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A região do Planalto Santareno, constituída por áreas dos municípios de Santarém, Belterra e Mojuí dos Campos, estado do Pará, Brasil, tem emergido como caso emblemático da relação de conflito entre agronegócio e agricultura familiar. Neste artigo, apresentamos as formas de interação entre estes dois modelos produtivos, a partir dos resultados de Zoneamento Participativo da Agricultura Familiar no Planalto Santareno, realizado junto a atores locais como parte de um esforço de co-construção de um Observatório das Dinâmicas Socioambientais na Amazônia. Os resultados mostram que diante de uma de uma lógica relativamente homogênea de expansão do agronegócio no planalto santareno a agricultura familiar se configura e interage com o agronegócio de diversas formas nesse território. Argumentamos que essa diversidade da agricultura familiar, caracterizada por zonas distintas, reflete trajetórias locais que variam de acordo com uma série de fatores operantes de forma contextual, como histórico de ocupação, atributos físicos da paisagem, acesso a mercados, infraestrutura, organização social, proximidade com os centros urbanos, entre outros. Levando em conta essa diversidade propomos reflexões a respeito da relação entre os diferentes modelos de produção abordados, apontando possíveis estratégias de fortalecimento da agricultura familiar.

A região do Planalto Santareno, constituída por áreas dos municípios de Santarém, Belterra e Mojuí dos Campos, estado do Pará, Brasil, tem emergido como caso emblemático da relação de conflito entre agronegócio e agricultura familiar. Neste artigo, apresentamos as formas de interação entre estes dois modelos produtivos, a partir dos resultados de Zoneamento Participativo da Agricultura Familiar no Planalto Santareno, realizado junto a atores locais como parte de um esforço de co-construção de um Observatório das Dinâmicas Socioambientais na Amazônia. Os resultados mostram que diante de uma de uma lógica relativamente homogênea de expansão do agronegócio no planalto santareno a agricultura familiar se configura e interage com o agronegócio de diversas formas nesse território. Argumentamos que essa diversidade da agricultura familiar, caracterizada por zonas distintas, reflete trajetórias locais que variam de acordo com uma série de fatores operantes de forma contextual, como histórico de ocupação, atributos físicos da paisagem, acesso a mercados, infraestrutura, organização social, proximidade com os centros urbanos, entre outros. Levando em conta essa diversidade propomos reflexões a respeito da relação entre os diferentes modelos de produção abordados, apontando possíveis estratégias de fortalecimento da agricultura familiar.

Until the 1990s the açai was a product basically of local consumption in the states or the Brazilian Amazon, being even known as "food of the poor". Since then, following the expansion of its market, the exploitation or this fruit has undergone numerous transformations. Nowadays. besides being nationally known, it also has its demand expanded in the international markets, being considered now as a superfood. Such increase in demand has consequently influenced an increase in consumer prices and in most cases in the remuneration of extractivists, originally the exclusive suppliers of the fruit. The increase in supply has been due to the multiplication and diversification or actors in the chain, as well as the diversification of management and production practices (native acai trees densification, increase or monoculture or consortium plantations), depending on the economic context of the producing region, proximity to the industry and time in the activity of the primary suppliers. These changes can also bring vulnerability to more traditional forms and with smaller scale of production. Considering the trajectory or other extractive products that had their demands increased and, in order to meet them, had to identify substitutes, or to change the type or production system, this paper discusses, from recent data, if the main form of açai offer in the future will still remain through extraction or through cultivation systems. The paper also discusses what forms of market regulation and maintenance of traditional practices could guarantee the permanence of diversified and more sustainable systems.

Pelo alongamento das cadeias alimentares, o sistema alimentar global gera um distanciamento dos produtores agrícolas com os consumidores. Frente a essa conjuntura global, movimentos locais de resistência se destacam, propondo iniciativas de reaproximação entre agricultores e sociedade. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é analisar a evolução desses processos de desconexão e reconexão entre produção e consumo, assim como as reconfigurações territoriais desses movimentos nas últimas décadas no município de Mocajuba (PA) na Amazônia Oriental. Para atender ao objetivo, foi realizada uma análise dos fluxos de produtos agrícolas e alimentares entre o município e o exterior e dentro do município, complementada por uma análise da trajetória do território nas últimas décadas e dos projetos de desenvolvimento local atuais. Destacou-se um aumento relevante dos fluxos de produtos agroindustriais vindos de fora do município a partir dos anos 2000-2005, especificamente para as zonas rurais, possibilitado pelos programas sociais que elevaram a renda da população. Isso se traduz por uma dependência cada vez maior dessas zonas rurais em relação aos produtos agroalimentares “globalizados”. Porém, observaram-se movimentos de valorização de produtos amazônicos de base alimentar tradicional como a farinha de mandioca e o açaí e, mais recentemente, iniciativas de reaproximação entre produtores e consumidores mocajubenses, tendendo a dinamizar as zonas rurais.

Les grandes entreprises de l'alimentation de masse font aujourd'hui face à des critiques, à une défiance croissante et à un tassement de leurs parts de marché. Si les dimensions politiques de l'assiette engagée des militants et de l'assiette caritative des pauvres et des aidés ont été pointées dans la littérature, celles de l'assiette ordinaire de la consommation de masse ont été peu abordées. Cet article dépeint l'évolution de la défiance, en France et aux États-Unis, depuis une cinquantaine d'années, et ses effets visibles dans les transformations de l'offre alimentaire, à travers le recyclage, par les industriels, des critiques à leur endroit. L'article donne à voir un processus qui conduit à une visibilité croissante des dimensions politiques de l'alimentation industrielle de masse – au sens de la multiplication des choix par lesquels l'alimentation connecte et insère les mangeurs dans un système social et technique. En effet, le recyclage de la critique conduit à une diversification des qualités : modes de production, origine et nature des matières premières. Cette diversification souligne indirectement l'opacité des marques historiques et de l'alimentation de masse. La contingence des choix qui guident leur production en devient plus apparente. Le rapport critique, voire conflictuel, à l'alimentation industrielle de masse devient ainsi moteur d'une politisation de l'alimentation ordinaire. Cette réintroduction du politique dans le marché témoigne de la dimension constructive de la défiance.

Until the 1990s the açai was a product basically of local consumption in the states or the Brazilian Amazon, being even known as "food of the poor". Since then, following the expansion of its market, the exploitation or this fruit has undergone numerous transformations. Nowadays. besides being nationally known, it also has its demand expanded in the international markets, being considered now as a superfood. Such increase in demand has consequently influenced an increase in consumer prices and in most cases in the remuneration of extractivists, originally the exclusive suppliers of the fruit. The increase in supply has been due to the multiplication and diversification or actors in the chain, as well as the diversification of management and production practices (native acai trees densification, increase or monoculture or consortium plantations), depending on the economic context of the producing region, proximity to the industry and time in the activity of the primary suppliers. These changes can also bring vulnerability to more traditional forms and with smaller scale of production. Considering the trajectory or other extractive products that had their demands increased and, in order to meet them, had to identify substitutes, or to change the type or production system, this paper discusses, from recent data, if the main form of açai offer in the future will still remain through extraction or through cultivation systems. The paper also discusses what forms of market regulation and maintenance of traditional practices could guarantee the permanence of diversified and more sustainable systems.

Pelo alongamento das cadeias alimentares, o sistema alimentar global gera um distanciamento dos produtores agrícolas com os consumidores. Frente a essa conjuntura global, movimentos locais de resistência se destacam, propondo iniciativas de reaproximação entre agricultores e sociedade. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é analisar a evolução desses processos de desconexão e reconexão entre produção e consumo, assim como as reconfigurações territoriais desses movimentos nas últimas décadas no município de Mocajuba (PA) na Amazônia Oriental. Para atender ao objetivo, foi realizada uma análise dos fluxos de produtos agrícolas e alimentares entre o município e o exterior e dentro do município, complementada por uma análise da trajetória do território nas últimas décadas e dos projetos de desenvolvimento local atuais. Destacou-se um aumento relevante dos fluxos de produtos agroindustriais vindos de fora do município a partir dos anos 2000-2005, especificamente para as zonas rurais, possibilitado pelos programas sociais que elevaram a renda da população. Isso se traduz por uma dependência cada vez maior dessas zonas rurais em relação aos produtos agroalimentares “globalizados”. Porém, observaram-se movimentos de valorização de produtos amazônicos de base alimentar tradicional como a farinha de mandioca e o açaí e, mais recentemente, iniciativas de reaproximação entre produtores e consumidores mocajubenses, tendendo a dinamizar as zonas rurais.

Les grandes entreprises de l'alimentation de masse font aujourd'hui face à des critiques, à une défiance croissante et à un tassement de leurs parts de marché. Si les dimensions politiques de l'assiette engagée des militants et de l'assiette caritative des pauvres et des aidés ont été pointées dans la littérature, celles de l'assiette ordinaire de la consommation de masse ont été peu abordées. Cet article dépeint l'évolution de la défiance, en France et aux États-Unis, depuis une cinquantaine d'années, et ses effets visibles dans les transformations de l'offre alimentaire, à travers le recyclage, par les industriels, des critiques à leur endroit. L'article donne à voir un processus qui conduit à une visibilité croissante des dimensions politiques de l'alimentation industrielle de masse – au sens de la multiplication des choix par lesquels l'alimentation connecte et insère les mangeurs dans un système social et technique. En effet, le recyclage de la critique conduit à une diversification des qualités : modes de production, origine et nature des matières premières. Cette diversification souligne indirectement l'opacité des marques historiques et de l'alimentation de masse. La contingence des choix qui guident leur production en devient plus apparente. Le rapport critique, voire conflictuel, à l'alimentation industrielle de masse devient ainsi moteur d'une politisation de l'alimentation ordinaire. Cette réintroduction du politique dans le marché témoigne de la dimension constructive de la défiance.

Southeast Asia mosaics of agriculture and tropical forest landscapes have been heavily shaped by the progression of industrial plantations, from colonial times to now. In Indonesia and in Malaysia, the history of corporations undertaking these activities is indissociably from the land cover change, when “clearing the forest and expanding the agricultural frontier” was a colonial policy. For example in most instances, forests where replaced by industrial gambier plantations, then rubber plantations, and finally oil palm plantations, but direct conversions of forests into industrial plantations continue to happen until today. Controversies about deforestation and oil palm sustainability emerged in this context. Most of the land use changes have been made by the biggest of these corporations, which became corporate giants and diversified their activities to almost all sectors of the economy, from automobile to banking and telecoms. In Indonesia like in Malaysia, most of the development of industrial palm oil plantations is under the control of a fistful of giant corporations. Most of today's proposed solutions to curb deforestation by oil palm are market tools such as palm oil trade bans or regulations and palm oil certifications, that are supposed to influence the economic decisions of private actors that are developing oil palm. However oil palm corporations are so diversified and embedded into the national economies, with many other stakes at play than deforestation, that many other factors could influence their corporate decision making, and outweigh the market tools that have been used up to day to try to influence their economic decisions. Works dating from Porter et all suggest that financial factors such as the shape of the network of ownership shares may play more on the corporate decisions than the market itself, while other works suggest that the nature of the financial ownership (government-owned versus privately-owned) is the essential driver of the corpor

La agroecología latinoamericana pretende transformar los sistemas agroalimentarios convencionales. Los movi¬mientos sociales, que han logrado formar coaliciones para incidir en las políticas públicas, son quienes impulsan dicha agroecología. Los instrumentos de estas políticas varían y a menudo se aplican en programas que también apoyan la agricultura orgánica y la agricultura sostenible. Estos dos tipos de agricultura, aunque proponen prácticas más ecológicas, no cuestionan las bases del sistema agroalimentario convencional. La implementación de instrumentos agroecológicos depende, por la tanto, de las relaciones de poder establecidas en cada país. Este Perspective analiza estas políticas y su influencia en el desarrollo de la agroecología en ocho países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Nicaragua y El Salvador. Dichas políticas siguen siendo frágiles frente al apoyo masivo a la agricultura convencional. Por lo tanto, el desafío de estas políticas es convencer de manera más amplia a los agricultores, consumidores y responsables sobre los temas de salud pública y seguridad alimentaria.

Des politiques agricoles en Afrique de l'Ouest soutiennent les investissements d'agrobusiness sur des territoires où vivent des agriculteurs familiaux. Les auteurs étudient les effets de ces investissements sur la gouvernance territoriale, ainsi que sur l'accès au foncier, le revenu, la sécurité alimentaire et les pratiques agricoles des petits producteurs. Le cadre conceptuel est celui de la gouvernance des chaînes de valeur et des territoires. Le territoire étudié est la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, où les auteurs ont réalisé des entretiens semi-directifs, deux enquêtes quantitatives et un atelier participatif. Les résultats montrent que le changement de gouvernance territoriale dépend de la prise en compte des institutions coutumières et légales, et que les effets de la coordination verticale sont différents en fonction des types de producteurs familiaux.

L'agroécologie latino-américaine propose de transformer les systèmes agroalimentaires conventionnels. Elle est portée par des mouvements sociaux qui ont su constituer des coalitions conduisant à sa prise en compte par les politiques publiques. Les instruments de ces politiques sont variés et s'insèrent souvent dans des programmes qui appuient également l'agriculture biologique et l'agriculture durable. Or ces deux types d'agriculture, tout en proposant des pratiques plus écologiques, ne remettent pas en cause les fondements du système agroalimentaire conventionnel. La mise en oeuvre d'instruments en faveur de l'agroécologie dépend donc des rapports de force instaurés dans chaque pays. Ce Perspective analyse ces politiques et leur influence sur le développement de l'agroécologie dans huit pays : Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexique, Nicaragua, Salvador. Ces politiques restent fragiles face aux soutiens massifs à l'agriculture conventionnelle à grande échelle. Leur défi est donc de convaincre plus largement agriculteurs, consommateurs et décideurs autour des questions de santé publique et de sécurité alimentaire.

Latin American agroecology proposes a transformation of conventional agri-food systems. It is driven by social movements that have succeeded in forming coalitions that have promoted its integration into public policies. These policies involve a range of instruments that are often embedded in programmes that also support organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture. However, while these two types of agriculture propose more ecological practices, they do not question the basis of the conventional agri-food system. The implementation of instruments to support agroecology therefore depends on the power relations established within each country. This Perspective analyses these policies and their influence on the development of agroecology in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua. These policies remain fragile, while support for large-scale conventional agriculture is still predominant. Their challenge is therefore to convince more broadly farmers, consumers and policymakers about the importance of issues such as public health and food security.

Southeast Asia mosaics of agriculture and tropical forest landscapes have been heavily shaped by the progression of industrial plantations, from colonial times to now. In Indonesia and in Malaysia, the history of corporations undertaking these activities is indissociably from the land cover change, when “clearing the forest and expanding the agricultural frontier” was a colonial policy. For example in most instances, forests where replaced by industrial gambier plantations, then rubber plantations, and finally oil palm plantations, but direct conversions of forests into industrial plantations continue to happen until today. Controversies about deforestation and oil palm sustainability emerged in this context. Most of the land use changes have been made by the biggest of these corporations, which became corporate giants and diversified their activities to almost all sectors of the economy, from automobile to banking and telecoms. In Indonesia like in Malaysia, most of the development of industrial palm oil plantations is under the control of a fistful of giant corporations. Most of today's proposed solutions to curb deforestation by oil palm are market tools such as palm oil trade bans or regulations and palm oil certifications, that are supposed to influence the economic decisions of private actors that are developing oil palm. However oil palm corporations are so diversified and embedded into the national economies, with many other stakes at play than deforestation, that many other factors could influence their corporate decision making, and outweigh the market tools that have been used up to day to try to influence their economic decisions. Works dating from Porter et all suggest that financial factors such as the shape of the network of ownership shares may play more on the corporate decisions than the market itself, while other works suggest that the nature of the financial ownership (government-owned versus privately-owned) is the essential driver of the corpor

Des politiques agricoles en Afrique de l'Ouest soutiennent les investissements d'agrobusiness sur des territoires où vivent des agriculteurs familiaux. Les auteurs étudient les effets de ces investissements sur la gouvernance territoriale, ainsi que sur l'accès au foncier, le revenu, la sécurité alimentaire et les pratiques agricoles des petits producteurs. Le cadre conceptuel est celui de la gouvernance des chaînes de valeur et des territoires. Le territoire étudié est la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, où les auteurs ont réalisé des entretiens semi-directifs, deux enquêtes quantitatives et un atelier participatif. Les résultats montrent que le changement de gouvernance territoriale dépend de la prise en compte des institutions coutumières et légales, et que les effets de la coordination verticale sont différents en fonction des types de producteurs familiaux.

La agroecología latinoamericana pretende transformar los sistemas agroalimentarios convencionales. Los movi¬mientos sociales, que han logrado formar coaliciones para incidir en las políticas públicas, son quienes impulsan dicha agroecología. Los instrumentos de estas políticas varían y a menudo se aplican en programas que también apoyan la agricultura orgánica y la agricultura sostenible. Estos dos tipos de agricultura, aunque proponen prácticas más ecológicas, no cuestionan las bases del sistema agroalimentario convencional. La implementación de instrumentos agroecológicos depende, por la tanto, de las relaciones de poder establecidas en cada país. Este Perspective analiza estas políticas y su influencia en el desarrollo de la agroecología en ocho países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Nicaragua y El Salvador. Dichas políticas siguen siendo frágiles frente al apoyo masivo a la agricultura convencional. Por lo tanto, el desafío de estas políticas es convencer de manera más amplia a los agricultores, consumidores y responsables sobre los temas de salud pública y seguridad alimentaria.