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Congenital Dermoid Fistula of the Anterior Chest Region (CDFACR) is a subcutaneous fistula that ends caudally in the subcutaneous tissue close to the sternoclavicular joint, originating from the skin at the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid. The fistulous track is lined by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium with hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. It presents clinically as a cutaneous pit, sinus, or infected mass. It is rare and can be complicated by recurrent infection and abscess formation. Before surgery, imaging the complete extent of the sinus is essential to prevent recurrence. Authors hereby, report a case of a 20-year-old male presenting with discharge from the anterior chest wall. On radiological and histopathological examination, it was diagnosed as a congenital dermoid fistula. In the present report, authors present a case of CDFACR confirmed through comprehensive evaluation, including sonography, Computed Tomography (CT) sinography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and histopathology. The present case also represents the first documented instance of CDFACR from India, highlighting the importance of multimodal imaging in the diagnosis and management of this rare congenital anomaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sebum on human skin is generated for various causes. The composition of the formed sebum increases the proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) residing on the skin. As C. acnes proliferates, it produces skin irritants that stimulate the sebaceous glands, increasing sebum production. Skin troubles such as acne may occur. The lysate concentrates of Bacillus stratosphericus (B. stratosphericus), first discovered in the stratosphere, confirmed a 66.35% inhibition of Nitric Oxide (NO) production at 0.50 mg/ml concentration in vitro. Additionally, the growth inhibition efficacy of B. stratosphericus lysate concentrate (BSLC) against C. acnes was confirmed, showing a 95.1% inhibition of growth proliferation at a consistency of 0.50 mg/ml. Based on the in vitro results, the efficacy of BSLC in degrading and reducing sebum was confirmed by reacting it with artificial sebum to various concentrations. The results showed a concentration-dependent decrease in artificial sebum ccording to the efficacy results confirmed in vitro, a clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the daily sebum reduction efficacy of a serum formulation containing 50 mg/ml of BSLC. After a 4-week application, the test group containing BSLC determined a significant 28.68% reduction in sebum levels, demonstrating the practical implications of the research. In conclusion, BSLC is considered to have sufficient industrial value as a valuable ingredient for the cosmetics industry aimed at sebum improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidermis of the skin and skin appendages, such as nails, hair and sebaceous glands, depend on a balance of cell proliferation and terminal differentiation in order to fulfill their functions at the interface of the body and the environment. The differentiation of epithelial cells of the skin, commonly referred to as keratinocytes, involves major remodeling processes that generate metabolically inactive cell remnants serving as building blocks of the epidermal stratum corneum, nail plates and hair shafts. Only sebaceous gland differentiation results in cell disintegration and holocrine secretion. A series of studies performed in the past decade have revealed that the lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation mechanism of autophagy is active during keratinocyte differentiation, and the blockade of autophagy significantly alters the properties of the differentiation products. Here, we present a model for the autophagy-mediated degradation of organelles and cytosolic proteins as an important contributor to cellular remodeling in keratinocyte differentiation. The roles of autophagy are discussed in comparison to alternative intracellular degradation mechanisms and in the context of programmed cell death as an integral end point of epithelial differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Histologically, tumours of the epidermal appendages have been classified into four groups that exhibit histologic features analogous to hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, and eccrine glands. Aim: To investigate the histomorphological spectrum and distribution of Skin Adnexal Tumours (SATs). Materials and Methods: This observational descriptive crosssectional study was conducted over a period of five years, from August 2017 to July 2022, in the Department of Pathology at Pt. JNMMC Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. All histologically diagnosed cases of SATs in the pathology department during this period were included, along with relevant data such as age, sex, anatomical location of tumours, and clinical diagnosis. Results were presented in the form of frequency distribution in terms of numbers and percentages. Results: Out of a total of 51 SATs, the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.3, indicating a female preponderance. The highest number of cases was observed in the age group of 41-60 years, comprising 17 cases (33.3%). Benign tumours accounted for 35 cases (68.63%), while malignant tumours comprised 16 cases (31.37%). Tumours associated with hair follicles were the most common, with 25 cases (49.02%). The head and neck region was the most common site for SATs, comprising 30 cases (58.82%). Pilomatrixoma was the most common benign SAT, constituting 13 cases (25.49%). Among malignant SATs, sebaceous carcinoma was the most prevalent, comprising seven cases (13.73%). Conclusion: SATs present a diagnostic challenge for both clinicians and pathologists due to their diverse clinical presentations and overlapping histopathological features. While most SATs are benign, their malignant counterparts, although rare, have an aggressive course with metastatic potential and poor outcomes. Therefore, early detection of malignant SATs is crucial. Present study emphasised that histopathological examination is the gold standard for establishing early diagnosis and enabling appropriate therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeted drug delivery has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of periorbital skin malignancies, offering the potential for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects compared to traditional therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of targeted therapies in the context of periorbital malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. It explores the mechanisms of action for various targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and immunotherapies, and their applications in treating these malignancies. Additionally, this review addresses the management of ocular and periocular side effects associated with these therapies, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to minimize impact and ensure patient adherence. By integrating current findings and discussing emerging trends, this review aims to highlight the advancements in targeted drug delivery and its potential to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients with periorbital skin malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is a rare neoplasm affecting periocular and extraocular sites. If inadequately treated, it can recur and cause morbidity. Specific management guidelines have not been established. Wide local excision (WLE) has been traditionally used; however, Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) can be advantageous because of complete margin assessment and tissue‐sparing nature. This analysis aims to systematically review the surgical modalities used for the management of SC. Articles meeting eligibility criteria were identified using MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. All studies investigating surgical management of SC with WLE or MMS were considered. Seventy studies met inclusion criteria, including retrospective cohort studies, case series, and case reports. WLE was used in 32 studies, MMS in 29, and MMS and WLE in 9. Subgroup analysis showed that MMS has lower recurrence rates. For WLE, local, regional, and distant recurrence rates were 23.4%, 13.3%, and 11.0%, respectively, and for MMS, 6.8%, 4.3%, and 4.6%, respectively. Patients treated with WLE were more likely to have local recurrence than patients treated with MMS (P = 0.001). WLE cases were more likely to have a regional (P = 0.05) and distant recurrence (P = 0.001). Limitations of the study include heterogeneity of case reports, case series, and retrospective studies, variable follow‐up times between the two groups, and large tumors included in the WLE category. In addition, disease‐specific survival was not evaluated. MMS cases showed a superior outcome for local, regional, and distant recurrence, making it a good option for the management of SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a widespread inflammatory skin condition associated with increased sebum production, abnormal keratinization, bacterial overgrowth, and inflammation. Overactive sebaceous glands (SGs) produce excess sebum, promote Cutibacterium acnes growth, and affect acne development. Energy‐based treatments (EBDs), including light therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) devices, have emerged as effective treatment options. As the use of EBDs becomes more widespread, it is imperative to understand their effects on skin parameters, such as sebum, in AV. Methods: Searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The studies included were randomized and nonrandomized trials on facial AV that used EBDs and featured objective casual sebum level (CSL) measurements via Sebumeter. Data synthesis involved percentage reductions in CSL at follow‐ups compared to baseline. Results: Twenty‐three studies were analyzed. PDT and RF consistently reduced CSL by 30%–40% and 30%–35%, respectively. Laser therapy showed lesser reductions, whereas light therapy varied significantly and studies had a high risk of bias. All EBD therapies were more effective than no treatment and PDT was superior to light monotherapy. Laser therapy combined with fractional microneedling radiofrequency (FMR) or as a standalone was more effective than laser alone. Conclusion: Noninvasive sebum measurement provides valuable insights into AV treatment efficacy. PDT, lasers, especially the 1450‐nm diode laser, and FMR are promising for reducing sebum. Standardization of measurement techniques and further research are vital for enhancing treatment personalization, reducing side effects, and improving AV management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of aquaporin proteins (AQPs) in tumor biology has attracted attention over the past 20 years. However, the expression profiles of AQPs in canine sebaceous gland tumors remain obscure. This study was performed to clarify the expression of AQP1, 3, 5, the most studied AQPs in tumor biology, in sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous epithelioma. Among these AQPs, only AQP3 was expressed in normal tissue and both tumor types and located to only undifferentiated sebocytes (basaloid cells). A cellular proliferation marker, Ki-67, was detected only in the area including basaloid cells in both tumor types. These findings suggest that AQP3 is useful for clarifying the origin of sebaceous gland tumors, and that AQP3 may be related to sebaceous gland development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is considered as a pathogenic factor contributing to sebaceous gland dysfunction, which leads to acne vulgaris. Paeoniflorin (Pae), a bioactive monomer derived from total glycosides of paeony, has shown potential in treating various diseases. However, its anti-acne effects on human sebocytes are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of Pae on acne development induced by IGF-1 in SZ95 sebocytes. Following IGF-1 stimulation, SZ95 sebocytes were exposed to Pae and then determined for proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, lipogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. We also analyzed the expression of proteins involved in the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Pae significantly inhibited colony formation, induced G1/S cell cycle arrest, promoted apoptosis, inhibited lipogenesis and cytokine synthesis in IGF-1-treated SZ95 sebocytes. Furthermore, Pae suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, FoxO1, JAK2, and STAT3. Importantly, the sebo-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of Pae were enhanced by blocking PI3K and JAK2. In summary, our findings suggest that Pae has potent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in SZ95 sebocytes. Additionally, Pae effectively protects against IGF-1-induced lipogenesis and inflammation by targeting the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is the most prevalent skin disorder affecting mainly adolescents and young adults, though it can affect people of all ages, making it the most common complaint by patients presenting to a dermatologist. The overactivity of sebaceous glands primarily drives this skin condition due to androgen influence and the presence of Cutibacterium acnes bacteria. Although typically not directly harmful to patient health, acne can be a highly debilitating disease for patients, affecting their self-image and psychosocial well-being. Standard treatments include topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, topical antibiotics, and, for more severe cases, systemic antibiotics or isotretinoin, which require prolonged periods of compliance. All these pharmacologic treatments have a risk of side effects ranging from mild ones, like skin irritation and dryness, to severe ones, like depression. Thus, there is a demand for exploring other treatment modalities in treating acne, and laser and light-based therapies have garnered significant interest. This review article will comprehensively assess emerging laser and other light-based therapies that have shown efficacy in treating acne, including the recently FDA-approved 1,726 nm laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sebaceous glands (SG) are essential for maintaining skin integrity, as their lipid-rich secretion (sebum) lubricates and protects the epidermis and hairs. In addition, these glands have an emerging role in immunomodulation and may affect whole-body energy metabolism, besides being an appealing model for research in topics as lipogenesis, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In spite of the increasing interest in studying SGs pathophysiology, sebocyte cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion processes have been only superficially examined, and never in a systematic way. This is regrettable considering the key role of cellular adhesion in general, the specific expression pattern of indivdual junctional complexes, and the reports of structural changes in SGs after altered expression of adhesion-relevant proteins. Here, we review the available information on structural and functional aspects of cell–cell and cell–matrix junctions in sebocytes, and how these processes change under pathological conditions. This information will contribute for better understanding sebocyte differentiation and sebum secretion, and may provide hints for novel therapeutic strategies for skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions, especially in adolescents. The etiology of acne is complex, and many factors influence the formation of lesions. Local inflammation, a proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes, hormonal influences with particular importance of androgens, hyperkeratinization, and excessive sebum production are essential in the pathogenesis. The factors stimulating these processes are complex and not always clear. Therefore, in our work, we focused on investigating the connection between a high-glycemic diet and the formation of acne lesions. The state of knowledge The link between diet and acne has been only mentioned in the literature for many years. However, the development of science has made it possible to understand the exact pathogenesis of acne and the relationship of acne lesions to specific dietary components. Of all the diet products, a high glycemic index diet stands out as the one with the most significant impact. Foods with a high glycemic index, i.e. those with a high amount of simple sugars, through an increase in the expression of factors such as insulin, IGF-1 cause excessive sebum production in the sebaceous glands and even an increase in inflammatory infiltration, which further exacerbates acne lesions. In the following review paper, we have looked at the metabolic pathways and hormonal changes that link the consumption of high glycemic index foods to the formation of acne lesions and described several original papers that unequivocally demonstrate the critical role of this diet on acne formation. Summary Based on the literature, we emphasize that in acne treatment, it is necessary not only to focus on medications but, above all, to look at the patient holistically, modifying the lifestyle with particular importance on modifying the patient's diet by lowering its glycemic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris poses a significant dermatological challenge, necessitating alternative treatments due to limitations and side effects associated with current therapies. This pilot clinical trial investigated the feasibility and efficacy of precision cryotherapy for acne vulgaris. Methods: A total of 20 volunteers underwent targeted precision cryotherapy using a carbon dioxide‐based device. Treatment outcomes were assessed using various parameters, including Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) score, acne lesion count, erythema index (EI), global evaluation score, and participant satisfaction. Safety monitoring included adverse event reporting and physical examination. Results: Precision cryotherapy demonstrated a significant reduction (90.25%) in the acne lesion count by week 4, with clinical improvement indicated by IGA score reduction (p < 0.001). The EI showed notable improvements at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The global evaluation score demonstrated a 75%–100% clinical improvement at Visit 4. Participants reported high satisfaction (6.75 ± 0.79) with the procedure. No adverse event or discomfort was reported. Conclusion: Precision cryotherapy effectively improved acne lesions, which was safe and satisfactory for participants. These findings suggest its potential as an alternative therapeutic modality, especially for populations with limited treatment options. Further research is needed to validate the results and explore underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was executed at Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India during the period of July, 2020 to October, 2021 to find the possible differences in histology of teat among domestic animals. The study was conducted on teat of domestic animals i.e., 6 adult buffalo, 6 cattle, 15 sheep, 15 goats, 6 dogs and 6 pigs. The wall of the teat consisted of three layers in buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat and pig i.e., outer skin, middle muscular and inner connective tissue layer. But in dog only two layers were present i.e., outer skin and inner fibromuscular layer. Each teat consisted of single teat sinus in buffalo, cattle, sheep and goat, whereas in pig each teat showed two teat sinuses and eleven sinuses in dog. In buffalo and cattle, isolated clusters of glandular structures were seen between the smooth muscle fibers which were absent in sheep, pig and dog. Further, in sheep and goat, accessory glands were noted in the dermis and in middle layer. Sweat glands were noticed only in sheep and goat. In cattle and pig, hair follicles were not distinct and they were surrounded by numerous sebaceous glands. The number of collagen fibers in dermis of teat were more dense in cattle than other domestic animals. Elastic fibers were numerous in dog and moderate in the dermis of teat in buffalo, cattle, sheep and very few in goat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a comprehensive overview of acne vulgaris, focusing on its pathophysiology and management strategies. Topics discussed include factors influencing acne such as androgen activity and genetic variants, the impact of lifestyle and dietary behaviors, and current treatment options ranging from topical and oral medications to isotretinoin.

Acne vulgaris (AV), characterized by excessive sebum production and Cutibacterium acnes proliferation in the sebaceous glands, significantly impacts physical and psychological health. Recent treatment advancements have focused on selective photothermolysis of sebaceous glands. This review evaluates two innovative therapies: the 1726-nm laser and nanoparticle-assisted laser treatments. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase using the primary terms "acne vulgaris" or "acne" AND "laser," "photothermal therapy," "nanoparticles," "treatment," or "1726 nm laser." Inclusion criteria were articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals that focused on treating AV through targeting the sebaceous glands, yielding 11 studies. Gold nanoparticles, used with 800-nm laser, 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser, or photopneumatic device, and platinum nanoparticles with 1450-nm diode laser, showed notable improvements in severity and number of acne lesions, safety, and patient satisfaction. The 1726-nm laser treatments also showed considerable lesion reduction and tolerability, with minimal side effects such as erythema and edema. Its efficiency is credited to its short, high-power pulses that effectively target sebaceous glands, offering precise treatment with fewer side effects compared to lower-power pulses. Selective photothermolysis using nanoparticle-assisted laser therapy or the 1726-nm laser offers a promising alternative to conventional AV treatments, showcasing efficacy and high patient satisfaction. The 1726-nm laser streamlines treatment but involves new equipment costs, while nanoparticle-assisted therapy integrates well into existing setups but relies on external agents and is unsuitable for certain allergies. Future research should include long-term studies and comparative analyses. The choice of treatment modality should consider patient preferences, cost implications, and availability of specific therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a complex condition involving factors that affect the pilosebaceous unit. A primary manifestation of acne pathology is the development of comedones, often linked to the overproduction of sebum resulting from 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (5α‐DHT) and insulin activity. Ozenoxacin is a topical quinolone that exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). It is commonly used to treat acne associated with this bacterium; however, its effect on sebum production within the sebaceous glands remains unclear. In this study, the effects of ozenoxacin on sebum production were examined using insulin‐ and 5α‐DHT‐differentiated hamster sebocytes. Ozenoxacin showed a dose‐dependent inhibition of lipid droplet formation and triacylglycerol (TG) production, which is a major component of sebum. In addition, it suppressed the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1, and perilipin‐1 mRNA, all important factors involved in sebum synthesis, in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, ozenoxacin decreased phosphorylated 40S ribosomal protein S6 levels downstream of the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), without altering the phosphorylation of Akt, an upstream regulator of mTORC1, in both insulin‐ and 5α‐DHT‐treated hamster sebocytes. Interestingly, nadifloxacin, but not clindamycin, exhibited a similar suppression of sebum production, albeit with lesser potency compared with ozenoxacin. Furthermore, a topical application of a 2% ozenoxacin‐containing lotion to the auricle skin of hamsters did not affect the size of the sebaceous glands or epidermal thickness. Notably, it decreased the amount of TG on the skin surface. The results provide novel insights into the sebum‐inhibitory properties of ozenoxacin, indicating its potential efficacy in controlling microbial growth and regulating sebum production for acne management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Sebaceous glands (SG) are essential for maintaining skin integrity, as their lipid-rich secretion (sebum) lubricates and protects the epidermis and hairs. In addition, these glands have an emerging role in immunomodulation and may affect whole-body energy metabolism, besides being an appealing model for research in topics as lipogenesis, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In spite of the increasing interest in studying SGs pathophysiology, sebocyte cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion processes have been only superficially examined, and never in a systematic way. This is regrettable considering the key role of cellular adhesion in general, the specific expression pattern of indivdual junctional complexes, and the reports of structural changes in SGs after altered expression of adhesion-relevant proteins. Here, we review the available information on structural and functional aspects of cell–cell and cell–matrix junctions in sebocytes, and how these processes change under pathological conditions. This information will contribute for better understanding sebocyte differentiation and sebum secretion, and may provide hints for novel therapeutic strategies for skin diseases.

Sebaceous glands (SGs) release oils that protect our skin, but how these glands respond to injury has not been previously examined. Here, we report that SGs are largely self-renewed by dedicated stem cell pools during homeostasis. Using targeted single-cell RNA sequencing, we uncovered both direct and indirect paths by which resident SG progenitors ordinarily differentiate into sebocytes, including transit through a Krt5+PPARγ+ transitional basal cell state. Upon skin injury, however, SG progenitors depart their niche, reepithelialize the wound, and are replaced by hair-follicle-derived stem cells. Furthermore, following targeted genetic ablation of >99% of SGs from dorsal skin, these glands unexpectedly regenerate within weeks. This regenerative process is mediated by alternative stem cells originating from the hair follicle bulge, is dependent upon FGFR2 signaling, and can be accelerated by inducing hair growth. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that stem cell plasticity promotes SG durability following injury.

Background: Sebaceous adenitis (SA) is an immune‐mediated disease targeting the sebaceous glands. Meibomian gland dysfunction is a disease affecting meibomian glands with inflammatory features. Sebaceous and meibomian glands share anatomical, physiological and embryological similarities. The involvement of meibomian glands in dogs with SA is currently unknown. Objectives: To evaluate meibomian glands in dogs affected by SA and compare them with healthy dogs. Animals: Eighteen dogs were enrolled. Nine dogs with SA were retrospectively identified from clinical records and represented the case group. Nine healthy, breed‐ and age‐matched dogs were prospectively enrolled in the control group. Materials and Methods: Both groups underwent dermatological examination, Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), tear meniscus height (TMH), slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, interferometry (INT) and noncontact infrared meibography (NIM). Results: One third of SA dogs presented subepithelial crystalline opacities. No significant difference between groups was observed in TMH (p = 0.944) and STT‐1 values (p = 0.066). INT (p = 0.016) and NIM grades (p = 0.010) were significantly higher and lower in the SA group compared to the control group, respectively. INT values decreased with age (η = 0.930), while NIM scores (η = 0.935) increased. Conclusions: Clinical Relevance: Subepithelial crystalline opacities in SA dogs might reflect a reduced tear film quality. In the absence of standardised methods, INT and NIM proved to be noninvasive and useful methods to examine meibomian glands. Dogs with SA showed a thinner lacrimal lipid layer and more severe meibomian gland abnormalities than control dogs, which seemed to progress with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soo Il Chun Chun Aesthetic and Laser Clinic, Seoul, South KoreaCorrespondence: Soo Il Chun, Chun Aesthetic and Laser Clinic, 91-2, Geumnanghwa-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Tel +82106267 8847, Email chun21@netsgo.comBackground and Aims: Acne vulgaris remains one of the most common and problematic dermatological conditions. Recently, a fractional 1927 nm thulium laser has been developed with specific water absorption characteristics which may be of interest in the treatment of acne.Subjects and Methods: Nine consecutive Korean subjects, 6 females and 3 males, ages ranging from 13 to 33 yr, presented with a mixture of inflammatory and noninflammatory acne. Baseline clinical photography, image analysis and lesion counts were performed. A fractional 1927 nm thulium laser (FTL) delivered 6 treatment sessions in 5 subjects and 5 sessions in 4 subjects, 4 weeks between sessions. Pain during treatment was assessed. At 32 weeks after the last treatment session, an independent Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) performed lesion counts and graded the severity of the acne at baseline and the final assessment on a quintile scale. Data were analyzed statistically.Results: All 9 subjects completed the study with significant reductions in the inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions (P values 0.0012 and 0.0081, respectively) with overall lesion counts at the final assessment ranging from 60% to 97.1%, and acne grades in the IGA dropping by an average of 1.67 (range 1 to 3 grades). There was no significant difference in lesion counts or acne grades between the subjects who had 6 treatments and those who had 5 (P = 0.7695). Mild pain was reported during treatment, and no adverse events were reported by either the subjects or investigator.Conclusions: The FTL at the parameters used in the present study caused disruption to the upper portion of the affected follicles and sebaceous glands under an intact stratum corneum, thereby destroying or damaging the causative Cutibacterium acnes. The superficial controlled coagulation additionally induced follicular remodeling and tissue regeneration, potentially contributing to the noticeable results in inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions.Keywords: Cutibacterium acnes, thulium laser, infundibulum, sebaceous glands, follicular remodeling, selective photothermolysis

Skin stem cells (SCs) play a pivotal role in supporting tissue homeostasis. Several types of SCs are responsible for maintaining and regenerating skin tissue. These include bulge SCs and others residing in the interfollicular epidermis, infundibulum, isthmus, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The emergence of skin SCs commences during embryogenesis, where multipotent SCs arise from various precursor populations. These early events set the foundation for the diverse pool of SCs that will reside in the adult skin, ready to respond to tissue repair and regeneration demands. A network of molecular cues regulates skin SC behavior, balancing quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation. The disruption of this delicate equilibrium can lead to SC exhaustion, impaired wound healing, and pathological conditions such as skin cancer. The present review explores the intricate mechanisms governing the development, activation, and differentiation of skin SCs, shedding light on the molecular signaling pathways that drive their fate decisions and skin homeostasis. Unraveling the complexities of these molecular drivers not only enhances our fundamental knowledge of skin biology but also holds promise for developing novel strategies to modulate skin SC fate for regenerative medicine applications, ultimately benefiting patients with skin disorders and injuries.

Background Method Results Conclusion Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disease that occurs during puberty, affecting approximately 85% of young adults and may persist into adulthood. The pathophysiology of acne is multifactorial, involving hormonal, inflammatory, and immune mechanisms. Isotretinoin is widely used for treating severe cystic acne or recurrent acne. This medication is considered a pharmacological option that significantly reduces sebum secretion, leading to a reduction in the size of sebaceous glands. It also induces a lack of differentiation in sebaceous cysts, resulting in a decrease in lipid accumulation.This research is a prospective study. Patient contact details were obtained directly from those visiting the dermatology clinic, and they were monitored for a duration of 3 months. Essential data was gathered through patient examinations and inquiries at the clinic, including the prescription of tests prior to initiating isotretinoin treatment. Furthermore, follow‐up tests and examinations were performed within the initial and third months post‐treatment commencement.Sixty‐two patients participated in the study, selected through non‐probability (convenience) sampling. The therapeutic dose taken by patients was 20 mg of isotretinoin daily (n = 49) or every other day (n = 13). Among the participants, six patients experienced a decrease of 3 units or more in HDL levels, while 16 patients saw an increase of 3 units or more in LDL levels, 3 months after beginning the treatment. Additionally, the triglyceride (TG) levels increased by 9 units or more in six individuals, and the blood sugar (BS) levels increased by 5 units or more in nine individuals, 3 months after treatment initiation. Moreover, one person's waist circumference increased by 1.5 cm 3 months after treatment began. The average weight of the individuals at the end of the treatment rose from 60.74 kg to 61.12 kg. However, this weight increase was not statistically significant. (p > 0.05).In general, the results of our study show that the use of oral isotretinoin as a treatment option for the management of acne vulgaris can be effective when administered at the correct dosage, offering a safe and low‐complication option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research aims to explore how Puerariae Lobatae Radix regulates sebaceous gland secretion using network pharmacology, and validate its effects on important targets through animal studies. Methods: This study utilized UPLC-EQ-MS to analyze Puerariae Lobatae Radix extract and identify potential bioactive compounds. Predicted targets of these compounds were obtained from the Swiss Target Prediction database, while targets associated with sebaceous gland secretion were obtained from the GeneCards database. Common targets between the databases were identified and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established using the STRING platform. The PPI network was further analyzed using Cytoscape software. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Reactome, and molecular docking experiments targeted pivotal pathway proteins. Animal experiments were then conducted to validate the regulatory effects of the primary active compounds of Puerariae Lobatae Radix on key pathway proteins. Results: This research identified 17 active compounds in Puerariae Lobatae Radix and 163 potential targets associated with the regulation of sebum secretion. Pathway enrichment analysis indicates that these targets may modulate lipid metabolism pathways through involvement in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, SREB, steroid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. Molecular docking analysis demonstrates that puerarin and daidzein show favorable binding interactions with key targets in these pathways. Animal experiments demonstrated that the administration of Puerariae Lobatae Radix resulted in a significant reduction in the area of sebaceous gland patches compared to the control group. Histological analysis revealed notable alterations in the structure of sebaceous glands, including reductions in size, thickness, and density. Furthermore, the expression levels of TG, DHT, and IL-6 were significantly decreased in the Puerariae Lobatae Radix group (p < 0.05), and immunoblotting indicated a significant decrease in the expression of PPARG and ACC1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that Puerariae Lobatae Radix can regulate skin lipid metabolism by targeting multiple pathways. The primary mechanism involves inhibiting sebaceous gland growth and reducing TG secretion by modulating the expression of PPARG and ACC1. Puerarin and Daidzein are identified as key bioactive compounds responsible for this regulatory effect. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Puerariae Lobatae Radix in addressing sebaceous gland-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease, and doxycycline is a widely recommended treatment for it due to its anti‐inflammatory action. Oral isotretinoin reduces sebaceous gland activity and modulates toll‐like receptors, reducing inflammation. Our aim was to investigate the effect of these two drugs on the expression of cutaneous immunohistochemical biomarkers related to etiopathogenic factors involved in rosacea.We conducted a randomized, comparative, and evaluator‐blinded trial, including 40 participants with moderate and severe papulopustular and ocular rosacea. Participants were treated with doxycycline (DOXY) 100 mg or isotretinoin (ISO) 0.3 mg/kg daily. Immunohistochemistry at baseline and after 4 months was used to demonstrate the expression of the biomarker on the affected skin.The following changes were detected: a reduction in the vessel count after using VEGF with DOXY (P = 0.010); a decrease in VEGF intensity with ISO (P < 0.001) and DOXY (P = 0.020); a reduction of nitric oxide synthase enzyme with both drugs in the inflammatory infiltrate (ISO P < 0.001; DOXY P = 0.003); however, only with ISO was there a significant (P = 0.030) decrease at the level of the sebaceous glands, indicating a reduction of nitric oxide synthesis; a reduction of TRPV‐1 expression at the level of the sebaceous glands was observed only with DOXY (P = 0.041); a decrease of cathelicidin LL37 expression, a key antimicrobial peptide in the etiopathogenesis of rosacea, was noted with both drugs, although at the level of sebaceous glands, only with DOXY (P = 0.007).Oral isotretinoin and doxycycline have modified the expression of cutaneous biomarkers related to rosacea etiopathogenesis, demonstrating their role in controlling inflammatory and vascular processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne negatively affects quality of life, however quality‐of‐life scores poorly correlate with disease severity scores. Previous research demonstrated existence of facial areas in which skin lesions have greater impact on gaze patterns. Therefore, we hypothesized that anatomical variants of acne may be perceived differently. Objectives: The aim was to investigate effect of anatomical variants of acne on natural gaze patterns and resulting impact on social perception of acne patients. Methods: We tracked eye movements of participants viewing neutral and emotional faces with acne. Images were rated for acne‐related visual disturbance, and emotional faces were rated for valence intensity. Respondents of an online survey were asked to rate their perception of pictured individuals' personality traits. Results: All faces with acne were perceived as less attractive and received poorer personality judgements with mid‐facial acne presenting smallest deviation from healthy faces. T‐zone and mixed acne exhibited the least significant difference in respondents gaze behaviour pattern from each other. In addition, there was no significant difference in respondents' grading of acne visual disturbance or ratings for attractiveness, success and trustworthiness. U‐zone adult female acne was rated as the most visually disturbing and received the lowest scores for attractiveness. Happy faces with adult female acne were rated as less happy compared to other acne variants and clear‐skin faces. Conclusions: Anatomic variants of acne have a distinct impact on gaze patterns and social perception. Adult female acne has the strongest negative effect on recognition of positive emotions in affected individuals, attractiveness ratings and forming social impressions. If perioral acne lesions are absent, frontal lesions determine impact of acne on social perception irrespective of the presence of mid‐facial lesions. This perceptive hierarchy should be taken into consideration while deciding treatment goals in acne patients, prioritizing achieving remission in perioral and frontal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle mange causes extreme itchiness, and the associated stress is an animal welfare concern that leads to economic losses due to decreased cattle productivity and deworming costs. This study investigated the reason why Chorioptic mites, C. bovis and C. texanus, preferentially infest the tail root region (rTR) and performed histological and biochemical analysis focusing on the volatile components of host odors that serve as the starting point for infestation of parasitic arthropods. Skin samples were taken from the rTR, lateral abdominal, and central masseteric, with the latter two designated as comparison sites. The two and three-dimensional histological analysis measured each sebaceous and sweat gland percentage per unit volume. The q-PCR analyzed the expression levels of ALDH1A1 and LOC785756, which are genes associated with volatile odoriferous compounds that serve as repellency and attractive messengers for ticks. Immunohistochemistry stained three sites with anti-androgen binding protein beta-like (ABPβ-like), encoded by LOC785756, antibody. The three-dimensional analysis showed that sebaceous glands in the rTR tend to be more continuous and existed in larger masses than in other regions. The expression level of LOC785756 was significantly higher in the rTR, and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of ABPβ-like in the sebaceous gland with strong positive signals in the rTR. These results suggest that C. bovis/ texanus selectively infests the rTR because that skin has well-developed sebaceous glands, including a large amount of ABPβ-like, which acts as a mite attractant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the prevalence of modern unhealthy lifestyle habits and the worsening of environmental pollution, the occurrence of oily sensitive skin has been increasing. However, the exact cause is still not completely understood. In this paper, we review the definition and characteristics of oily sensitive skin. We also provide an overview of its possible mechanisms, which include excessive sebaceous gland secretion, reduced epidermal barrier function, skin microecological imbalance, inflammatory response, and neurological and vascular hyperreactivity. Furthermore, we analyze the intrinsic connection between these different mechanisms in depth. In response to these mechanisms, this article discusses a series of recommendations for caring for oily sensitive skin. It highlights the differences in skincare compared to dry sensitive skin, emphasizes the importance of choosing effective skincare products, and suggests making adjustments to lifestyle habits. These recommendations aim to improve the quality of life for patients and provide valuable references for practitioners in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the clinical indications for orbital exenteration, demographic profile of these patients, and clinicopathologic correlations in the current times and to compare these results with previous published data. Methods: It was a retrospective study. All exenterations performed at a tertiary eye care center over a period of 20 years (from January 2001 to June 2020) were retrospectively evaluated. Patient records were reviewed to obtain demographic data, presenting symptoms and their duration, laterality, and clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. Results: A total of 352 cases (males:females = 222:130) who underwent exenteration were identified. Patients age ranged from 11 months to 87 years (mean: 43.86 years, median: 50 years). The most common indication for exenteration was found to be eyelid malignancy in 54.36%, followed by retinoblastoma in 18.75% and primary orbital tumors in 14.49%. Out of 156 cases of eyelid malignancies requiring exenteration, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most common histologic subtype (n = 94, 60.26%), followed by sebaceous gland carcinoma (n = 40, 25.64%) and basal cell carcinoma (n = 20, 12.82%). The most common primary orbital tumors requiring exenteration were adenocystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland in adults and rhabdomyosarcoma in the pediatric age group. Benign conditions requiring exenteration included fulminant fungal orbital infections and lymphangioma among others. Conclusion: The number of exenterations performed have significantly increased in terms of absolute numbers. However, the ratio of exenteration to other tumor-related surgeries, mainly excision biopsy, has reduced compared to that reported from a previous study. The most common indication in our study remains eyelid malignancy followed by intraocular malignancy. However, SCC has emerged as the most common tumor histologic subtype requiring exenterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The red panda is currently the only surviving member of the Ailuridae family in the Caniformia suborder. In this study, we provide data on anatomical, morphometric, histological and histochemical examination of the orbital region, eyelids, orbital gland, and eye tunics in two adult males Ailurus fulgens fulgens from the Wroclaw Zoological Garden, Poland. Methods: The study involved morphometric analysis of the eyeball and selected accessory organs of the eye, along with analysis of the bony orbit, including its morphometry, macroscopic, and microscopic evaluation. Microscopic evaluation encompassed histological and histochemical staining, with the former involving hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), Movat pentachrome, picro-Mallory trichrome, Fontana-Masson, and the latter including PAS, AB pH 1.0, AB pH 2.5; AB pH 2.5/PAS, and HDI. Results: The upper (UE) and lower (LE) eyelids presented well-developed tarsal glands, sebaceous glands, and a characteristic simple alveolar gland (producing a mucous secretion). The palpebral part of the lacrimal gland was present. A single lymphoid follicle was observed only in the upper eyelids. The superficial gland of the third eyelid (SGTE) was a multilobar acinar complex that produces mucous secretion and is contained within the interlobular ducts of numerous aggregates of lymph nodes. The third eyelid (TE) was T-shaped and composed of hyaline tissue, containing CALT. The lacrimal gland (LG) also revealed a multilobar acinar complex that produced mucous secretion, with a single lymphoid follicle. The cornea consisted of 4 layers, as Bowman's membrane was absent. The Vogt palisades composed of 7–10 layers of epithelial cells were demonstrated. The pupil was horizontally ovoid at rest (post-mortem). The sphincter pupil and the dilator pupil were well developed. Macroscopically, the tapetum lucidum appeared as a milky, non-opalescent crescent. Histologically, the choroidal tapetum lucidum cellulosum consisted of 5 to 9 layers of loosely packed oval cells. The retina showed a composition similar to that of terrestrial nocturnal carnivores. Conclusions: The results of our research indicate that the anatomical features of the eye and orbital region in the red panda share similarities with those described in the Musteloidea clade, as well as the Canidae and Ursidae families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: FFA usually has a gradual subtle course and might be overlooked by physicians or misdiagnosed with other types of hair loss including androgenetic alopecia, traction alopecia, and other types of patterned alopecia. In this study, we described clinicopathological features of patients with FFA referring for skin biopsy. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study on 26 patients with a diagnosis of FFA based on clinicopathological features. Firstly, the demographic and clinical features of patients were extracted from an electronic database. Then, skin biopsy specimens were reviewed regarding the presence or absence of hair follicles, site and severity of infiltrations, and presence of fibrosis. Results: Most of the patients were over fifty years of age (57.7%) with a mean age of 50.73 ± 10.03 years. Frontal region involvement was observed in all of the cases. Eyebrow hair loss was observed in 38.5% of cases. The most frequent clinical findings were the absence of vellus hairs in frontotemporal regions (96.2%) and perifollicular erythema (92.3%). The most common pathological features were involvement of the vellus hairs (84.6%), replacement of follicular epithelium with fibrous sheath (80.8%), and destruction of sebaceous glands (69.2%). Peri-infundibular and peri-bulbar interface changes were observed in 50% and 61.5% of skin biopsies, respectively. Perifollicular fibrosis was demonstrated in half of the skin biopsies. Conclusion: FFA is most commonly observed in females after the 5th decade of life. The absence of vellus hairs and the replacement of follicular epithelium with fibrous sheath are the most common clinical and pathological features of the disease, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anal sac adenocarcinoma (ACSA) is a type of malignant cancer originating in the sebaceous glands, usually found in the perianal region, but can also occur in other areas such as the foreskin, abdomen and pelvic limbs. Although more common in uncastrated and elderly male dogs, it can occasionally affect females. Diagnosis involves a clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests and imaging. Treatment is performed with surgery and adjuvant therapies. The aim of this study was to report a clinical case of ACSA in a female dog. After surgical excision of the neoformation, the patient was referred for chemotherapy. The protocol used was cyclophosphamide and carboplatin. After two sessions of antineoplastic chemotherapy, the patient presented clinical complications and did not return to continue with the therapeutic regimen. Therefore, the prognosis cannot be classified. Therefore, the effectiveness of the chemotherapy protocol for ACSA requires follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keloid scars tend to occur in high‐tension sites due to mechanical stimuli that are involved in their development. To date, a detailed analysis of keloid distribution focused specifically on facial and neck areas has not been reported, and limited literature exists as to the related mechanical factors. To rectify this deficiency of knowledge, we first quantified the facial and neck keloid distribution observed clinically in 113 patients. Subsequently, we performed a rigorous investigation into the mechanical factors and their associated changes at these anatomic sites in healthy volunteers without a history of pathologic scarring. The association between keloid‐predilection sites and sebaceous gland‐dense and acne‐prone sites was also examined. To assess skin stretch, thickness and stiffness, VECTRA, ultrasound and indentometer were utilised. Baseline skin stiffness and thickness were measured, as well as the magnitude of change in these values associated with facial expression and postural changes. Within the face and neck, keloids were most common near the mandibular angle (41.3%) and lateral submental (20.0%) regions. These areas of increased keloid incidence were not associated with areas more dense in sebaceous glands, nor linked consistently with acne‐susceptible regions. Binomial logistic regression revealed that changes in skin stiffness and thickness related to postural changes significantly predicted keloid distribution. Skin stiffness and thickness changes related to prolonged mechanical forces (postural changes) are most pronounced at sites of high keloid predilection. This finding further elucidates the means by which skin stretch and tension are related to keloid development. As a more detailed analysis of mechanical forces on facial and neck skin, this study evaluates the nuances of multiple skin‐mechanical properties, and their changes in a three‐dimensional framework. Such factors may be critical to better understanding keloid progression and development in the face and neck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory condition that usually presents with erythema, scaly greasy papules, and plaques affecting sebaceous gland‐rich areas and predominantly involving the face and scalp. The diagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis can often be rendered based on the clinical presentation. However, in certain cases, a biopsy can be useful to distinguish it from clinical mimics such as psoriasis, discoid lupus, and rosacea. Prominent sebaceous gland atrophy without scarring has been well‐described as an important and relatively specific clue for psoriatic or drug‐induced alopecia. However, sebaceous gland atrophy is not specific to psoriasis and has been demonstrated in seborrheic dermatitis, facial discoid dermatitis, and potentially may occur in other inflammatory dermatoses of the scalp. We report a 23‐year‐old female patient presenting with non‐scarring hair loss and histopathological findings demonstrating mild androgenetic alopecia and changes of seborrheic dermatitis with dramatic sebaceous gland atrophy. The patient had no history or evidence of psoriasis clinically. Our case suggests that in patients with seborrheic dermatitis, sebaceous gland atrophy may complicate the evaluation of alopecia biopsies and should be recognized as a pitfall. Seborrheic dermatitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of alopecia biopsies showing prominent sebaceous gland atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis (NICF) is a rare type of necrotizing folliculitis. The disease typically manifests as folliculocentric papules arising in a seborrheic distribution. Only 23 cases exist in the literature. Most reported cases have arisen spontaneously, but a small number of drug‐induced cases in the setting of epidermal‐derived growth factor, vascular endothelial‐derived growth factor, or PD‐1 inhibitor therapy have been reported. Colonization by bacteria and/or yeast occurs frequently. The etiology remains unknown, but some suggest a complex interplay with an aberrant microbiome, sebaceous gland dysfunction, and perturbed EGFR signaling in follicular infundibula. Histopathologic findings include rupture of follicular epithelium, neutrophilic inflammation, and nodular cup‐shaped crystal deposits. We present a case of spontaneous, recurrent NICF in an inverse pattern in the inguinal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanometer zinc oxide (ZnONPs) offers strong antibacterial, wound healing, hemostatic benefits, and UV protection. Additionally, poly(hexamethylene biguanide)hydrochloride (PHMB) is an environmentally friendly polymer with strong bactericidal properties. However, the synergistic effect of the combination of ZnONPs and PHMB has not been previously explored. The purpose of this study is to explore the synergies of ZnONPs and PHMB and the healing efficacy of ZnO NPs–PHMB-hydrogel on skin wounds in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the mice were subjected to skin trauma to create a wound model and were subsequently infected with S. aureus, and then divided into various experimental groups. The repair effect was evaluated by assessing the healing rate, as well as measuring the levels of TNF-α, IL-2, EGF, and TGF-β1 contents in the tissue. On the 4th and 9th days post-modeling, the Z-P group exhibited notably higher healing rates compared to the control group. However, on the 15th day, both the Z-P and AC groups achieved healing rates exceeding 99%. ZnO NPs–PHMB-hydrogel promoted the formation of a fully restored epithelium, increased new hair follicles and sebaceous glands beneath the epidermis, and markedly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, which was markedly distinct from the control group. On the 7th day, the Z-P group exhibited significantly higher levels of EGF and TGF-β1, along with a considerable reduction in the TNF-α levels as compared with the control group. These results affirmed that ZnO NPs–PHMB-hydrogel effectively inhibits S. aureus infection and accelerates skin wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sebocyte regeneration after injury is considered a key element of functional skin repair. Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs-EXO) accelerate wound healing by promoting the proliferation of fibroblasts. However, the effects of ADSCs-EXO on sebocytes are largely unknown. In this study, the effects of ADSCs-EXO on sebocyte proliferation and migration were evaluated. The levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), AKT, sterol regulatory-element binding protein (SREBP), and perilipin-1 (PLIN-1) were detected with immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR, and western blot analysis. RNA-Seq was used to analyze the differential gene expression between the ADSCs-EXO group and the control group under anaerobic conditions. Lipogenesis was assessed with Nile red staining. In animal studies, full-thickness skin wounds in BALB/c mice were treated with gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel-loaded sebocytes alone or in combination with ADSCs-EXO. Histopathological assessments of the wound tissues were performed Masson Trichrome staining, Immunohistochemical staining and so on. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway blocker LY294002 inhibited the effects of ADSCs-EXO on p-AKT and sebocytes proliferation. ADSCs-EXO also regulated the expression of SREBP-1 and PLIN-1 through the PI3K/AKT pathway in an oxygen level-dependent manner. In BALB/c mice, ADSCs-EXO accelerated sebocyte-assisted wound healing and regeneration. These in vitro and in vivo results supported that ADSCs-EXO can promote the regeneration of fully functional skin after injury through the PI3K/AKT-dependent activation of sebocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both intrinsic and extrinsic aging lead to a series of morphological changes in the skin including the flattening of the dermal–epidermal junction, increased stratum corneum dryness, reduction in sebaceous gland activity and enzyme activity as well as atrophy of blood vessels. In this study, the impact of these changes on the transport of molecules through the skin was revised. The increase in the number of transdermal formulations on the market in recent decades and life expectancy represent the main reasons for an in-depth discussion of this topic. Furthermore, elderly subjects have often been excluded from clinical trials due to polypharmacy, raising concerns in terms of efficacy and safety. In this way, ex vivo and in vivo studies comparing the transport of molecules through the mature and young skin were analyzed in detail. The reduced water content in mature skin had a significant impact on the transport rate of hydrophilic molecules. The lower enzymatic activity in aged skin, in turn, would explain changes in the activation of prodrugs. Interestingly, greater deposition of nanoparticles was also found in mature skin. In vivo models should be prioritized in future experimental studies as they allow to evaluate both absorption and metabolism simultaneously, providing more realistic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Apoderus dimidiatus (Coleoptera: Attelabidae), a widely distributed weevil species in China, feeds on leaves and creates compact leaf rolls for spawning. Its offspring complete a series of developmental stages within these structures before emerging as mature insects. In this study, we assembled a high-quality genome of A. dimidiatus at the chromosome level. We found the expanded gene family of A. dimidiatus is associated with functions such as the regulation of skin water loss, sebaceous gland development, and water balance in multicellular organisms, which are essential for the species' survival within leaf rolls. On the other hand, the contracted gene family is primarily associated with protease activity and solute transmembrane transport, contributing to the decline in egg production and the low survival rate of offspring. This situation forces female adults to develop the unique behavior of leaf rolling. Overall, our findings shed light on the evolutionary relationship between A. dimidiatus and other species and elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind their unique leaf rolling behavior. Attelabidae insects have attracted much attention due to their unique leaf rolling behavior before oviposition. However, the lack of genomic data makes it difficult to understand the molecular mechanism behind their behavior and their evolutionary relationship with other species. To address this gap, we utilized Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms along with Hi-C technology to establish a highly accurate whole genome of A. dimidiatus at the chromosome level. The resulting genome size was determined to be 619.26 Mb, with a contig N50 of 50.89 Mb and GC content of 33.89%. Moreover, a total of 12,572 genes were identified, with 82.59% being functionally annotated, and 64.78% designated as repeat sequences. Our subsequent phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Attelabidae's divergence from Curculionidae occurred approximately 161.52 million years ago. Furthermore, the genome of A. dimidiatus contained 334 expanded gene families and 1718 contracted gene families. In addition, using Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood (PAML), we identified 106 rapidly evolved genes exhibiting significant signals and 540 positively selected genes. Our research endeavors to serve as an invaluable genomic data resource for the study of Attelabidae, offering fresh perspectives for the exploration of its leaf rolling behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin plays an essential role in preventing the entry of external environmental threats and the loss of internal substances, depending on the epidermal permeability barrier. Nuclear receptors (NRs), present in various tissues and organs including full‐thickness skin, have been demonstrated to exert significant effects on the epidermal lipid barrier. Formation of the lipid lamellar membrane and the normal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (KCs) are crucial for the development of the epidermal permeability barrier and is regulated by specific NRs such as PPAR, LXR, VDR, RAR/RXR, AHR, PXR and FXR. These receptors play a key role in regulating KC differentiation and the entire process of epidermal lipid synthesis, processing and secretion. Lipids derived from sebaceous glands are influenced by NRs as well and participate in regulation of the epidermal lipid barrier. Furthermore, intricate interplay exists between these receptors. Disturbance of barrier function leads to a range of diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and acne. Targeting these NRs with agonists or antagonists modulate pathways involved in lipid synthesis and cell differentiation, suggesting potential therapeutic approaches for dermatosis associated with barrier damage. This review focuses on the regulatory role of NRs in the maintenance and processing of the epidermal lipid barrier through their effects on skin lipid synthesis and KC differentiation, providing novel insights for drug targets to facilitate precision medicine strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian dermoid cyst is characterised by the presence of hair follicles, sebaceous glands grossly observed as clusters of matted hair in greyish cheesy material in the vicinity of ovaries. Upon examination of 235 buffalo genitalia, five were found to have abnormal ovarian texture and were relatively large in size. Further investigation revealed presence of dermoid cyst in these ovaries. Histopathological analysis showed degenerated primary, secondary and tertiary/Graafian follicles in the ovarian parenchyma, with patches of neuro‐ectodermal rosette‐like structures composed of glial cells. Other extra‐gonadal tissues often less organised were also observed like cartilage, fibrous connective tissue and glandular structures. In two of the specimens, corpus luteum with degenerated luteal cells was also present in the parenchyma of the ovary. These detailed investigations pointed to the infertility problems in buffaloes associated with this condition and often dictated in slaughterhouse‐derived ovaries. It has clinical significance as these structures are often confused with cystic ovarian disease upon rectal palpation, and treatment is unsuccessful in reducing the size of the ovary at the field level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry eye disease (DED), a prevalent condition with a multifactorial etiology, significantly impacts global health by causing discomfort and visual disturbance. This historical cohort study evaluates the efficacy of Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy on meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)-related evaporative DED. Methods: The study involved 110 patients (220 eyes) who underwent IPL therapy. Ethical approval was secured, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. A Tearcheck® (ESWvision, Houdan, France) device was used for ocular surface evaluation, measuring tear film stability (NIFBUT, NIABUT), tear film quantity (CTMH, TTMH), and inflammation (OSIE). The study assessed tear film and ocular surface health across multiple IPL sessions. Results: Significant improvements were observed in subjective symptoms (EFT score increased from 29.10 ± 8.87 to 35.91 ± 7.03, p < 0.01), tear film stability (NIFBUT increased from 9.37 ± 6.04 to 10.78 ± 5.83 s, p < 0.01; NIABUT increased from 11.07 ± 4.98 to 12.34 ± 4.66 s, p < 0.01), and tear film surface evaluation (TFSE score decreased from 337.78 ± 414.08 to 206.02 ± 240.44, p < 0.01). Tear film quantity remained unchanged (CTMH and TTMH, p > 0.05). Conclusions: IPL therapy is a promising treatment for DED, improving symptoms and ocular surface health. Further research is warranted to explore long-term efficacy and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the central face, affecting 5% of the population. The exact etiology is unknown. A diagnosis is made based on the updated 2017 National Rosacea Society Expert Committee guidelines, including fixed erythema, phymatous changes of skin thickening due to sebaceous gland hyperplasia and fibrosis, papules, pustules, telangiectasia, and flushing. Delays in an accurate diagnosis and treatment may occur in skin of color due to difficulty visualizing erythema and telangiectasia. The daily use of sunscreen, moisturizers, and mild skin cleansers and avoidance of triggers are essential aspects of maintenance treatment. Effective topical treatment options include alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists for flushing and ivermectin, metronidazole, and azelaic acid for papules and pustules. Systemic treatments include nonselective beta blockers for flushing, low-dose doxycycline, and isotretinoin for papules and pustules. Rosacea can significantly affect a patient's emotional health and quality of life. A referral for care is recommended for fixed phymatous changes and ocular rosacea. (Am Fam Physician. 2024; 109(6): 533–542. Copyright © 2024 American Academy of Family Physicians.) Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the central face, affecting 5% of the population. The exact etiology is unknown. A diagnosis is made based on the updated 2017 National Rosacea Society Expert Committee guidelines, including fixed erythema, phymatous changes of skin thickening due to sebaceous gland hyperplasia and fibrosis, papules, pustules, telangiectasia, and flushing. Delays in an accurate diagnosis and treatment may occur in skin of color due to difficulty visualizing erythema and telangiectasia. The daily use of sunscreen, moisturizers, and mild skin cleansers and avoidance of triggers are essential aspects of maintenance treatment. Effective topical treatment options include alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists for flushing and ivermectin, metronidazole, and azelaic acid for papules and pustules. Systemic treatments include nonselective beta blockers for flushing, low-dose doxycycline, and isotretinoin for papules and pustules. Rosacea can significantly affect a patient's emotional health and quality of life. A referral for care is recommended for fixed phymatous changes and ocular rosacea. (Am Fam Physician. 2024;109(6):533-542. Copyright © 2024 American Academy of Family Physicians.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneously arisen hereditary diseases in domestic animals provide an excellent opportunity to study the physiological functions of the altered genes. We investigated two 4-month-old sibling domestic short haired kittens with dry dark debris around the eyes, nose, and ears, dark crusting on the legs and a thin poor hair coat. Skin biopsies revealed abnormal sebaceous gland morphology with lack of normal sebocyte arrangement and differentiation. Hair follicles had a distorted silhouette, interpreted as a change secondary to the observed sebaceous gland dysplasia. Whole genome sequencing on both affected kittens and 65 genetically diverse feline genomes was performed. Filtering for variants that were present in both kittens but absent from the control genomes revealed a homozygous missense variant in SOAT1, encoding sterol O-acyltransferase 1. The protein is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyzes the formation of cholesteryl esters, an essential component of sebum and meibum. The identified SOAT1:c.1531G > A variant is predicted to change a highly conserved glycine residue within the last transmembrane domain of SOAT1, p.Gly511Arg. In mice, variants in Soat1 or complete knockout of the gene lead to the "hair interior defect" (hid) or abnormal Meibomian glands, respectively. SOAT1:c.1531G > A represents a plausible candidate variant for the observed sebaceous gland dysplasia in both kittens of this study. The variant was not present in 10 additional cats with a similar clinical and histopathological phenotype suggesting genetic heterogeneity. SOAT1 variants should be considered as potential cause in hereditary sebaceous gland dysplasias of humans and domestic animals.

Due to its rarity, it takes months for patients to be correctly diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris. This delay can be exacerbated by factors such as incorrect biopsy site selection. When the epidermis detaches from the dermis, evaluating fluorescence patterns is impossible. This monocentric, retrospective study aimed to assess the clinical significance of the honeycomb-like staining pattern of adnexal structures in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. The study was conducted in Munich, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2020. Forty-four biopsy samples for direct immunofluorescence microscopy from pemphigus patients along with 44 samples from control patients were included. The fluorescence intensity of adnexal structures did not differ significantly from that of the epidermis in pemphigus, except for hair follicles and sweat glands with C3 staining, where the epidermis showed stronger fluorescence. The sensitivity for the characteristic fluorescence pattern of at least 1 adnexal structure was 88.64% (n = 39/44, 95% CI 75.44% to 96.21%), with 100% specificity. The positive predictive value of adnexal fluorescence was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 89.8%. It was found that the honeycomb-like staining pattern of sweat glands, sweat gland ducts, and hair follicles is a highly specific marker for pemphigus vulgaris.

Eccrine spiradenoma is a rare benign epithelial neoplasm derived from the ductal and secretory portions of the eccrine sweat glands. It is characterized by slow growth and may, in some cases, undergo malignant transformation. This report describes a case involving a male patient with a painful, slow-growing lesion present for 3 years. The nodular, lobulated lesion was located on the left frontal region. Due to the left. On account of location, size, and vascularization of the lesion, as well as the need to preserve the facial musculature and ensure complete tumor removal of the tumor with minimal functional damage, Mohs surgery was chosen as the treatment technique.

This article reports on two cases of contact urticaria (CU) caused by the application of cosmetics containing the preservative phenoxyethanol. The reactions occurred on the face and not on other skin sites. Patch tests were performed, but the results were negative. Open tests on the forehead with the patients' own products and phenoxyethanol resulted in positive reactions. Phenoxyethanol is a rare allergen and can cause CU. The varying cutaneous reactivity of different body areas to the same substance, such as phenoxyethanol, may explain potential intolerance to cosmetics. [Extracted from the article]