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In this literature review we focus on classification of football technique elements and skills through successful practices and conducted studies. Football technique is one of the pillars of modern football player and team analysis and is defined as sport skill that has a certain way of solving a movement task (sport skill content) in accordance with the rules of the respective sport, the athlete’s biomechanical conditions and movement possibilities. Authors consider various features of football technique classification, such as difficulty of player movement, structure of player movement, type of player movement and playing position. Some of the fundamental techniques include kicking, dribbling and for goalkeepers catching the ball. Advanced technical skills include pendulum passing, leg scissor interception, etc. Based on game tactics, it also depends for players whether they are in possession of the ball or not. However, football technique can relate to various skills and attributes which are differently interpreted by authors. The aim of the review is to present key elements, skills and attributes observed in the previous research focusing technical skills in football. Moreover, the review focuses on comparative analysis of small-sided games technique evaluation, which serves as a cornerstone for football coaches in understanding the quality of the players. The results show that different sizes of the field, number of players on the pitch and overall quality of the players play an important role in successfully evaluating skill development.

The intense, physical contact nature of rugby union often encourages the normalization of risk-taking behaviour resulting in a relatively high acceptance of risk. This study aims to explore safety culture in rugby union from an OSH perspective, with the purpose of assisting coaches and management in their decision-making processes to improve players’ health, welfare, and long-term well-being. In terms of data collection, this study involved semi-structured interviews with senior support staff (n = 15) in elite rugby union. Interview transcripts underwent inductive analysis prior to an abductive analysis that was guided by an established occupational-safety-and-health (OSH) framework. Rugby union players’ safety can be considered from two dimensions: management’s commitment to safety (i.e., safety prioritization, safety empowerment, and safety justice), players’ involvement in safety (i.e., safety prioritization, and trust in other players’ safety competence, and players’ safety concern for the opposition players). Within the themes identified, players’ attitude towards their opponents’ safety which has been rarely considered as a factor for injury prevention is also discussed in this study. If sport support staff (i.e., managers/coaches/medical) can become more involved in players’ performance-orientated training using OSH management processes to aid in their decision-making, their exists the capacity to benefit players’ safe return to play after injury rehabilitation. Meanwhile, directing the development of appropriate behavioural educational interventions to raise safety-awareness amongst players can improve their long-term health and well-being and provide them with the necessary safety and health information to support their own decision-making processes. As a multidisciplinary design, this study contributes new multidisciplinary insights that have the potential to advance managerial practices utilizing an OSH perspective, including decision-making supporting risk alleviation for safety and long-term health and wellbeing initiatives in competitive team sports.

The purpose of this paper is to present a player-centred performance analysis method as an effective mechanism to enhance expert players' performance in professional soccer. Data were collected through an application of a developed performance analysis method and subsequent unstructured interviews to explore participants' experience of the applied methodology. Grounded by an enactive perspective of human activity, the applied methodology foregrounds the player's intrinsic experience and places the player at the centre of the analysis and interpretation process. The sample included thirty professional soccer players with professional playing experience ranging from 2 years to 19 years and representing three professional teams. Using an interpretive data analysis approach results were considered from a methodological perspective concerning the core functions of a performance analysis method. Categories regarding performance analysis and performance development were highlighted. Findings demonstrate that adopting a player-centred approach to performance analysis in professional soccer provides advancement of the understanding of the collective performance of the expert player and may increase the opportunity for sustained learning.

We investigated the pattern of injuries in elite-level womens football in Ireland, during a two-season prospective injury surveillance study in the Womens National League (WNL). Seven out of the eight clubs (271 players) in the WNL were followed prospectively during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The injury incidence rate in matches (19.2/1000 h) was 7.5 times higher than in training (2.5/1000 h). Players, on average, sustained 0.69 injuries per season (266 injuries/383 player seasons), which equates to 15 time-loss injuries per season for a squad of 22 players. The majority of the injuries sustained by players were lower extremity injuries (85%), of which, 46% had a non-contact injury mechanism. Muscle, ligament, and contusion injuries were the most common injury types, while the ankle, knee, and thigh were the most commonly injured body sites. The most common injuries sustained over the two seasons were lateral ankle sprains (13.9%), hamstring strains (12.4%), knee meniscus/cartilage injuries (7.5%), adductor strains (6%), quadriceps strains (4.5%), and ankle contusions (4.5%). The injuries with the highest injury burden were ACL injuries (59 days lost/1000 h), knee meniscus/cartilage injuries (23/1000 h), lateral ankle sprains (21/1000 h), hamstring strains (12/1000 h), MCL sprains (11/1000 h), and quadriceps strains (11/1000 h). There were 8 ACL tears documented over the 2 seasons, which accounted for 28% of all time lost to injury with a mean days lost per injury of 247. We recommend that clubs in the WNL in Ireland should implement injury risk mitigation strategies, with a particular focus on injuries with a high injury burden. Funding Agencies|Irish Research Council Enterprise Partnership Scheme (Postgraduate) awardIrish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology

Background Despite the physical, competitive nature of elite athletes and unique features of sport culture, no Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) related measurement instruments exist in sport. Objective As a part of a wider project focusing on health and safety awareness in elite sport, the purpose of this study was to develop a survey instrument for the evaluation of risk and safety awareness among elite rugby players. Design Based on an established conceptual framework incorporating OSH theories, the survey was developed by adopting questions from existing validated questionnaires through an iterative process, with the feedback from a multidisciplinary team of experts and pilot test. Setting Elite division rugby (union) team in Ireland Participants Players from an elite rugby team in Ireland (n=50) participated the advanced pilot test. Assessment of Risk Factors The key themes include current health outlook, tackle behaviour, awareness of risk acceptance, reasons for risk-taking, and safety consideration for other players. Main Outcome Measurements The data were imported to SPSS for analysis of survey reliability and validity, such as the adoption of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure. Results Overall, the survey has a high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α= 0.742). Some sections require a further factor analysis, such as current health outlook, (KMO Conclusions Such a survey enables the measuring of athletes’ safety and risk awareness level, which could possibly point the way forward for its application in a wider range of sport settings internationally for improving athletes’ long-term health and wellbeing.

Background In elite rugby union, players often expose themselves to risk-taking behaviours resulting in a high risk acceptance level. The practical and theoretical occupational safety and health (OSH) have the potential to reflect health outcomes (e.g., injuries and accidents) in sports settings. Objective This study explores key indicators of injury prevention and welfare protection in rugby union from an OSH perspective. Design This study utilises semi-structured interview, the duration of which ranged from 22 to 50 minutes digitally recorded with consents. Setting Individual interviews were conducted with current rugby supporting staff involving in national, provincial and university level. Patients (or Participants) The participants (n=15) were current rugby supporting staff including coaching staff, medical staff and other management personnel. Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors) The interview transcripts were inductively analysed by using Nvivo software, the key risk factors were then identified using abductive analysis by adopting an existing safety climate framework. Main Outcome Measurements Factors being neglected in sports research will be discussed in this study, for example, safety justice is relating to players’ risk-taking behaviours during match or training; whether opponents are ‘co-workers’ and players’ safety attitudes towards co-workers can influence players’ aggressiveness which relates to injuries and accidents. Results The framework identified for evaluating OSH awareness will be presented from two dimensions including five themes: rugby management commitment (management safety priority, management safety empowerment and management safety justice) and rugby player involvement (players’ safety priority and players’ trust in co-workers’ safety competence). Conclusions The findings have theoretical implications for rugby organisations to design a survey to facilitate the development of appropriate behaviour interventions. Furthermore, the framework could be potentially applied in wider sports settings.

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Purpose: Decision-making research in soccer is dominated by a methodological dichotomy between experimental research approaches and ecological research approaches. The aim of this paper is to expan...

The organizational environment and role delivery of support personnel have been identified as increasingly important to elite athletes’ preparation for, and performance at, pinnacle competitions. As a result, performance management has been identified as a salient research topic within the field of organizational sport psychology. The purpose of this study was to identify the performance management processes used within Olympic sport programmes and explore how these processes interact in an organizational context. Thirteen participants working in senior positions within Olympic sport organizations (e.g., national performance director) across a range of countries were interviewed. Thematic analysis identified performance management processes existing across strategic, operational, and individual levels in Olympic sport programmes. The findings also suggested that these socially dynamic processes are interrelated and influenced by the delivery of the performance leader’s role. A preliminary conceptual framework was developed to highlight these processes and illustrate their interrelated nature. Overall, the findings advance our knowledge and understanding of performance management as an organizational concept within elite sport. Practical implications are provided for sport psychology practitioners to assess and optimize how performance management processes are used within elite sport programmes. Irish Research Council Sport Ireland Update citation details during checkdate report - ROR To remove check - date and embargo - MBM

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) defects caused by somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations increase with age in human colorectal epithelium and are prevalent in colorectal tumours, but whether they actively contribute to tumorigenesis remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that mtDNA mutations causing OXPHOS defects are enriched during the human adenoma/carcinoma sequence, suggesting they may confer a metabolic advantage. To test this we deleted the tumour suppressor Apc in OXPHOS deficient intestinal stem cells in mice. The resulting tumours were larger than in control mice due to accelerated cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis. We show that both normal crypts and tumours undergo metabolic remodelling in response to OXPHOS deficiency by upregulating the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP). Moreover, normal human colonic crypts upregulate the SSP in response to OXPHOS deficiency prior to tumorigenesis. Our data show that age-associated OXPHOS deficiency causes metabolic remodelling that can functionally contribute to accelerated intestinal cancer development.

Background: The contact nature of rugby with its’ intensive physical interaction often exposes players to a high risk of injury and illness. Compliance with prescribed safety guidelines when returning to play during the COVID-19 pandemic is important for both rugby players and their support staff’s health and wellbeing. However, elite rugby has an inherent level of risk acceptance that has been a cultural norm in the game for decades. This paper aims to identify risk factors that influence players’ awareness and actions in relation to the highly communicable disease COVID-19, and provide rugby clubs and associations with practical return to play solutions from a health and safety perspective. Methods: This study thematically analysed interviews with 15 senior rugby support staff employed in elite rugby union that explored key factors impacting health-and-safety in elite rugby. With the emphasis on rugby players’ health-and-safety awareness (e.g. illness/injury reporting awareness) and rugby environment micromanagement (e.g. player hygiene) and rugby physical contact nature, analysing the factors that may be normalised in elite sporting settings in the context of managing return to play during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: Due to physical contact nature of rugby, players are exposed to the risk of trauma resulting in skin abrasions and lacerations etc. which may aggregate the risk of infectious diseases. A level of micromanagement practices such as player hygiene management and health condition surveillance that builds on the current situation are effective and essential, considering rugby players in a high level of fitness condition and at a relatively young age can be overly confident with their ability to deal with the risk of illness. Furthermore, player awareness such as symptom reporting and return-to-play (RTP) after unwellness is due to improve for ensuring their health and wellbeing and of their fellow players as well as support staff during the back to field process in the context of COVID-19.Conclusions: Returning to rugby practice and competition will require a level of micromanagement and player safety awareness education in order to achieve the goal of optimally protecting the players from potential illness and / or spreading it to fellow players and support staff. Rugby rituals such as the New Zealand haka could be considered for keeping social distance between players while affirming the rugby nature of aggression exhibition.

The island of Ireland is quite unique in its dynamic due, in part, to the geographical and political separation between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Historically, the Island of Ireland had one governing body for association football. Currently, the Irish Football Association (IFA) governs Northern Ireland while the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) governs the Republic of Ireland in the south. Interestingly, not all sports (e.g., Irish Rugby Football Union) on the Island of Ireland have separate Governing Bodies. This paper provides a brief historical overview of this separation between the FAI and IFA. Following this, we explore the history of coach education in the FAI and an overview of the FAI Player Development Plan. Then, we explore how coach education was, and is currently, structured with particular focus on recent improvements in terms of how coach education courses are delivered and assessed. The final section provides a brief overview of the future of coach education within the FAI.

This article examines a number of Irish professional soccer players’ career trajectories subsequent to their return to Ireland from the United Kingdom. More specifically, we explore their experienc...

FIFA’s decision to deregulate the industry is perhaps a reflection of the neoliberal influences surrounding the organization to let the agents govern themselves and deal with the wrongdoings of the...

Professional athletes involved in high-performance sport are at a high injury risk, which may lead to long-term health consequences. Professional athletes often expose themselves to risky behaviours, resulting in a higher acceptance level of occupational risk compared to other occupations. To date, many studies have focused on elite athletes’ specific injury prevention techniques. The objective of this narrative review is to (1) summarise elite athletes’ attitudes towards important occupational safety and health (OSH) practices, including injury reporting, medicine usage and personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and (2) explore factors that may influence elite athletes’ injury awareness. If injury awareness were given a similar weighting in elite sports as in any other highly physical occupation, the potential benefits to elite athletes and their long-term health could be highly significant. This review identifies that most elite athletes are not aware that sporting injuries are occupational injuries requiring behaviours determined by OSH rules. All the 39 studies identified met the moderate methodological quality criteria according to the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The factors impeding athletes’ injury awareness from achieving occupational health standards are discussed from three safety management perspectives: organisational, societal and individual. This review contributes to a better understanding of how to build a positive safety culture, one that could reduce elite athletes’ injury rate and improve their long-term wellbeing. Further research is required to develop a quantitative measurement instrument to evaluate occupational health awareness in the sport context. Based on the papers reviewed, the study population was categorised as elite, professional, high-performance amateur and student-athletes.

Realism is important in estimating consumer exposure to a substance, especially when accounting for exposure from multiple sources. Humans are exposed to vitamin A from food, dietary supplements and cosmetics products. A probabilistic aggregate exposure model was developed for estimating exposure distributions to vitamin A (as retinol equivalents) in pre-/post-menopausal, and menopausal women in European and US populations. Data from large dietary surveys were used, together with realistic and extreme case scenarios of cosmetics product use (including occurrence data for vitamin A presence in 17 cosmetic products). Results of absorbed exposure estimates were expressed as μg/kg bw/day by incorporating dermal and oral bioavailability data. The mean and 95th percentile (P95) aggregate exposures were below the EU Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (3000 μg/day; 45 μg/kg/day internal exposure dose (IED)), providing positive assurances of safety. The major source of vitamin A exposure is the diet, with cosmetics providing only a small fraction of total exposure (2–5% at P95). In addition to providing a realistic assessment of total vitamin A exposure, this work provides a case study on how to approach future complex aggregate exposure questions.

Performance management is integral for high-performing organizations and teams. The purpose of this review was to synthesize evidence on performance management across elite sport and other performance-focused domains (business, performing arts, high-risk professions). A systematic search and screening strategy was undertaken. Twenty studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Thematic synthesis enabled the identification of key components of performance management. Similarities and differences between elite sport and other domains are identified across the following themes: strategic performance management, operational performance management, individual performance management, and leadership of the performance team. Implications for practitioners in elite sport are also considered across these themes. 2019-11-28 JG: This item has been withdrawn due to incorrect PDF being attached. Author has been contacted for updated PDF. 2019-12-05 JG: PDF replaced at author's request

Utilizing data gathered from over 20 action research workshops involving over 350 participants with clubs in the UK and Ireland, this paper examines how coaching pedagogy facilitates the development of young soccer players in general and their perceptual cognitive skills in particular. This paper argues that in order to enhance player learning, coaches and managers would benefit from an understanding of the many theoretical frameworks underpinning the process of learning. This pedagogical knowledge assists in understanding how specific practices such as critical thinking, reflection, questioning and feedback facilitates the enhancement of player learning and in the assessment and development of perceptual cognitive skills. The value of this paper lies in its potential to stimulate debate, discussion and sensitize Irish coaches and managers, at all levels, to the way in which they, and their players, learn and to stimulate a critical evaluation and reflection of their current coaching and management practices.

Introduction The purpose of the study was to investigate the occupational safety awareness of a cohort of professional athletes; specifically looking at the risk of concussion, reporting rates, and practices amongst professional and semi-professional footballers. Methods The study was an empirical quantitative study, in the form of a census, of a particular cohort (n=250) conducted in 2015. Participants were professional or semi-professional footballers playing in the League of Ireland. Footballers undertook a questionnaire on safety awareness and self-reported concussion over the previous five playing seasons. 149 footballers participated (60% response rate, >90% CI). Data was analysed using SPSS. Results Over two thirds of respondents were unaware if their football club had a formal safety programme. Results indicated footballers had little occupational safety awareness, though they felt that both management and teammates employed good safety practices. 32% of respondents stated they had sustained a concussion between 2010%–2013. 84% of respondents noted they had not sustained a concussion during 2014. However, there were a significant number of semi-professional defenders who sustained a concussion that year. There was a higher rate of self-reported concussion amongst League of Ireland footballers in 2014 than in a similar study carried out on professional footballers in Italy in 2009. Respondents were more likely to report a concussion to a physiotherapist or doctor. Respondents were asked to identify a reason for not reporting a concussion, the most prominent being that players lacked unawareness of concussion impacts. Conclusion Concussion reporting by mainstream media coupled with an introduction of concussion awareness programmes has resulted in a general increase in personal safety knowledge and awareness of concussion amongst Irish footballers. Further studies are needed focussing on safety culture and occupational safety and health awareness is raised in the professional sporting sector.

Background This paper examines the occupational risk of concussion amongst professional and semi-professional footballers in Ireland during the 2014 League of Ireland season. As part of a broader nationally representative study examining occupational safety and health (OSH) awareness amongst professional footballers, this empirical quantitative study, utilising a convenience sample is the first and largest investigation of the frequency of, and attitudes towards, concussion and concussion reporting amongst Irish senior professional and semi-professional footballers. Methods A census survey using an anonymous questionnaire was provided to available League of Ireland clubs between March and May 2015. Permission to access players was provided by the Professional Footballers Association of Ireland. This convenience sample was determined by club availability in relation to match fixtures. Participation by the footballers was voluntary. At the time, there were 250 professional and semi-professional players within the League available to participate. Results A total of 149 footballers participated in the study. Sixty percent of the participants were employed on a semi-professional basis and the majority of all participants were aged between 18 and 30. 15.7% of the participants reported having received a concussion in the 2014 season with semi-professional players having a noticeably higher (though not significant) reporting rate. Analysis indicated that there was a significant association between playing position and concussion reporting with defenders having the greater odds of reporting a concussion than other playing positions. Professional and semi-professional footballers have a relatively equal risk of receiving a concussion. Conclusion This research is the first major investigation of the self-reported frequency of, and attitudes towards, concussion amongst Irish senior professional and semi-professional footballers. The results have important implications for coaches, clinicians, parents, players and national governing bodies. Further research is needed to ascertain whether professional footballers perceive concussion as an occupational risk, and whether they appreciate that accepting such risks can have long-term implications for health.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is modulated by diet and there is convincing evidence of reduced risk with higher non‐digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) consumption. Resistant starch (RS), a NDC, positively modulates the expression of oncogenic microRNAs, suggesting that this could be a mechanism through which NDCs protect against CRC. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with two NDCs, RS, and polydextrose (PD), on microRNA expression in the macroscopically‐normal human rectal epithelium using samples from the DISC Study, a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled dietary intervention. We screened 1008 miRNAs in pooled post‐intervention rectal mucosal samples from participants allocated to the double placebo group and those supplemented with both RS and PD. A total of 111 miRNAs were up‐ or down‐regulated by at least twofold in the RS + PD group compared with the control group. From these, eight were selected for quantification in individual participant samples by qPCR, and fold‐change direction was consistent with the array for seven miRNAs. The inconsistency for miR‐133b and the lower fold‐change values observed for the seven miRNAs is probably because qPCR of individual participant samples is a more robust and sensitive method of quantification than the array. miR‐32 expression was increased by approximately threefold (P = 0.033) in the rectal mucosa of participants supplemented with RS + PD compared with placebo. miR‐32 is involved in the regulation of processes such as cell proliferation that are dysregulated in CRC. Furthermore, miR‐32 may affect non‐canonical NF‐κB signaling via regulation of TRAF3 expression and consequently NIK stabilization.

Based on semi-structured interviews with 25 players and 20 managers this essay will examine the relationship between managers and the owners and directors of professional football clubs. The findings identify hostility and distrust as a common feature of this relationship. More specifically, from the standpoint of managers, this hostility and distrust partially emanates from the perceived motives of owners and directors and their interference in issues traditionally seen as falling within the manager's role. The research highlights the very closed and insular world of professional football and also considers how the changing nature and status of the game impacts upon traditional roles and functions.

Using semi-structured tape-recorded interviews with twenty-two players and eighteen managers, this paper utilizes the work of Max Weber in exploring the role of the manager in professional football (soccer). More specifically, Weber's writings on legitimate authority are used to explore traditional aspects of the role of the contemporary football manager. The findings highlight the lack of formal management training and the widespread assumption within football that previous playing experience is sufficient preparation for entry into management. While many aspects of the management of football clubs have involved increasing professionalization and bureaucratization, the role of the manager has proved remarkably resistant to these processes. The authority of the football manager continues to be based on traditional forms of authoritarianism and this allows managers an unusually high degree of autonomy in defining their own role and places few constraints on the appointment of their support staff.

Realistic estimates of chemical aggregate exposure are needed to ensure consumer safety. As exposure estimates are a critical part of the equation used to calculate acceptable "safe levels" and conduct quantitative risk assessments, methods are needed to produce realistic exposure estimations. To this end, a probabilistic aggregate exposure model was developed to estimate consumer exposure from several rinse off personal cleansing products containing the anti-dandruff preservative zinc pyrithione. The model incorporates large habits and practices surveys, containing data on frequency of use, amount applied, co-use along with market share, and combines these data at the level of the individual based on subject demographics to better estimate exposure. The daily-applied exposure (i.e., amount applied to the skin) was 3.79 mg/kg/day for the 95th percentile consumer. The estimated internal dose for the 95th percentile exposure ranged from 0.01-1.29 μg/kg/day after accounting for retention following rinsing and dermal penetration of ZnPt. This probabilistic aggregate exposure model can be used in the human safety assessment of ingredients in multiple rinse-off technologies (e.g., shampoo, bar soap, body wash, and liquid hand soap). In addition, this model may be used in other situations where refined exposure assessment is required to support a chemical risk assessment.

Using semi-structured tape-recorded interviews, this study focuses on the ways in which managers maintain control over players in professional soccer clubs. More specifically, the article focuses on the ways in which disciplinary codes are established by managers and the sanctions that are imposed on players for breaches of club discipline. The findings highlight the arbitrary character of these codes and the central part played by intimidation and abuse, both verbal and physical, as aspects of managerial control within clubs. We argue that these techniques of managerial control reflect the origins of professional soccer in late Victorian England, when professional players were the equivalent of industrial workers and, like industrial workers, were seen as requiring authoritarian regulation and control. This pattern of management has persisted in professional soccer long after it has been superseded in industrial relations more generally because, while many aspects of the management of soccer clubs have involved increasing professionalization and bureaucratization, the role of the manager has proved remarkably resistant to these processes. The authority of the team manager continues to be based on traditional forms of authoritarianism and this allows managers an unusually high degree of autonomy in defining their own role, while placing relatively few constraints on their authority in relation to players.

We formulate and prove a rearrangement type inequality and use it to give a description of the face lattice of a certain polytope that is naturally associated to the alternating group An.

Foreword: Figuring out sport migration: Old maps, new trails (Joseph Maguire) Perspectives, places and players: An introduction to football and migration (John Harris & Richard Elliott) Part 1: Perspectives 1. Mobility, migration and history: Football and early transnational networks (Pierre Lanfranchi & Matthew Taylor) 2. Chasing the ball: The motivations, experiences and effects of migrant professional footballers (Richard Elliott) 3. Football and migration: A contemporary geographical analysis (Rafaelle Poli & Roger Besson) Part 2: Places 4. Migration and soccer in a football world: The United States of America and the global game (John Harris) 5. Circulation, bubbles, returns: The mobility of Brazilians in the football system (Carmen Rial) 6. The migration of Irish professional footballers: The good, the bad and the ugly (Seamus Kelly) 7. Football and migration: An analysis of South Korean football (Jung-Woo Lee) 8. League of retirees: Foreigners in Hungarian professional football (Gyozo Molnar) Part 3: Players 9. Current patterns and tendencies in women's football migration: Outsourcing or national protectionism as the way forward? (Sine Agregaard) 10. Youth migration in English professional football: Living, labouring and learning in Premier League academies (Gavin Weedon) 11. 'No one would burden the sea and then never get any benefit': Family involvement in players' migration to football academies in Ghana (Nienke van der Meij & Paul Darby) 12. Finding football in the Dominican Republic: Haitian migrants, space, place and notions of exclusion (Nicholas Wise and John Harris) Playing the long-ball game: Future directions in the study of football and migration (Richard Elliott & John Harris)

At midday yesterday the President of Ireland proved himself a good mason. At least I thought so until I mentioned it to another spectator at the laying of the foundation stone of the new Abbey, and was told: ‘He’s not so good — he should have left the mortar rougher.’