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The present study focused on the importance of translocation as stressful event in an endangered cervid species causing fatal consequences during capture operations. Fourteen free-ranging Sardinian red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus) have been captured for restocking propose in a protected area of southwestern Sardinia. The cervids were chemically immobilized, transported to a restocking area and released in the wild. Sixteen hours after the release, a pregnant hind was found dead and a complete necropsy was performed. Post-capture blood samples showed increased levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cortisol and potassium and were highly indicative of stress-linked muscle damage. The macro- and microscopic lesions consisted of muscular and cardiac degeneration, and renal injury. In the kidneys, the presence of myoglobin in intratubular casts, detected by immunohistochemistry assay, suggested an acute renal failure associated with myoglobinuric nephrosis as a consequence of rhabdomyolysis. The pathological findings were indicative of capture myopathy in aCervus elaphus corsicanus. This condition has never been reported in the endangered Corsican red deer. This report underlines that mortality from capture is a risk that must be considered during restocking programs. Further studies are needed to minimize stress to preserve wildlife from the risk of fatal consequences due to human interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive dysphagia and dyspnoea presenting after major neck trauma can occasionally be secondary to post-traumatic inflammation and mass effect associated with a calcified osteophytic anterior longitudinal ligament, a frequent finding in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, though rarely enough to cause such symptoms. In these circumstances, surgical decompression may prove effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Objective of the study was to assess the effects of strategies to integrate targeted priority population, health and nutrition interventions into health systems on patient health outcomes and health system effectiveness and thus to compare integrated and non-integrated health programmes. Methods Systematic review using Cochrane methodology of analysing randomised trials, controlled before-and-after and interrupted time series studies. We defined specific strategies to search PubMed, CENTRAL and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group register, considered studies published from January 1998 until September 2008, and tracked references and citations. Two reviewers independently agreed on eligibility, with an additional arbiter as needed, and extracted information on outcomes: primary (improved health, financial protection, and user satisfaction) and secondary (improved population coverage, access to health services, efficiency, and quality) using standardised, pre-piloted forms. Two reviewers in the final stage of selection jointly assessed quality of all selected studies using the GRADE criteria. Results Of 8,274 citations identified 12 studies met inclusion criteria. Four studies compared the benefits of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses in Tanzania and Bangladesh, showing improved care management and higher utilisation of health facilities at no additional cost. Eight studies focused on integrated delivery of mental health and substance abuse services in the United Kingdom and United States of America. Integrated service delivery resulted in better clinical outcomes and greater reduction of substance abuse in specific sub-groups of patients, with no significant difference found overall. Quality of care, patient satisfaction, and treatment engagement were higher in integrated delivery models. Conclusions Targeted priority population health interventions we identified led to improved health outcomes, quality of care, patient satisfaction and access to care. Limited evidence with inconsistent findings across varied interventions in different settings means no general conclusions can be drawn on the benefits or disadvantages of integrated service delivery.

Objectives: With the aim to facilitate a more comprehensive review process in public health including patient safety, we established a tool that we have termed ICROMS (Integrated quality Criteria for the Review Of Multiple Study designs), which unifies, integrates and refines current quality criteria for a large range of study designs including qualitative research. Study design: Review, pilot testing and expert consensus. Methods: The tool is the result of an iterative four phase process over two years: 1) gathering of established criteria for assessing controlled, non-controlled and qualitative study designs; 2) pilot testing of a first version in two systematic reviews on behavioural change in infection prevention and control and in antibiotic prescribing; 3) further refinement and adding of additional study designs in the context of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control funded project 'Systematic review and evidence-based guidance on organisation of hospital infection control programmes' (SIGHT); 4) scrutiny by the pan- European expert panel of the SIGHT project, which had the objective of ensuring robustness of the systematic review. Results: ICROMS includes established quality criteria for randomised studies, controlled before-and-after studies and interrupted time series, and incorporates criteria for non-controlled before-and-after studies, cohort studies and qualitative studies. The tool consists of two parts: 1) a list of quality criteria specific for each study design, as well as criteria applicable across all study designs by using a scoring system; 2) a 'decision matrix', which specifies the robustness of the study by identifying minimum requirements according to the study type and the relevance of the study to the review question. The decision matrix directly determines inclusion or exclusion of a study in the review. ICROMS was applied to a series of systematic reviews to test its feasibility and usefulness in the appraisal of multiple study designs. The tool was applicable across a wide range of study designs and outcome measures. Conclusion: ICROMS is a comprehensive yet feasible appraisal of a large range of study designs to be included in systematic reviews addressing behaviour change studies in patient safety and public health. The tool is sufficiently flexible to be applied to a variety of other domains in health-related research. Beyond its application to systematic reviews, we envisage that ICROMS can have a positive effect on researchers to be more rigorous in their study design and more diligent in their reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N 1 -substituted derivatives of anti-(2R,3S)-1,3-diamino-4-phenylbutan-2-ol are important building blocks for the synthesis of therapeutically important molecules. We describe a simple protocol that allows transformation of N,N-dibenzyl-L-phenylalaninal into such compounds in only two steps. The first step is a fully stereoselective three-component MAC (Masked Acyl Cyanide) oxyhomologation reaction implicating different amines to give a panel of ten N,N-dibenzyl-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-protected anti-(2S,3S)-allophenylnorstatin amides. The second step is a carbonyl-activated hydride deprotection/reduction protocol using trimethylsilyl chloride and lithium aluminium hydride; the one-pot two-component system is more efficient than the alternative approach of isolating the deprotected amide intermediate before reduction., (© 2024 The Authors. ChemistryOpen published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

A series of fluorescent carbazole-coumarins exhibiting good photoluminescence quantum yields and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties have been designed and synthetized using computer-aided density functional theory calculations. The TADF characteristics of the carbazole-coumarins were systematically explored both in solution and in the solid state, utilizing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a matrix. The study revealed that the introduction of carbazole units onto the coumarin benzene ring led to compounds with thermally induced reverse intersystem crossing and delayed fluorescence. The study further demonstrated the potential utility of these compounds in practical applications by incorporating them into a Cmr-PMMA-based sensor for molecular oxygen detection. The resulting sensor exhibited promising performance, highlighting the adaptability and efficacy of the synthesized TADF-carbazole-coumarin compounds for reversible molecular oxygen sensing., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this work, non-ordered and ordered CeO 2 -based catalysts are proposed for CO 2 conversion to dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Particularly, non-ordered mesoporous CeO 2 , consisting of small nanoparticles of about 8 nm, is compared with two highly porous (635-722 m 2 /g) ordered CeO 2 @SBA-15 nanocomposites obtained by two different impregnation strategies (a two-solvent impregnation method (TS) and a self-combustion (SC) method), with a final CeO 2 loading of 10 wt%. Rietveld analyses on XRD data combined with TEM imaging evidence the influence of the impregnation strategy on the dispersion of the active phase as follows: nanoparticles of 8 nm for the TS composite vs. 3 nm for the SC composite. The catalytic results show comparable activities for the mesoporous ceria and the CeO 2 @SBA-15_SC nanocomposite, while a lower DMC yield is found for the CeO 2 @SBA-15_TS nanocomposite. This finding can presumably be ascribed to a partial obstruction of the pores by the CeO 2 nanoparticles in the case of the TS composite, leading to a reduced accessibility of the active phase. On the other hand, in the case of the SC composite, where the CeO 2 particle size is much lower than the pore size, there is an improved accessibility of the active phase to the molecules of the reactants.

Background : Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) involves the cerebellar tonsils' descent below the foramen magnum. In Chiari malformation type 1.5 (CM-1.5), both the cerebellar tonsils and the brainstem are herniated. Common symptoms include headaches and cervical pain, often associated with conditions like syringomyelia and hydrocephalus. Surgical treatment is not performed in asymptomatic patients, while the presence of syringomyelia represents an indication for surgery. Methods : This study retrospectively examined pediatric patients with CM-1 and CM-1.5 at Giannina Gaslini Hospital from 2006 to 2020, analyzing demographics, radiological findings, surgical interventions, and outcomes. Results : Out of 211 patients who underwent surgery, 83.9% were diagnosed with CM-1 and 16.1% with CM-1.5. Headaches were prevalent (69%) and cerebellar signs were noted in 29% of patients. Syringomyelia and hydrocephalus were present in 28.4% and 8% of cases, respectively. Intraoperative ultrasonography guided interventions, with 59.8% requiring bony and ligamentous decompression, and 27.1% undergoing duraplasty. Conclusions : The surgical treatment of CM-1/CM-1.5 involves posterior cranial fossa decompression. Choosing between bony decompression alone and its combination with duraplasty has always been controversial in the pediatric population. If we consider as surgical endpoint the restoration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flux, intraoperative ultrasound may be a real-time helpful tool in orienting the surgical strategy, yet refinement with quantitative measures is needed.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 762 million people to date and has caused approximately 7 million deaths all around the world, involving more than 187 countries. Although currently available vaccines show high efficacy in preventing severe respiratory complications in infected patients, the high number of mutations in the S proteins of the current variants is responsible for the high level of immune evasion and transmissibility of the virus and the reduced effectiveness of acquired immunity. In this scenario, the development of safe and effective drugs of synthetic or natural origin to suppress viral replication and treat acute forms of COVID-19 remains a valid therapeutic challenge. Given the successful history of flavonoids-based drug discovery, we developed esters of substituted cinnamic acids with quercetin to evaluate their in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of Coronaviruses. Interestingly, two derivatives, the 3,4-methylenedioxy 6 and the ester of acid 7, have proved to be effective in reducing OC43-induced cytopathogenicity, showing interesting EC50s profiles. The ester of synaptic acid 7 in particular, which is not endowed with relevant cytotoxicity under any of the tested conditions, turned out to be active against OC43 and SARS-CoV-2, showing a promising EC 50 . Therefore, said compound was selected as the lead object of further analysis. When tested in a yield reduction, assay 7 produced a significant dose-dependent reduction in viral titer. However, the compound was not virucidal, as exposure to high concentrations of it did not affect viral infectivity, nor did it affect hCoV-OC43 penetration into pre-treated host cells. Additional studies on the action mechanism have suggested that our derivative may inhibit viral endocytosis by reducing viral attachment to host cells.

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important and serious contagious hemorrhagic viral diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boar and is associated with high mortality rates while also having an extensive sanitary and socioeconomic impact on the international trade of animal and swine products. The early detection of the disease is often hampered by inadequate surveillance. Among the surveillance strategies used, passive surveillance of wild boars is considered the most effective method for controlling the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Otherwise, the design of a sufficiently sensitive ASF surveillance system requires a solid understanding of the epidemiology related to the local eco-social context, especially in the absence of virus detection. Even if the number of carcasses needed to demonstrate ASF eradication has been established, the scientific context lacks detail compared to protocols applied in the active search for wild boar carcasses. The aim of this study was to describe the protocol applied in the active search for carcasses, providing detailed information on the number of people and dogs as well as the amount of time and space used within the Mediterranean area. Using a specific tool developed to record, trace, and share field data (the GAIA observer app), a total of 33 active searches for wild boar carcasses were organized during 2021-2023. Most of these searches were planned to find carcasses that had previously been reported by hunters. A total of 24 carcasses were found, with only 2 carcasses not previously reported. The final protocol applied involved four people, with an average speed of 1.5 km/h. When a carcass had been previously reported, about 2 km of distance had to be covered in about 1.5 h to find the carcass, and even less time was spent when a dog (untrained) was present. In conclusion, it can be stated that, when searching for carcasses, solid collaboration with local hunters or other forest visitors is necessary to ensure carcasses are reported. The process involves small groups of experts actively searching for carcasses, possibly with the use of hunting dogs without special training. The data presented could be of valid support for those countries characterized by Mediterranean vegetation that are faced with the need to plan active carcass searches.

Fusion is a key event for enveloped viruses, through which viral and cell membranes come into close contact. This event is mediated by viral fusion proteins, which are divided into three structural and functional classes. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein belongs to class I fusion proteins, characterized by a trimer of helical hairpins and an internal fusion peptide (FP), which is exposed once fusion occurs. Many efforts have been directed at finding antivirals capable of interfering with the fusion mechanism, mainly by designing peptides on the two heptad-repeat regions present in class I viral fusion proteins. Here, we aimed to evaluate the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of the FP sequence conjugated to a tetravalent dendrimer through a classical organic nucleophilic substitution reaction (S N 2) using a synthetic bromoacetylated peptide mimicking the FP and a branched scaffold of poly- L -Lysine functionalized with cysteine residues. We found that the FP peptide conjugated to the dendrimer, unlike the monomeric FP sequence, has virucidal activity by impairing the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to cells. Furthermore, we found that the peptide dendrimer does not have the same effects on other coronaviruses, demonstrating that it is selective against SARS-CoV-2.

Background: In the last years, numerous studies evaluated different tools for the diagnosis of positional plagiocephaly (PP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasonography (US) as a first line screening test of lambdoid sutural patency in child with PP and to compare our results with the literature., Methods: All consecutive patients who referred to our Institute from January 2016 to October 2017 with the suspicion of PP, were included in the study and performed US examination of the lambdoid sutures. A 3-6-month clinical follow-up was performed by a pediatric neurosurgeon or a pediatrician to confirm the diagnosis of PP., Results: Thirty-five children performed US examination and in all cases the diagnosis of PP was confirmed. No cases of anticipated suture fusion were examined during this period. The concordance between US findings and clinical exam follow-up was 100%., Conclusions: Ultrasonography of the lambdoid sutures represents an ideal first-line screening test and reliable alternative to other diagnostic techniques for lambdoid sutural patency in child with PP, being radiation free, fast and cheap.

Cubic bi-magnetic hard-soft core-shell nanoarchitectures were prepared starting from cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, prevalently with cubic shape, as seeds to grow a manganese ferrite shell. The combined use of direct (nanoscale chemical mapping via STEM-EDX) and indirect (DC magnetometry) tools was adopted to verify the formation of the heterostructures at the nanoscale and bulk level, respectively. The results showed the obtainment of core-shell NPs (CoFe 2 O 4 @MnFe 2 O 4 ) with a thin shell (heterogenous nucleation). In addition, manganese ferrite was found to homogeneously nucleate to form a secondary nanoparticle population (homogenous nucleation). This study shed light on the competitive formation mechanism of homogenous and heterogenous nucleation, suggesting the existence of a critical size, beyond which, phase separation occurs and seeds are no longer available in the reaction medium for heterogenous nucleation. These findings may allow one to tailor the synthesis process in order to achieve better control of the materials' features affecting the magnetic behaviour, and consequently, the performances as heat mediators or components for data storage devices.

Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood the BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have the no interests to declare. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated. Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; externally peer reviewed. This article is part of a collection proposed by the World Health Organization and the World Bank and commissioned by The BMJ. The BMJ peer reviewed, edited, and made the decision to publish these articles. Article handling fees are funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Jennifer Rasanathan, Juan Franco, and Emma Veitch edited this collection for The BMJ. Regina Kamoga was the patient editor.

Introduction: The association between multisutural craniosynostosis with Chiari malformation (CM), venous hypertension, and hydrocephalus is widely described in the literature, especially in children with paediatric craniofacial syndromes. Some efforts have been done in the last years to understand the complex pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this association, and several theories have been proposed. In particular, it is now accepted that the hypothesis of the overcrowding of the posterior fossa due to precocious suture fusion is the cause of the cerebellar herniation in syndromic and non-syndromic patients, against the theory of intrinsic cerebellar anomalies, ventriculomegaly, and venous hypertension. However, whatever the pathophysiological mechanism, it is still unclear what the best management and treatment of CM and hydrocephalus are in multisutural craniosynostosis patients. The aim of this study was to report our 25 years' experience in treating paediatric patients affected by these rare pathologies in order to propose a simple and effective therapeutic flow chart for their management., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected data of each patient who underwent a cranial vault remodelling (CVR) for complex multisutural craniosynostosis in our institution in the last 25 years, while monosutural craniosynostosis was excluded. We recorded data concerning type of craniosynostosis and craniofacial syndromes, presence of ventriculomegaly, and CM at presentation and clinical and radiological follow-up. Therefore, we evaluated the final outcomes (improved, stable, deteriorated) of these patients and created a practical flow chart that could help physicians choose the best surgical treatment when different pathological conditions, as Chiari malformation I (CMI) or hydrocephalus, affect complex craniosynostosis children., Results: Thirty-nine patients (39 out of 55; 70.9%), with an isolated multisutural craniosynostosis at presentation, underwent a two-step CVR as first surgery; 36 patients (92.3%) had an improved outcome, 2 patients (5.1%) had a stable outcome, and 1 patient (2.56%) had a deteriorated outcome. Other eight children (8 out of 55; 14.5%) had a radiological evidence of asymptomatic CMI at presentation. In this group, we performed CVR as first surgery. As for the final outcome, 7 patients had an improved outcome (87.5%) with good aesthetic result and stability or resolution of CMI. Finally, 7 patients (7 out of 55; 12.7%) presented a various combination of CMI and ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus at presentation. Among them, 3 patients had an improved outcome (42.8%), and 4 patients had a deteriorated outcome (57.1%)., Discussion: The prevalence of one pathological condition with associated symptoms over the others was the key factor leading our therapeutic strategy. When craniosynostosis is associated with a radiological CM, the assessment of clinical symptoms is of capital importance. When asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic, we suggest a CVR as first step, for its efficacy in reducing tonsillar herniation and solving CM symptoms. When craniosynostosis is associated with ventricular enlargement, the presence of intracranial hypertension signs and symptoms forces physicians to first treat hydrocephalus with a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy. For patients with various degrees and severity of ventriculomegaly and associated CM, the outcomes were very heterogeneous, even when the same therapeutic strategy was applied to patients with similar starting conditions and symptoms. This is maybe the most unexpected and least clear part of our results. Despite the proposed algorithm comes from a clinical experience on 85% successfully treated patients with multiple craniosynostosis, more extensive and deep studies are needed to better understand CM and hydrocephalus development in such conditions., (© 2023 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

A series of 6- and 6,8-halocoumarin derivatives have been investigated as potential antiproliferative compounds against a panel of tumor and normal cell lines. Cytotoxic effects were determined by the MTT method. To investigate the potential molecular mechanism involved in the cytotoxic effect, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced glutathione analysis were performed. Among the screened compounds, coumarins 6,8-dibromo-2-oxo-2 H -chromene-3-carbonitrile 2h and 6,8-diiodo-2-oxo-2 H -chromene-3-carbonitrile 2k exhibited the most antiproliferative effect in thyroid cancer-derived cells TPC-1. The apoptosis assay showed that both 2h and 2k induced apoptosis in TPC-1 thyroid cancer cells. According to these experiments, both coumarins induced a slight increase in TPC-1 cells in the G2/M phase and a decrease in the S phase. A significant increase in ROS levels was observed in TPC-1 treated with diiodocoumarin 2k , while the dibromocoumarin 2h induced a decrease in ROS in a dose and time-dependent manner.

The straightforward, continuous-flow synthesis of cyclopropyl carbaldehydes and ketones has been developed starting from 2-hydroxycyclobutanones and aryl thiols. This acid-catalyzed mediated procedure allows access to the multigram and easily scalable synthesis of cyclopropyl adducts under mild conditions, using reusable Amberlyst-35 as a catalyst. The resins, suitably ground and used for filling steel columns, have been characterized via TGA, ATR, SEM and BET analyses to describe the physical-chemical properties of the packed bed and the continuous-flow system in detail. To highlight the synthetic versatility of the arylthiocyclopropyl carbonyl compounds, a series of selective oxidation reactions have been performed to access sulfoxide and sulfone carbaldehyde cyclopropanes, oxiranes and carboxylic acid derivatives.

Heterogeneous photocatalysts have garnered extensive attention as a sustainable way for environmental remediation and energy storage process. Water splitting, solar energy conversion, and pollutant degradation are examples of nowadays applications where semiconductor-based photocatalysts represent a potentially disruptive technology. The exploitation of solar radiation for photocatalysis could generate a strong impact by decreasing the energy demand and simultaneously mitigating the impact of anthropogenic pollutants. However, most of the actual photocatalysts work only on energy radiation in the Near-UV region (<400 nm), and the studies and development of new photocatalysts with high efficiency in the visible range of the spectrum are required. In this regard, hybrid organic/inorganic photocatalysts have emerged as highly potential materials to drastically improve visible photocatalytic efficiency. In this review, we will analyze the state-of-art and the developments of hybrid photocatalysts for energy storage and energy conversion process as well as their application in pollutant degradation and water treatments.

Object: Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare, benign, extradural venous anomaly whose extracranial connection consists in an enlarged subgaleal drainage composed of a network of thin-walled veins that form a varix on the external table of the skull. In the present series of three patients we present three variantesof SP which have never been described, characterized by an extensive diploic erosion causing a "karstic" effect., Methods: A systematic review was conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. A comprehensive search for relevant articles was performed on PubMed from 1992 to 2022 using the following search words: "sinus pericranii"., Results: The search produced 77 articles with 137 patients. In all the cases analysed, there were not reported any patients with extensive diploic erosion, namely "karstic" variants. So, the authors present clinical history, neuroimages, treatment strategies and outcome of 3 patients with a "karstic" SP with the aim to describe this clinicradiological entity., Conclusions: In this study, our group identified a peculiar variant of SP characterized by bony involvement with extensive diploic "karstic" erosion of diploe, with possible tendency to enlarge during time., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The introduction of N doping atoms in the carbon network of Carbon Dots is known to increase their quantum yield and broaden the emission spectrum, depending on the kind of N bonding introduced. N doping is usually achieved by exploiting amine molecules in the synthesis. In this work, we studied the possibility of introducing a N-N bonding in the carbon network by means of hydrothermal synthesis of citric acid and hydrazine molecules, including hydrated hydrazine, di-methylhydrazine and phenylhydrazine. The experimental optical features show the typical fingerprints of Carbon Dots formation, such as nanometric size, excitation dependent emission, non-single exponential decay of photoluminescence and G and D vibrational bands in the Raman spectra. To explain the reported data, we performed a detailed computational investigation of the possible products of the synthesis, comparing the simulated absorbance spectra with the experimental optical excitation pattern. The computed Raman spectra corroborate the hypothesis of the formation of pyridinone derivatives, among which the formation of small polymeric chains allowed the broad excitation spectra to be experimentally observed.

Background: Since external ventricular drainage (EVD) related infections are usually due to skin flora, an extradural intra/extra-cranial accessory device, developed for pediatric patients under three years of age undergoing EVD positioning, is described. The aim of this paper is to provide technical description of this device, underlining the possibility to reduce infective risk and to prevent EVD dislocation., Methods: Patients undergoing A-D device EVD placement between 1990 and 2017 at authors' institution were retrospectively considered. The device was made of a fully MRI-compatible inert material (Ketron-Peek-1000), composed of two pieces securely fixable to the skull, bridging the catheter directly from the epidural space to the extracranial space without letting it come in contact with the skin., Results: A total number of 350 patients were considered. The mean age was 1.4 years, being the youngest patient a newborn of 25 weeks of gestational age. Mean time of EVD maintenance was 45 days, ranging from 21 to 81 days. 2 cases (0.6%) of EVD related infections were reported, while, pull-out of the ventricular catheter occurred in 3 cases (0.9%). No cases of bone fractures related to the clamp effect provided by A-D device were reported in the series CONCLUSIONS: This device could represent a safe and feasible option to reduce EVD related infections and catheter pull-out in pediatric patients. The encouraging results could strength the aim of the device to allow safer and longer length of CSF drainage. Moreover, the fully MRI-compatible nature and its non-magnetic properties allow to use it with neuronavigation systems., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Iron oxides/oxyhydroxides, namely maghemite, iron oxide-silica composite, akaganeite, and ferrihydrite, are studied for As V and As III removal from water in the pH range 2-8. All sorbents were characterized for their structural, morphological, textural, and surface charge properties. The same experimental conditions for the batch tests permitted a direct comparison among the sorbents, particularly between the oxyhydroxides, known to be among the most promising As-removers but hardly compared in the literature. The tests revealed akaganeite to perform better in the whole pH range for As V (max 89 mg g -1 at pH 0 3) but to be also efficient toward As III (max 91 mg g -1 at pH 0 3-8), for which the best sorbent was ferrihydrite (max 144 mg g -1 at pH 0 8). Moreover, the study of the sorbents' surface chemistry under contact with arsenic and arsenic-free solutions allowed the understanding of its role in the arsenic uptake through electrophoretic light scattering and pH measurements. Indeed, the sorbent's ability to modify the starting pH was a crucial step in determining the removal of performances. The As V initial concentration, contact time, ionic strength, and presence of competitors were also studied for akaganeite, the most promising remover, at pH 0 3 and 8 to deepen the uptake mechanism.

A series of 6-aryl coumarin dyes were synthesized in satisfactory yields by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions with a panel of boronic acids and coumarin bromides. Photophysical studies highlighted a large Stoke shift and interesting fluorescence quantum yield for these compounds. Optical properties were also investigated with the aid of quantum chemical calculations. The treatment of selected coumarin dyes with increasing amounts of trifluoroacetic acid showed that their fluorescence can be strongly influenced by pH (fluorescence quenching at high acid concentrations), while the addition of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ metal ions allowed to highlight dichotomous behavior with the corresponding reduction in fluorescence with the increase of [Fe 3+ ] or [Al 3+ ]. Finally, biological assays and fluorescence microscopy imaging investigations indicated that these compounds can be used as potential biomarkers in living and fixed cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The photoreduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by means of protonated and exfoliated phenyl-doped carbon nitride is reported. Although carbon nitride-based materials have been recognized as efficient photocatalysts, the photoreduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol is not allowed because of the high recombination rate of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In this paper, we show the morphology effects on the photoactivity in phenyl-doped carbon nitride. Structural (TEM, XRD, Raman) and optical characterization (absorption, photoluminescence) of the protonated and exfoliated phenyl-doped carbon nitride (hereafter pePhCN) is reported. The increased photocatalytic efficiency, with respect to the bulk material, is underlined by the calculation of the kinetic constant of the photoreduction process (2.78 × 10 -1 min -1 and 3.54 × 10 -3 min -1 ) for pePhCN and bulk PhCN, respectively. Finally, the detailed mechanism of the photoreduction process of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by modified phenyl carbon nitride is proposed.

A novel Brønsted acid catalyzed tandem reaction provides highly functionalized cyclobuta-fused tetrahydroquinoline carboxylic esters from anilines and 2-alkylenecyclobutanones in good to high yield. During the reaction a dynamic diastereoselective cyclization is achieved, resulting in the formation of three contiguous stereocenters with high stereoselectivity.

Moyamoya vasculopathy is a rare chronic cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the stenosis of the terminal branches of the internal carotid arteries and the proximal tracts of anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Although surgical revascularization does not significantly change the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, it plays a pivotal role in the management of affected individuals, allowing to decrease the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. Surgical approaches may be direct (extracranial-intracranial bypass), indirect, or a combination of the two. Several indirect techniques classifiable according to the tissue (muscle, periosteum, galea, dura mater, and extracranial tissues) or vessel (artery) used as a source of blood supply are currently available. In this study, we reviewed the pertinent literature and analyzed the advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls of the most relevant indirect revascularization techniques. We discussed the technical aspects and the therapeutical implications of each procedure, providing a current state-of-the-art overview on the limits and pitfalls of indirect revascularization in the treatment of moyamoya vasculopathy., (© 2020. The Author(s).)

The reaction between configurably stable α-lithiated oxiranes and 3-substituted cyclobutanones allows obtaining enantiomerically enriched cyclobutanols (er > 98 : 2). These adducts, subjected to base-mediated Payne rearrangement, lead to the synthesis of a new class of oxaspirohexanes, useful precursors of 2,4-disubstituted cyclopentanones.

The continuous flow Norrish-Yang photocyclization of 1,2-diketones has been developed and used for the synthesis of a large number of functionalized 2-hydroxycyclobutanones, under blue light irradiation and employing acetone as a solvent. This eco-friendly procedure represents a valid alternative to the reactions carried out in batches thus reducing the reaction times, the formation of secondary products and simplifying the purification steps. The use of differently substituted diketone compounds has allowed us to obtain a wide range of 2 and 3-functionalized cyclobutanones, thus allowing the evaluation of the scope and limitations of this procedure.

Citrazinic acid (CZA) is a weakly fluorescent molecular compound whose optical properties are dependent on aggregation states and chemical environment. This molecule and its derivatives have been recently identified as the source of the intense blue emission of carbon dots obtained from citric acid with a nitrogen source, such as ammonia or urea. Citrazinic acid has a strong tendency to aggregate and form tautomers whose optical properties are largely unexplored. At extreme acidic and basic pH values, we have observed an "anomalous" optical response of citrazinic acid, attributed to the formation of aggregates from the tautomers. We have characterized the molecule, both at pH = 1 and 14, using UV-vis, NMR, steady-state, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. At extremely low pH values, the protonation causes luminescence quenching and the appearance of new emissions. On the contrary, high pH values are responsible for deprotonation and splitting of the excitation spectra., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)