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In today’s competitive and connected environment, many countries value effective management of solar energy due to both technological developments and government policies which consider renewable energy improvement along with the effective use of resources. In light of this, in this study, three different locations representing Igdir University, Melekli and Kulluk local regions of Turkey are examined to find the best place for setting up a solar PV power plant. First, the optimum azimuth angle of each location is found in terms of Ed, Em, Hd and Hm values taking daily and monthly irradiation via both pyranometer and Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). Then, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to evaluate locations taking into consideration both quantitative and qualitative factors which play an effective role on the electricity production. The problem is solved in two ways; i) using the exact amount of electricity production data achieved by measurement and ii) using linguistic data provided by a decision maker. Based on results, Kulluk is the ideal location for installation of PV power plant.

Analog missions are the windows to future exploration to different planetary surfaces, e.g., Mars, the Moon, and asteroids, by playing a tremendous role in problem-solving, know-how and lesson learned in space research. AMADEE-20 is the Mars Analog Mission of the Austrian Space Forum (OEWF), will be held in Ramon Crater-Negev Desert, Israel between 15 October and 15 November 2020. The mission is mainly in fields of geosciences, astrobiology, engineering, life sciences, communications, and medical applications. Moreover, it provides data on the limitations and strengths of human-robotic exploration at every stage of the mission and, presents how to combine those two significant components for the scientific explorations. Ramon crater provides similarities to various Mars surface features, e.g., typical terrain with a wide range of sand-rocky surface and inclination, for the 13th mission of OeWF. AMADE-20 has already come forward with its mission architecture development and its evolving algorithm “Exploration Cascade” which is defining an efficient deployment sequence, providing a framework for the search of life on Mars (space analogies). It was first demonstrated at the last mission AMADEE-18 (Oman, February 2018) and became a critical methodological tool for AMADEE-20. Notably, this model provides a solid layout for all future analog missions by bridging different parties to avoid the human-robotic missions’ complexities, taking into account instrument requirements, flight planning border conditions, environmental dynamics and (ground-based) data processing pipeline limitations. This workflow defines when and where to deploy instruments, expected data transfer times to the Mission Support Center on Earth and how fast the data processing can lead to knowledge influencing the decision-making processes of the flight planning teams.Here, we would like to present our upcoming analog mission; AMADEE-20 and discuss the mission development processes with all aspects including the Exploration Cascade.

Analog missions are a unique opportunity to test methods and equipment in the field on Earth before they are used in space. AMADEE-20 is a Mars analog simulation in Negev Desert, Israel, managed by the Austrian Space Forum similar to the previous missions (Morocco2013 Groemer et al. 2014, Oman2018 Groemer et al. 2019). The test site is located within the erosional structure of the Ramon Crater. It has a variety of terrain types relevant to Mars exploration.GEOS experiment is a suite of geology-related experiments that will be performed during the AMADEE-20, it is built on experiences from previous missions (e.g., Losiak et al. 2014). The aim of the GEOS experiments is to study how to optimise the future geological exploration on Mars.The GEOs is divided into four parts:(1) Geo-mapping: The aim is to optimise the process of preparing and using the geologic map of the exploration area. A map will be prepared before the mission, and later it will be improved using the data collected by a drone, rover and AAs observations. After the mission pre- and post-mission maps will be compared to optimize and improve the mission preparation phase.(2) Geo-sampling: The aim is to compare the geological understanding of the area based on sampling and field observations performed by analog astronauts with the one obtained by a proper research performed by trained geologists in the past.(3) Geo-compare: The aim of the study is to determine strategies of spatial information acquisition from thematic maps and the environment. In other words, we will study how people learn about the spatial relationships between objects and their attributes from thematic maps and while working in the field by using a mobile and stationary eye tracking. The results can be used to create a more efficient way of teaching spatial information acquisition skills to all the people that work in the field, including astronauts to be sent within the next couple tens of years to the Moon and Mars. (4) Micrometeorite: The aim is to search for micrometeorites within the collected sand samples in the field, aiming to find these highest flux extraterrestrial materials on the earth's surface. This experiment might provide a practical and achievable application which may also provide information about Mars' history as well as the solar system.Groemer et al. 2014. The MARS2013 Mars Analog Mission. Astrobiology, 14(5), 360–376.Groemer et al. 2019. The AMADEE-18 Mars Analog Expedition in the Dhofar region of Oman. Astrobiology.Losiak et al. 2014. Remote Science Support during MARS2013: Testing a Map-Based System of Data Processing and Utilization for Future Long-Duration Planetary Missions. Astrobiology, 14(5), 417–430.

The Archean spherule layers (SLs) of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB, South Africa) and Pilbara Craton (Australia) are the only known evidence of early, large impact events on Earth. Spherules in these layers have been, alternatively, interpreted as molten impact ejecta, condensation products from an impact vapor cloud, or ejecta from impact craters melted during atmospheric re-entry. Recently, a new exploration drill core (CT3) from the northern BGB revealed 17 SL intersections. Spherules are densely packed, sand-sized, and variably rounded or deformed. The CT3 SLs are intercalated with black and brown shale, and laminated chert. The determination of the original number of impact events that are represented by these multiple SLs is central to the present paper. A comprehensive study of the sedimentary and petrographic characteristics of these SLs involved the determination of the size, shape and types of individual spherules, as well as their mineralogy. CT3 SLs consist of K-feldspar, phyllosilicate, siderite, dolomite, quartz, Ti- and Fe-oxides, as well as apatite. In addition, small amounts of carbonaceous, presumably organic material are observed in several spherules at 145 and 149 m depth. Only Ni-rich Cr-spinel (up to 11 wt% NiO) crystals, rare zircon grains, and alloys of platinum group elements ± Fe or Ni represent primary phases in these thoroughly altered strata. The 0.3 to 2.6-mm-sized spherules can be classified into four types: 1. Spherules crystallized completely with secondary K-feldspar (subtype 1A) or phyllosilicate (subtype 1B); spherules completely filled with Ti- and Fe-oxides (subtype 1C); spherules containing disordered or radially oriented, fibrous and lath-shaped K-feldspar textures (subtype 1D); or subtype 1B spherules that contain significant Cr-spinel (subtype 1E); 2. zoned compositions with these types 1A and/or 1B minerals (subtype 2A); spherules that contain central or marginal vesicles (subtype 2B); subtype 1B spherules whose rims consist of Ti and Fe-oxides (subtype 2C); 3. deformed spherules (subtype 3A) - of all types; (B) subtype 1B spherules are assimilated into groundmass; (C) open spherules or spherules with collapsed rims; and 4. interconnected spherules of type 1A. A few spherules show botryoidal devitrification textures interpreted to result from rapid cooling/devitrification of former melt droplets. SL 15 at a depth of 145 m is unique in being the only grain-size sorted SL; this bed may have been deposited by fallout through a water column. The SL and their host rocks can be easily distinguished by their significant differences in micro-XRF elemental distribution maps. Depending on which aspects of the SLs are primarily considered (such as similar geochemistry, similar layering, SL occurrences abundant at three different depth intervals), the 17 CT3 SLs can be assigned to three or up to 13 individual impact events. Uncertainty about the actual number of impact events represented remains, however, due to the complex folding deformation observed throughout the drill core.

Archean spherule layers, resulting from impacts by large extraterrestrial objects, to date represent the only remnants of the early meteorite, asteroid, and comet bombardment of the Earth. Only few Archean impact debris layers have been documented, all of them embedded in the 3.23–3.47 billion year old successions of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) in South Africa and the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia. Some of them might be correlated with each other. Given the scarcity of Archean spherule deposits, four spherule layer intersections from the recently recovered BARB5 drill core from the central Barberton Greenstone Belt, analyzed in this study, provide an opportunity to gain new insight into the early terrestrial impact bombardment. Despite being hydrothermally overprinted, siderophile element abundance signatures of spherule-rich samples from the BARB5 drill core, at least in part, retained a meteoritic fingerprint. The impact hypothesis for the generation of the BARB5 spherule layers is supported by correlations between the abundances of moderately (Cr, Co, Ni) and highly siderophile (Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Ru and Pd) elements, whose peak concentrations and interelement ratios are within the range of those for chondrites. Rhenium-Osmium isotope evidence further support the impact hypothesis. Collectively, this study provides evidence for extraterrestrial admixtures ranging between ∼40 and up to 100% to three of the four analyzed BARB5 spherule layers, and a scenario for their genesis involving (i) impact of a chondritic bolide into a sedimentary target, (ii) varying admixtures of meteoritic components to target materials, (iii) spherule formation via condensation in an impact vapor plume, (iv) transportation of the spherules and sedimentation under submarine conditions, followed by (v) moderate post-impact remobilization of transition metals and highly siderophile elements.

The abstract is available here: https://uscholar.univie.ac.at/o:996089

Ozbar, Nurper/0000-0003-0931-5263; OZBAR, NURPER/0000-0003-0931-5263 WOS: 000432485600007 Introduction and objectives: Elastic resistance has been commonly used in the therapeutic and fitness setting. However, the effects of a strength training program using elastic resistance exercises to the explosive power and spike speed, which are very important elements for successful volleyball practice, has not been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the effects of 8-week TheraBand training protocols on the development of spike speed, counter movement jump (CMJ) height, peak power and speed of upper limb performance of young female volleyball players. Methods: The participants consists of 20 competitive female volleyball players who regularly train at the same team and aged 15-17 years (age 16.2 +/- 0.7 years). All the players were tested for spike speed, CMJ height, peak power and speed of upper limb performances before and after 8-week training program. The players were divided into Thera-Band Training Group (TTG; n=10) and Control Group (CG; n=10). Both groups continued technical and tactical volleyball training together 3 days (120 min. d.-1) a week. Additionally, TTG attended Thera-Band training program through 8-week, 2 days per week and 2 sessions (60 min. d.-1). Results: The findings of the study showed significant change in CMJ height, peak power and spike speed at the end of 8-week. TTG significantly (p = .001) improved CMJ height, peak power and spike speed, whereas the CG showed significant changes only CMJ height and peak power (p = .05) at the end of 8week. The effect of resistance exercises was significantly higher as compared to the control group (p < .05). Results demonstrated that the TTG players showed greater improvements in CMJ height (d = 1.31, moderate effect size), and spiking speed (d = 2.93, large effect size) performance than CG. Conclusion: It can be concluded that supervised Thera-Band training contributed development of the performance of spike speed mostly and CMJ height and peak power of lower extremities in young female volleyball players. Due to its effectiveness on muscular performance, the Thera-Band training model can be recommended to the coaches and players in additional to the regular technical training.

Tourist satisfaction is an aim that destinations at the macro level and an essential for maintaining the existence of the company at the micro level. Nowadays, customers receiving more informed travel decisions and they have further expectations. They have a right to evaluate any other holiday options although they do not like a tourist product so it causes business, embark on different quests to avoid losing their customers. Satisfaction is a level which generates after satisfying customers' needs and requests also enunciables as a customer is satisfied with the services they have received. Guest satisfaction is one of the most important measure both destinations and the success and continuity of business. The aim of this study is to measure the level of satisfaction of the guests staying in 4 and 5 star hotels in Konya using the scale HOLSAT (Holiday Satisfaction) which is a developed model to compare the positive and negative aspects of vacation experiences and expectations of holidaymakers by Tribe and Snaith (1998). In this case, first of all a literature study was conducted on the subject and then a total of 200 tourists were interviewed using face-to- face interview method. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software, according to the results. Differences in holiday satisfaction were studied to determine. What is of specially interest in this paper is analysis on surveyed data in using HOLSAT. Theoriginal instrument of HOLSAT is consist of six dimensions with 56 items. The findings provide Konya’s tourism stakeholders with insights about the level of satisfactions among domestic tourists and call for better improvements strategies for future tourism development in Konya

International audience; A Paleoarchean impact spherule‐bearing interval of the 763 m long International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) drill core BARB5 from the lower Mapepe Formation of the Fig Tree Group, Barberton Mountain Land (South Africa) was investigated using nondestructive analytical techniques. The results of visual observation, infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging, and micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (μXRF) of drill cores are presented. Petrographic and sedimentary features, as well as major and trace element compositions of lithologies from the micrometer to kilometer‐scale, assisted in the localization and characterization of eight spherule‐bearing intervals between 512.6 and 510.5 m depth. The spherule layers occur in a strongly deformed section between 517 and 503 m, and the rocks in the core above and below are clearly less disturbed. The μXRF element maps show that spherule layers have similar petrographic and geochemical characteristics but differences in (1) sorting of two types of spherules and (2) occurrence of primary minerals (Ni‐Cr spinel and zircon). We favor a single impact scenario followed by postimpact reworking, and subsequent alteration. The spherule layers are Al2O3‐rich and can be distinguished from the Al2O3‐poor marine sediments by distinct Al‐OH absorption features in the short wave infrared (SWIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared images can cover tens to hundreds of square meters of lithologies and, thus, may be used to search for Al‐OH‐rich spherule layers in Al2O3‐poor sediments, such as Eoarchean metasediments, where the textural characteristics of the spherule layers are obscured by metamorphism.

The study evaluated the role of endogenous decay and microbial activity in aerobic stabilization of biological sludge. Biomass acclimated to acetate in a fill and draw reactor operated at a sludge age of 8 d was subjected to aerobic stabilization with no external substrate for a period of 70 days. Achieved volatile suspended solids reduction remained limited to around 43% after 30 days. The magnitude of endogenous decay, presumably responsible for stabilization, was quite different with bH values of 0.21/d and 0.06/d depending on the implemented respirometric procedure. Model profiles simulated with these values could not predict the observed VSS profile, mainly due to the accumulation of particulate metabolic products and residual organic cellular debris of disintegrated biomass during the process providing conclusive evidence that the total organic content of the stabilized biomass cannot be reduced below a critical level by means of biological processes.

A decision support system has been developed for urban air quality management in the metropolitan area of Istanbul. The system is based on CALMET/CALPUFF dispersion modeling system, digital maps, and related databases to estimate the emissions and spatial distribution of air pollutants with the help of a GIS software. The system estimates ambient air pollution levels at high temporal and spatial resolutions and enables mapping of emissions and air quality levels. Mapping and scenario results can be compared with air quality limits. Impact assessment of air pollution abatement measures can also be carried out. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper evaluates the merit of oxygen uptake rate measurements for the assessment of metal inhibition on activated sludge. For this purpose, experiments are conducted to calculate EC50 levels of nickel and hexavalent chromium using the ISO 8192 procedure, yielding results that are highly variable and difficult to correlate, depending on the type of substrate and the initial food to microorganism ratio. Similar experiments based on continuous respirometric measurements to give the entire oxygen uptake rate profile provide a much better insight on the impact of inhibition on different biochemical processes taking place in the reactor. The results indicate that percent reduction of the amount of dissolved oxygen utilized after an appropriate reaction time is a much better index for the assessment of the inhibitory effects.

This paper explores the merit of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profile obtained by means of respirometry as the basic mechanistic instrument for evaluating activated sludge inhibition. Experimental OUR data are generated using the synthetic peptone-based substrate and inhibition is tested with 60 mg/L hexavalent chromium and 33 mg/L nickel additions, corresponding to EC50 levels determined using the standard ISO 8192 procedure. Experimental results are evaluated by model calibration using ASM1 modified for dual hydrolysis and ASM3 modified for simultaneous growth. Model evaluations indicate that inhibition affects not only growth, but also other significant microbial mechanisms such as substrate storage and hydrolysis, leading to conclude that the proposed approach will enable to visualize the overall impact of the inhibitory compound on every stage of substrate biodegradation, through inspection and evaluation of the entire OUR profile.

The study investigated the effect of extended aeration on the fate of particulate components of biological sludge in aerobic stabilization. Biological sludge was generated in a fill and draw reactor fed with domestic sewage and sustained at steady state, at a sludge age of 20 days. Particulate fractions of sludge were determined by model evaluation of the corresponding oxygen uptake rate profile. Extended aeration could not produce a mineralized biomass. External aerobic stabilization of the thickened sludge achieved a volatile suspended solids reduction of 68% after 60 days. High reduction could be attributed to the relatively higher rate for the hydrolysis of accumulated particulate metabolic products, compared to conventional activated sludge. Model evaluation based on death-regeneration mechanism indicated a gradually decreasing decay rate for solids; the first phase could be associated with the inactivation/death of the viable biomass and the second controlled by the slower breakdown of particulate metabolic products.

The study investigated the effect of sludge composition on the limitations of aerobic stabilization. It was designed with the foresight that the stabilization mechanism could only be elucidated if the observed volatile suspended solids reduction were correlated with the fate of particulate components in sludge. Biomass sustained at sludge ages of 2 and 10 days were used in the stabilization reactors. Particulate components were determined by model evaluation of corresponding oxygen uptake rate profiles. Interpretation of the experimental data by modeling, based on death-regeneration mechanism without external substrate, could simulate the fate and evolution of major components in sludge during stabilization. It showed that both microbial decay and hydrolysis of non viable cellular material proceeded at much slower rates as compared with biological systems sustained with substrate feeding. Modeling also indicated that particulate metabolic products generated by sludge acclimated to high sludge age undergo slow biodegradation under prolonged stabilization.

This study deals with respirometric modeling of biodegradation of complex organic matter generated from a chemical industry. Evaluation with a multi-degradation model indicated that organic matter in raw wastewater has four types of biodegradable components having different biodegradation characteristics. The model evaluation of batch respirogram indicated that the acclimated biomass exhibited a delayed response after the addition of raw wastewater to endogenous biomass. The delayed phase was characterized by Haldane type inhibition kinetics. The inhibitory effect of raw wastewater was also supported by standard toxicity test result yielding EC50 at 1.5% dilution.