Author: "Secretariat of the Pacific Community" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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130 results on '"Secretariat of the Pacific Community"'

1. Improving production and accessibility of agricultural information through capacity-building, networking and partnerships in the South Pacific

Author: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Hunter, Danny Gerald; Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Fiji; danielgeraldhunter@yahoo.co.uk, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and Hunter, Danny Gerald; Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Fiji; danielgeraldhunter@yahoo.co.uk
Published: 2007

2. Vanuatu Demographic and Health Survey 2013 : final report

Author: Vanuatu. Ministry of Health, Vanuatu. National Statistics Office, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Vanuatu. Ministry of Health, Vanuatu. National Statistics Office, and Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Abstract: This report summarises the findings of the Vanuatu Demographic and Health Survey – Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (DHS–MICS) 2013 implemented by the Vanuatu National Statistics Office in coordination with the Ministry of Health. The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) was the executing agency for the project. The Government of Vanuatu provided financial assistance in terms of in-kind contribution of government staff time, office space, and logistical support. The project was funded jointly by the Asian Development Bank, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund and the Australian Agency for International Development. SPC was responsible for the overall coordination of the demographic and health survey operations, as well as the sample design, survey planning and budgeting, providing data processing support to the implementing agency, and coordinating the report. SPC had also provided technical assistance in the areas of survey design, questionnaires, manual adaptations, conduct of pretesting and main training, fieldwork monitoring, systems development, data processing and tabulation programmes as part of its contract with the Asian Development Bank. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the donor organisations.
Published: 2014

3. At-sea movements of wedge-tailed shearwaters during and outside the breeding season from four colonies in New Caledonia

Author: Eric Vidal, Valerie Allain, John Butscher, Andreas Ravache, Sylvain Dromzée, Sophie de Grissac, Philippe Borsa, Fiona McDuie, Karen Bourgeois, Alexandre Corbeau, Aurélien Prudor, Audrey Jaeger, Henri Weimerskirch, Christophe E. Menkès, Bradley C. Congdon, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Swansea University, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Science and Engineering [Australia], James Cook University (JCU), James Cook university (AUSTRALIA), Variabilité à long terme du climat de l'océan (VALCO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Pacific community (SPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), GPS, Foraging, Population, Trans-equatorial migration, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Shearwater, Predation, New Caledonia, biology.animal, 14. Life underwater, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Overwintering, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geolocator, Seabird, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Fishery, Geography, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience; The wedge-tailed shearwater (WTS) population of New Caledonia is one of the largest in the world, yet its biology and foraging ecology are poorly known. We studied WTS from 4 colonies in New Caledonia. We examined foraging behaviour and habitats using GPS receivers and light sensors during and outside the breeding season, respectively, and compared our findings with those from other WTS populations worldwide. During breeding, New Caledonian WTS alternated short foraging trips close to the colony over the lagoon, or off the reef edge, with longer trips over distant, deep waters. Whereas neighboring colonies overlapped at sea, especially during short trips, there was a clear separation of foraging zones between the pairs of colonies located in the southern versus northwestern parts of New Caledonia. Although WTS actively foraged and commuted to foraging zones during the day, they mainly returned to the colony or rested at night, indicating that they feed mainly during the day. Active foraging did not take place in more productive areas, suggesting that it may instead be related to the presence of sub-surface predators. Outside the breeding season, birds from 3 colonies had similar trans-equatorial migratory behaviour. All left New Caledonia at the same time of the year with a fast, northeasterly movement and wintered over deep waters in the same sector of the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean. At overwintering sites, they spent most of their non-foraging time presumably sitting on the water, especially at night, making a slow westward movement before returning to New Caledonia. WTS from New Caledonia forage over warm, oligotrophic deep waters throughout their life cycle, and the species appears to have a flexible foraging strategy adapted to the various environmental conditions encountered across its wide tropical range.
Published: 2020

4. Lanternfish Diaphus spp. specimens of a DNA barcoding survey of the mesopelagic micronekton communities of the New Caledonia and Wallis-and-Futuna EEZ

Author: Borsa, Philippe, Lagrange, Damien, Millet, Laurent, Vourey, Elodie, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR 250 entropi, Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, UE, IRD, SPC, contributions personnelles des auteurs, Aix-Marseille Université, and European Project
Subjects: [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], morphologie, photographs, identification to species, Operational taxonomic unit, morphology, Unité taxonomique opérationnelle, identification à l'espèce, photographies, méristique, meristics, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: This document includes 25 plates of annotated photographs of lanternfish Diaphus spp. specimens collected during cruises ESSCHA, NECTAlis, PUFFAlis and WALLAlis of R.V. Alis in the Coral Sea, the Fiji Basin, and the Pacific Ocean around Wallis-and-Futuna Islands. Specimens were grouped by operational taxonomic unit, defined (OTU) as the cluster to which they belonged in a phylogenetic tree of sequences of a portion of the CO1 gene. Species assignment was initially based on the morphological identification of reference specimens, i.e., particularly-well preserved specimens that exhibit the diagnostic characters mentioned in diagnoses and iden-tification keys from the published literature. In several instances, the same species was represented by distinct OTUs.; Ce document comprend 25 planches de photographies annotées de spécimens de poissons-lanternes du genre Diaphus récoltés lors des campagnes ESSCHA, NECTAlis, PUFFAlis et WALLAlis du R.V. Alis dans la mer de Corail, le bassin des Fidji et l'océan Pacifique autour des îles Wallis-et-Futuna. Les spécimens ont été regroupés par unité taxonomique opérationnelle (OTU), définie comme le groupe auquel ils appartenaient dans un arbre phylogénétique des séquences d'un fragment du gène de la CO1. L'attribution à l’espèce a initialement été faite à partir de l'identification morphologique de spécimens de référence, c'est-à-dire de spécimens particulièrement bien conservés qui présentent les caractères diagnostiques mentionnés dans la littérature. Dans plusieurs cas, la même espèce était représentée par des OTUs distinctes.
Published: 2022

5. Trophic position increases with thermocline depth in yellowfin and bigeye tuna across the Western and Central Pacific Ocean

Author: Aurore Receveur, Lydie I. E. Couturier, Heidi Pethybridge, Jean-Marie Munaron, Elodie Vourey, Yves Letourneur, Patrick Raimbault, Brittany S. Graham, Tsuguo Otake, Sophie Bonnet, Eric Feunteun, Laura Tremblay-Boyer, Valerie Allain, Anne Lorrain, Petra M. Kuhnert, Christophe E. Menkès, Brian P. V. Hunt, Martine Rodier, Bruno Leroy, Benoit Lebreton, Patrick Houssard, David Point, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l'Environnement (LIVE), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Pacific community (SPC), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Processus de couplage à Petite Echelle, Ecosystèmes et Prédateurs Supérieurs (PEPS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Polynésie]), Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (UMR 241) (EIO), Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Station marine Dinard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), GOPS HISPANIC, PACIMER, the Pacific Fund VACOPA project, Government of New Caledonia, BIOPELAGOS project funded by the European Union BEST 2.0 Programme, ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) ( LEMAR ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ) -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer ( IUEM ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l'Environnement ( LIVE ), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Secretariat of the Pacific Community ( Secretariat of the Pacific Community ), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] ( NIWA ), Processus de couplage à Petite Echelle, Ecosystèmes et Prédateurs Supérieurs ( PEPS ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse ( GET ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of British Columbia ( UBC ), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie ( MIO ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Toulon ( UTLN ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [Polynésie] ), Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (UMR 241) ( EIO ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ) -Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] ( ILM ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université de la Polynésie Française ( UPF ), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques ( BOREA ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université des Antilles ( UA ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 ( LIENSs ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), The University of Tokyo, ANR-10-LABX-0019/10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean ( 2010 ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre De Recherche et d'Enseignement sur les Systèmes Côtiers (CRESCO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Delta, Yellowfin tuna, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mesopelagic zone, Depth of the 20°C isotherm, Bigeye tuna, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Isoscapes Bigeye tuna, Compound-specific isotope analysis, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, POM, biology, Depth of the 20 degrees C isotherm, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Nitrogen isotopes, ACL, Biochemical markers, food and beverages, Geology, biology.organism_classification, Food web, Amino acid, Fishery, Oceanography, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Tuna, Thermocline, human activities
Abstract: International audience; Estimates of trophic position are used to validate ecosystem models and understand food web structure. A consumer's trophic position can be estimated by the stable nitrogen isotope values (delta N-15) of its tissue, once the baseline isotopic variability has been accounted for. Our study established the first data-driven baseline delta N-15 isoscape for the Western and Central Pacific Ocean using particulate organic matter. Bulk delta N-15 analysis on 1039 muscle tissue of bigeye and yellowfin tuna were conducted together with amino acid compound-specific delta N-15 analysis (AA-CSIA) on a subset of 21 samples. Both particulate organic matter and tuna bulk delta N-15 values varied by more than 10 parts per thousand across the study area. Fine-scaled trophic position maps were constructed and revealed higher tuna trophic position (by similar to 1) in the southern latitudes compared to the equator. AA-CSIA confirmed these spatial patterns for bigeye and, to a lesser extent, yellowfin tuna. Using generalized additive models, spatial variations of tuna trophic positions were mainly related to the depth of the 20 degrees C isotherm, a proxy for the thermocline behavior, with higher tuna trophic position estimates at greater thermocline depths. We hypothesized that a deeper thermocline would increase tuna vertical habitat and access to mesopelagic prey of higher trophic position. Archival tagging data further suggested that the vertical habitat of bigeye tuna was deeper in the southern latitudes than at the equator. These results suggest the importance of thermocline depth in influencing tropical tuna diet, which affects their vulnerability to fisheries, and may be altered by climate change.
Published: 2017

6. Trophic structure in the northern Humboldt Current system: new perspectives from stable isotope analysis

Author: Yann Tremblay, Arnaud Bertrand, Jean-Marie Munaron, Sophie Bertrand, Frédéric Ménard, Juan Argüelles, Pepe Espinoza, Pierre Richard, Patricia Ayón, Yves Cherel, Laura Tremblay-Boyer, Ricardo Tafur, Anne Lorrain, Instituto del Mar del Peru (IMARPE), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Pacific community (SPC), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-09-JCJC-0026,TOPINEME,Les prédateurs supérieurs comme indicateurs des dynamiques de l'écosystème marin exploité(2009), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), and La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Foraging, Aquatic Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Zooplankton, YELLOWFIN TUNA, CARBON, Food chain, NITROGEN ISOTOPE, FISH, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Isotope analysis, Trophic level, Apex predator, UPWELLING SYSTEM, Ecology, SQUID DOSIDICUS-GIGAS, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, ACL, ENGRAULIS-RINGENS, PERU, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Upwelling, PELAGIC FOOD-WEB, CALIFORNIA CURRENT, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: The northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) is the most productive eastern boundary upwelling system (EBUS) in terms of fish productivity despite having a moderate primary production compared with other EBUS. To understand this apparent paradox, an updated vision of the trophic relationships in the NHCS is required. Using δ13C and δ15N as a proxy of foraging habitat and trophic position, respectively, we focused on thirteen relevant taxonomic groups from zooplankton to air-breathing top predators collected off Peru from 2008 to 2011. Estimates of trophic position (TP) for the anchoveta Engraulis ringens were high (3.4–3.7), in accordance with previous studies showing zooplankton as a major contributor to anchoveta diet and challenging the often-cited short food chain hypothesis for this ecosystem. The squat lobster, Pleuroncodes monodon, a little studied consumer had similar δ15N values that of anchoveta, and thus similar trophic position. However, their differing δ13C values indicate that their foraging habitat do not fully overlap, which could alleviate potential competition between these species. Given the current high biomass of squat lobsters in the ecosystem, we encourage that future research focus on this species and its role in the diet of top predators. The present study provides first estimates of the relative TP of important taxonomic groups in the NHCS, which are needed to revisit anchoveta-centred ecosystem models for this region. Further work using amino acid compound specific stable isotope analyses is now required to confirm these TP estimates.
Published: 2017

7. Assessing and reducing vulnerability to climate change: Moving from theory to practical decision-support

Author: David Welch, Johann D. Bell, Johanna E. Johnson, Jeffrey Maynard, Julie Robins, Thor Saunders, Gretta T. Pecl, C2O coasts climate oceans, College of Marine & Environmental Sciences [Cairns], James Cook University (JCU), C2O Fisheries, Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université des Antilles (UA), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Agri-Science Queensland, Fisheries & Aquaculture Centre, and Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries
Subjects: Economics and Econometrics, Decision support system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Socio-ecological systems, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Vulnerability assessment, Climate adaptation, 14. Life underwater, Natural resource management, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Adaptive capacity, Food security, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Decision support, Climate vulnerability, 13. Climate action, Data quality, business, Law, Management by objectives, Assessment framework
Abstract: International audience; As climate change continues to impact socio-ecological systems, tools that assist conservation managers to understand vulnerability and target adaptations are essential. Quantitative assessments of vulnerability are rare because available frameworks are complex and lack guidance for dealing with data limitations and integrating across scales and disciplines. This paper describes a semi-quantitative method for assessing vulnerability to climate change that integrates socio-ecological factors to address management objectives and support decision-making. The method applies a framework first adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and uses a structured 10-step process. The scores for each framework element are normalized and multiplied to produce a vulnerability score and then the assessed components are ranked from high to low vulnerability. Sensitivity analyses determine which indicators most influence the analysis and the resultant decision-making process so data quality for these indicators can be reviewed to increase robustness. Prioritisation of components for conservation considers other economic, social and cultural values with vulnerability rankings to target actions that reduce vulnerability to climate change by decreasing exposure or sensitivity and/or increasing adaptive capacity. This framework provides practical decision-support and has been applied to marine ecosystems and fisheries, with two case applications provided as examples: (1) food security in Pacific Island nations under climate-driven fish declines, and (2) fisheries in the Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia. The step-wise process outlined here is broadly applicable and can be undertaken with minimal resources using existing data, thereby having great potential to inform adaptive natural resource management in diverse locations.
Published: 2016

8. Behavioural response of sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens to underwater feeding for ecotourism purposes

Author: Pierre Legendre, Johann Mourier, Eric Clua, Serge Planes, Nicolas Buray, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche, Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Sciences Biologiques [Montreal], Université de Montréal (UdeM), and Hédouin, Laetitia
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Provisioning, Wildlife, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Aquatic Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Shark-feeding, medicine, Behaviour, 14. Life underwater, Mating, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecology, Aggression, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Site residence, biology.organism_classification, Fishery, [SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Human disturbance, Ecotourism, Negaprion acutidens, Residence, medicine.symptom, human activities, Inbreeding
Abstract: International audience; The feeding of marine predators is a popular means by which tourists and tour operators can facilitate close observation and interaction with wildlife. Shark-feeding has become the most developed provisioning activity around the world, despite its controversial nature. Amongst other detrimental effects, the long-term aggregation of sharks can modify the natural behaviour of the animals, potentially increase their aggression toward humans, and favour inbreeding. During 949 diving surveys conducted over 44 mo, we investigated the ecology and residence patterns of 36 photo-identified adult sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens. The group contained 20 females and 16 males. From this long-term survey, we identified 5 different behavioural groups that we described as 'new sharks' (7), 'missing sharks' (4), 'resident sharks' (13), 'unpredictable sharks' (5) and 'ghost sharks' (7). In spite of movements in and out of the area by some males and females, which were probably related to mating, the general trend was that residency significantly increased during the study, particularly in males, showing a risk of inbreeding due to the reduction of shark mobility. Intra- and interspecific aggression was also witnessed, leading to an increased risk of potentially severe bites to humans. Our findings suggest the need for a revision of the legal framework of the provisioning activity in French Polynesia, which could include a yearly closure period to decrease shark behavioural modifications due to long-term shark-feeding activities.
Published: 2010

9. Towards multidisciplinary indicator dashboards for coral reef fisheries management

Author: Michel Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, Eric Clua, Yves Letourneur, Benoit Beliaeff, Dominique Pelletier, Marc Léopold, Jocelyne Ferraris, Claude Chauvet, Mekhi Kronen, Gilbert David, Olivier Thébaud, Diversité, évolution et écologie fonctionnelle marine (DIMAR), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche, Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), UNiversity of New Caledonia, Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire de biologie marine et malacologie, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UR 128 CoRéUs-IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Écosystémique des communautés récifales et de leurs usages dans le Pacifique insulaire (CoReUS), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne [2007-2010] (BETM), Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches (IMROP), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM), and Economie Maritime (EM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Coral reefs, Resource (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Fishing, Atoll, Context (language use), Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Co-Management, Indicators, Operational efficiency, 14. Life underwater, geography.geographical_feature_category, Coral Reefs, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Coral reef, Co management, Geography, Fisheries management, Dashboard, business, Management by objectives
Abstract: The diversity of reef ecosystems, the multiplicity of reef resource uses and the breadth of the range of the island socio-cultural contexts concerned make coral reef fisheries (CRF) management in the South Pacific a complex task. The health and state of the targeted resources depend both on ecosystem characteristics (as determined by ecological and biological factors) and on fishing pressure, whose effects are only partly known. Increasing harvests from commercial and recreational fishing increasingly overlap with traditional Subsistence activity, creating an important CRF management challenge. This paper presents a new approach to CRF assessment and monitoring by providing a set of multidisciplinary indicators. The fisheries system is assessed from three different viewpoints: ecology of targeted populations, exploitation and the broader socio-econornic fishery context. The use of complementary indicators chosen from each of these fields could balance the chronic lack of human and financial resources for the management of these fisheries. We suggest the use of these indicators through an assessment grid or an indicator dashboard specifically adapted to given situations and management objectives determined through a participatory approach. The operational efficiency of this dashboard depends on i) dialogue between users, ii) the objectivity of the proposed monitoring, iii) the Visual transcription of divergent/convergent interests amongst stakeholders, and iv) stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process. The use and constraints of such a tool are described with reference to Ouvea atoll (New-Caledonia, South Pacific) for which an analysis of available indicators for assessing fisheries status is presented., La diversité des écosystèmes coralliens, la multiplicité des modalités d'exploitation de leurs ressources et l'hétérogénéité des contextes socio-culturels insulaires rendent complexe la gestion des pêcheries récifo-lagonaires du Pacifique sud. La santé et l'évolution de ces ressources dépendent, d'une part, des caractéristiques propres de l'écosystème (obéissant à des facteurs biologiques et écologiques) et, d'autre part, de la pression de pêche dont certains effets seulement sont établis. La pêche traditionnelle aux fins de subsistance est aujourd'hui concurrencée par des activités à visées commerciales et récréatives, qui accroissent les prélèvements et soulèvent de nouveaux enjeux de gestion. L'article propose une approche pour l'évaluation et le suivi de ces pêcheries basée sur un ensemble d'indicateurs pluridisciplinaires. Le système « Pêche » est analysé de trois points de vue complémentaires : l'écologie des peuplements exploités, l'exploitation halieutique sensu stricto et le contexte économique et social plus large des pêcheries. La mise en place d'indicateurs issus de ces trois domaines vise à compenser le manque chronique de moyens financiers et humains pour la gestion des pêcheries coralliennes des îles du Pacifique sud. Nous suggérons que leur utilisation s'effectue au travers d'une grille d'évaluation ou tableau de bord répondant à des situations précises et des objectifs de gestion définis lors d'une approche participative. La portée opérationnelle de ce tableau de bord de gestion de la pêche repose sur i) la concertation engagée entre les usagers, ii) l'objectivité du suivi préconisé, iii) la transcription visuelle des intérêts convergents et/ou divergents des acteurs, et iv) leur implication dans le processus de décision. Les modalités et contraintes d'application de cet outil sont décrites sur l'exemple de l'atoll d'Ouvéa (Nouvelle-Calédonie, Pacifique Sud), pour lequel une analyse des indicateurs disponibles pour décrire l'état des pêcheries a été réalisée.
Published: 2005

10. Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) in southwestern Pacific countries, with a first report from the Kingdom of Tonga

Author: Laurent Guillaumot, Francis Schaffner, Reynold Ofanoa, Narendra Singh, Lucien Swillen, Hervé Bossin, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ministry of Health, Retired WHO Technical Officer, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Institut Louis Malardé, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), the Government of New Caledonia, the Government of French Polynesia, the Environment Agency of Wallis and Futuna, the Ministry of Health of Cook Islands, the Ministry of Health of Tonga, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and the French Development Agency., Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministry of Health [Mozambique], Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), University of Zurich, and Guillaumot, L
Subjects: Male, 10078 Institute of Parasitology, Entomology, Aedes albopictus, 030231 tropical medicine, Short Report, 2405 Parasitology, Distribution (economics), 610 Medicine & health, Distribution, Biology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, 600 Technology, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, 030304 developmental biology, Introduction, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Ecology, Tonga, fungi, Pacific islands, virus diseases, New guinea, 2725 Infectious Diseases, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Phylogeography, Infectious Diseases, American samoa, Vector (epidemiology), [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, 570 Life sciences, biology, Female, Parasitology, Vector, business
Abstract: Background Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus is currently one of the most notorious globally invasive mosquito species. Its medical importance is well documented, and its fast expansion throughout most continents is being monitored with concern. It is generally assumed that its expansion through the Western Pacific island countries has not progressed since its establishment in Fiji in 1989. However, the current status of Ae. albopictus in the Pacific region is largely unknown. Findings According to data from the literature and our own observations, Ae. albopictus is currently present in the following countries of the southern Pacific region: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and the Kingdom of Tonga, where it was first detected in July 2011. It is absent from New Caledonia and French Polynesia where routine entomological surveillance is carried out, and was not detected during entomological work in 2007, either on the Cook Islands or on the Wallis and Futuna Islands. The species was not reported from American Samoa in 2004, but it is mentioned as probably present in Vanuatu. This is the first report of Ae. albopictus in Tonga. Conclusions The introduction and establishment of Ae. albopictus in Tonga was expected due to the geographical proximity of this country to Fiji where the species is strongly established. The pathway of introduction is unknown. The expansion of Ae. albopictus in the Pacific region poses an increasing threat to public health given the role this mosquito plays as primary vector of emerging infectious diseases such as Chikungunya fever.
Published: 2012

11. Climate-based models for understanding and forecasting dengue epidemics

Author: Laurent Guillaumot, Morgan Mangeas, Christophe E. Menkès, Matthieu Lengaigne, Justus Benzler, Ann-Claire Gourinat, Magali Teurlai, Nicolas Dégallier, Xavier de Lamballerie, Elodie Descloux, Jean-Paul Grangeon, Temaui Tehei, Anne Pfannstiel, Anne Leroy, Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Internal Medicine, Territorial Hospital Centre of New Caledonia, Territorial Hospital Centre of New Caledonia, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale de la Nouvelle Calédonie (DIRNC), Météo-France, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Public Health Surveillance and Communicable Disease Control Section, Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Health Department, Direction of Health and Social Affairs of New Caledonia, Direction of Health and Social Affairs of New Caledonia, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Météo France [Nouméa], and Météo France
Subjects: Multivariate statistics, Climate, Rain, MESH: Dengue, Disease Vectors, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Disease Outbreaks, Dengue fever, Dengue, HUMIDITE RELATIVE, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, Epidemiology, MESH: Animals, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, TEMPERATURE, biology, Ecology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Temperature, MESH: Aedes, MESH: Climate, MESH: Temperature, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Geography, PRECIPITATION, ENTOMOLOGIE MEDICALE, VIRUS, Medicine, Female, Seasons, ANALYSE MULTIVARIABLE, Research Article, EPIDEMIOLOGIE, medicine.medical_specialty, DENGUE, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Disease Vectors, 03 medical and health sciences, New Caledonia, MESH: Humidity, ETUDE COMPARATIVE, medicine, Animals, Humans, Relative humidity, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Models, Statistical, MESH: Humans, VECTEUR, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, Humidity, lcsh:RA1-1270, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: New Caledonia, MODELISATION, CLIMAT, 13. Climate action, Early warning system, MESH: Rain, MESH: Female, MESH: Seasons, MESH: Models, Statistical, Demography
Abstract: Background Dengue dynamics are driven by complex interactions between human-hosts, mosquito-vectors and viruses that are influenced by environmental and climatic factors. The objectives of this study were to analyze and model the relationships between climate, Aedes aegypti vectors and dengue outbreaks in Noumea (New Caledonia), and to provide an early warning system. Methodology/Principal Findings Epidemiological and meteorological data were analyzed from 1971 to 2010 in Noumea. Entomological surveillance indices were available from March 2000 to December 2009. During epidemic years, the distribution of dengue cases was highly seasonal. The epidemic peak (March–April) lagged the warmest temperature by 1–2 months and was in phase with maximum precipitations, relative humidity and entomological indices. Significant inter-annual correlations were observed between the risk of outbreak and summertime temperature, precipitations or relative humidity but not ENSO. Climate-based multivariate non-linear models were developed to estimate the yearly risk of dengue outbreak in Noumea. The best explicative meteorological variables were the number of days with maximal temperature exceeding 32°C during January–February–March and the number of days with maximal relative humidity exceeding 95% during January. The best predictive variables were the maximal temperature in December and maximal relative humidity during October–November–December of the previous year. For a probability of dengue outbreak above 65% in leave-one-out cross validation, the explicative model predicted 94% of the epidemic years and 79% of the non epidemic years, and the predictive model 79% and 65%, respectively. Conclusions/Significance The epidemic dynamics of dengue in Noumea were essentially driven by climate during the last forty years. Specific conditions based on maximal temperature and relative humidity thresholds were determinant in outbreaks occurrence. Their persistence was also crucial. An operational model that will enable health authorities to anticipate the outbreak risk was successfully developed. Similar models may be developed to improve dengue management in other countries., Author Summary Dengue fever is a major public health problem in the tropics and subtropics. Since no vaccine exists, understanding and predicting outbreaks remain of crucial interest. Climate influences the mosquito-vector biology and the viral transmission cycle. Its impact on dengue dynamics is of growing interest. We analyzed the epidemiology of dengue in Noumea (New Caledonia) from 1971 to 2010 and its relationships with local and remote climate conditions using an original approach combining a comparison of epidemic and non epidemic years, bivariate and multivariate analyses. We found that the occurrence of outbreaks in Noumea was strongly influenced by climate during the last forty years. Efficient models were developed to estimate the yearly risk of outbreak as a function of two meteorological variables that were contemporaneous (explicative model) or prior (predictive model) to the outbreak onset. Local threshold values of maximal temperature and relative humidity were identified. Our results provide new insights to understand the link between climate and dengue outbreaks, and have a substantial impact on dengue management in New Caledonia since the health authorities have integrated these models into their decision making process and vector control policies. This raises the possibility to provide similar early warning systems in other countries.
Published: 2012

12. Journal de bord de la campagne PUFFAlis, 18 mars - 02 avril 2017

Author: Valérie Allain, Philippe Borsa, Anne Lebourges-Dhaussy, Menkès, Christophe E., Martine RODIER, David Varillon, Mina Vilayleck, Pacific community (SPC), Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), IRD, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Biocomplexité des écosystèmes coralliens de l'Indo-Pacifique (CoReUS2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus de couplage à Petite Echelle, Ecosystèmes et Prédateurs Supérieurs (PEPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Polynésie]), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche pour le développement, Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], ECHANTILLONNAGE, Oiseaux marins, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], micronekton, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, GPS SYSTEME DE POSITIONNEMENT GLOBAL, mer de Corail, océanographie, Seabirds, CAMPAGNE OCEANOGRAPHIQUE, NOUVELLE CALEDONIE PROVINCE NORD, GPS.SYSTEME DE POSITIONNEMENT GLOBAL, COMPORTEMENT ALIMENTAIRE, Coral Sea, oceanography, micronecton, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, GPS. SYSTEME DE POSITIONNEMENT GLOBAL / MER DE CORAIL, PLANCTON, MER DE CORAIL, FOS: Natural sciences, OISEAU MARIN
Abstract: From March 18 to April 2, 2017, the PUFFAlis expedition took place aboard research vessel Alis of IRD. This campaign was a continuation of previous oceanographic expeditions concerned with the feeding areas of seabirds (MOMAlis) as well as on land on the Gouaro Deva shearwater colony. It was also the extension of the NECTAlis campaigns that were dedicated at studying the oceanic trophic chain that leads to tunas. Six scientists embarked to sample the different levels of the oceanic trophic chain of the New Caledonia basin off Pindai. In the middle of the expedition, a day was devoted to communicating with the high school students of Pouembout and the services of the environment and fisheries of the Northern Province. The expedition’s logbook is preceded by the press release issued on this occasion., Du 18 mars au 02 avril 2017 s’est déroulée la mission PUFFAlis à bord du navire océanographique Alis de l’IRD. Cette campagne s’inscrit dans la continuité d’expéditions océanographiques centrées sur les zones d’alimentation des oiseaux marins, effectuées précédemment en mer (MOMAlis) comme à terre sur la colonie de puffins de Gouaro Deva. Elle est aussi la prolongation des campagnes NECTAlis destinées à étudier la chaîne trophique océanique qui conduit aux thons. Six scientifiques ont embarqué pour échantillonner les différents niveaux de la chaîne trophique océanique du bassin de Nouvelle-Calédonie au large de Pindaï. En milieu de mission, une journée a été consacrée à la communication avec les lycéens de Pouembout et les services de l’environnement et des pêches de la Province nord. Le journal de bord de la mission est précédé du communiqué de presse diffusé à cette occasion.
Published: 2020

13. New Caledonia

Author: Payri, Claude, Allain, Valérie, Aucan, Jerome, David, Corine, David, Victor, Dutheil, Cyril, Loubersac, Lionel, Menkès, Christophe, Pelletier, Bernard, Pestana, Gilles, Samadi, Sarah, University IRD Noumea, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), OCEAN AVENIR, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)
Subjects: [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: International audience; New Caledonia archipelago is located in the South West Pacific between Australia and the Vanuatu archipelago. The land covers 19,100 km2, and the EEZ and territorial waters extend to 1,450,000 km2. The main island, Grande Terre, is surrounded by a barrier reef of 1100 km length enclosing a large lagoon of 24,000 km2 and up to 60 m deep. The complexity of the maritime environment is controlled by both the westward South Equatorial Current and the border currents induced by its deflection against the islands. The climate is driven by the South Pacific Convergence Zone and fluctuates with ENSO events. Although rare, cyclones are a significant climatic risk in the country. Shallow coastal habitats consist of rich and diverse coral reef habitats and associated ecosystems including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, macroalgal beds, and lagoonal soft bottoms which house tens of thousands of species. New Caledonia has low population densities (15 km− 2) and small urbanized areas. Most of the people live on the coast with two-thirds in the Greater Nouméa area. Despite the relatively low anthropogenic pressure on marine ecosystems, the development of mining industries is driving a range of environmental impacts and their associated ecological consequences. Subsidence fishing and agricultural activities are traditionally important for rural people. However, practices have changed considerably with the development of recreational fishing and with offshore fisheries with industrial long-lining. After attempts at seafood aquaculture (shrimps, oysters), a recent diversification is toward high-value marine resources (sea cucumber, microalgae). Maritime traffic including the cruise tourism industry has expanded by 10% over recent decades, requiring improvements of port infrastructure. Numerous regulations have been enacted for protection and conservation of marine species, areas, and habitats under the responsibility of provincial and government authorities. Two significant steps have been taken with the inscription in the World Heritage listing of half of the reefs and lagoonal areas and the creation of the Coral Sea Natural Park that represents 78% of France’s MPAs. This should help in maintaining the good environmental condition of the maritime areas of New Caledonia.
Published: 2019

14. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013

Author: Yong Zhao, Hadi Danawi, Bach Xuan Tran, Gene Bukhman, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Taavi Tillmann, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yongmei Li, Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Jack Caravanos, Ben Schöttker, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Sergey Soshnikov, Yukito Shinohara, Randall V. Martin, Michael Brainin, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Yingfeng Zheng, Santosh Mishra, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Michael Phillips, Belinda J. Gabbe, Hebe N. Gouda, Ziad A. Memish, Rupert R A Bourne, Guoqing Hu, Emmanuel A. Ameh, Abigail McLain, Michelle L. Bell, Christopher Margono, Marissa Iannarone, Wilkister N. Moturi, Donald H. Silberberg, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Nataliya Foigt, Anand Dayama, Yanping Wang, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Monica S. Vavilala, Katherine B Gibney, David Tanne, Sidibe S Kany Roseline, Marcella Montico, Abhishek Singh, Sarah Derrett, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Corine Karema, Rakhi Dandona, David M. Pereira, Kazem Rahimi, Gitanjali M. Singh, Vivekanand Jha, John Hornberger, Anne M. Riederer, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Andrea Pedroza, Lily Alexander, Fiona M. Blyth, Tommi Vasankari, Kyle J Foreman, Rana J. Asghar, Tilahun Nigatu Haregu, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Lydia S. Atkins, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Peter Scarborough, Hans W. Hoek, E. Ray Dorsey, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Gavin Shaddick, Thomas D. Fleming, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Christopher C. Mapoma, Jost B. Jonas, Erin C Mullany, Gene F. Kwan, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Tolesa Bekele, Jed D. Blore, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Philimon Gona, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, Richard F. Gillum, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Felix Masiye, Richard T. Burnett, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Martin McKee, John J Huang, Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, Wagner Marcenes, Walid Ammar, Knud Juel, Joseph R. Zunt, Martha M Téllez Rojo, Mamta Swaroop, Noela M Prasad, Azmeraw T. Amare, Tim Driscoll, Michael Kravchenko, Heresh Amini, Amir Sapkota, Theo Vos, Charlotte Watts, Dennis Odai Laryea, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Cheng Huang, Adnan M. Durrani, Sarah V Thackway, Rita Van Dingenen, Manami Inoue, Martha Híjar, Honglei Chen, Amany H. Refaat, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Wenzhi Wang, Louisa Degenhardt, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Nayu Ikeda, James D. Wilkinson, Linh N Bui, Maria Hagströmer, Gonghuan Yang, Ann Kristin Knudsen, David J. Margolis, Soewarta Kosen, Hans Kromhout, Atsushi Goto, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Michael Soljak, Yun Jin Kim, Hideaki Toyoshima, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Soufiane Boufous, Ivy Shiue, Anders Larsson, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, John Powles, Yara A. Halasa, Robin Room, Ratilal Lalloo, Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Elisabete Weiderpass, Jürgen Rehm, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Alicia Aleman, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Elena Alvarez, Rachelle Buchbinder, Randah R. Hamadeh, Bryan Hubbell, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Farhad Islami, Costas A. Christophi, Heidi Stöckl, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Nigel Bruce, Edward J Mills, Samuel A L Perry, Taavi Lai, Baffour Awuah, Mete Saylan, Karen J. Courville, Arindam Basu, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Teresita González de Cosío, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Atte Meretoja, Michael Brauer, Cyrus Cooper, Giorgia Giussani, Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Omid Ameli, Gelin Xu, Matthias Endres, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mohamed Hsairi, Palwasha Anwari, Mazin J. Al Khabouri, Dariush Mozaffarian, Juan R. Sanabria, Pablo M. Lavados, Sumeet S. Chugh, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Maurice Giroud, Haidong Kan, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi, José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador, Luigi Naldi, Erica Leigh Slepak, Deena Alasfoor, James E. Saunders, Richard Matzopoulos, Talal Bakfalouni, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Lennert J. Veerman, Lorenzo Monasta, Henrica A. F. M. Jansen, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Brittany Wurtz, Luz Maria Sanchez, Lijing L. Yan, M. Patrice Lindsay, Michele Meltzer, Sanjay Basu, Steven van de Vijver, Alaa Badawi, Thomas Claßen, Young-Ho Khang, Brett M. Kissela, Jun Zhu, In-Hwan Oh, Fiona J Charlson, Maria Cecilia Bahit, Dinorah González-Castell, Rosario Cárdenas, Dan Poenaru, Sayed Saidul Alam, Mitchell T. Wallin, Harish Chander Gugnani, James Leigh, Ferrán Catalá-López, Lidia Morawska, Jim van Os, Stephanie J. London, Kaire Innos, Isabelle Romieu, Fiorella Cavalleri, Adrian Davis, Hwee Pin Phua, Chakib Nejjari, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Lynne Gaffikin, Constance D. Pond, Michael F. MacIntyre, Blake Thomson, Norberto Perico, Ronny Westerman, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Michael H. Criqui, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Bulat Idrisov, Ana Basto-Abreu, Andrew G. M. Bulloch, Jasvinder A. Singh, Vinod K. Paul, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Richard L. Guerrant, Mohammed I. Albittar, Srikanth Mangalam, Steven E. Lipshultz, Lela Sturua, Semaw Ferede Abera, Eduardo Bernabé, George D. Thurston, Bruno F. Sunguya, Tiffany Ku, Alejandra G. Contreras, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Charles Atkinson, Ashkan Afshin, Heidi J. Larson, Abdullatif Husseini, Jose C. Adsuar, Reza Assadi, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Yousef M. Elshrek, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Devina Nand, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima, Maheswar Satpathy, Fotis Topouzis, Traolach S. Brugha, Hywel C Williams, Coen H. Van Gool, Andrew H. Kemp, Awoke Misganaw, Amado D Quezada, Norito Kawakami, Bert Brunekreef, Peter Burney, Tati S. Warouw, Jongmin Lee, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Marcel Tanner, Solveig A. Cunningham, Benjamin O. Anderson, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Lars Barregard, Xia Wan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Bernadette Thomas, Lilia S Pedraza, Massimo Cirillo, Alina Rodriguez, Ricky Leung, Farshad Pourmalek, K. Srinath Reddy, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Neeraj Bedi, Al Artaman, Lucia Hernandez, Itamar S. Santos, C. Arden Pope, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Carlo Irwin A. Panelo, Selen Begüm Uzun, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Anwar Rafay, Daniel Dicker, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Mohammed O. Basulaiman, Edgar P. Simard, Mohammad T Mashal, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Don C. Des Jarlais, Bo Norrving, Salvador Villalpando, Miia Kivipelto, Yang Liu, Carolina Maria Teixeira, Catalina Medina, Sudha Jayaraman, Josep Maria Haro, Diego De Leo, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Abigail C. McKay, Eric L. Ding, Mukesh Dherani, Ljiljana Pejin Stokic, Vinay Nangia, Sukanta Saha, Juan Liang, Elisabeth Cardis, Zourkaleini Younoussi, José R Nogueira, Braden Te Ao, Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado, Lionel Racapé, Ting Wu Chuang, Shahab Khatibzadeh, E Filipa de Castro, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Ulises Trujillo, Alan D. Lopez, Soraya Seedat, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Daniel Pope, Alexandra Brazinova, Faris Lami, Valentina Colistro, G Anil Kumar, Derek F J Fay, Haidong Wang, Hwashin H. Shin, Raimundas Lunevicius, Suzanne Polinder, Dietrich Plass, David Rojas-Rueda, Stephen S Lim, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Yuantao Hao, Jung-Chen Chang, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Luciano A. Sposato, Stan Biryukov, Kunihiro Matsushita, Beth E. Ebel, Cleusa P. Ferri, Soumya Swaminathan, K. Ryan Wessells, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Leslie T. Cooper, David O. Carpenter, Nancy Lopez, Bryan L. Sykes, Sandra Nolte, Murray B. Stein, Paul N. Jensen, Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez, Xiaonong Zou, Bradford D. Gessner, Dhruv S. Kazi, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Alejandra Jáuregui, Pouria Heydarpour, Megan Bohensky, Harvey Whiteford, Berrak Bora Basara, Zhengming Chen, Gregory R. Wagner, Paul I. Dargan, Hermann Brenner, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, John Nelson Opio, Scott Weichenthal, Deborah Salvo, Jun She, Tea Lallukka, Carolyn C. Gotay, Stephen G. Waller, Christian Kieling, Shivanthi Balalla, Valery L. Feigin, Qing Lan, Matias Trillini, Adam D M Briggs, Sungroul Kim, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Renata Micha, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Ralph L. Sacco, Biju Abraham, Ken Takahashi, Jixiang Ma, Peter A. Meaney, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Kimberly Cooperrider, M Rifat Kose, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Rasmus Havmoeller, Alize J. Ferrari, Kebede Deribe, Nadim E. Karam, George A. Mensah, Bongani M. Mayosi, Konrad Pesudovs, Joanna Moschandreas, Ziad Nahas, James Damsere-Derry, Nsanzimana Sabin, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Ying Jiang, Andre Pascal Kengne, Peter Allebeck, Jonas Minet Kinge, Shankuan Zhu, Guy B. Marks, Daniel C Casey, Marco A Avila, Anna Roca, Lalit Dandona, Ami R. Moore, Adansi A. Amankwaa, David Gunnell, Andre Keren, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Nhung T Nguyen, Anthony D. Woolf, Mayuree Rao, Peter J. Allen, Christina Papachristou, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Ravi Kumar Balu, Marie Ng, Marcello Tonelli, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Maigeng Zhou, Emmanuela Gakidou, Mohammed K. Ali, Amanda W Pain, Dan J. Stein, Kawkab Shishani, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Howard J. Hoffman, James Scott, Nadine Steckling, Samia Alhabib, Deborah Jarvis, Kara Estep, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Ricardo Orozco, Holly Hagan, K. C. Astha, Reza Malekzadeh, Klara Dokova, Aliya Naheed, Ernst J. Kuipers, Valeria Caso, Derrick A Bennett, Andrea B. Feigl, Uche S. Uchendu, Holly E. Erskine, Shireen Sindi, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Alejandra Cantoral, Ketevan Goginashvili, Raghib Ali, Fan Jiang, Robert G. Weintraub, Homie Razavi, Myriam Tobollik, Howard Hu, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Irma Khonelidze, Patricia M. Riccio, Eun-Kee Park, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Ibrahim Abubakar, Jürgen C Schmidt, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Aref A. Bin Abdulhak, Graeme J. Hankey, Natan M. Bornstein, Mouhanad Hammami, Lee Richardson, Rintaro Mori, Alanur Çavlin, Ruth W Kimokoti, Samir Soneji, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, John Q. Wong, Joseph Frostad, Tom Achoki, Rahman Shiri, Ashish Bhalla, Kurt Straif, Simon I. Hay, Scott B. Patten, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Ryan M Barber, Rosana E. Norman, JianLi Wang, Siyi Shangguan, Luke Nyakarahuka, Kovin Naidoo, Charles D. H. Parry, Mercedes Colomar, H. Ross Anderson, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Joan M. Nolla, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Karen Devries, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Denis Nash, Marape Marape, Rajiv Chowdhury, Dima M. Qato, Luca Ronfani, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Margaret Robinson, Hilda L Harb, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Janet L Leasher, Jonathan L. Wright, Peter Brooks, Cristiana Abbafati, Belinda K Lloyd, Victor Aboyans, Nikhil Tandon, Charles R. Newton, Simón Barquera, Ted R. Miller, Kinnari S. Murthy, Habib Benzian, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Alexander Kraemer, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, Saman Fahimi, Lesley Rushton, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Logan Sandar, Bruce Neal, Teresa Shamah Levy, Karen M. Tabb, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Christopher J L Murray, Ramesh Sahathevan, Aaron Cohen, Chanda Kulkarni, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Rajeev Gupta, Neil Pearce, Mustafa Z. Younis, Veena S. Kulkarni, Francisco A García-Guerra, Amanda G. Thrift, Stefan Ma, Samaya Ismayilova, Evariste Gasana, Amitava Banerjee, Aslam Pervaiz, Emilie Agardh, Abraham D. Flaxman, Farshad Farzadfar, Peter W. Gething, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Wanqing Chen, Saad B. Omer, Ruben Castro, Neeraj Bhala, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Hilton Lam, Urbano Fra Paleo, Lidia Sanchez-Riera, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Kristen Delwiche, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Max Petzold, Yuri Y Varakin, Guilherme Borges, Guohong Jiang, Francis Guillemin, Kyle R. Heuton, Yohannes Kinfu, Victoria F Bachman, Joseph A Wagner, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Leonardo Trasande, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Josef Coresh, Chuanhua Yu, Kenji Shibuya, Berrin Serdar, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Jean de Dieu Ngirabega, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Natalie Stephens, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Jefferson Traebert, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Kjetil Søreide, Samath D Dharmaratne, Robert P. Dellavalle, George Mugambage Ruhago, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Dipan Bose, Tania C Aburto, Saleem M Rana, Miriam Levi, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan, Ron T. Gansevoort, H. D. Hosgood, Michael Burch, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Ayfer Pekericli, Walter Mendoza, Pengpeng Ye, Gabrielle deVeber, Ali H. Mokdad, David M. Broday, Koranteng Adofo, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Shifalika Goenka, Carrie Beth Peterson, Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Rahul Gupta, Giancarlo Logroscino, Kardiyoloji, Peterson, Carrie B., Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive (LAPSCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), London South Bank University, Metropolitan Police Service, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Insight Centre for Data Analytics [Galway] (INSIGHT), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques Nancy, Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Universität Mannheim [Mannheim], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) (SRI-B), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Multimedia Research Center (MRC), University of Alberta, Division of Biostatistics (Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Southampton, Imperial College London, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 (InTRu), Université de Tours, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Risk Assessment Sciences Institute, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA (UMR_8251 / U1133)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-Royal Brompton Hospital-National Heart and Lung Institute [UK], CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), STAR laboratory, Stanford University [Stanford], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore (NUS), Centre de Robotique (CAOR), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Swansea University, Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Neuro Rehab Services LLP [New Delhi], Department of Signal Theory and Communications (TSC), Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, King‘s College London, Dept. Mat. Engn. De Ma, Sao Carlos, Fed. Univ. Sao Carlos UFSCar, RESPEC (RESPEC), RESPEC, Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] (ALES), Department of Biology [Miami], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Health Care, Minister Of Labour-Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, University of Oxford [Oxford], College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia, Laboratory of Neurologic Diseases, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur], National Institute of Technology [Hamirpur], GEMMA — Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (Ariana, Tunisie) (INRAP), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University-Shahid Beheshti University, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Tehran, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe (SAGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, George Washington University (GW), Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universiteit Gent [Ghent], Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, School of Computer Science - China University of Geosciences (China University of Geosciences (East Area)), Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Fachbereich Physik [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci (DRDO, INMAS), Univ New Delhi, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Cape Town, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Daejeon] (Chungnam National University), Lawrence University, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tata Research Development and Design Center (TRDDC), TCS Innovation Labs, University of Helsinki, Google Inc [Mountain View], Research at Google, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Servicio de Neurologia (SANTIAGO - Neurologie), Universidad del Desarrollo, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering (CAD Laboratory), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Università degli studi di Bari, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Centre d'études et de recherche en informatique et communications (CEDRIC), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise (ENSIIE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] (Heudiasyc), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Information and Electrical Engineering [Beijing] (CIEE), China Agricultural University (CAU), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES, Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble [2013-2019] (ESPE Grenoble [2013-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa [Iowa City], College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Ministry of Health, Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches agricoles du Sud, Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Unit of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, University of Virginia, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo', Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of dermatology, Milano University-Azienda Ospedaleria Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], The Georges Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, Department of epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona], Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]-Catalunya ministerio de salud, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Unit of Functional Bionanomaterials, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department - Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], World Health Organization, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Nordic School of Public Health, The James Hutton Institute, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington [Seattle], Institute of Public Health, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Dept.of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Istituto Mario Negri Bergamo, Centro Ricerche e Trapianti Villa Camozzi, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et Ingénierie de Production (LGI2P), IMT - MINES ALES (IMT - MINES ALES), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut geològic de Catalunya (IGC), Institut Geològic de Catalunya-IGC, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Symantec, University of Oviedo, European Microsoft Innovation Center (EMIC), Microsoft Corporation [Redmond, Wash.], Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa], Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences (LMPG), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Departments of Applied Physics [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GlaxoSmithKline, Imperial College London-Clinical Imaging Center, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Nanoscience Institute (NEST), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology (LICB), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Laboratorio Nacional de Computação Cientifica [Rio de Janeiro] (LNCC / MCT), Occupational Health Unit, Bologna University Hospital-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), NICTA [Eveleigh], National ICT Australia [Sydney] (NICTA), Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University [Lund], University of Calgary, BioWare Corp, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Division [London], Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-King‘s College London, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physiology, Augusta University - Medical College of Georgia, University System of Georgia (USG)-University System of Georgia (USG), Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases-King‘s College London, Electronic Navigation Research Institute (ENRI), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Department of Computer Science [KAIST] (CS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Centre for Undergraduate Studies, University of the Punjab, Siemens Corporate Research, Siemens AG [Munich], University of Massachusetts [Boston] (UMass Boston), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Hort Crops N Chi, Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University (PSL), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MOLTECH-ANJOU (MOLTECH-ANJOU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH)-Universidad del Desarrollo, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble (ESPE Grenoble), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), King‘s College London-Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Sichuan University, Universitat de Barcelona, Interne Geneeskunde, Medische Sociologie, MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), Groningen Kidney Center (GKC), RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides ( LPS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive ( LAPSCO ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches ( UR ETGR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Hong Kong Baptist University ( HKBU ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] ( LMU ), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Insight Centre for Data Analytics (National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG)) ( INSIGHT ), Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation ( APEMAC ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), University of Oslo ( UiO ) -University of Oslo ( UiO ), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas ( CEAZA ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux ( LIM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] ( LBNL ), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) ( SRI-B ), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), Multimedia Research Center ( MRC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Division of Biostatistics ( Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS ), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], University of Southampton [Southampton], Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 ( InTRu ), Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University Medical Center Utrecht, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative ( BFA ), Imperial College London-Royal Brompton Hospital-National Heart and Lung Institute, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires ( VIM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), National University of Singapore ( NUS ), Centre de Robotique ( CAOR ), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University ( PSL ), Department of Signal Theory and Communications ( TSC ), RESPEC ( RESPEC ), Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] ( ALES ), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] ( UPC ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique ( INRAP ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP-Tunisie), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ), Tehran University, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe ( SAGE ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale ( SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - AMU - IRD ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Washington State University ( WSU ), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon ( Phys-ENS ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ( ISCR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse ( IRIT ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Université Toulouse 1 Capitole ( UT1 ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy ( CRAN ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Freie Universität Berlin [Berlin], Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci ( DRDO, INMAS ), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Tata Research Development and Design Center ( TRDDC ), Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou [Angers] ( MOLTECH ANJOU ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Swedish Defense Research Agency ( FOI ), Servicio de Neurologia ( SANTIAGO - Neurologie ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ) -Universidad del Desarrollo, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp., East Hanover NJ 07936, USA, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ( CAD Laboratory ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ), Centre d'étude et de recherche en informatique et communications ( CEDRIC ), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise ( ENSIIE ) -Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] ( Heudiasyc ), Université de Technologie de Compiègne ( UTC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), College of Information and Electrical Engineering [Beijing] ( CIEE ), China Agricultural University ( CAU ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble ( ESPE Grenoble ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth], The University of Sydney [Sydney], Département Optique ( OPT ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes ( L2S ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology ( CREAL ), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Center for TeleInFrastruktur ( CTIF ), Aalborg University [Denmark] ( AAU ), Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 ( STL ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita ( UNESP ), Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et Ingénierie de Production ( LGI2P ), IMT - Mines Alès Ecole Mines - Télécom ( IMT - MINES ALES ), Institut geològic de Catalunya ( IGC ), Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons ( LPGP ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Politecnico di Milano [Milan], European Microsoft Innovation Center ( EMIC ), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences ( LMPG ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires ( LPMA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire ( IGBMC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Mathematical Modeling ( CMM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ( LSHTM ), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] ( UEOH ), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre ( IRPHE ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] ( UFPE ), Nanoscience Institute ( NEST ), Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology ( LICB ), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability ( IES ), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] ( JRC ), Bonn Universität [Bonn], Laboratorio Nacional de Computação Cientifica [Rio de Janeiro] ( LNCC / MCT ), Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] ( KTH ), National ICT Australia [Sydney] ( NICTA ), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia ( CHOP ), Univeristy of Pennsylvania Medical School, Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique ( GeM ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Medical College of Georgia, Electronic Navigation Research Institute ( ENRI ), Department of Computer Science [KAIST] ( CS ), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), University of Massachusetts [Boston] ( UMass Boston ), Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Alexander, Lily, Anderson, H. Ro, Bachman, Victoria F, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Casey, Daniel, Coates, Matthew M, Cohen, Aaron, Delwiche, Kristen, Estep, Kara, Frostad, Joseph J, Kc, Astha, Kyu, Hmwe H, Moradi Lakeh, Maziar, Ng, Marie, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Thomas, Bernadette A, Wagner, Joseph, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M. E, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Al Khabouri, Mazin J, Al Lami, Faris H, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Mohammed K, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charle, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balu, Ravi Kumar, Banerjee, Amitava, Barber, Ryan M, Barker Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto Abreu, Ana C, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Ruvalcaba, Carolina Bati, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref A. Bin, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Başara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M, Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J, Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D. M, Broday, David M, Brooks, Peter M, Bruce, Nigel G, Brugha, Traolach S, Brunekreef, Bert, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bui, Linh N, Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter G. J, Campos Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano, Julio C, Cantoral, Alejandra J, Caravanos, Jack, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cardis, Elisabeth, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chen, Zhengming, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christophi, Costas A, Chuang, Ting Wu, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Claßen, Thomas Kd, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Contreras, Alejandra G, Cooper, Cyru, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cooper, Leslie T, Coresh, Josef, Courville, Karen J, Criqui, Michael H, Cuevas Nasu, Lucia, Damsere Derry, Jame, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dayama, Anand, de Castro, E. Filipa, De la Cruz Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, de Lima, Graça, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C. De, Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Devries, Karen M, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E. Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Durrani, Adnan M, Ebel, Beth E, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elshrek, Yousef M, Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F. 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Subjects: Male, Fine particulate matter, Nutrition and Disease, MESH : Sanitation, Health Behavior, Diseases, MESH: Metabolic Diseases, MESH: Global Health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, MESH: Risk Assessment, Global Health, MESH : Nutritional Status, MESH: Occupational Exposure, 0302 clinical medicine, Unsafe Sex, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Medicine, Air-pollution, MESH : Female, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH : Risk Assessment, Sanitation, Wasting, 2. Zero hunger, Factors de risc en les malalties, Medicine (all), [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, MESH : Occupational Diseases, MESH: Nutritional Status, All-cause mortality, MESH : Risk Factors, humanities, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Nutritional Status, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Risk Assessment, Tobacco smoking, 3. Good health, Nutritional Statu, MESH : Occupational Exposure, MESH : Metabolic Diseases, Cohort, medicine.symptom, Risk assessment, Blood-pressure, Human, MESH: Occupational Diseases, Risk factors in diseases, Coronary-heart-disease, MESH : Male, MESH: Health Behavior, MESH: Environmental Exposure, Population health, Body-mass index, 03 medical and health sciences, Household cooking, Cardiovascular-disease, Environmental health, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Life Science, MESH: Sanitation, Risk factor, MESH : Health Behavior, VLAG, GBD2013, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Risk Factor, Global Burden of Disease Study, 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks, Long-term exposure, MESH : Humans, CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, MESH: Male, Metabolic Disease, Occupational Disease, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, MALE BRITISH DOCTORS, Years of potential life lost, Relative risk, Malalties, MESH : Global Health, OUTDOOR AIR-POLLUTION, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH : Environmental Exposure, MESH: Female
Abstract: Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5−89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the fi rst of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantifi cation, particularly of modifi able risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the fi rst level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular fi ltration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5−89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

15. Advancing marine biological observations and data requirements of the complementary Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) frameworks

Author: Frank E. Muller-Karger, Patricia Miloslavich, Nicholas J. Bax, Samantha Simmons, Mark J. Costello, Isabel Sousa Pinto, Gabrielle Canonico, Woody Turner, Michael Gill, Enrique Montes, Benjamin D. Best, Jay Pearlman, Patrick Halpin, Daniel Dunn, Abigail Benson, Corinne S. Martin, Lauren V. Weatherdon, Ward Appeltans, Pieter Provoost, Eduardo Klein, Christopher R. Kelble, Robert J. Miller, Francisco P. Chavez, Katrin Iken, Sanae Chiba, David Obura, Laetitia M. Navarro, Henrique M. Pereira, Valerie Allain, Sonia Batten, Lisandro Benedetti-Checchi, J. Emmett Duffy, Raphael M. Kudela, Lisa-Maria Rebelo, Yunne Shin, Gary Geller, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin-St. James's Hospital, IEEE, Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory [USA], Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham]-Duke University [Durham], Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], United Nations Environment Programma World Conservation Monitoring Centre, International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean - East Africa (CORDIO - East Africa), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Marine conservation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Marine life, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), global ocean observing system (GOOS), lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Ecosystem services, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, marine biodiversity observation network (MBON), 11. Sustainability, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, ocean biogeographic information system (OBIS), Sustainable development, Essential biodiversity variables (EBV), Essential ocean variables (EOV), Global ocean observing system (GOOS), Integrated marine biosphere research (IMBeR), Marine biodiversity observation network (MBON), Marine global earth observatory (MarineGEO), Ocean biogeographic information system (OBIS), Global and Planetary Change, integrated marine biosphere research (IMBeR), business.industry, marine global earth observatory (MarineGEO), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, global ocean observing system(GOOS), 15. Life on land, Ocean Biogeographic Information System, ocean biogeographic information system(OBIS), 13. Climate action, Sustainability, essential ocean variables (EOV), lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Global biodiversity, Group on Earth Observations, essential biodiversity variables (EBV)
Abstract: Measurements of the status and trends of key indicators for the ocean and marine life are required to inform policy and management in the context of growing human uses of marine resources, coastal development, and climate change. Two synergistic efforts identify specific priority variables for monitoring: Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) through the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), and Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) from the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) (see Data Sheet 1 in Supplementary Materials for a glossary of acronyms). Both systems support reporting against internationally agreed conventions and treaties. GOOS, established under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), plays a leading role in coordinating global monitoring of the ocean and in the definition of EOVs. GEO BON is a global biodiversity observation network that coordinates observations to enhance management of the world's biodiversity and promote both the awareness and accounting of ecosystem services. Convergence and agreement between these two efforts are required to streamline existing and new marine observation programs to advance scientific knowledge effectively and to support the sustainable use and management of ocean spaces and resources. In this context, the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON), a thematic component of GEO BON, is collaborating with GOOS, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), and the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project to ensure that EBVs and EOVs are complementary, representing alternative uses of a common set of scientific measurements. This work is informed by the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM), an intergovernmental body of technical experts that helps international coordination on best practices for observing, data management and services, combined with capacity development expertise. Characterizing biodiversity and understanding its drivers will require incorporation of observations from traditional and molecular taxonomy, animal tagging and tracking efforts, ocean biogeochemistry, and ocean observatory initiatives including the deep ocean and seafloor. The partnership between large-scale ocean observing and product distribution initiatives (MBON, OBIS, JCOMM, and GOOS) is an expedited, effective way to support international policy-level assessments (e.g., the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services or IPBES), along with the implementation of international development goals (e.g., the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals).
Published: 2018

16. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013

Author: Meghan D. Mooney, Ken Takahashi, Andrea Stewart, Jonathan C Brown, Shireen Sindi, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kyle R. Heuton, Gillian M. Hansen, Chante Karimkhani, Bryan K. Phillips, Ibrahim Abubakar, Yohannes Kinfu, Victoria F Bachman, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Andrew G. M. Bulloch, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Don C. Des Jarlais, Giancarlo Logroscino, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Jefferson G Fernandes, Cheng Huang, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Roderick J Hay, Itamar S. Santos, Zanfina Ademi, Fiona J Charlson, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Anwar Rafay, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Juanita A. Haagsma, Emmanuel A. Ameh, John J. McGrath, Massimo Cirillo, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Holly Hagan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Dietrich Plass, Matias Trillini, David Phillips, Braden Te Ao, Wanqing Chen, Yun Jin Kim, David Rojas-Rueda, Christina Papachristou, Andrew E. Moran, Richard A. Gosselin, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Soraya Seedat, Janet L Leasher, Belinda K Lloyd, Lorenzo Monasta, Bruno F. Sunguya, Eun-Kee Park, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Young-Ho Khang, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Dima M. Qato, James Scott, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Luca Ronfani, Haidong Kan, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Taavi Tillmann, Wang Wenzhi, Neil Pearce, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Aliya Naheed, Ferrán Catalá-López, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Emily Dansereau, Michael McKee, Derrick A Bennett, Mazeda Hossain, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Norberto Perico, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Boris Bikbov, Palwasha Anwari, Guoqing Hu, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Peter A. Meaney, Farshad Farzadfar, Svetlana Popova, Tara Templin, Hmwe H Kyu, Uche S. Uchendu, Kebede Deribe, Sergey Soshnikov, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Ilana N. Ackerman, Homie Razavi, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra Nolte, David T. Felson, John J Huang, Yang Liu, Fiorella Cavalleri, Adrian Davis, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Klara Dokova, Yuantao Hao, Catalina Medina, Austin E Schumacher, Stan Biryukov, Jane Rowley, Arindam Basu, Jose C. Adsuar, Rosana E. Norman, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Sukanta Saha, Simón Barquera, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Philip B. Mitchell, Lars Barregard, Haidong Wang, Yongmei Li, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Raghib Ali, Peter T. Serina, Lijing L Yan, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Ricky Leung, Michelle L. Bell, Tim Driscoll, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Pourmalek, Tea Lallukka, Benjamin O Anderson, Raimundas Lunevicius, Corine Karema, Robert G. Weintraub, Erin C Mullany, Anders Larsson, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Luke Nyakarahuka, Sayed Saidul Alam, Louisa Degenhardt, Hugh R. Taylor, E. Ray Dorsey, Suzanne Polinder, Hilton Lam, Urbano Fra Paleo, David Zonies, Rahman Shiri, Marco A Avila, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Katya Anne Shackelford, Lynne Gaffikin, Konstantin Kazanjan, Mark T Mackay, Jasvinder A. Singh, Bryan L. Sykes, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Chantal Huynh, Rakhi Dandona, Logan Sandar, Lavanya Singh, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Theo Vos, Steven E. Lipshultz, Coen H. Van Gool, Peggy P. Chiang, Mark G. Shrime, Christopher J L Murray, Scott Weichenthal, Jae-Hyun Park, Samia Alhabib, Philimon Gona, Christian Kieling, Yuichiro Yano, Ronny Westerman, Thomas Truelsen, Rajeev Gupta, Megan Bohensky, Abdullatif Husseini, Qing Lan, Luke D. Knibbs, Yousef M. Elshrek, H. Ross Anderson, Guohong Jiang, Madeline L. Moyer, Vinod K. Paul, Wim H. van Brakel, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Kara Estep, Lalit Dandona, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Ying Jiang, Joseph A Wagner, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, In-Hwan Oh, Siyi Shangguan, Noela M. Prasad, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Hilda L Harb, Elena Alvarez, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mustafa Z. Younis, Herbert C. Duber, Erica Leigh Slepak, George A. Mensah, Knud Juel, Graeme J. Hankey, Natan M. Bornstein, Martha Híjar, Johan Ärnlöv, Mohamed Hsairi, Katherine T. Lofgren, Murray B. Stein, Renata Micha, Luigi Naldi, Margreet ten Have, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Kyle J Foreman, Kenji Shibuya, F. Gerry R. Fowkes, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Rana J. Asghar, Karen M. Tabb, Kovin Naidoo, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Honglei Chen, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Rasmus Havmoeller, Yukito Shinohara, Bongani M. Mayosi, Ernst J Kuipers, Konrad Pesudovs, Mouhanad Hammami, Lee Richardson, Rintaro Mori, Thomas D. Fleming, Pouria Heydarpour, Stephen G. Waller, Nicholas Graetz, Chanda Kulkarni, Peter Brooks, Gulfaraz Khan, Marcel Tanner, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Neeraj Bedi, Anthony D. Woolf, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Amanda W Pain, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, George D Thurston, Victor Aboyans, Alanur Çavlin, Jefferson Traebert, Michael R. Phillips, Yingfeng Zheng, Baffour Awuah, Carlo Irwin A. Panelo, Selen Begüm Uzun, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Samir Soneji, Veena S. Kulkarni, Mukesh Dherani, Stephen S Lim, Andre Keren, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kjetil Søreide, Blake Thomson, Samath D Dharmaratne, Christopher D. Blosser, David H. Rothstein, Amanda G. Thrift, Fabrizio Tediosi, Andrew H. Kemp, H. Dean Hosgood, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Miia Kivipelto, Amitava Banerjee, Edgar P. Simard, Reza Malekzadeh, Maggie Lind, Robert P. Dellavalle, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Lydia S. Atkins, Tom Achoki, Aslam Pervaiz, Peter Scarborough, Hans W. Hoek, Ettore Beghi, Emilie Agardh, Abraham D. Flaxman, Dariush Mozaffarian, Juan R. Sanabria, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Caitlyn Steiner, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Gail Davey, Gelin Xu, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Ashish Bhalla, Jost B. Jonas, Paul N. Jensen, Simon I. Hay, Xiaonong Zou, Andre Pascal Kengne, Tolesa Bekele, Brittany Wurtz, Jung-Chen Chang, Joseph Murray, Luciano A. Sposato, Stefan Ma, Summer Lockett Ohno, Charles R. Newton, Bradford D. Gessner, JianLi Wang, Scott B. Patten, Thomas Fürst, Carol Brayne, Christina Fitzmaurice, Peilin Shi, Ted R. Miller, Kinnari S. Murthy, Habib Benzian, Peter W. Gething, Cesar Diaz-Torne, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Bo Norrving, Carly E Levitz, Adam D M Briggs, Sungroul Kim, Isabela M. Benseñor, John A. Crump, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Marcella Montico, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Sun Ha Jee, Valery L. Feigin, Christine M. Budke, Anne Bulchis, Anand Dayama, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Cyrus Cooper, Teresa Shamah Levy, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Nataliya A. Foigt, Beth E. Ebel, Max Petzold, Heresh Amini, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Dan Poenaru, Jim van Os, Michele E. Murdoch, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Michael H. Criqui, Giorgia Giussani, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Chuanhua Yu, Luis M. Coppola, Thomas J. Montine, Alaa Badawi, Eduardo Bernabé, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, James Leigh, Frédéric B. Piel, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Maheswar Satpathy, Hélène Carabin, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Ryan M Barber, Fotis Topouzis, Bin Li, Serge Resnikoff, Taavi Lai, Rachelle Buchbinder, Randah R. Hamadeh, Valeria Caso, Holly E. Erskine, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Rachel L. Pullan, Ben Schöttker, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Fiona M. Blyth, Belinda J. Gabbe, Hebe N. Gouda, Farhad Islami, Atte Meretoja, Christopher Margono, Marissa Iannarone, Ronan A Lyons, Wilkister N. Moturi, Donald H. Silberberg, Alexandra Brazinova, Monica Cortinovis, Deena Alasfoor, Richard Matzopoulos, Jerry Abraham, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Valentina Colistro, Derek F J Fay, Mamta Swaroop, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, John Nelson Opio, Hanne Christensen, Jun She, Soewarta Kosen, Atsushi Goto, Costas A. Christophi, Jeyaraj D. Pandian, Peter J. Hotez, K. Srinath Reddy, Al Artaman, Peter Allebeck, Jonas Minet Kinge, Graham S Cooke, Dan J. Stein, Kawkab Shishani, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Katrina F Ortblad, Deborah Jarvis, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, G Anil Kumar, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Yong Zhao, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hadi Danawi, George C Patton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Tommi J. Vasankari, Matthias Endres, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Charles N Mock, Katharine J Looker, Bach Xuan Tran, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Harish Chander Gugnani, Reza Assadi, Hannah Hamavid, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammed I. Albittar, Sarah Derrett, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi, Traolach S. Brugha, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Josep Maria Haro, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rupert R A Bourne, Katherine B Gibney, David M. Pereira, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Luc E. Coffeng, Joshua A. Salomon, Xia Wan, Ian Bolliger, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Tati S. Warouw, Geoffrey Buckle, Chakib Nejjari, Diego De Leo, Ashkan Afshin, Vinay Nangia, Daniel Pope, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Nikhil Tandon, Kelly Bienhoff, Jed D. Blore, Walid Ammar, D. Allen Roberts, Elisabete Weiderpass, Gregory A. Roth, Manami Inoue, James D. Wilkinson, Hideaki Toyoshima, Soufiane Boufous, Ivy Shiue, Edward J Mills, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Alberto Ortiz, Steven van de Vijver, David Carpenter, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Antony Stevens, Sanjay Basu, Maria Cecilia Bahit, Kaire Innos, Lindsay N. Boyers, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Alize J. Ferrari, Timothy M. Wolock, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Joanna Moschandreas, Howard J. Hoffman, Hideki Higashi, George M. Ruhago, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mohammed Basulaiman, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Marcello Tonelli, Maurice Giroud, Karen Edmond, Norito Kawakami, Mohammad T Mashal, Neeraj Bhala, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, David Tanne, Abhishek Singh, Kazem Rahimi, Vivekanand Jha, Wagner Marcenes, David J. Margolis, Yara A. Halasa, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Carrie Beth Peterson, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Rahul Gupta, Robyn M. Lucas, Sarah Wulf, Lars Jacob Stovner, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Pengpeng Ye, Ali H. Mokdad, Dipan Bose, Saleem M Rana, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Abigail Mclain, Timothy J. Steiner, Amira Shaheen, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Michele Meltzer, Richie G Poulton, Joseph R. Masci, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Daniel Dicker, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Julio C. Montañez Hernandez, Valentina Arsić Arsenijević, William Msemburi, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Soumya Swaminathan, Harvey Whiteford, Michael F. Macintyre, Berrak Bora Basara, Gregory R. Wagner, Paul I. Dargan, Hermann Brenner, Carolyn C. Gotay, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Neil McGill, Murray, Christopher J. L, Barber, Ryan M., Foreman, Kyle J., Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F., Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P., Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N., Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, José C., Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E., Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Almazroa, Mohammad A., Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, H. Ro, Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Avila, Marco A., Awuah, Baffour, Bachman, Victoria F., Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O., Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J., Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Biryukov, Stan, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Bolliger, Ian W., Başara, Berrak Bora, Bornstein, Natan M., Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Boyers, Lindsay N., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D., Brooks, Peter M., Brown, Jonathan C., Brugha, Traolach S., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C., Budke, Christine M., Bulchis, Anne, Bulloch, Andrew G., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O., Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben E., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coffeng, Luc E., Coggeshall, Megan S., Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooke, Graham S., Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie T., Coppola, Luis M., Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Dargan, Paul I., Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dherani, Mukesh K., Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Duber, Herbert C., Ebel, Beth E., Edmond, Karen M., Elshrek, Yousef M., Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P., Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F., Feigin, Valery L., Felson, David T., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Fleming, Thomas D., Foigt, Nataliya, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fowkes, F Gerry R., Paleo, Urbano Fra., Franklin, Richard C., Fürst, Thoma, Gabbe, Belinda, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gankpé, Fortuné G., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gething, Peter, Gibney, Katherine B., Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Dantes, Hector Gomez, Gona, Philimon, González-Medina, Diego, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Graetz, Nichola, Gugnani, Harish C., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A., Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Hankey, Graeme J., Hansen, Gillian M., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I., Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana B., Heuton, Kyle R., Heydarpour, Pouria, Higashi, Hideki, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hosgood, H Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa L., Iburg, Kim M., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jarvis, Deborah L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine K., Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre P., Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef S., Khalifa, Shams Eldin A., Khan, Ejaz A., Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yunjin, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M., Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Ander, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B., Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levitz, Carly E., Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Maggie, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lofgren, Katherine T., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Macintyre, Michael F., Mackay, Mark T., Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David J., Margono, Christopher, Marzan, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Mashal, Mohammad T., Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mcgill, Neil W., Mcgrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abigail, Meaney, Peter A., Medina, Catalina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A., Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A., Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis A., Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen L. D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio C. Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew E., Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N., Moyer, Madeline L., Mozaffarian, Dariush, Msemburi, William T., Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Mullany, Erin C., Murdoch, Michele E., Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Kinnari S., Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K M. Venkat, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P., Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N., Nguyen, Grant, Nisar, Muhammad I., Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ohno, Summer L., Olusanya, Bolajoko O., Opio, John Nelson, Ortblad, Katrina, Ortiz, Alberto, Pain, Amanda W., Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Panelo, Carlo Irwin A., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris I., Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Phillips, Bryan K., Phillips, David E., Piel, Frédéric B., Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M., Pullan, Rachel L., Qato, Dima M., Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahman, Sajjad U., Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M., Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K Srinath, Refaat, Amany, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Roberts, D Allen, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rothstein, David H., Rowley, Jane T., Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M., Saeedi, Mohammad Y., Saha, Sukanta, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A., Sanabria, Juan R., Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S., Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Scarborough, Peter, Schneider, Ione J., Schöttker, Ben, Schumacher, Austin E., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serina, Peter T., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya A., Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga D., Silberberg, Donald H., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steiner, Timothy J., Stevens, Antony, Stewart, Andrea, Stovner, Lars J., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R., Te Ao, Braden J., Tediosi, Fabrizio, Temesgen, Awoke M., Templin, Tara, Ten Have, Margreet, Tenkorang, Eric Y., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Thomson, Blake, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X., Trillini, Matia, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin M., Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen B., Van Brakel, Wim H., Van De Vijver, Steven, Van Gool, Coen H., Van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi J., Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Wagner, Joseph, Waller, Stephen G., Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Linhong, Warouw, Tati S., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Wenzhi, Wang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Thomas N., Wolfe, Charles D., Wolock, Timothy M., Woolf, Anthony D., Wulf, Sarah, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yentür, Gökalp K., Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E., Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zonies, David, Zou, Xiaonong, Salomon, Joshua A., Lopez, Alan D., Vos, Theo, Medische Sociologie, MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, Barber, Ryan M, Foreman, Kyle J, Abd Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Abraham, Jerry P, Abu Raddad, Laith J, Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie E, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso Cristancho, Rafael, Almazroa, Mohammad A, Alvis Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Asghar, Rana J, Atkins, Lydia S, Avila, Marco A, Bachman, Victoria F, Bahit, Maria C, Barker Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bertozzi Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Bolliger, Ian W, Bornstein, Natan M, Bourne, Rupert R. A, Boyers, Lindsay N, Brayne, Carol E, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K, Briggs, Adam D, Brooks, Peter M, Brown, Jonathan C, Brugha, Traolach S, Buckle, Geoffrey C, Budke, Christine M, Bulloch, Andrew G, Campos Nonato, Ismael R, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Carpenter, David O, Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed Ochir, Odgerel, Christophi, Costas A, Coates, Matthew M, Coffeng, Luc E, Coggeshall, Megan S, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Leslie T, Coppola, Luis M, Criqui, Michael H, Crump, John A, Cuevas Nasu, Lucia, Dargan, Paul I, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Del Pozo Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Jarlais, Don C. De, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Diaz Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E. 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Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huang, John J, Iannarone, Marissa L, Iburg, Kim M, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jarvis, Deborah L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jensen, Paul N, Jonas, Jost B, Karema, Corine K, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin A, Khan, Ejaz A, Khang, Young Ho, Kinge, Jonas M, Knibbs, Luke D, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lansingh, Van C, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B, Leasher, Janet L, Levitz, Carly E, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lofgren, Katherine T, Looker, Katharine J, Lortet Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lyons, Ronan A, Macintyre, Michael F, Mackay, Mark T, Margolis, David J, Marzan, Melvin B, Masci, Joseph R, Mashal, Mohammad T, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mcgill, Neil W, Mcgrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Melaku, Yohannes A, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Mhimbira, Francis A, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan A, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen L. D, Montine, Thomas J, Mooney, Meghan D, Moore, Ami R, Moradi Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew E, Moturi, Wilkister N, Moyer, Madeline L, Msemburi, William T, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin C, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naidoo, Kovin S, Narayan, K. M. Venkat, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Nisar, Muhammad I, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Oh, In Hwan, Ohno, Summer L, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Park, Eun Kee, Park, Jae Hyun, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pereira, David M, Perez Padilla, Rogelio, Perez Ruiz, Fernando, Peterson, Carrie B, Phillips, Michael R, Phillips, Bryan K, Phillips, David E, Piel, Frédéric B, Poulton, Richie G, Prasad, Noela M, Pullan, Rachel L, Qato, Dima M, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rahman, Sajjad U, Rana, Saleem M, Reddy, K. Srinath, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roberts, D. Allen, Rojas Rueda, David, Roth, Gregory A, Rothstein, David H, Rowley, Jane T, Ruhago, George M, Saeedi, Mohammad Y, Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Schneider, Ione J, Schumacher, Austin E, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serina, Peter T, Servan Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars J, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J. Te, Temesgen, Awoke M, Tenkorang, Eric Y, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Thorne Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tran, Bach X, Tuzcu, Emin M, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen B, Van Brakel, Wim H, van Gool, Coen H, Vasankari, Tommi J, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy V, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Warouw, Tati S, Weintraub, Robert G, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas N, Wolfe, Charles D, Wolock, Timothy M, Woolf, Anthony D, Yan, Lijing L, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yoon, Seok Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa E, Salomon, Joshua A, Lopez, Alan D, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation ( APEMAC ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques Nancy, Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas ( CEAZA ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux ( LIM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computer Science Department [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] ( LBNL ), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) ( SRI-B ), Multimedia Research Center ( MRC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Division of Biostatistics ( Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS ), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], Laboratory of Neurologic Diseases, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, University of Southampton [Southampton], Imperial College London, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 ( InTRu ), Université de Tours, Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Parasitology, STAR laboratory, Stanford University [Stanford], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires ( VIM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore ( NUS ), Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Swansea University, Department of Computer Sciences [Scheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, University of Glasgow, King‘s College London, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique ( UP1 UFR11 ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ), National Diagnostics Centre ( NDC ), National University of Ireland [Galway] ( NUI Galway ), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit ( MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research ), University of Manchester [Manchester], CEGOT - Porto, Universidade do Porto [Porto], Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] ( ALES ), Department of Biology [Miami], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur], National Institute of Technology [Hamirpur], GEMMA — Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] ( UPC ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique ( INRAP ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP-Tunisie), University of Connecticut ( UCONN ), Norwegian Institute for Air Research ( NILU ), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ), Tehran University, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ( FAU ), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe ( SAGE ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University ( WSU ), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon ( Phys-ENS ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse ( IRIT ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Université Toulouse 1 Capitole ( UT1 ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Computer Science - China University of Geosciences (China University of Geosciences (East Area)), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci ( DRDO, INMAS ), Univ New Delhi, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Cape Town, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Daejeon] (Chungnam National University), Lawrence University, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tata Research Development and Design Center ( TRDDC ), TCS Innovation Labs, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou [Angers] ( MOLTECH ANJOU ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Google Inc [Mountain View], Research at Google, Swedish Defense Research Agency ( FOI ), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français ( CRIBS ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] ( LIST ), Southeast University [Jiangsu]-School of Computer Science and Engineering, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Business and Informatics, University of Boras, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ( CAD Laboratory ), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Università degli studi di Bari, Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] ( Heudiasyc ), Université de Technologie de Compiègne ( UTC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of plant pathology and microbiology - centre for sustainable pest and disease management, Rothamsted Research, RGU, Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale ( IDSIA ), Università della Svizzera italiana ( USI ) -Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] ( SUPSI ), Anaesthetics, Southampton University Hospital, Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa [Iowa City], College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Ministry of Health, Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches agricoles du Sud, Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Unit of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Animal Science, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), University of Virginia, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo', Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of dermatology, Milano University-Azienda Ospedaleria Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Department of epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University ( HKBU ), Département Optique ( OPT ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux ( SAMOVAR ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles ( RS2M ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ), Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department - Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] ( ILM ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), World Health Organization, Nordic School of Public Health, The James Hutton Institute, Sero, Sero consulting, Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Disease Group, Department of Zoology, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Center for TeleInFrastruktur ( CTIF ), Aalborg University [Denmark] ( AAU ), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 ( STL ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Dept.of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Istituto Mario Negri Bergamo, Centro Ricerche e Trapianti Villa Camozzi, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita ( UNESP ), Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine ( UGA UFRM ), Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Symantec, European Microsoft Innovation Center ( EMIC ), Microsoft Corporation [Redmond, Wash.], Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences ( LMPG ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Novartis institute for tropical diseases, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire ( IGBMC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology, Departments of Applied Physics [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Center for Mathematical Modeling ( CMM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] ( UEOH ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre ( IRPHE ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), GlaxoSmithKline, Imperial College London-Clinical Imaging Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine-Yale School of Medicine-Yale Stem Cell Center, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Nanoscience Institute ( NEST ), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology ( LICB ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ), Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn Universität [Bonn], Occupational Health Unit, Bologna University Hospital-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] ( KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] ( LMU ), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, NICTA [Eveleigh], National ICT Australia [Sydney] ( NICTA ), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam ( GFZ ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique ( GeM ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Neurorestoration Group, King‘s College London-Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Department of Computer Science [KAIST] ( CS ), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Hort Crops N Chi, Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Weill Cornell Medicine [Qatar], Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) (SRI-B), Multimedia Research Center (MRC), University of Alberta, Division of Biostatistics (Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Southampton, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 (InTRu), Université de Tours (UT), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stanford University, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National University of Singapore (NUS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), National Diagnostics Centre (NDC), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit (MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] (ALES), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Oxford, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of Tehran, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe (SAGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The George Washington University (GW), Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci (DRDO, INMAS), School of Physics and Astronomy [St Andrews], Tata Research Development and Design Center (TRDDC), MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français (CRIBS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] (LIST), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering (CAD Laboratory), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] (Heudiasyc), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana = University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland [Manno] (SUPSI), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux (SAMOVAR), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (TSP - RS2M), University of Melbourne, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine (UGA UFRM), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Microsoft Innovation Center (EMIC), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences (LMPG), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), Nanoscience Institute (NEST), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology (LICB), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), National ICT Australia [Sydney] (NICTA), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science [KAIST] (CS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Kardiyoloji, Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (Ariana, Tunisie) (INRAP), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), George Washington University (GW), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), MOLTECH-ANJOU (MOLTECH-ANJOU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Helsinki, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (RS2M), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale University School of Medicine, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Grelier, Elisabeth, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Universidade do Porto, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-CHU Limoges-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases-King‘s College London, Cell biology, Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Erasmus MC other, Pathology, and Cardiothoracic Surgery
Subjects: Gerontology, Male, CHANGING RELATION, Nutrition and Disease, MESH : Life Expectancy, MESH : Aged, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, Poison control, MESH: Global Health, Global Health, Socioeconomic Factor, Communicable Disease, MESH : Chronic Disease, Health Transition, Voeding en Ziekte, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, SELF-RATED HEALTH, MESH : Socioeconomic Factors, Medicine, MESH : Female, MESH: Mortality, Premature, 2. Zero hunger, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, MESH: Middle Aged, Mortality rate, Medicine (all), GBD2013 diseases, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, MESH : Wounds and Injuries, Epidemiological transition, MESH: Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Communicable Diseases, NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Life Expectancy, MESH: Health Transition, Human, MESH: Socioeconomic Factors, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, MESH : Male, MORTALITY TRENDS, Population, MESH : Health Transition, Communicable Diseases, Article, Life Expectancy, EUROPEAN-UNION, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Disability-adjusted life year, Humans, Life Science, MESH : Middle Aged, Mortality, education, Premature, MESH : Mortality, Premature, VLAG, Aged, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Mortality, Premature, MESH: Chronic Disease, MESH : Communicable Diseases, Wounds and Injurie, MESH : Humans, MESH : Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Non-communicable disease, Chronic Disease, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS, Years of potential life lost, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Wounds and Injuries, Life expectancy, RISK-FACTORS, MESH : Global Health, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, Demography
Abstract: Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. METHODS: We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. FINDINGS: Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. INTERPRETATION: Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition-in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden-is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

17. Overweight and obesity in New Caledonian adults: Results from measured and adjusted self-reported anthropometric data

Author: Damian G Hoy, Isabelle Capart, Philippe Corsenac, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Richard J. K. Taylor, Adam Roth, Bernard Rouchon, Health and Social Agency of New Caledonia (ASS-NC), Agence sanitaire et sociale de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Armand Frappier (INRS-IAF), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Public Health Agency of Sweden, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), and The study was not financially supported. Data used in analyses were from the 2010 Health Barometer Survey.
Subjects: Adult, Male, Gerontology, Adolescent, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, General adult population, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Self-reported- measured-predicted- data, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Overweight, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, New Caledonia, Risk Factors, Diabetes mellitus, Linear regression, Internal Medicine, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Melanesians, Obesity, Aged, Population survey, Anthropometry, Anthropometric data, business.industry, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Self Report, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract: International audience; AIMS:To estimate the overweight (OW) and obesity (Ob) prevalence and associated socio-demographic risk factors in New Caledonian adults aged 18-67years.METHODS:From a randomly selected cross-sectional population survey, self-reported (n=2513) and measured (n=736) height and weight data were collected. Separate linear regression analyses for measured weight and height were performed, using cases with both self-reported weight and height and socio-demographic variables. The final weight and height assigned to each case was either measured or predicted from the regression (n=2075). OW prevalence was defined as: Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 and
Published: 2017

18. Phylogeography of Noah’s giant clam

Author: Hélène Magalon, Philippe Borsa, Cécile Fauvelot, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, Daphné Grulois, Serge Andréfouët, Josina Tiavouane, Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université des Antilles (UA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Demographic history, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Evolutionary history, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Tridacna, biology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Giant clam, Microsatellite, DNA, biology.organism_classification, Mitochondrial, Phylogeography, Archipelago, Tridacna noae, Indo-Pacific
Abstract: International audience; Noah’s giant clam (Tridacna noae), recently resurrected from synonymy with T. maxima, occurs from Christmas Island to the Northern Line Islands and from the Ryukyu Islands to New Caledonia. We used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to investigate the phylogeographic structure and demographic history of T. noae over most of its geographical range. Results from the two types of markers reveal a consistent population structure, partitioning T. noae into three distinct lineages: (1) eastern half of the Indo-Malay archipelago and Western Australia, (2) Melanesia and Micronesia, and (3) Central Polynesia. Demographic expansion initiated between 300,000 and 400,000 years ago, as was detected for each haplogroup. This pattern, which is congruent with other co-occurring Tridacna species, indicates a shared evolutionary history with expansion from past refuges following late-Pleistocene sea-level changes.
Published: 2017

19. Global trophic ecology of yellowfin, bigeye, and albacore tunas: Understanding predation on micronekton communities at ocean-basin scales

Author: Heidi Pethybridge, John M. Logan, C. Anela Choy, Frédéric Ménard, Michel Potier, Evgeny V. Romanov, Petra M. Kuhnert, Felipe Galván-Magaña, Valerie Allain, Robert J. Olson, Melanie Abecassis, Leanne M. Duffy, Nicolas Goñi, Jock W. Young, Monique Simier, Alistair J. Hobday, Michelle D. Staudinger, University of Tasmania (UTAS), UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Classification trees, Inter-ocean comparison, Mesopelagic zone, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystems, Climate changes, Predatory fish, 14. Life underwater, Macroecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Trophic level, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, biology, Ecology, Albacore, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Food webs, Pelagic zone, 16. Peace & justice, biology.organism_classification, Fishery, Meta-analysis, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Trophic relationships, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Tuna, Thunnus
Abstract: International audience; Predator-prey interactions for three commercially valuable tuna species: yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), bigeye (T. obesus), and albacore (T. alalunga), collected over a 40-year period from the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, were used to quantitatively assess broad, macro-scale trophic patterns in pelagic ecosystems. Analysis of over 14,000 tuna stomachs, using a modified classification tree approach, revealed for the first time the global expanse of pelagic predatory fish diet and global patterns of micronekton diversity. Ommastrephid squids were consistently one of the top prey groups by weight across all tuna species and in most ocean bodies. Interspecific differences in prey were apparent, with epipelagic scombrid and mesopelagic paralepidid fishes globally important for yellowfin and bigeye tunas, respectively, while vertically-migrating euphausiid crustaceans were important for albacore tuna in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Diet diversity showed global and regional patterns among tuna species. In the central and western Pacific Ocean, characterized by low productivity, a high diversity of micronekton prey was detected while low prey diversity was evident in highly productive coastal waters where upwelling occurs. Spatial patterns of diet diversity were most variable in yellowfin and bigeye tunas while a latitudinal diversity gradient was observed with lower diversity in temperate regions for albacore tuna. Sea-surface temperature was a reasonable predictor of the diets of yellowfin and bigeye tunas, whereas chlorophyll-a was the best environmental predictor of albacore diet. These results suggest that the ongoing expansion of warmer, less productive waters in the world's oceans may alter foraging opportunities for tunas due to regional changes in prey abundances and compositions.
Published: 2017

20. Growth, survival and reproduction of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Röding 1798, Bivalvia) in two contrasting lagoons in French Polynesia

Author: Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni, Mathilde Menoud, Georges Remoissenet, Peva Levy, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, Gilles Le Moullac, Antoine Gilbert, Simon Van Wynsberge, Serge Andréfouët, Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (UMR 241) (EIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Écosystémique des communautés récifales et de leurs usages dans le Pacifique insulaire (CoReUS), Direction des Ressources Marines et Minières, Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, Topography, Atoll, lcsh:Medicine, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, Juvenile, French Polynesia, Wind, 01 natural sciences, Mass mortality, Medicine and Health Sciences, Giant Clam, lcsh:Science, Archipelago, Islands, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Coral Reefs, Reproduction, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Temperature, Coral reef, Population-size, Female, Seasons, Anatomy, Genital Anatomy, Research Article, Lagoons, Bivalves, Tidal range, Death Rates, Marine Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Polynesia, Animal Shells, Water Movements, Animals, Seawater, Atolls, 14. Life underwater, Gonads, Reef, Ecosystem, Demography, geography, Landforms, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, Communities, Giant clam, Reproductive System, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Geomorphology, Molluscs, Bodies of Water, Bivalvia, biology.organism_classification, Survival Analysis, Invertebrates, Eastern Tuamotu, Water level, Fishery, Tridacna maxima, Fertility, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Reefs, lcsh:Q
Abstract: International audience; Shell growth, reproduction, and natural mortality of the giant clam Tridacna maxima were characterized over a two-year-period in the lagoon of the high island of Tubuai (Austral Archipelago) and in the semi-closed lagoon of Tatakoto (Tuamotu Archipelago) in French Polynesia. We also recorded temperature, water level, tidal slope, tidal range, and mean wave height in both lagoons. Lower lagoon aperture and exposure to oceanic swells at Tata-koto than at Tubuai was responsible for lower lagoon water renewal, as well as higher variability in temperature and water level at Tatakoto across the studied period. These different environmental conditions had an impact on giant clams. Firstly, spawning events in the lagoon of Tatakoto, detected by gonad maturity indices in June and July 2014, were timed with high oceanic water inflow and a decrease in lagoon water temperature. Secondly, temperature explained differences in shell growth rates between seasons and lagoons, generating different growth curves for the two sites. Thirdly, local mortality rates were also found to likely be related to water renewal patterns. In conclusion, our study suggests that reef aperture and lagoon water renewal rates play an integral role in giant clam life history, with significant differences in rates of shell growth, mortality and fertility found between open versus semi-closed atoll lagoons in coral reef ecosystems.
Published: 2017

21. PUFFAlis expedition logbook, 18 March - 02 April 2017

Author: Allain, Valérie, Borsa, Philippe, Lebourges-Dhaussy, Anne, Menkes, Christophe, Rodier, Martine, Varillon, David, Vilayleck, Mina, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherhe pour le développement, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)
Subjects: Seabirds, Oiseaux marins, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, micronekton, Coral Sea, oceanography, micronecton, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, mer de Corail, océanographie
Abstract: From March 18 to April 2, 2017, the PUFFAlis expedition took place aboard research vessel Alis of IRD. This campaign was a continuation of previous oceanographic expeditions concerned with the feeding areas of seabirds (MOMAlis) as well as on land on the Gouaro Deva shearwater colony. It was also the extension of the NECTAlis campaigns that were dedicated at studying the oceanic trophic chain that leads to tunas. Six scientists embarked to sample the different levels of the oceanic trophic chain of the New Caledonia basin off Pindai. In the middle of the expedition, a day was devoted to communicating with the high school students of Pouembout and the services of the environment and fisheries of the Northern Province. The expedition's logbook is preceded by the press release issued on this occasion.; Du 18 mars au 02 avril 2017 s'est déroulée la mission PUFFAlis à bord du navire océanographique Alis de l'IRD. Cette campagne s'inscrit dans la continuité d'expéditions océanographiques centrées sur les zones d'alimentation des oiseaux marins, effectuées précédemment en mer (MOMAlis) comme à terre sur la colonie de puffins de Gouaro Deva. Elle est aussi la prolongation des campagnes NECTAlis destinées à étudier la chaîne trophique océanique qui conduit aux thons. Six scientifiques ont embarqué pour échantillonner les différents niveaux de la chaîne trophique océanique du bassin de Nouvelle-Calédonie au large de Pindaï. En milieu de mission, une journée a été consacrée à la communication avec les lycéens de Pouembout et les services de l'environnement et des pêches de la Province nord. Le journal de bord de la mission est précédé du communiqué de presse diffusé à cette occasion.
Published: 2017

22. Electronic monitoring trials on in the tropical tuna purse-seine fishery

Author: H. McElderry, Agurtzane Urtizberea, Jon Ruiz, A. Batty, P. Sharples, Jorge Santos, V. Restrepo, Pierre Chavance, AZTI - Tecnalia, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), ICCAT, Pacific community (SPC), University of Tromsø (UiT), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, data collection, Observer (quantum physics), Computer science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Fishing, bycatch, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, catch composition, 14. Life underwater, Observers, Purse seining, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Reliability (statistics), purse seining, observers, Data collection, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, tropical tuna, Tropical tuna, Fishery, Bycatch, Identification (information), Software deployment, Electronic monitoring system, Catch composition, electronic monitoring system, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Tuna
Abstract: International audience; The difficulty of ensuring adequate statistical coverage of whole fleets is a challenge for the implementation of observer programmes and may reduce the usefulness of the data they obtain for management purposes. This makes it necessary to find cost-effective alternatives. Electronic monitoring (EM) systems are being used in some fisheries as an alternative or a complement to human observers. The objective of this study was to test the use and reliability of EM on the tropical tuna purse-seine fishery. To achieve this objective, seven trips of tuna purse seiners operating in the three Oceans were closely monitored to compare the information provided by EM and on-board observers to determine if EM can reliably document fishing effort, set type, tuna catch, and bycatch. Total tuna catch per set was not significantly different between EM and observer datasets; however, regarding species composition, only main species matched between EM and observers. Success on set-type identification using EM varied between 98.3 and 56.3%, depending on the camera placement. Overall, bycatch species were underestimated by EM, but large bodied species, such as billfishes, were well documented. The analyses in this study showed that EM can be used to determine the fishing effort (number of sets) and total tuna catch as reliably as observers can. Set-type identification also had very promising results, but indicated that refinement of the methods is still needed. To be fully comparable with observer data, improvements for accurately estimating the bycatch will need to be developed in the application and use of the EM system. Operational aspects that need to be improved for an EM programme to be implemented include standardizing installation and on-board catch handling methodology as well as improvements in video technology deployment.
Published: 2015

23. Distribution of Noah’s giant clam, Tridacna noae

Author: Daphné Grulois, M. R. Abdon Naguit, Serge Andréfouët, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, Cécile Fauvelot, Philippe Borsa, Josina Tiavouane, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and Jose Rizal Memorial State University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), T maxima, Biodiversity, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Aquatic Science, Biology, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, DNA barcoding, Reef survey, DNA barcode, 14. Life underwater, religion.religious_leadership_jurisdiction, Reef, Indo-West Pacific, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Caroline Islands, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Giant clam, biology.organism_classification, religion, Fishery, T crocea, Cytochrome oxidase 1, Archipelago, Tridacna noae, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 16S ribosomal RNA
Abstract: International audience; Previously confused with the small giant clam Tridacna maxima, the recently-resurrected Noah’s giant clam, Tridacna noae has been reported from the Taiwanese and the Ryukyu archipelagoes. Our recent underwater observations now extend its distribution to Dongsha (northern South China Sea), Bunaken (Sulawesi Sea), Madang and Kavieng (Bismarck Sea), the Alor archipelago (Sawu Sea), Kosrae (Caroline Islands), New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands and Vanuatu (Coral Sea), Viti-Levu (Fiji), Wallis Island, and Kiritimati (Northern Line Islands). Published mitochondrial DNA sequences retrieved from open-access databases also indicate its presence in eastern Negros (Philippines), in the Molucca Sea, at Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia), and in the Solomon Islands. Noah’s giant clam is thus a widely distributed Indo-West Pacific species. Wherever research has been done on small giant clams throughout T. noae’s range, the inadvertent confusion of T. noae with T. maxima might have led to overestimating actual T. maxima densities and to errors in estimating demographic parameters.
Published: 2015

24. Contrasting Futures for Ocean and Society from Different Anthropogenic CO 2 Emissions Scenarios

Author: D. Allemand, Raphaël Billé, C. M. Eakin, Ella L. Howes, Fortunat Joos, William W. L. Cheung, Sébastien Treyer, Ryan P. Kelly, D. Laffoley, Alex Rogers, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Carol Turley, Laurent Bopp, D. Osborn, Sarah R. Cooley, Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Julien Rochette, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, John M. Baxter, Alexandre K. Magnan, Aleksandar Rankovic, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for sustainable development and international relations, Sciences Po (Sciences Po), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Nippon foundation Vancouver, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Prince Albert II of Monaco foundation, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ocean conservancy Washington, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Global change institute and ARC Centre for excellence in Coral reef studies, University of Queensland [Brisbane], School of marine and environmental affairs, University of Washington [Seattle], Department of zoology, University of Oxford [Oxford], Scottish Natural Heritage, Fraser Darling House, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Environment Laboratories (IAEA), International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), Harvard Kennedy School, Fisheries economics research unit, University of British Columbia (UBC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences Po Paris - Institut d'études politiques de Paris (IEP Paris), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Oxford
Subjects: Physics, Ocean, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Global temperature, Natural resource economics, Climate Change, Global warming, Goods and services, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Marine ecosystem, Copenhagen Accord, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Greenhouse effect, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ocean, Climate Change
Abstract: Carbon emissions and their ocean impacts Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions directly affect atmospheric chemistry but also have a strong influence on the oceans. Gattuso et al. review how the physics, chemistry, and ecology of the oceans might be affected based on two CO 2 emission trajectories: one business as usual and one with aggressive reductions. Ocean warming, acidification, sea-level rise, and the expansion of oxygen minimum zones will continue to have distinct impacts on marine communities and ecosystems. The path that humanity takes regarding CO 2 emissions will largely determine the severity of these phenomena. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.aac4722
Published: 2015

25. Bifunctional metallodendrimers based on AB5 derivatives of cyclotriphosphazene as core and P,N ligands as terminal functions

Author: Régis Laurent, Maurizio Peruzzini, Hanna Dib, Anne-Marie Caminade, Mar Tristany, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Luca Gonsalvi, Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Subjects: Stereochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dendrimer, Materials Chemistry, Organic chemistry, 31P NMR, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Bifunctional, 010405 organic chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, chemistry, Phosphine imine (P N) ligands, Surface modification, Amine gas treating, Phosphine, Palladium, Phosphine imine ligands
Abstract: 0020-1693; Abstract The specific functionalization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with one function different from the five others was used for the synthesis of bifunctional dendrimers having one protected amine linked to the core and either 5 phosphines or 10 phosphine imines (P,N ligands) as terminal groups. In the latter case, reaction with PdCl2(COD) affords the corresponding complexes of the P,N ligands. All compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR, and particularly by 31P NMR, which proved to be a very precious tool for the characterization of sophisticated structures such as dendrimers.
Published: 2014

26. Use of serum and blood samples on filter paper to improve the surveillance of Dengue in Pacific Island Countries

Author: Boris I. Pavlin, Van-Mai Cao-Lormeau, Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol, Claudine Roche, Maite Aubry, Maria Marfel, Jacob L. Kool, Salanieta Elbourne-Duituturaga, Dustin Harrison, Suzanne Chanteau, Paul Lalita, John Aaskov, Jérôme Viallon, Didier Musso, Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF), Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Yap State Department of Health Service, Majuro Hospital, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, World Health Organization, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Research Department, Naval Medical Research Unit 2 Pacific, Pacific Technical Support Division, and This work was supported by the 'Fonds de Coopération Economique, Sociale et Culturelle pour le Pacifique' - Min- istère des Affaires Etrangères et Européennes, France (Convention No. 75/1/2009) (URL: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr) and by the 'Agence Nationale pour la Recherche', France (Décisions attribu- tives d'aide N ANR-09-MIEN-028-01, ANR-09-MIEN-028-02), URL: http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to pub- lish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subjects: Serotype, Adult, Male, Adolescent, viruses, Dengue virus, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Filter paper, Pacific Islands, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Dengue fever, Dengue, Virus identification, Surveillance Real-time RT-PCR Pacific Island Countries Surveillance, Viral Envelope Proteins, Virology, Genotype, medicine, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Public Health Surveillance, Child, Phylogeny, Aged, Resource poor, Transmission (medicine), Outbreak, virus diseases, Real-time RT-PCR Pacific Island Countries, Infant, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Dengue Virus, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, RNA, Viral, Female, Dried Blood Spot Testing
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: In Pacific Island Countries (PICs) the epidemiology of dengue is characterized by long-term transmission of a single dengue virus (DENV) serotype. The emergence of a new serotype in one island country often indicates major outbreaks with this serotype will follow in other PICs. OBJECTIVES: Filter paper (FP) cards on which whole blood or serum from dengue suspected patients had been dried was evaluated as a method for transportation of this material by standard mail delivery throughout the Pacific. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-two FP-dried whole blood samples collected from patients in New Caledonia and Wallis & Futuna Islands, during DENV-1 and DENV-4 transmission, and 76 FP-dried sera collected from patients in Yap State, Majuro (Republic of Marshall Islands), Tonga and Fiji, before and during outbreaks of DENV-2 in Yap State and DENV-4 in Majuro, were tested for the presence of DENV RNA, by serotype specific RT-PCR, at the Institut Louis Malardé in French Polynesia. RESULTS: The serotype of DENV could be determined, by a variety of RT-PCR procedures, in the FP-dried samples after more than three weeks of transport at ambient temperatures. In most cases, the sequencing of the envelope gene to genotype the viruses also was possible. CONCLUSIONS: The serotype and genotype of DENV can be determined from FP-dried serum or whole blood samples transported over thousands of kilometers at ambient, tropical, temperatures. This simple and low-cost approach to virus identification should be evaluated in isolated and resource poor settings for surveillance for a range of significant viral diseases.
Published: 2012

27. Special issue on 'Ciguatera and Related Biotoxins'

Author: Mireille Chinain, Being Yeeting, Serge Pauillac, Jordi Molgó, Dominique Laurent, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard (INAF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de neurobiologie cellulaire et moléculaire (NBCM), Pharmacochimie des substances naturelles et pharmacophores redox, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Laboratoire des Micro-algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, MUSEE NEO-CALEDONIEN, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: Ciguatera, 010405 organic chemistry, Ciguatera Poisoning, Biology, 010402 general chemistry, Toxicology, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Environmental health, medicine, Animals, Marine Toxins, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2010

28. Records of Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonian Waters

Author: Philippe Tirard, Michael Manning, Isabelle Jollit, Clinton Duffy, Philippe Borsa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Secrétarait Général de la Communauté du Pacifique (CPS), CPS-CPS, Coreus, Biocomplexité des écosystèmes coralliens de l'Indo-Pacifique (CoReUS2), Department of Conservation, New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC), DoC-DoC, and Borsa, Philippe
Subjects: [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, cetaceans, fur seals, seasonal occurrence, Coral Sea, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, great white shark
Abstract: International audience; The occurrence of great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonia is documented from 30 observation events (sightings or captures or forensic examination of wounds) made between 1943 and 2009, involving 34 individual sharks. Nine of the observation events concerned animals caught on lines set for deep-sea fishes, five were encounters with SCUBA divers or snorkelers and one was a fatal attack on a surfer; two other observations included great white sharks feeding on whale carcasses, two were from pop-up archival transmitting tag records that monitored individuals tagged in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, one was a forensic identification from wounds sustained by another large shark, and seven were fortuitous sightings from boats. Nearly all observations were of solitary sharks. Observation events were concentrated in the southern lagoon of New Caledonia or along its barrier reef. They occurred from July to March, with most records in September and November, coinciding with a peak of occurrence for large cetaceans.

29. Assessment of essential surgical and anaesthesia care capacity: a cross-sectional study in five Pacific Island Countries.

Author: Qin RX, Zhang G, Lim MX, Waqainabete I, Tudravu J, Turagava J, Patel R, Ulufonua L, Herman J, Teapa D, May YY, Tarere-Lehi M, Leodoro B, Mekoll N, McLeod E, Park KB, Kafoa B, Maoate K, and Tangi V
Abstract: Background: Pacific Island Countries (PICs) face unique challenges in providing surgical care. We assessed the surgical care capacity of five PICs to inform the development of National Surgical, Obstetric and Anaesthesia Plans (NSOAP)., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 26 facilities in Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, Cook Islands, and Palau using the World Health Organization - Program in Global Surgery and Social Change Surgical Assessment Tool., Findings: Eight referral and 18 first-level hospitals containing 39 functioning operating theatres, 41 post-anaesthesia care beds, and 44 intensive care unit beds served a population of 1,321,000 across the five countries. Most facilities had uninterrupted access to electricity, water, internet, and oxygen. However, CT was only available in 2/8 referral hospitals, MRI in 1/8, and timely blood transfusions in 4/8. The surgical, obstetric, and anaesthetist specialist density per 100,000 people was the highest in Palau (49.7), followed by Cook Islands (22.9), Tonga (9.9), Fiji (7.1), and Vanuatu (5.0). There were four radiologists and 3.5 pathologists across the five countries. Surgical volume per 100,000 people was the lowest in Vanuatu (860), followed by Fiji (2,247), Tonga (2,864), Cook Islands (6,747), and Palau (8,606). The in-hospital peri-operative mortality rate (POMR) was prospectively monitored in Tonga and Cook Islands but retrospectively measured in other countries. POMR was below 1% in all five countries., Interpretation: Whilst PICs share common challenges in providing specialised tertiary services, there is substantial diversity between the countries. Strategies to strengthen surgical systems should incorporate both local contextualisation within each PIC and regional collaboration between PICs., Funding: None., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)
Published: 2023
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30. Scientific echosounder data provide a predator's view of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba).

Author: Cox MJ, Smith AJR, Brierley AS, Potts JM, Wotherspoon S, and Terauds A
Subjects: Animals, Antarctic Regions, Euphausiacea
Abstract: Raw acoustic data were collected in East Antarctica from the RSV Aurora Australis during two surveys: the Krill Availability, Community Trophodynamics and AMISOR Surveys (KACTAS) and the Krill Acoustics and Oceanography Survey (KAOS) in the East Antarctic (centre coordinate 66.5° S, 63° E). The KACTAS survey was conducted between 14th to 21st January and 2001, and the KAOS survey was conducted between 16 January and 1 February 2003. We examine the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) component of these surveys and provide scientific echosounder (EK500 and EK60) data collected at 38, 120 and 200 kHz, cold water (-1 °C) echosounder calibration parameters and accompanying krill length frequency distributions obtained from trawl data. We processed the acoustic data to apply calibration values and remove noise. The processed data were used to isolate echoes arising from swarms of krill and to estimate metrics for each krill swarm, including internal density and individual swarm biomass. The krill swarm data provide insights to a predators' views of krill distribution and density., (© 2023. Crown.)
Published: 2023
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31. "When all else fails you have to come to the emergency department": Overarching lessons about emergency care resilience from frontline clinicians in Pacific Island countries and territories during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author: Herron LM, Phillips G, Brolan CE, Mitchell R, O'Reilly G, Sharma D, Körver S, Kendino M, Poloniati P, Kafoa B, and Cox M
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to test health systems resilience worldwide. Low- and middle-income country (LMIC) health care systems have considerable experience in disasters and disease outbreaks. Lessons from the preparedness and responses to COVID-19 in LMICs may be valuable to other countries.This policy paper synthesises findings from a multiphase qualitative research project, conducted during the pandemic to document experiences of Pacific Island Country and Territory (PICT) frontline clinicians and emergency care (EC) stakeholders. Thematic analysis and synthesis of enablers related to each of the Pacific EC systems building blocks identified key factors contributing to strengthened EC systems.Effective health system responses to the COVID-19 pandemic occurred when frontline clinicians and 'decision makers' collaborated with respect and open communication, overcoming healthcare workers' fear and discontent. PICT EC clinicians demonstrated natural leadership and strengthened local EC systems, supporting essential healthcare. Despite resource limitations, PICT cultural strengths of relational connection and innovation ensured health system resilience. COVID-19 significantly disrupted services, with long-tail impacts on non-communicable disease and other health burdens.Lessons learned in responding to COVID-19 can be applied to ongoing health system strengthening initiatives. Optimal systems improvement and sustainability requires EC leaders' involvement in current decision-making as well as future planning., Search Strategy and Selection Criteria: Search strategy and selection criteria We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Ovid, WHO resources, Pacific and grey literature using search terms 'emergency care', 'acute/critical care', 'health care workers', 'emergency care systems/health systems', 'health system building blocks', 'COVID-19', 'pandemic/surge event/disease outbreaks' 'Low- and Middle-Income Countries', 'Pacific Islands/region' and related terms. Only English-language articles were included., Funding: Phases 1 and 2A of this study were part of an Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO) initiative, supported by Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Copyright of the original work on which this publication is based belongs to WHO. The authors have been given permission to publish this manuscript. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions or policies of WHO. Co-funding for this research was received from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation via an International Development Fund Grant. RM is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Postgraduate Scholarship and a Monash Graduate Excellence Scholarship. GOR is supported by a NHMRC Early Career Research Fellowship. CEB is supported by a University of Queensland Development Research Fellowship. None of these funders played any role in study design, results analysis or manuscript preparation., Competing Interests: MC, GP, RM and GOR declare they are recipients of International Development Fund Grants from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation. GP reports past research funding from the Pacific Community (SPC) and visiting Faculty status at the University of Papua New Guinea and Fiji National University. Additionally, RM reports grants from the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as well as scholarships from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Monash University. GOR reports that he is the recipient of a NHMRC Early Career Research Fellowship. CEB reports past research consultancy funding from SPC., (Crown Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2022
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32. Lessons from the frontline: The COVID-19 pandemic emergency care experience from a human resource perspective in the Pacific region.

Author: Brolan CE, Körver S, Phillips G, Sharma D, Herron LM, O'Reilly G, Mitchell R, Kendino M, Poloniati P, Kafoa B, and Cox M
Abstract: Background: This study explores emergency care (EC) and other frontline healthcare worker (HCW) experiences responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pacific region. The crisis has reinforced the crucial role well-trained, resourced, and supported EC providers play in supporting vital health systems and services in all global regions not only during 'business as usual' periods, but in times of tremendous stress and surge., Methods: Qualitative data were collected from EC providers and relevant stakeholders in three research phases in 2020 and 2021. Data on the World Health Organization's (WHO) Human Resources Building Block, adapted for the Pacific EC context, was thematically analysed. Key findings were further analysed to identify enablers and barriers to effective EC pandemic management., Findings: 116 participants from across the Pacific region participated in this study. Five themes emerged: (1) EC providers performed multiple pandemic roles; (2) Importance of authorities' valuing frontline HCWs; (3) HCW mental health and exhaustion; (4) HCW tension managing stigma, personal/professional expectations, and chronic health needs; and (5) Building health and human resource capacity., Interpretation: This study significantly contributes to the limited scientific literature on HCW experiences responding to COVID-19 across the Pacific. Recommendations arising out of this research align with consensus priorities and standards that were identified pre-pandemic by health stakeholders across the Pacific for enhancing EC system development. With limited HCWs available for many Pacific nations, it is imperative the dignity and welfare of local HCWs is genuinely prioritised., Funding: Epidemic Ethics/WHO, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Co-funding: Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation, International Development Fund Grant., Competing Interests: MC, GP, RM and GOR declare they are recipients of International Development Fund Grants from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation. GP reports past research funding from the Pacific Community (SPC) and visiting Faculty status at the University of Papua New Guinea and Fiji National University. Additionally, RM reports grants from the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as well as scholarships from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Monash University. GOR reports that he is the recipient of an NHMRC Early Career Research Fellowship. CEB reports past research consultancy funding from SPC., (© 2022 The Authors.)
Published: 2022
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33. Lessons from the frontline: Documenting the experiences of Pacific emergency care clinicians responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author: Cox M, Phillips G, Mitchell R, Herron LM, Körver S, Sharma D, Brolan CE, Kendino M, Masilaca OK, O'Reilly G, Poloniati P, and Kafoa B
Abstract: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across the Pacific region have been severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and emergency care (EC) clinicians have been on the frontline of response efforts. Their responsibilities have extended from triage and clinical management of patients with COVID-19 to health system leadership and coordination. This has exposed EC clinicians to a range of ethical and operational challenges.This paper describes the context and methodology of a rapid, collaborative, qualitative research project that explored the experiences of EC clinicians in Pacific LMICs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted in three phases, with data obtained from online regional EC support forums, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. A phenomenological approach was adopted, incorporating a hybrid inductive and deductive thematic analysis. Research findings, reported in other manuscripts in this collection, will inform multi-sectoral efforts to improve health system preparedness for future public health emergencies., Funding: Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO) initiative, supported by Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z (Phases 1 and 2A) and an Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation International Development Fund Grant., Competing Interests: MC, GP, RM and GOR declare they are recipients of International Development Fund Grants from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation. GP reports past research funding from the Pacific Community (SPC) and visiting Faculty status at the University of Papua New Guinea and Fiji National University. Additionally, RM reports grants from the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as well as scholarships from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Monash University. GOR reports that he is the recipient of a NHMRC Early Career Research Fellowship. CEB reports past research consultancy funding from SPC., (Crown Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2022
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34. Lessons from the frontline: Leadership and governance experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic response across the Pacific region.

Author: Phillips G, Kendino M, Brolan CE, Mitchell R, Herron LM, Kὃrver S, Sharma D, O'Reilly G, Poloniati P, Kafoa B, and Cox M
Abstract: Background: Universal access to safe, effective emergency care (EC) during the COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated its centrality to healthcare systems. The 'Leadership and Governance' building block provides policy, accountability and stewardship to health systems, and is essential to determining effectiveness of pandemic response. This study aimed to explore the experience of leadership and governance during the COVID-19 pandemic from frontline clinicians and stakeholders across the Pacific region., Methods: Australian and Pacific researchers collaborated to conduct this large, qualitative research project in three phases between March 2020 and July 2021. Data was gathered from 116 Pacific regional participants through online support forums, in-depth interviews and focus groups. A phenomenological approach shaped inductive and deductive data analysis, within a previously identified Pacific EC systems building block framework., Findings: Politics profoundly influenced pandemic response effectiveness, even at the clinical coalface. Experienced clinicians spoke authoritatively to decision-makers; focusing on safety, quality and service duty. Rapid adaptability, past surge event experience, team-focus and systems-thinking enabled EC leadership. Transparent communication, collaboration, mutual respect and trust created unity between frontline clinicians and 'top-level' administrators. Pacific cultural assets of relationship-building and community cohesion strengthened responses., Interpretation: Effective governance occurs when political, administrative and clinical actors work collaboratively in relationships characterised by trust, transparency, altruism and evidence. Trained, supported EC leadership will enhance frontline service provision, health security preparedness and future Universal Health Coverage goals., Funding: Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO), Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Co-funding: Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation, International Development Fund Grant., Competing Interests: MC, GP, RM and GOR declare they are recipients of International Development Fund Grants from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation. GP reports past research funding from the Pacific Community (SPC) and visiting Faculty status at the University of Papua New Guinea and Fiji National University. Additionally, RM reports grants from the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as well as scholarships from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Monash University. GOR reports that he is the recipient of a NHMRC Early Career Research Fellowship. CEB reports past research consultancy funding from SPC., (Crown Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2022
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35. Lessons from the frontline: Documenting the pandemic emergency care experience from the Pacific region - Infrastructure and equipment.

Author: Cox M, Sharma D, Phillips G, Mitchell R, Herron LM, Brolan CE, O'Reilly G, Körver S, Kendino M, Poloniati P, and Kafoa B
Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted challenges for all health systems worldwide. This research aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 across the Pacific especially with regards to emergency care (EC) and clinicians' preparations and responses., Methods: A collaboration of Australia and Pacific researchers conducted prospective qualitative research over 18 months of the pandemic. In this three phase study data were gathered from Emergency Clinicians and stakeholders through online support forums, in-depth interviews and focus groups. A phenomenological methodological approach was employed to explore the lived experience of participants. This paper discusses the findings of the study regarding the EC building block of 'Infrastructure and Equipment.', Findings: Pre-existing infrastructure and equipment were not sufficient to help control the pandemic. Adequate space and correct equipment were essential needs for Pacific Island emergency clinicians, with donations, procurement and local ingenuity required for suitable, sustainable supplies and facilities. Adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) conferred a sense of security and increased Health Care Workers willingness to attend to patients., Interpretation: Investing in adequate infrastructure and appropriate equipment is crucial for an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The sustainability of such investments in the Pacific context is paramount for ongoing EC and preparation for future surge responses and disasters., Funding: Phases 1 and 2A of this study were part of an Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO) initiative, supported by Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Co-funding for this research was received from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation via an International Development Fund Grant., Competing Interests: M.C., G.P., R.M. and G.O.R. declare they are recipients of International Development Fund Grants from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation. G.P. reports past research funding from the Pacific Community (SPC) and visiting Faculty status at the University of Papua New Guinea and Fiji National University. Additionally, R.M. reports grants from the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as well as scholarships from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Monash University. G.O.R. reports that he is the recipient of a NHMRC Early Career Research Fellowship. C.E.B. reports past research consultancy funding from SPC., (Crown Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2022
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36. Lessons from the frontline: The value of emergency care processes and data to pandemic responses across the Pacific region.

Author: Mitchell R, O'Reilly G, Herron LM, Phillips G, Sharma D, Brolan CE, Körver S, Kendino M, Poloniati P, Kafoa B, and Cox M
Abstract: Background: Emergency care (EC) addresses the needs of patients with acute illness and injury, and has fulfilled a critical function during the COVID-19 pandemic. 'Processes' (e.g. triage) and 'data' (e.g. surveillance) have been nominated as essential building blocks for EC systems. This qualitative research sought to explore the impact of the pandemic on EC clinicians across the Pacific region, including the contribution of EC building blocks to effective responses., Methods: The study was conducted in three phases, with data obtained from online support forums, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. There were 116 participants from more than 14 Pacific Island Countries and Territories. A phenomenological approach was adopted, incorporating inductive and deductive methods. The deductive thematic analysis utilised previously identified building blocks for Pacific EC. This paper summarises findings for the building blocks of 'processes' and 'data'., Findings: Establishing triage and screening capacity, aimed at assessing urgency and transmission risk respectively, were priorities for EC clinicians. Enablers included support from senior hospital leaders, previous disaster experience and consistent guidelines. The introduction of efficient patient flow processes, such as streaming, proved valuable to emergency departments, and checklists and simulation were useful implementation strategies. Some response measures impacted negatively on non-COVID patients, and proactive approaches were required to maintain 'business as usual'. The pandemic also highlighted the value of surveillance and performance data., Interpretation: Developing effective processes for triage, screening and streaming, among other areas, was critical to an effective EC response. Beyond the pandemic, strengthening processes and data management capacity will build resilience in EC systems., Funding: Phases 1 and 2A of this study were part of an Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO) initiative, supported by Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Co-funding for this research was received from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation via an International Development Fund Grant., Competing Interests: MC, GP, RM and GOR declare they are recipients of International Development Fund Grants from the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation. GP reports past research funding from the Pacific Community (SPC) and visiting Faculty status at the University of Papua New Guinea and Fiji National University. Additionally, RM reports grants from the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as well as scholarships from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Monash University. GOR reports that he is the recipient of a NHMRC Early Career Research Fellowship. CEB reports past research consultancy funding from SPC., (© 2022 The Authors.)
Published: 2022
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37. Barriers and facilitators to the introduction of import duties designed to prevent noncommunicable disease in Tonga: a case study.

Author: Bell C, Latu C, Na'ati E, Snowdon W, Moodie M, and Waqa G
Subjects: Animals, Commerce, Humans, Nutrition Policy, Policy Making, Tonga, Noncommunicable Diseases prevention & control
Abstract: Background: In Tonga, import duties were lowered on tinned fish and seafood in 2013 and raised on soft drinks, dripping and other animal fats. Additional import duties were applied to soft drinks and dripping and other fats in 2016 and duties were also applied to high fat meats, mutton flaps and turkey tails. The objective of this study was to describe barriers to and facilitators of these import duties from a policy-maker perspective., Methods: A case study was conducted to analyse implementation of policies originally modelled by the Pacific Obesity Prevention in Communities project to reduce mortality in the Kingdom of Tonga. Policymakers (n = 15) from the Ministries of Revenue, Health, Finance and Labour and Commerce involved in the development and implementation of Tonga's food-related policies participated in key-informant interviews., Results: The main facilitator of import duties were strong leadership and management, cross-sector collaboration, awareness raising and advocacy, nature of the policy, and the effective use of data to model policy impacts and inform the general public. The absence of clear lines of responsibility and a decline in collaboration over time were identified as barriers to implementation of the import duties., Conclusion: In a small Island state implementing import duties to prevent non-communicable disease can be straight forward providing policymakers and the community have a shared understanding of the health and economic costs of NCDs., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
Published: 2021
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38. 'Hybrid Survey' approach to non-communicable disease surveillance in the US-Affiliated Pacific Islands.

Author: Cash HL, De Jesus S, Durand AM, Tin STW, Shelton D, Robles R, Mendiola AR, Brikul S, Ipil M, Murphy M, Hunt LSS, Nielsen Lesa F, Sigrah CA, Waguk R, Abraham D, Kapiriel SF, Camacho J, and Chutaro E
Subjects: Adult, Humans, Pacific Islands epidemiology, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Noncommunicable Diseases epidemiology
Abstract: In 2010 the US-Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI) declared a regional state of health emergency due to the epidemic of non-communicable disease (NCD) and an NCD monitoring and surveillance framework was developed that includes adult NCD risk factor and disease prevalence indicators to be collected every 5 years using a population-based survey. On evaluation of existing data from adult population-based NCD surveys, it was found that there was a lack of valid, available and consistently collected data. Therefore, a new model was developed to combine various indicators and survey tools from different partner agencies into one survey. After the report was endorsed by local health leadership, a dissemination workshop was conducted. In 2015 (baseline for Hybrid Survey implementation), three out of nine jurisdictions (33.3%) had completed a population-based survey in the past 5 years. Four (44.4%) had no adult prevalence data at all, two (22.2%) had data sets from their surveys and four (44.4%) had at least two surveys ever collected that could be used for comparison. As of 2020, all nine jurisdictions have, or are in the process of completing an adult population-based survey. Eight (88.9%) have data sets from their surveys, and five (55.6%) have at least two surveys collected that can be used for comparison. This Hybrid Survey model has helped to improve adult NCD surveillance in the USAPI by more efficiently using limited resources. This model could be considered in other small island nations, or rural areas where adult NCD surveillance is challenging., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
Published: 2021
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39. Ecological pest control fortifies agricultural growth in Asia-Pacific economies.

Author: Wyckhuys KAG, Lu Y, Zhou W, Cock MJW, Naranjo SE, Fereti A, Williams FE, and Furlong MJ
Subjects: Asia, Crops, Agricultural, Humans, Poverty, Agriculture, Pest Control
Abstract: The Green Revolution is credited with alleviating famine, mitigating poverty and driving aggregate economic growth since the 1960s. In Asia, high-input technology packages secured a tripling of rice output, with germplasm improvements providing benefits beyond US$4.3 billion yr -1 . Here, we unveil the magnitude and macro-economic relevance of parallel nature-based contributions to productivity growth in non-rice crops over the period 1918-2018 (across 23 different Asia-Pacific geopolitical entities). We empirically demonstrate how biological control resolved invasive pest threats in multiple agricultural commodities, ensuring annually accruing (on-farm) benefits of US$14.6-19.5 billion yr -1 . Scientifically guided biological control of 43 exotic invertebrate pests permitted 73-100% yield-loss recovery in critical food, feed and fibre crops including banana, breadfruit, cassava and coconut. Biological control thereby promoted rural growth and prosperity even in marginal, poorly endowed, non-rice environments. By placing agro-ecological innovations on equal footing with input-intensive measures, our work provides lessons for future efforts to mitigate invasive species, restore ecological resilience and sustainably raise output of global agrifood systems.
Published: 2020
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40. Author Correction: Ecological pest control fortifies agricultural growth in Asia-Pacific economies.

Author: Wyckhuys KAG, Lu Y, Zhou W, Cock MJW, Naranjo SE, Fereti A, Williams FE, and Furlong MJ
Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Published: 2020
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41. Emergency care status, priorities and standards for the Pacific region: A multiphase survey and consensus process across 17 different Pacific Island Countries and Territories.

Author: Phillips G, Creaton A, Airdhill-Enosa P, Toito'ona P, Kafoa B, O'Reilly G, and Cameron P
Abstract: Background: Effective emergency care (EC) reduces mortality, aids disaster and outbreak response, and is necessary for universal health coverage. Surge events frequently challenge Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs), where robust routine EC is required for resilient health systems. We aimed to describe the current status, determine priority actions and set minimum standards for EC systems development across the Pacific region., Methods: We used a prospective, multiphase, expert consensus process to collect data from PICT EC stakeholders using focus groups, electronic surveys and panel review between August 2018 and April 2019. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, consensus agreement and graphic interpretation. We structured the research according to the World Health Organisation EC Systems and building block framework adapted for the Pacific context., Findings: Over 200 participants from 17 PICTs engaged in at least one component of the multiphase process. Gaps in functional capacity exist in most PICTs for both facility-based and pre-hospital care. EC is a low priority across the Pacific and integrated poorly with disaster plans. Participants emphasised human resource support and government recognition of EC as priority actions, and generated 24 facility-based and 22 pre-hospital Pacific EC standards across all building blocks., Interpretation: PICT stakeholders now have baseline indicators and a comprehensive roadmap for EC development within a globally recognised health systems framework. This study generates practical, context-appropriate tools to trigger further research, conduct evidence-based advocacy, drive future improvements and measure progress towards achieving universal health access for Pacific peoples., Funding: Secretariat of the Pacific Community (partial)., Competing Interests: GP and AC report personal fees and non-financial support, and PAE and PT report non-financial support from The Pacific Community (SPC) Clinical Services Program, during the conduct of the study. GP and AC are visiting emergency medicine specialists at the Fiji National University. GP is also a visiting emergency medicine specialist at the University of Papua New Guinea and is a Trustee of the Primary Trauma Care (PTC) Foundation, a non-profit, non-government UK charity that oversees global PTC courses. All other authors declare no other competing interests., (© 2020 The Author(s).)
Published: 2020
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42. Distribution of anguillid leptocephali and possible spawning areas in the South Pacific Ocean.

Author: Kuroki M, Miller MJ, Feunteun E, Sasal P, Pikering T, Han YS, Faliex E, Acou A, Dessier A, Schabetsberger R, Watanabe S, Kawakami T, Onda H, Higuchi T, Takeuchi A, Shimizu M, Hewavitharane CA, Hagihara S, Taka T, Kimura S, Mochioka N, Otake T, and Tsukamoto K
Abstract: Seven South Pacific anguillid eel species live from New Guinea to French Polynesia, but their spawning areas and life histories are mostly unknown despite previous sampling surveys. A July-October 2016 research cruise was conducted to study the spawning areas and times, and larval distributions of South Pacific anguillid eels, which included a short 155°E station-line northeast of New Guinea and five long transects (5-25°S, 160°E-140°W) crossing the South Equatorial (SEC) and other currents. This survey collected nearly 4000 anguilliform leptocephali at 179 stations using an Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl accompanied by 104 CTD casts. Based on mor-phometric observations and DNA sequencing, 74 anguillid leptocephali were collected, which in the southern areas included 29 larvae of six species: Anguilla bicolor pacifica , A. marmorata , A. australis , A. reinhardtii , A. megastoma , and A. obscura (all anguillid species of the region were caught except A. dieffenbachii ). Small A. australis (9.0-16.8 mm) and A. reinhardtii (12.4, 12.5 mm) leptocephali were collected south of the Solomon Islands, other A. australis (10.8-12.0 mm) larvae were caught northwest of Fiji along with an A. obscura (20.0 mm) larva, and an A. marmorata (7.8 mm) larva was collected near Samoa. Considering collection sites, larval ages from otolith analysis, and westward SEC drift, multiple spawning locations occurred from south of the Solomon Islands and the Fiji area (16-20 days old larvae) to near Samoa (19 days old larva) during June and July in areas where high-salinity Subtropical Underwater (STUW, ~150 m depth) and the warm, low-salinity surface Fresh Pool were present. Five long hydrographic sections showed the strong Fresh Pool in the west and the STUW formation area in the east., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Published: 2019
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43. Predictors of Dietary Diversity of Indigenous Food-Producing Households in Rural Fiji.

Author: O'Meara L, Williams SL, Hickes D, and Brown P
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Agriculture, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family Characteristics, Female, Fiji, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Young Adult, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Food, Food Supply, Indigenous Peoples
Abstract: Fiji, like other Pacific Islands, are undergoing economic and nutrition transitions that increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) due to changes of the food supply and dietary intake. This study aimed to examine dietary diversity (DD) in indigenous food-producing households in rural Fiji. Surveys were conducted with households from the Nadroga-Navosa, Namosi Provinces of Western Fiji in August 2018. Participants reported on foods consumed in the previous 24 h per the Household Dietary Diversity Score. Data was analysed using multinomial logistic regression. Of the 161 households, most exhibited medium DD (66%; M = 7.8 ± 1.5). Commonly consumed foods included sweets (98%), refined grains (97%) and roots/tubers (94%). The least consumed foods were orange-fleshed fruits (23%) and vegetables (35%), eggs (25%), legumes (32%) and dairy (32%). Households with medium DD were more likely to be unemployed (OR 3.2, Ba Provinces of Western Fiji in August 2018. Participants reported on foods consumed in the previous 24 h per the Household Dietary Diversity Score. Data was analysed using multinomial logistic regression. Of the 161 households, most exhibited medium DD (66%; M = 7.8 ± 1.5). Commonly consumed foods included sweets (98%), refined grains (97%) and roots/tubers (94%). The least consumed foods were orange-fleshed fruits (23%) and vegetables (35%), eggs (25%), legumes (32%) and dairy (32%). Households with medium DD were more likely to be unemployed (OR 3.2, p = 0.017) but less likely to have ≥6 occupants (OR = 0.4, p = 0.024) or purchase food ≥2 times/week (OR = 0.2, p = 0.023). Households with low DD were more likely to have low farm diversity (OR = 5.1, p = 0.017) or be unemployed (OR = 3.7, p = 0.047) but less likely to have ≥6 occupants (OR = 0.1, p = 0.001). During nutrition transitions, there is a need for public health initiatives to promote traditional diets high in vegetables, fruits and lean protein and agricultural initiatives to promote farm diversity.
Published: 2019
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44. The impact of national policies on animal disease reporting within selected Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs).

Author: Tukana A, Hedlefs R, and Gummow B
Subjects: Animals, Fiji, Livestock, Melanesia, Pacific Islands epidemiology, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Veterinarians, Animal Diseases epidemiology, Communicable Diseases veterinary, Data Collection methods, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Epidemiologic Methods, Public Policy
Abstract: A semi-systematic literature review of national policies was carried out in relation to surveillance and disease reporting in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). It also analysed the animal disease reporting structures in Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of those reporting structures were examined in relation to how they impacted the detection and management of animal diseases in PICTs. Field missions collected information on animal disease reporting structures and these were discussed in detail with country officials and documented. The findings from the literature review indicated that there is very little policy to support work in surveillance and disease reporting within national government structures of the countries studied. This increases the potential for disease transmission and the introduction of exotic diseases as the efficiency of disease reporting is low. The findings from the SWOT analysis of the reporting structures indicated that there were commonalities across the countries studied, i.e. reporting structures were long with multiple legs that were not functioning properly and this was worsened when positions were vacant in the reporting structure. The hierarchical nature of the reporting structure also reduced reporting efficiency as reports took a longer time to reach decision makers at the top of the structure. High officer turnover and the shortage of veterinarians in the countries studied also affected the efficiency of disease reporting as most in-county officials were inexperienced and could not recognise disease signs and there were no veterinarians to supervise them. Existing reporting structures need to be reviewed to remove duplication and shorten the chain. However, this could override existing command structures and would need to be documented and awareness created with the officers involved. There also needs to be more collaboration with FAO, OIE, academic institutions and national governments to create an environment conducive for the development of policies that support work on surveillance to improve disease reporting in PICTs. The shortage of veterinarians could be addressed by influencing national governments to create better policies to retain veterinarians in the animal health services; this should be supported by creating reasonable work conditions and remuneration packages. This should also be supported with policies to send young graduates to study veterinary science overseas and have a career path for them when they return. Engagement of retired veterinarians from developed countries and re-evaluating the criteria for veterinarian registration could be short-term solutions to address the shortage of veterinarians in PICTs.
Published: 2018
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45. Overweight and obesity in New Caledonian adults: Results from measured and adjusted self-reported anthropometric data.

Author: Corsenac P, Annesi-Maesano I, Hoy D, Roth A, Rouchon B, Capart I, and Taylor R
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anthropometry, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New Caledonia epidemiology, Obesity diagnosis, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Self Report, Young Adult, Obesity epidemiology
Abstract: Aims: To estimate the overweight (OW) and obesity (Ob) prevalence and associated socio-demographic risk factors in New Caledonian adults aged 18-67years., Methods: From a randomly selected cross-sectional population survey, self-reported (n=2513) and measured (n=736) height and weight data were collected. Separate linear regression analyses for measured weight and height were performed, using cases with both self-reported weight and height and socio-demographic variables. The final weight and height assigned to each case was either measured or predicted from the regression (n=2075). OW prevalence was defined as: Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 and <30kg/m -2 ; and Ob: BMI ≥30kg/m -2 . Samples were weighted to the general adult population. Prevalence and Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by gender, and adjusted for socio-demographic variables, to assess differentials in OW, Ob and OW-Ob, using multinomial and logistic regressions., Results: Male (M) OW was 35% (95% CI: 31-38), Ob 29% (95% CI: 26-32) and OW-Ob 64% (95% CI: 60-67); female (F) OW was 26% (95% CI: 23-28), Ob 34% (95% CI: 31-37) and OW-Ob 60% (95% CI: 57-63). Compared to Melanesians (OR=1.0) for male/female: Polynesians had the highest prevalence of OW (1.7/1.5), Ob (4.7/3.5), and OW-Ob (3.0/2.5); New Caledonian-born Europeans had greater OW, Ob and OW-Ob (0.3/0.4) than immigrant Europeans (0.2/0.2)., Conclusions: Findings contribute to obesity comparisons with other Pacific Islands, and they establish trends in New Caledonia for targeting policies and strategies of prevention., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2017
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46. A new haplotype of the coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, has escaped biological control by Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus and is invading Pacific Islands.

Author: Marshall SDG, Moore A, Vaqalo M, Noble A, and Jackson TA
Subjects: Animals, Pacific Islands, Coleoptera genetics, Coleoptera virology, Haplotypes, Pest Control, Biological
Abstract: The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB; Oryctes rhinoceros) is a major pest of coconut and oil palm, but the discovery and release of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) in the 1960s and 70s suppressed the pest such that no new invasions of uninfested islands by CRB were reported for over 30years after implementation of the biocontrol programme. Surprisingly, a highly damaging outbreak was reported from Guam (2007), which could not be controlled by OrNV. Subsequently, new invasions have been reported from Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (2009); O'ahu, Hawai'i (2013); and Honiara, Solomon Islands (2015). We have found that all of these outbreaks have been caused by a previously unrecognized haplotype, CRB-G, which appears to be tolerant to OrNV. PCR analysis shows that OrNV is generally present at high incidence in established populations of CRB, but is generally absent from the invasive CRB-G populations. CRB-G from Guam was not susceptible to OrNV infection by oral delivery, but injection of the virus did cause mortality. Further genetic analysis shows that CRB populations can be divided into a number of clades that coincide with the endemic and invasive history of the beetle. Analysis suggests that CRB-G originated in Asia, though the precise location remains to be discovered., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2017
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47. Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Moradi-Lakeh M, Forouzanfar MH, Vollset SE, El Bcheraoui C, Daoud F, Afshin A, Charara R, Khalil I, Higashi H, Abd El Razek MM, Kiadaliri AA, Alam K, Akseer N, Al-Hamad N, Ali R, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Rabeeah AA, Alsharif U, Altirkawi KA, Atique S, Badawi A, Barrero LH, Basulaiman M, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Bensenor IM, Buchbinder R, Danawi H, Dharmaratne SD, Zannad F, Farvid MS, Fereshtehnejad SM, Farzadfar F, Fischer F, Gupta R, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Horino M, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Javanbakht M, Jonas JB, Kasaeian A, Khan EA, Khubchandani J, Knudsen AK, Kopec JA, Lunevicius R, Abd El Razek HM, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mate K, Mehari A, Meltzer M, Memish ZA, Mirarefin M, Mohammed S, Naheed A, Obermeyer CM, Oh IH, Park EK, Peprah EK, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Shiri R, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Shiue I, Sibai AM, Silva DAS, Singh JA, Skogen JC, Terkawi AS, Ukwaja KN, Westerman R, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Lim SS, Wang H, Vos T, Naghavi M, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, and Mokdad AH
Subjects: Adult, Africa, Northern epidemiology, Aged, Djibouti epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Mediterranean Region epidemiology, Middle Aged, Middle East epidemiology, Mortality, Musculoskeletal Diseases epidemiology, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Somalia epidemiology, Arthritis, Rheumatoid epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease, Gout epidemiology, Low Back Pain epidemiology, Neck Pain epidemiology, Osteoarthritis epidemiology
Abstract: Objectives: We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 to report the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR)., Methods: The burden of musculoskeletal disorders was calculated for the EMR's 22 countries between 1990 and 2013. A systematic analysis was performed on mortality and morbidity data to estimate prevalence, death, years of live lost, years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)., Results: For musculoskeletal disorders, the crude DALYs rate per 100 000 increased from 1297.1 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 924.3-1703.4) in 1990 to 1606.0 (95% UI 1141.2-2130.4) in 2013. During 1990-2013, the total DALYs of musculoskeletal disorders increased by 105.2% in the EMR compared with a 58.0% increase in the rest of the world. The burden of musculoskeletal disorders as a proportion of total DALYs increased from 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.0) in 1990 to 4.7% (95% UI 3.6-5.8) in 2013. The range of point prevalence (per 1000) among the EMR countries was 28.2-136.0 for low back pain, 27.3-49.7 for neck pain, 9.7-37.3 for osteoarthritis (OA), 0.6-2.2 for rheumatoid arthritis and 0.1-0.8 for gout. Low back pain and neck pain had the highest burden in EMR countries., Conclusions: This study shows a high burden of musculoskeletal disorders, with a faster increase in EMR compared with the rest of the world. The reasons for this faster increase need to be explored. Our findings call for incorporating prevention and control programmes that should include improving health data, addressing risk factors, providing evidence-based care and community programmes to increase awareness., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)
Published: 2017
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48. Vaccinations against smallpox and tuberculosis are associated with better long-term survival: a Danish case-cohort study 1971-2010.

Author: Rieckmann A, Villumsen M, Sørup S, Haugaard LK, Ravn H, Roth A, Baker JL, Benn CS, and Aaby P
Subjects: Adult, Age Distribution, BCG Vaccine therapeutic use, Cohort Studies, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Humans, Lost to Follow-Up, Male, Proportional Hazards Models, Sex Distribution, Smallpox Vaccine therapeutic use, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Immunity, Heterologous, Mortality trends, Smallpox prevention & control, Tuberculosis prevention & control, Vaccination statistics & numerical data
Abstract: Background: When vaccinations with vaccinia against smallpox and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against tuberculosis were phased out in some high-income countries around 1980, the impact on overall mortality was not examined. Recent studies from low-income countries have suggested that these vaccines are associated with mortality reductions, not explained by specific disease protection. We examined whether vaccinia and BCG administered in childhood were associated with long-term mortality reductions in a high-income population., Methods: In this case-cohort study, we followed 47 622 schoolchildren from Copenhagen, Denmark, born 1965 to 1976, from their first health examination to 2010. This cohort experienced the phase-out of vaccinia and BCG vaccination programmes., Results: A sub-cohort of 5 316 individuals (699 excluded) was followed for 164 450 person-years (0.2% were lost to follow-up), and 401 deaths due to natural causes (841 deaths in total) occurred in the full cohort. Compared with individuals who had not received vaccinia or BCG, those who had received both vaccinia and BCG had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.54 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36-0.81] for mortality due to natural causes of death; those who only received BCG had an aHR of 0.58 (95% CI: 0.39-0.85). Vaccinia and BCG were not associated with any protection against deaths by accidents, suicide or murder, the combined aHR being 0.94 (95% CI: 0.62-1.42)., Conclusions: Vaccinia and BCG vaccinations were associated with better long-term survival, which was not explained by specific protection. Vaccines with beneficial non-specific effects may reduce overall mortality even after the target diseases are eradicated., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association)
Published: 2017
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49. A review of measles supplementary immunization activities and the implications for Pacific Island countries and territories.

Author: Clements CJ, Soakai TS, and Sadr-Azodi N
Subjects: Humans, Immunization Schedule, Measles epidemiology, Pacific Islands epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Infectious prevention & control, Measles prevention & control, Measles Vaccine administration & dosage, Vaccination statistics & numerical data
Abstract: Introduction: Standard measles control strategies include achieving high levels of measles vaccine coverage using routine delivery systems, supplemented by mass immunization campaigns as needed to close population immunity gaps. Areas covered: This review looks at how supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) have contributed to measles control globally, and asks whether such a strategy has a place in Pacific Islands today. Expert commentary: Very high coverage with two doses of measles vaccine seems to be the optimal strategy for controlling measles. By 2015, all but two Pacific Islands had introduced a second dose in the routine schedule; however, a number of countries have not yet reached high coverage with their second dose. The literature and the country reviews reported here suggest that a high coverage SIA combined with one dose of measles vaccine given in the routine system will also do the job. The arguments for and against the use of SIAs are complex, but it is clear that to be effective, SIAs need to be well designed to meet specific needs, must be carried out effectively and safely with very high coverage, and should, when possible, carry with them other public health interventions to make them even more cost-effective.
Published: 2017
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50. Low back pain and limitations of daily living in Asia: longitudinal findings in the Thai cohort study.

Author: Yiengprugsawan V, Hoy D, Buchbinder R, Bain C, Seubsman SA, and Sleigh AC
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Chronic Pain economics, Chronic Pain epidemiology, Chronic Pain physiopathology, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Female, Humans, Low Back Pain economics, Low Back Pain epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Mobility Limitation, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Thailand epidemiology, Activities of Daily Living, Low Back Pain physiopathology
Abstract: Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a major cause of disability throughout the world. However, longitudinal evidence to relate low back pain and functional limitations is mostly confined to Western countries. In this study, we investigate the associations between low back pain and functional limitations in a prospective cohort of Thai adults., Methods: We analysed information from the Thai Cohort Study of adult Open University adults which included 42,785 participants in both 2009 and 2013, with the majority aged 30 to 65 years and residing nationwide. We used multivariate logistic regression to explore the longitudinal associations between LBP in 2009 and 2013 ('never': no LBP in 2009 or 2013; 'reverting': LBP in 2009 but not in 2013; 'incident': no LBP in 2009 but LBP in 2013; and 'chronic': reporting LBP at both time points) and the outcome of functional limitations relating to Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in 2013., Results: Low back pain was common with 30% of cohort members reporting low back pain in both 2009 and 2013 ('chronic LBP'). The 'chronic LBP' group was more likely than the 'never' back pain group to report functional limitations in 2013: adjusted odds ratios 1.60 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.38-1.85] for difficulties getting dressed; 1.98 [1.71-2.30] for walking; 2.02 [1.71-2.39] for climbing stairs; and 3.80 [3.38-4.27] for bending/kneeling. Those with 'incident LBP' or 'reverting LBP' both had increased odds of functional limitations in 2013 but the odds were not generally as high., Conclusions: Our nationwide data from Thailand suggests that LBP is a frequent public health problem among economically productive age groups with adverse effects on the activities of daily living. This study adds to the limited longitudinal evidence on the substantial impact of low back pain in Southeast Asia.
Published: 2017
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