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Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMO A vasta região do Nordeste brasileiro tem uma parcela significativa de seu território sujeita a secas severas. Este trabalho traz uma análise da resposta do governo às grandes secas que a região sofreu desde o período imperial no século XIX.

RESUMO O artigo avalia a natureza socioeconômica da seca de 1979/80 no Nordeste a partir de levantamento realizado pela Fundação Joaquim Nabuco. Pretende mostrar a essência das dificuldades que a seca traz à população de suas vítimas oficiais - os inscritos no Programa Emergencial coordenado pela SUDENE, cuja amostra foi entrevistada. Uma conclusão do estudo revela que os efeitos de uma seca são mais intensos quanto mais pobres são os estratos sociais afetados. Outra conclusão indica que a produção de culturas de subsistência dos refugiados oficiais teve um declínio de cerca de 70 por cento em 1978/80.

Copyright of Rudarsko-Geolosko-Naftni Zbornik is the property of Faculty of Mining, Geology & Petroleum Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artigo analisa as políticas públicas de combate à seca desenvolvidas nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, particularmente, durante as secas de 1932 e 1942. Nesse período, a Inspetoria Federal de Obras Contra as Secas (Ifocs), órgão responsável pela execução de obras referentes ao beneficiamento de áreas e populações acometidas pela calamidade das estiagens, recebeu grande impulso ocasionado pela adoção de recursos adicionais, após um longo período de interrupção dos serviços. Em 20 de fevereiro de 1931 Getúlio Vargas aprovou novo regulamento para a inspetoria, onde foram fixadas as diretrizes para a execução do “grande empreendimento de salvação do Nordeste”. Como prioridade estava a construção de uma infraestrutura hídrica, viária e agrícola, formada por açudes, canais de irrigação, rodovias e colônias agrícolas, que deveriam funcionar de forma integrada, fornecendo às populações sertanejas não apenas o acesso à água, mas, sobretudo, sua fixação e o desenvolvimento agrícola do sertão por meio de uma cultura irrigada nas bordas dos açudes. A implantação dos canais de irrigação foi uma das principais pautas da inspetoria, ocasionando grandes embates entre engenheiros e agrônomos, possibilitando assim uma percepção da seca para além de um problema climático, que poderia ser solucionado apenas com o armazenamento de água. Entre as fontes utilizadas, destacam-se os relatórios de presidentes e as publicações técnicas da Ifocs, como os relatórios dos trabalhos executados e os boletins informativos.

Selecting a mining method is an essential step in the initial phases of mining. The selection of an inappropriate mining method can have consequences, such as the potential loss of a portion of the ore deposit. Sometimes, changing the mining method can result in high costs that render the entire project economically unfeasible. For the past two decades, qualitative patterns and numerical scoring have been replaced by multi-criteria decision-making methods. In this study, the Simultaneous Evaluation of Criteria and Alternatives (SECA) multi-criteria decision analysis method was introduced for the first time in the selection of mining methods. The SECA was used to select the mining method in two ore bodies: Gol-E-Gohar No. 3 Iron ore and Chahar-Gonbad Copper ore. The final ranking compared with the results obtained from the fuzzy TOPSIS decision-making method. The satisfactory results indicated that the open-pit method was selected as the appropriate approach for both cases. The SECA method has lower computational complexity because it does not require the use of weight vectors as inputs. However, it does require a precise decision matrix. This method can be considered the foundation of artificial intelligence for selecting a mining method.

Os eventos climáticos extremos poderão gerar diversos impactos negativos, inclusive nos sistemas de abastecimento de água, sendo importante que o conceito de resiliência esteja institucionalizado nos processos de gestão do setor, visando melhorar seu planejamento. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um modelo de avaliação de resiliência para os sistemas de abastecimento de água frente a eventos de seca e aplicar em uma operadora de abastecimento de água pertencente às Bacias PCJ. Para isso, a metodologia consistiu em uma revisão da literatura para identificar as dimensões e indicadores para elaboração do modelo e posteriormente sua aplicação e cálculo da resiliência da operadora. Como resultado, o modelo elaborado propõe 4 dimensões: “Ameaça Climática”; “Desenvoltura”; “Robustez” e “Recuperação”, sendo que a resiliência alcançada pela operadora em estudo foi de 78,7%. Sendo assim, conclui-se que o modelo elaborado nesta pesquisa é uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão que possibilita a priorização de ações pela operadora, pois além do índice de resiliência, permite visualizar quais dimensões precisam de mais atenção.

SecA is a widely conserved ATPase that drives the secretion of proteins across the cell membrane via the SecYEG translocon, while the SRP system is a key player in the insertion of membrane proteins via SecYEG. How SecA gains access to substrate proteins in Bacillus subtilis cells and copes with an increase in substrate availability during biotechnologically desired, high-level expression of secreted proteins is poorly understood. Using single molecule tracking, we found that SecA localization closely mimics that of ribosomes, and its molecule dynamics change similarly to those of ribosomes after inhibition of transcription or translation. These data suggest that B. subtilis SecA associates with signal peptides as they are synthesized at the ribosome, similar to the SRP system. In agreement with this, SecA is a largely mobile cytosolic protein; only a subset is statically associated with the cell membrane, i.e., likely with the Sec translocon. SecA dynamics were considerably different during the late exponential, transition, and stationary growth phases, revealing that single molecule dynamics considerably alter during different genetic programs in cells. During overproduction of a secretory protein, AmyE, SecA showed the strongest changes during the transition phase, i.e., where general protein secretion is high. To investigate whether the overproduction of AmyE also has an influence on other proteins that interact with SecYEG, we analyzed the dynamics of SecDF, YidC, and FtsY with and without AmyE overproduction. SecDF and YidC did not reveal considerable differences in single molecule dynamics during overexpression, while the SRP component FtsY changed markedly in its behavior and became more statically engaged. These findings indicate that the SRP pathway becomes involved in protein secretion upon an overload of proteins carrying a signal sequence. Thus, our data reveal high plasticity of the SecA and SRP systems in dealing with different needs for protein secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban Structure & Function Studies is the property of University of Mazandaran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The state of Paraíba stands out in the quantity of registered environmental disasters in Brazil, especially for episodes associated with droughts and floods. Understanding the social vulnerability is decisive for disaster risk reduction measures because it is an estimate of the capacity of population groups to resist and adapt to adversities caused by intense natural events. The objective of this research is to identify the levels of social vulnerability to environmental disasters of drought/dry season and flooding in the municipalities of the state of Paraíba, based on socioeconomic, demographic and infrastructure indicators. The variables were extracted from the 2010 demographic census and are indicators of household characteristics that may contribute to the formation of more vulnerable population groups. The variables were weighted and integrated into a social vulnerability index. Then, a spatial autocorrelation analysis of social vulnerability was performed. The frequency of disasters of the researched typologies was also quantified. The results indicate that of the total number of municipalities in Paraíba 82.5% are in the high and very high vulnerability classes, where 45% of the state population resides. The main spatial aggregation of municipalities with severe vulnerability conditions is among the Homogeneous Rainfall Regions of Cariri/Curimataú, Agreste and Brejo. These territories are subject to insufficient infrastructure and services, higher levels of poverty, and more restrictive social and household conditions. The research can contribute to disaster risk reduction actions because it indicates the municipalities most prone to crises triggered by droughts and floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sec translocon is a highly conserved membrane assembly for polypeptide transport across, or into, lipid bilayers. In bacteria, secretion through the core channel complex--SecYEG in the inner membrane--is powered by the cytosolic ATPase SecA. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence to interrogate the conformational state of SecYEG throughout the ATP hydrolysis cycle of SecA. We show that the SecYEG channel fluctuations between open and closed states are much faster (~20-fold during translocation) than ATP turnover, and that the nucleotide status of SecA modulates the rates of opening and closure. The SecY variant PrlA4, which exhibits faster transport but unaffected ATPase rates, increases the dwell time in the open state, facilitating pre-protein diffusion through the pore and thereby enhancing translocation efficiency. Thus, rapid SecYEG channel dynamics are allosterically coupled to SecA via modulation of the energy landscape, and play an integral part in protein transport. Loose coupling of ATP-turnover by SecA to the dynamic properties of SecYEG is compatible with a Brownian-rachet mechanism of translocation, rather than strict nucleotide-dependent interconversion between different static states of a power stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Whereas the translocation of proteins across the cell membrane has been thoroughly investigated, it is still unclear how proteins cross the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria, which are widely used for industrial applications. We have studied the secretion of α-amylase AmyE within two different Bacillus strains, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. Results We show that a C-terminal fusion of AmyE with the fluorescent reporter mCherry is secreted via discrete patches showing very low dynamics. These are visible at many places within the cell wall for many minutes. Expression from a high copy number plasmid was required to be able to see these structures we term “secretion zones”. Zones corresponded to visualized AmyE activity on the surface of cells, showing that they release active enzymes. They overlapped with SecA signals but did not frequently co-localize with the secretion ATPase. Single particle tracking showed higher dynamics of SecA and of SecDF, involved in AmyE secretion, at the cell membrane than AmyE. These experiments suggest that SecA initially translocates AmyE molecules through the cell membrane, and then diffuses to a different translocon. Single molecule tracking of SecA suggests the existence of three distinct diffusive states of SecA, which change during AmyE overexpression, but increased AmyE secretion does not appear to overwhelm the system. Conclusions Because secretion zones were only found during the transition to and within the stationary phase, diffusion rather than passive transport based on cell wall growth from inside to outside may release AmyE and, thus, probably secreted proteins in general. Our findings suggest active transport through the cell membrane and slow, passive transition through the cell wall, at least for overexpressed proteins, in bacteria of the genus Bacillus.

This article discusses the Banyu Bening Community's strategy for promoting rainwater harvesting in Indonesia. The study uses qualitative methods, including interviews and group discussions, to understand how the community educates people about the benefits of rainwater. The findings show that the community combines religion, health, and economic factors to raise awareness. The article emphasizes the importance of effective communication strategies and provides references to related articles on water management and disaster mitigation. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Whereas the translocation of proteins across the cell membrane has been thoroughly investigated, it is still unclear how proteins cross the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria, which are widely used for industrial applications. We have studied the secretion of α-amylase AmyE within two different Bacillus strains, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. Results: We show that a C-terminal fusion of AmyE with the fluorescent reporter mCherry is secreted via discrete patches showing very low dynamics. These are visible at many places within the cell wall for many minutes. Expression from a high copy number plasmid was required to be able to see these structures we term "secretion zones". Zones corresponded to visualized AmyE activity on the surface of cells, showing that they release active enzymes. They overlapped with SecA signals but did not frequently co-localize with the secretion ATPase. Single particle tracking showed higher dynamics of SecA and of SecDF, involved in AmyE secretion, at the cell membrane than AmyE. These experiments suggest that SecA initially translocates AmyE molecules through the cell membrane, and then diffuses to a different translocon. Single molecule tracking of SecA suggests the existence of three distinct diffusive states of SecA, which change during AmyE overexpression, but increased AmyE secretion does not appear to overwhelm the system. Conclusions: Because secretion zones were only found during the transition to and within the stationary phase, diffusion rather than passive transport based on cell wall growth from inside to outside may release AmyE and, thus, probably secreted proteins in general. Our findings suggest active transport through the cell membrane and slow, passive transition through the cell wall, at least for overexpressed proteins, in bacteria of the genus Bacillus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the first association of a strain called 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' (16SrII-D) with little leaf and witches' broom symptoms in horse gram, a pulse crop grown in southern India. The presence of the phytoplasma was confirmed through DNA analysis and sequencing. The phytoplasma strain identified in horse gram is closely related to the 16SrII-D subgroup of 'Ca. P. aurantifolia'. This finding highlights the need for surveillance and monitoring of plants in the Fabaceae family to prevent potential disease outbreaks and calls for further epidemiological studies in areas growing horse gram. [Extracted from the article]

Resumo Os impactos das secas variam dependendo da sua intensidade, duração e recorrência, além do estado de desenvolvimento e da capacidade de enfrentamento das regiões e dos países. A seca pode ser dividida em três categorias principais: meteorológica, hidrológica e agrícola. A mitigação eficaz dos impactos da seca é possível por meio de um sistema de monitoramento eficiente. Como a seca é um evento multi-fatorial, a análise de múltiplos índices de diferentes classes auxilia no seu monitoramento. Este estudo visa preencher uma lacuna na pesquisa ao avaliar os três tipos de seca por meio de índices em regiões semiáridas, visando melhorar o monitoramento e a gestão dessas condições. Esse trabalhoa analisa o comportamento de sete índices de seca, SPI, SPEI, EDDI, RDIst, SRI, VHI e NDVI. Estes foram calculados para a bacia do alto jaguaribe por meio de uma janela móvel de tempo e por meio de uma discretização temporal, tanto para a escala de 3 como de 12 meses. Foram utilizadas como métricas de análise o valor de informação mútua e correlação de Pearson entre os índices. Os resultados dos índices metereológicos SPI, SPEI e RDIst apresentaram elevada correlação tanto na análise linear como não-linear. EDDI apresentou um comportamento diferente dos outros índices metereológicos. Contudo, O EDDI-12 mostrou maior informação mútua do que o NDVI, sugerindo um alarme precoce para a seca da vegetação em escalas mais amplas. Este estudo analisa a propagação de seca através da correlação entre índices de escala 3 meses e o SPI-3 para fevereiro-março-abril. Os resultados mostram a propagação de seca, com maiores correlações dos índices de vegetação (VHI e NDVI) e hidrológico (SRI) em março-abril-maio, e os índices meteorológicos (RDIst e SPEI) com as maiores correlações em fevereiro-março-abril.

Countries like Mexico make significant efforts to reforest, but the results are not good due to the low survival rates caused by drought and water stress. Therefore, the effect of applying hydrated phenolic foam at plantation moment, on the survival and growth in Pinus leiophylla and Pinus teocote was assessed. Two trials were established, one for each species, with five treatments of different volumes of hydrated phenolic foam. The variables measured were survival, growth in height and diameter. The analyzes showed that hydrated phenolic foam significantly increases survival and height growth in Pinus leiophylla, but not in Pinus teocote. No effect was shown on diameter for any of the species. The application of hydrated phenolic foam at planting moment increase the survival of pine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista IRRIGA - Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Revista IRRIGA (Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SecA is a widely conserved ATPase that drives the secretion of proteins across the cell membrane via the SecYEG translocon, while the SRP system is a key player in the insertion of membrane proteins via SecYEG. How SecA gains access to substrate proteins in Bacillus subtilis cells and copes with an increase in substrate availability during biotechnologically desired, high-level expression of secreted proteins is poorly understood. Using single molecule tracking, we found that SecA localization closely mimics that of ribosomes, and its molecule dynamics change similarly to those of ribosomes after inhibition of transcription or translation. These data suggest that B. subtilis SecA associates with signal peptides as they are synthesized at the ribosome, similar to the SRP system. In agreement with this, SecA is a largely mobile cytosolic protein; only a subset is statically associated with the cell membrane, i.e., likely with the Sec translocon. SecA dynamics were considerably different during the late exponential, transition, and stationary growth phases, revealing that single molecule dynamics considerably alter during different genetic programs in cells. During overproduction of a secretory protein, AmyE, SecA showed the strongest changes during the transition phase, i.e., where general protein secretion is high. To investigate whether the overproduction of AmyE also has an influence on other proteins that interact with SecYEG, we analyzed the dynamics of SecDF, YidC, and FtsY with and without AmyE overproduction. SecDF and YidC did not reveal considerable differences in single molecule dynamics during overexpression, while the SRP component FtsY changed markedly in its behavior and became more statically engaged. These findings indicate that the SRP pathway becomes involved in protein secretion upon an overload of proteins carrying a signal sequence. Thus, our data reveal high plasticity of the SecA and SRP systems in dealing with different needs for protein secretion.

Encapsulation and compartmentalization are fundamental to the evolution of cellular life, but they also pose a challenge: how to partition the molecules that perform biological functions—the proteins—across impermeable barriers into sub-cellular organelles, and to the outside. The solution lies in the evolution of specialized machines, translocons, found in every biological membrane, which act both as gate and gatekeeper across and into membrane bilayers. Understanding how these translocons operate at the molecular level has been a long-standing ambition of cell biology, and one that is approaching its denouement; particularly in the case of the ubiquitous Sec system. In this review, we highlight the fruits of recent game-changing technical innovations in structural biology, biophysics and biochemistry to present a largely complete mechanism for the bacterial version of the core Sec machinery. We discuss the merits of our model over alternative proposals and identify the remaining open questions. The template laid out by the study of the Sec system will be of immense value for probing the many other translocons found in diverse biological membranes, towards the ultimate goal of altering or impeding their functions for pharmaceutical or biotechnological purposes.

O caso do Programa 1 Milhão de Cisternas (P1MC), que foi criado em 2003, e teve inspirações a partir de ações da sociedade civil que aperfeiçoou uma tecnologia social de armazenamento de água da chuva buscavam alternativas para a construção de um ambiente resiliente e sustentável. Sendo assim, este texto tem por objetivo trazer a dimensão do P1MC e seus resultados enquanto política pública. A metodologia utilizada se baseará na construção teórica bibliográfica, utilização de banco de dados oficiais para aferir os números dispostos do P1MC e qualificar esta política pública que buscam solucionar a questão da seca no semiárido nordestino, para isso foi feito a avaliação do programa, seus limites e as perspectivas. Os resultados do P1MC foram satisfatórios, mas poderiam ter sido mais eficientes se as ações políticas não esbarrassem na burocracia estatal e nos desvios de interesse dos agentes executores das políticas.

A perfuração de poços artesianos é uma das medidas adotadas para prover água às comunidades afetadas pela seca. No entanto, há desafios técnicos relacionados à determinação dos locais para perfuração que aumentem as chances de obtenção de poços produtivos. Além disso, normalmente as verbas destinadas para esse tipo de obra são bastante limitadas, o que requer uma aplicação eficiente. Uma vez que o objetivo é o abastecimento da população mais afetada, faz-se necessária uma priorização dos beneficiados. Nesse sentido, este artigo propõe um modelo de localização de poços artesianos que leva em consideração aspectos físicos, a fim de aumentar a taxa de sucesso na obtenção de poços produtivos, e aspectos sociais, visando priorizar as comunidades mais afetadas pela seca. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de programação multiobjetivo e aplicado a um estudo de caso com 739 pontos da Operação Carro-Pipa no semiárido brasileiro. Duas otimizações multiobjetivo foram procedidas: uma considerando o índice de risco de seca como parâmetro do modelo e outra sem. A análise dos resultados mostrou o ganho social obtido pela consideração desse índice, além de mostrar que a consideração da probabilidade de ocorrência de água subterrânea como restrição para a localização de poços pode levar ao aumento nas taxas de sucesso nas perfurações.

Este artigo analisa o contexto em que ocorreu a Grande Seca de 1877-1879 no Semiárido nordestino, a partir de eventos ocorridos simultaneamente na escala global, naquela que é considerada uma das primeiras crises do capitalismo — resultante do efeito conjugado do clima e internacionalização da produção capitalista. Nesse recorte histórico alterações na produção mundial de algodão e no setor de transportes resultaram no abandono das plantações e na perda de emprego no Semiárido, com a seca tornando-se um agravante da condição de vulnerabilidade das comunidades. Para cumprir os objetivos faremos revisão da literatura, coleta de material de arquivo e de notícias.

Finansal performans değerlendirmesi yoluyla, olası risk ve tehditler ortaya çıkarılmakta, firmanın finansal durumu daha net bir şekilde görünmekte ve finansal planlamalar doğru bir şekilde yapılmaktadır. Finansal performans analizi yapısı gereği pekçok alternatif ve kriteri bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, finansal performans değerlendirmesi Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) problemi olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, BIST’te işlem gören 10 inşaat firmasının finansal performansının ÇKKV yöntemlerinden Simultaneous Evaluation of Criteria and Alternatives (SECA) ile değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, inşaat firmalarının finansal performansı kapsamlı bir literatür taraması sonucu belirlenen sekiz finansal rasyo temelinde SECA yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. İlk olarak negatif değerlerin yer aldığı karar matrisi Z-Skor standartlaştırma yöntemi kullanılarak pozitif hale dönüştürülmüştür. Ardından, SECA yöntemi hem kriterlerin ağırlıklarını belirlemek için hem de alternatifleri performansları doğrultusunda sıralamak için kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, önem derecesi en yüksek kriter aktif karlılık oranı (K4) olurken, ORGE firması finansal performans bakımından ilk sırada yer almıştır. Kullanılan model ve analizin pandemi dönemini kapsaması gibi nedenlerle çalışmanın literatüre katkı sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Períodos de estiagens ocorrem em todas as regiões, mesmo nas de clima úmido, em decorrência da sazonalidade climática e do dinamismo dos processos geradores de pluviosidade. Entretanto, as mudanças climáticas antropogênicas estão impactando os padrões de precipitação e temperatura e, algumas áreas do planeta estão passando por mudanças na frequência e severidade de extremos climáticos, como chuvas fortes, secas, ondas de frio e de calor, incêndios florestais e tempestades de poeira. A bacia hidrográfica do córrego Guariroba é um ambiente naturalmente frágil, altamente suscetível à erosão do solo, no entanto os usos da terra e as práticas de manejo não consideram as restrições e aptidões agrícolas. Diante de um contexto de mudanças climáticas, que constitui um poderoso estressor para os ecossistemas e a biodiversidade, este trabalho analisou a resposta da vegetação aos indicadores climáticos a partir do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada. Os índices radiométricos de vegetação foram derivados de imagens Sentinel-2 do ano de 2021 no software SNAP 8.0. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o vigor da vegetação da região centro-oeste reflete o ciclo anual de padrões climáticos e às características de temperatura e precipitação. Contudo, para o ano de 2021, o vigor da vegetação foi severamente impactado em resposta à seca e às geadas. Embora o período de chuvas tenha iniciado na região e a vegetação responde às primeiras chuvas pela rebrota e emergência, o contexto de degradação ambiental na área e das mudanças climáticas antropogênicas, o cenário de 2021 tende a ser repetir e agravar nos próximos anos.

Secretory proteins are cotranslationally or posttranslationally translocated across lipid membranes via a protein-conducting channel named SecY in prokaryotes and Sec61 in eukaryotes. The vast majority of secretory proteins in bacteria are driven through the channel posttranslationally by SecA, a highly conserved ATPase. How a polypeptide chain is moved by SecA through the SecY channel is poorly understood. Here, we report electron cryomicroscopy structures of the active SecA–SecY translocon with a polypeptide substrate. The substrate is captured in different translocation states when clamped by SecA with different nucleotides. Upon binding of an ATP analog, SecA undergoes global conformational changes to push the polypeptide substrate toward the channel in a way similar to how the RecA-like helicases translocate their nucleic acid substrates. The movements of the polypeptide substrates in the SecA–SecY translocon share a similar structural basis to those in the ribosome–SecY complex during cotranslational translocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers sometimes sow soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in dry soil in the expectation of rain in the short time. However, the forecast may not confirm, letting the inoculated seeds in the dry soil indefinitely. We assessed the survival of inoculated Bradyrhizobium and physiological quality of soybean seeds sown in dry soil. In the first experiment, irrigation was applied with 2 h, 1, 4, 11, 18, or 21 days after sowing; in the second experiment, sowing was carried out 2 h, 1, 5, 12, 14, or 20 days before irrigation. Each time represented a treatment in a completely randomized design. Bradyrhizobium cells dropped from ~8-9 × 104 colony forming units per seed soon after inoculation to -60% at 2 h after sowing in dry soil, and decreased to close to zero with time in both experiments. Although there was no effect on germination (59% and 81% in the first and second experiments, respectively), the exposure to dry soil reduced the emergence speed index from 19.5 (2 h) to 12.0 (21 days) in the first experiment and from 37.8 (2 h) to 13.8 (21 days) in the second. In the first experiment, the number of abnormal seedlings increased from 7% (2 h) to 24% (21 days); in the second, cotyledons showed cracks, which increased from 1% (2 h) to ~50% (= 5 days). Sowing in dry soil negatively affects not only the inoculated Bradyrhizobium, but also the physiological quality of soybean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IMO has set different SOx limits over the years, including different limits for SECA and areas outside SECA. The EU has formulated stricter limits for its member states. The EU port and SECA areas have reduced SOx emissions vastly. Ocean acidification, degradation of the environment, and human health has been improved in the EU ports and SECA areas. However, the improvement at the global level is limited. SOx emission causes a cooling effect on temperature and decreases the warming effect of GHG emissions. The lowering of SOx can impact global warming. Further, the Black Carbon emission from alternate fuels can lead to increased GHG emissions. The acidic wash water from EGCS contains toxic metals and PAHs which when discharged at sea cause severe damage. The SOx reduction, Black Carbon emission and wash water discharge adversely impact oceans and violates the UNCLOS, UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, CBD, and even the UNDRIP. An IPCC report will help analyse the SOx, Black Carbon emission, and wash water impact, which can be taken up in COP 28. The 2022 MEPC Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment and reception of wash water, with Port authorities are based on the submissions by nations and environmental organizations to the PPR 9, which have highlighted the environmental problems and challenges in the use of EGCS and the discharge of its wash water. The guidelines are non-binding and may not have the desired impact. Much stricter regulation is required to ensure the protection of the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion concerning an ideological conception of public policy makes it possible to identify the specific ideals of development in Brazil. The aim of this study is to analyse the paradigm of combatting drought versus living with drought in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region (SAB), seeking to identify the effects of policy and the means for modifying development. To this end, we sought to recognise the importance of the participation of the Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro - ASA (Movement for the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region), through the programs Um Milhão de Cisternas - P1MC) (One Million Cisterns) and Uma Terra e Duas Águas - P1+2 (One Land and Two Types of Water). By means of a literature review and an analysis of official documents, we show a timeline of how policies are carried out to combat drought in the SAB, which originated during the colonial period and remain until the present day. We discuss the environmental and social implications of political action in the face of this paradigm, and the social wish to contest them. Low-level social technologies are emphasised as disruptive, since they are based on a paradigm of coexistence with the environment, like those that began under P1MC and P1+2. The changes are seen as impacts of a positive social, environmental, political or economic nature, which change the way people work, are concerned with promoting their rights, and which further citizenship, including through education. The implementation of social technologies affords greater local awareness of the importance of managing available water resources in a cooperative, technically grounded and responsive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussions about the Brazilian semi-arid region follow strands built in different contexts, it is constituted as a territory defined by natural criteria of regionalization, as well as by legal delimitation. However, historically it was called Sertão, having a load of symbology, perceptions and representations in distinct spatialities and temporalities. In this sense, the theory of territorial representations is used here in order to identify and contextualize which are the dominant representations of the semiarid region. The time frame ranges from the end of the 16th century until the first decades of the 21st century. The sources of information were authors and publications from institutions that focused on studying and understanding the sertão and semiarid regions. As a result, there is the identification of four territorial representations, namely: sertão as a frontier of colonization and empty spaces, sertão as a problem region, sertão as a representation of the past and the spaces of memories and, finally, sertão as an economic frontier in coexistence with the semiarid region. Therefore, a starting point is proposed to guide future research that has the sertão and semi-arid region as an object of study in different temporalities and spatialities, since here we have a periodization structure allied to the contexts in which they were constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a six-week time-restricted eating (TRE) intervention in reducing body weight, fat loss, and visceral fat in overweight, older adult men and women (age range = 65–74 years). Another objective was to determine the feasibility of widespread use of TRE in older women and men. The study randomly assigned 116 healthy, non-smoking participants to one of two conditions: TRE or educational control participants. Participants in the TRE group were instructed to not consume calorie containing beverages or food for 16 h per day, from 8:00 pm to 12:00 pm. Participants in the control group were instructed to follow a meal plan based on their previous habits. The changes in body weight and body composition were determined using a SECA mBCA 515 analyzer. The six-week TRE intervention resulted in a significant decrease in body weight in both men and women (−1.8 kg and−1.3 kg, respectively; p = 0.03). In men, a significant decrease in visceral fat mass (−0.54 l; p ≤ 0.001) and waist circumference (−2.9 cm; p ≤ 0.015) was observed. No significant changes in either visceral fat or waist circumference were observed in women. Additionally, no change in skeletal muscle mass was observed in either the control or TRE group. More than 99 % of female and 98 % of male participants were able to adhere to the prescribed time-restricted eating (16/8) plan, suggesting that this dietary approach could have beneficial effects on the body composition of overweight older men and may also reduce body weight in overweight, older women.

This paper utilized the leverage of three Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods, namely AHP, TOPSIS, and SECA, in the supplier selection process in the context of an Aerospace & Defense (A&D) company to simplify, supplement, and standardize their ongoing practice. First, we identified and recommended additional criteria, the companies might include in their present supplier selection process with justification. Second, we employ the SECA and Fuzzy-TOPSIS methods; and compare the raking with and without additional criteria to explore the critical difference and its afterword effect on the company's performance. Third, for easy implementation and process standardization, we utilize the functionalities of Text Shell software ESTA so that the decision makers can understand the impact of the inclusion of criteria such as sustainability and technology within the operation and identify the possibility for significant improvements or expected loss. Finally, a case study is considered by benchmarking the current practice. The results reflect that adding other criteria, such as sustainability or delivery time, can utterly change the ongoing practice. We found that the company that needs to work in close proximity to the government and deal with the next generation of technologies can face significant barriers when they include additional criteria in the selection process. Moreover, it is not easy to comply without a drastic change in their whole process to ensure quality, sustainability, and financial stability simultaneously. Most importantly, how standardizing the entire process is a critical challenge in the aerospace and defense industry.

To cope with the ever increasing demands of higher productivity along with better surface finish and dimensional tolerance while machining different hard-to-cut work materials, hybrid machining processes are now being continuously developed considering the advantageous features of two or more non-traditional machining (NTM) processes. These processes involve simultaneous and controlled interaction of material removal mechanisms of the constituent NTM processes. In this paper, an attempt is put forward to explore the application potentiality of simultaneous evaluation of criteria and alternatives method as an efficient multi-objective optimization tool in identifying the optimal parametric intermixes of three hybrid machining processes, i.e. electrochemical discharge machining, abrasive water jet machining and electro-discharge diamond face grinding. It can be noticed that those optimal parametric combinations can lead to 1.34–57.97% improvements in the response values as compared to those derived by the past researchers. Thus, its application is highly recommended as a viable optimization tool in enhancing the capabilities of hybrid machining processes for their wider industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto is the property of Universidad de Deusto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto is the property of Universidad de Deusto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Air pollutants emitted by ocean-going vessels (OGVs) cause numerous environmental and human health problems. In 2016, the Belgian Coastguard aircraft was equipped with a sniffer sensor to monitor compliance with MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14. However, the sensor was susceptible to NO and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which had a negative impact on the measurement uncertainty. The elimination of measurement errors was achieved by modifying the sensor, including among others the addition of a NOx sensor and a custom-designed hydrocarbon kicker. This resulted in a substantial improvement in the measurement quality and uncertainty of the derived Fuel Sulfur Content (FSC). As a direct result of this, the reporting thresholds for non-compliance drastically improved. The data analysis of sampled OGVs showed that compliance levels notably improved between 2019 and 2020 (from 95.9% to 97.3%), coinciding with the implementation of the Global Sulfur Cap. Findings in this study have also demonstrated that OGVs equipped with emission abatement technology (scrubbers) are more susceptible to non-compliance with Regulation 14 of MARPOL Annex VI. Given these results, this article provides an answer to the question of how to monitor effective implementation of NO emissions from OGVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo analisa o consumo de água por famílias de agricultores em três comunidades rurais de Turmalina, semiárido do Alto Jequitinhonha, identificando possíveis estratégias de abastecimento e rearranjos para a produção de alimento e autoconsumo. A obtenção dos dados ocorreu por meio de levantamentos de campo articulados com entrevistas semiorientadas. Os resultados indicam que famílias de agricultores, que tiveram seus mananciais impactados pela mononocultura de eucalipto, procuram construir acesso à diversas águas, principalmente por meio de políticas públicas, para garantir o consumo humano. Ademais, buscaram reorganizar sistemas de produção de forma a priorizar a produção de alimentos para o autoconsumo, na busca por soberania e segurança alimentar em situações de crise hídrica.

Resumo Os incêndios ocorrem devido às ações antrópicas e causam problemas socioambientais no Nordeste do Brasil (NEB). Portanto, este estudo avaliou a variabilidade espaço-temporal dos focos de calor (FC) nas três mesorregiões climáticas de Alagoas: Sertão, Leste e Agreste Alagoano. Os dados de FC foram obtidos do Banco de Dados de Queimadas (BDQueimadas) entre 1998-2020. A série temporal de FC foi submetida às análises estatísticas descritiva, exploratória e multivariada aplicada aos 102 municípios alagoanos. Com base no agrupamento hierárquico identificaram-se três grupos homogêneos (G1, G2 e G3) no Sertão e dois grupos homogêneos de FC no Agreste e Leste Alagoano (G1 e G2). Alguns municípios não formaram grupos (NA), tais como: Belo Monte (26,83 ± 25,87 focos), Limoeiro de Anadia (54,48 ± 38,65 focos), Penedo (262,83 ± 183,80 focos) e Coruripe (553 ± 369,40 focos). A variabilidade interanual dos FC em Alagoas está associada com atividades agrícolas, desmatamento, novas áreas para a criação de animais e colheita da cana-de-açúcar. Na avaliação espacial via densidade de FC por município utilizou-se o período total (1998-2020) e os anos de destaque na série temporal (2012 e 2019). O maior registro de densidade de FC no período total encontra-se na mesorregião do Leste Alagoano e não se descarta que os anos em destaque sejam influenciados pela ocorrência de seca e períodos de estiagens em Alagoas.

In 1971, Blobel proposed the first statement of the Signal Hypothesis which suggested that proteins have amino-terminal sequences that dictate their export and localization in the cell. A cytosolic binding factor was predicted, and later the protein conducting channel was discovered that was proposed in 1975 to align with the large ribosomal tunnel. The 1975 Signal Hypothesis also predicted that proteins targeted to different intracellular membranes would possess distinct signals and integral membrane proteins contained uncleaved signal sequences which initiate translocation of the polypeptide chain. This review summarizes the central role that the signal peptides play as address codes for proteins, their decisive role as targeting factors for delivery to the membrane and their function to activate the translocation machinery for export and membrane protein insertion. After shedding light on the navigation of proteins, the importance of removal of signal peptide and their degradation are addressed. Furthermore, the emerging work on signal peptidases as novel targets for antibiotic development is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper studies the role of the Chilean state during the great drought of 1967-1969 as a mediator between human beings and nature. Institutional adaptations and the effort to improve the infrastructure were elements of continuity with respect to previous droughts, but there were novelties as well, such as attempts to pursue weather modification and the artificial melting of glaciers. The support of technologies and scientists operating from peripheral state institutions was essential for these purposes. All the above took place in the context of the Cold War when the predominant environmental imaginaries made human intervention look favorable and necessary for the modernization of countries. Methodology: Diverse primary sources were used, such as ministerial documents, decrees, bulletins, and reports of different state institutions that allowed understanding the logic of state management during the water crisis. Similarly, research in national and international press helped identify how imaginaries about the environment were expressed and disseminated publicly, which tended to validate novel efforts to control nature. Originality: This is an original study for Latin America, which addresses the early appearance of science and technology in the efforts of what today would be known as geoengineering: mainly through the observation of new actors, which expanded the traditional forms of mediation between humans and nature, led by the state, concerning climate crises. Conclusions: In the 1960s, optimism grew for the human capacity to control and manipulate water resources by appealing to ways other than those previously known, associated with infrastructure development. Expert knowledge was placed at the service of peripheral institutions of the state to promote these changes with lasting consequences. The human desire to control nature at all costs was validated, which helps explain the temporal projection of experiments with artificial rain and glacier control to the present day in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clio: Revista de Pesquisa Histórica (01024736) is the property of Universidad Federal de Pernambuco / Revista Clio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sec-pathway is the main protein secretion pathway in prokaryotes and is essential for their survival. The motor protein SecA is the main coordinator of the pathway in bacteria as it is has evolved to perform multiple tasks, acting like a "swiss army knife", from binding pre-proteins to altering its oligomeric and conformational states. This study focuses on the role of its Preprotein Binding Domain (PBD), which is a key protein module that identified in three conformational states (WO, O and C). A thorough analysis was conducted to identify PBD's inter- and intra-protomeric interactions, highlighting the most significant and conserved ones. Both crystallographic and biophysical data indicate that the WO state is the main during dimerization, while the monomeric structure can adopt all three states. C-tail, StemPBD and 3β-tipPBD are important elements for the stabilization of different oligomeric and conformational states, as they offer specific interactions. Alterations in the lipophilicity of the StemPBD causes increased proteins dynamics or/and Prl phenotype. In the C state, 3β-tipPBD interacts and opens the ATPase motor. We hypothesize that this partial opening of the motor with the increased dynamics describes the Prl phenotype., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

VemP is a secretory protein in the Vibrio species that monitors cellular protein-transport activity through its translation arrest, allowing expression of the downstream secD2-secF2 genes in the same operon, which encode components of the protein translocation machinery. When cellular protein-transport function is fully active, secD2/F2 expression remains repressed as VemP translation arrest is canceled immediately. The VemP arrest-cancellation occurs on the SecY/E/G translocon in a late stage in the translocation process and requires both trans-factors, SecD/F and PpiD/YfgM, and a cis-element, Arg-85 in VemP; however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate how VemP passing through SecY specifically monitors SecD/F function. Genetic and biochemical studies showed that SecY is involved in the VemP arrest-cancellation and that the arrested VemP is stably associated with a specific site in the protein-conducting pore of SecY. VemP-Bla reporter analyses revealed that a short hydrophobic segment adjacent to Arg-85 plays a critical role in the regulated arrest-cancellation with its hydrophobicity correlating with the stability of the VemP arrest. We identified Gln-65 and Pro-67 in VemP as novel elements important for the regulation. We propose a model for the regulation of the VemP arrest cancellation by multiple cis-elements and trans-factors with different roles., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A seca de 1877-1879 dizimou parcela expressiva da população cearense. Tal evento, por sua vez, foi aproveitado pela classe senhorial local aliada ao poder imperial como forma de intensificar a exploração do trabalho, ao alocar os flagelados em grandes obras públicas, em especial na Estrada de Ferro de Baturité. Nesse bojo, o trabalho em questão metodologicamente se ampara na análise conjunta de aspectos teóricos e fontes documentais e propõe investigar como, ao contrário do que prega a propaganda monarquista da época e no presente, o imperador atuou em conformidade com os preceitos do Estado capitalista e, ao invés de socorrer a população sertaneja, a superexplorou, possibilitando o avanço nas obras da ferrovia e garantindo o controle social, a proteção da propriedade privada e a expansão da fronteira de acumulação.