with 5 of the 7 respiratory symptoms. The risk of having respiratory symptoms increased 47%-94% in overweight schoolchildren. Watching TV ≥ 3 hrs/day was associated with more occurrences of respiratory symptoms (aOR = 1.42-1.90). Physical activity ≥3 times/week was associated with fewer occurrences of respiratory symptoms (aOR = 0.66-0.73). Overweight was positively associated with an increased risk of suspected asthma in boys (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.07-2.29), but not in girls. In summary, overweight and greater TV-watching time increase the risk of respiratory symptoms, while habitual physical activity decreases the risk of respiratory symptoms. Weight status, sedentary life, and frequency of physical exercise are the factors that can impact on the respiratory health of schoolchildren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of lockdown on life style and behaviour have piqued the interest of people and scientific community, all over the world. It has been demonstrated that in some countries, mandatory stay-at-home limitations and self-isolation measures are linked to an increase in sleeping hours and smoking cigarettes per day. However, these results derive from countries that lockdown had different features and length, and it is possible that society, culture, customs, ecological or other factors may independently or in combination affect life style habits (such sleeping and smoking) in different populations. So, we focus on sleeping and smoking changes in Greek adults during the lockdown of early COVID-19 presence in Greece. Therefore, our aim was to investigate whether lockdown alters smoking and sleeping habits and whether physical activity (PA), gender, age or body mass index (BMI) play a role. The modified online-based Active-Q (Greek version) questionnaire (see Supplementary file 1&#95;Active-Q&#95;modyfied) was used to collect data prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (PRE condition) and during physical distancing and lockdown measures (POST condition). The data period collection was from April 4 to April 19, 2020 (15 days in total) and respondents classified into four PA categories based on their sporting activities (PRE condition), five age categories and four BMI categories, which corresponding to different subgroup. Overall, sleeping hours change (from PRE to POST condition) was 11.80% and smoking cigarettes per day change was 9.35%. However, it appears that between the different subgroups significant differences were also identified., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships which have, or could be perceived to have, influenced the work reported in this article., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.)

It is well known that physical inactivity increases the risk of global death; however, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown strategy on physical activity (PA) remains unclear. This study compared PA—i.e., daily occupation, transportation to and from daily occupation, leisure time activities, and regular sporting activities—prior (PRE) and during (POST) the on-going COVID-19 outbreak in the Greece lockdown environment. A Greek version of the web-based Active-Q questionnaire was used to access PA. The questionnaire was filled out twice (once each for the PRE and POST conditions) by 8495 participants (age = 37.2 ± 0.2 years (95% confidence interval (CI), 36.9–37.5); males = 38.3% (95%CI, 36.7–40.0); females = 61.7% (95%CI, 60.4–63.0). The relative frequency of overall sporting activities, which, prior to lockdown, occurred at least once per month, and overall participation in competitive sports was significantly reduced (8.6% (95%CI, 7.9–9.3) and 84.7% (95%CI, 82.9–86.6) respectively). With the exception of overall leisure time activities, which were significantly increased in the POST condition, daily occupational, transportation, and sporting activities significant reduced (p < 0.05). Overall PA was reduced in all genders, age, body mass index (BMI) and PA level subgroups in the POST condition, and an interaction between the males and High PA subgroups was observed. The change in overall PA (from PRE to POST conditions) was −16.3% (95%CI, −17.3 to −15.4), while in daily occupational, transportation, and sporting activities, it was −52.9% (95%CI, −54.8–51.0), −41.1% (95%CI, −42.8–39.5) and −23.9% (95%CI, −25.1–22.8), respectively. Thus, the lockdown period is highly associated with a negative change in overall PA. During lockdown, inactivity increased dramatically, with males and the high PA population affected significantly more. The decline in PA is a great concern due to possible long-term consequences on public health and healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]