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The possibilities of pathogens transmitting zoonotic diseases to fish or aquatic environments are dependent on seasons, patients’ contact with fish or fish related environment, nutritional habits and the immune system level of the exposed individual. Consumption of aquatic food is on the increase, and thus explains the answers to the increase in zoonotic contraction cases found in man. Zoonotic infections can be classified into infections caused by: a) direct interaction with infected animals b) consumption of raw or undercooked aquatic products. Pathogens may be natives of the said aquatic environment or may occur as a result of environmental pollution such as the use of fertilizer, human waste or any of the anthropogenic substances. Zoonotic infections can be passed to man through fish via any of the following hosts: Helminths, Bacteria, Protozoa and Arthropods.Nevertheless, once the chemistry and control of zoonoses is understood, putting up measure to adequately address them when necessary will not be challenging. More so, educating the public on the need for prevention, proper cooking of aquatic products, and also a constant reminder of potential dangers are necessary to reinforce proper sea food handling practices. Keywords: Zoonoses, Fish, Effect and Control

Background: A density functional theory (DFT) study of some selected eco-friendly chitosan derivatives was performed, recently used as corrosion inhibitors for steel in 0.1M and 0.5M HCl. Correlation between observed and predicted inhibition efficiencies is based on QSAR by some statistical calculations. Methods: We extracted the optimum molecular descriptors for the chitosan derivatives group under study and it was found that these descriptors have a proper effect on increasing the inhibition efficiency that was proved by applying the theoretical calculations (non-linear regression) on two models of chitosan derivatives (ChI and ChII). The quantum chemical descriptors most relevant to the corrosion inhibitors potential effect have been calculated in the aqueous phase. They include: EHOMO, ELUMO, dipole moment (D), molecular area (MA), molecular volume (MV), the charge on common oxygen (O Charge), the charge on common nitrogen (N Charge), nuclear repulsion energy (NRE), final single point energy (E) and total positive charge (TPC). Results: The optimum parameters resulted using multiple linear regression are EHOMO, CCO, CCN, and D. Using these optimum parameters, the models designed show good results in their inhibition effect on steel at the same environment of the chitosan derivatives group under study. Conclusion: Experimental explanation showed good results from modelling prediction, where the corrosion rate decreases markedly with increasing the concentration of the designed inhibitors till the optimum concentration where the rate becomes constant. SEM on the optimum inhibitor concentration proved the high inhibition efficiency obtained.

Food, especially animal origin food is the main source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) for human exposure. So, a simple, rapid and cheap bioassay method is needed for determination of dioxins in food samples. In this study, we used a new highly sensitive reporter cell line to determine the concentration of dioxins in 33 fish and seafood samples. The samples were extracted by shaking with water/isopropanol (1:1 v/v) and hexane and cleaned-up by a multi layered silica gel column and an alumina column, then analyzed using CBG 2.8D cell line. We compared the results obtained from the CBG 2.8D cell assay to those obtained from conventional High-Resolution Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) analysis. Good correlations were observed between these two methods (r2=0.93). While the slope of regression line was 1.76, the bioanalytical equivalent (BEQ) values were 1.76 folds higher than WHO-TEQ values and the conversion coefficient was 0.568 (the reciprocal of 1.76). In conclusion, CBG 2.8D cell assay was an applicable method to determine dioxins levels in fish and sea food samples.

The study examined the microbial load of bacteria and fungi of samples stored from 0- 10 days. The study samples were subjected to proximate analysis. The study showed at day zero that fish was the highest having moisture content of 71.43%, while periwinkle had ash content of 4.62%. Shrimps was the least having 0.74% of ash. Periwinkle had crude protein of 53.1% and carbohydrate of 24.09. The result for minerals shows that all the samples were high in mineral content. Fish was highest in Calcium (Ca) 52.67, Magnesium (Mg) 63.18, Potassium (K) 64.72 while Periwinkle was lowest in Zinc (Zn) 0.48, Iron (Fe) 2.47 and Calcium (Ca) 36.42. Finally Shrimps was lowest in Magnesium with 31.78% respectively, however there is a reduction in all the proximate analysis carried out from day 0 to day 10 in carbohydrate, crude protein and crude lipid. Thus, reduction in water activity as a result of smoking fish slow down spoilage and extend shelf life of the sample. In the samples treated, smoking have been shown to be more effective in the preservation than Refrigeration.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long unbranched polysaccharide that composed of repeating disaccharide units. They are classified into heparan sulfate (HS), heparin, chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). During the last decade, demand of GAGs were getting increased due to their potential uses. Vertebrate animal, commonly cartilaginous mammalian tissue, were potential producer of GAGs and have the higher number of biological activities extracted from sea bass waste. Sea bass waste from Lates calcarifer was used as the raw material to extract crude GAGs. Different part of sea bass waste such as, gills, viscera and air bladders were used. The higher content of crude GAGs in sea bass waste was used in cytotoxic and inflammatory study. Different concentration of extract GAGs from gills were used ranging between 0.16-20 mg/mL. GAGs from sea bass waste (gills) showed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 cell line in lower concentration. Meanwhile, for anti-inflammatory study GAGs from sea bass waste (gills) showed dose-dependent manner and also reduce NO production in LPS-stimulated cells. This research study concluded that, GAGs from sea bass waste are the alternative source that can be used for cancer and inflammation study.

Seafood and other environmental matrices are major entry route of harmful pollutants into humans due to constant contamination of the aquatic environment hence requires monitoring. This study scientifically explored the hypothesis that benthic gastropods bioaccumulate harmful pollutants that pose health risk to consumers of the sea food. Fifty samples of Thais coronata were collected per site from major regional fish landings. Two hundred samples were collected monthly for eight months to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-PAH and possible health risks due to consumption using regulatory limits for guidance. Total PAH concentrations (μg/kg) varied between 65.68–173.52 suggesting differences in consumed concentrations at different times. The concentration of individual PAH congeners (1.376 ± 0.07-40.356±2.21 μg/kg) and PAH4 were below the European Union maximum limits. The Daily Dietary Intake values ranged from 0.075-2.212 μg/kg for individual PAH congeners while that of PAH4 was 1.359 μg/kg and were all below their respective reference oral doses. The carcinogenic potencies of the PAH congeners ranged from 0.001-143.389, the carcinogenic toxic equivalents (TEQs) of all PAH congeners was 0.1522 while that of PAH4 was 0.0044. The Excess cancer risk (ECR) value (10-8–10-5) was within USEPA guideline of 10-6 while the margin of exposure (MOE) of individual PAHs and PAH4 were higher than critical border line of 10,000 given by European Food Safety Authority but diagnostic ratio suggested PAH sources of pyrogenic origin in samples monitored. The study concluded low health risk for consumers of the shellfish (Thais coronata) in the study region but with recommendation advisory for regular monitoring to observe changes.

The accumulation of waste from sea food industries poses hazards to aquatic life and environment. The shells of crustaceans, which constitute a major chunk of the sea food waste, are the source of chitin, a valuable polysaccharide. The physiochemical properties of chitin make it suitable for several applications, viz. in medical science, waste water treatment, food preservation etc. To explore its potential in uncharted domains, it is desired that this polymer is available in abundance. Chitin can be extracted from the marine sea food waste by chemical or biological methods. Owing to the higher efficiency and short processing time of the chemical method in the recovery of chitin from the marine biomass waste, this method has been adopted in industries in spite of its adverse impact on the environment. On the contrary, the eco-friendly biological method is still restricted to the research laboratories. In view of this, we aim to provide an overview on the sources and physico-chemical properties of chitin/chitosan and discuss the methods of their extraction and applications. As the impetus to green technologies in chitin extraction would be beneficial to the environment, this review highlights the advantages of biological methods of chitin extraction over the chemical methods. Though the biological method of chitin extraction offers a wider choice of enzymes or microorganisms in the fermentation processes, it is not without challenges. There is a need to increase the efficiency of the biological process of chitin extraction to make it a key process to harvest the high value biopolymer from marine waste without any damage to the environment and to explore its utility for the welfare of mankind.

ARCHIPELAGO is an archaeological and historical database of land and sea food resources utilised in the Japanese Islands. Here we present a dataset of human bone and hair carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes measurements from Japanese archaeological sites covering the time span from the Upper Palaeolithic to the mid-nineteenth century. Reflecting the results of over 30 years of research, the dataset contains 1476 entries and covers the entire Japanese archipelago, although the data are more highly concentrated in coastal regions.

The study was conducted to gather information on the fish consumption pattern among randomly selected households using a distinct questionnaire. The study revealed that much of the fish consuming communities prefer to consume fish regularly in their diet. Consumers commonly choice to consume fishes like Catla, Common carp, Rohu among the freshwater fish and Sardine, Mackeral and Prawns among sea food. The observation indicated that most of the respondents consume fish found to be once in a week compare to daily user. Survey showed that the range of fish species preferred (cost/ price of fish) mainly focused on the house hold income.

Palythoa spp. corals and some other marine organisms contain one of the most poisonous substances ever known – palytoxin (PTX). Due to their modest life requirements and ease of breeding, these corals are popular in home aquariums. Here we refer to a case of PTX poisoning of a middle-aged woman who inhaled poisonous vapours while brushing the corals from live rock and compare it with the available literature. As the case revealed that the symptoms of PTX poisoning are not specific and neither is treatment, our aim was to give a brief tabulated review of the symptoms that may indicate such poisoning. Cases of palytoxin poisoning have been reported worldwide, and severe ones (mostly due to ingestion of contaminated sea food) can end in death. As it appears, most (if not all) poisonings result from unawareness of the risk and reckless handling by aquarists. This is one of the first articles which provides some practical advice about the use of personal protection equipment, including gloves, masks, eyewear, and other clothing during any coral manipulation to minimise the risk. We also draw attention to the lack of marketing/trading regulations for dangerous coral species and/or regulations or instructions dealing with their removal and health protection.

Pekalongan is known as a sea food producing city, including shellfish which is one of the additional food ingredients originating from the sea which is favored by Pekalongan people. Shellfish are filter feeder animals that filter food using gills, allowing for the accumulation of metal in the body. The main properties of heavy metals are difficult to degrade, so their existence is naturally difficult to decompose, for example Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg. In this study analyzed the content of Cd and Pb in Green mussels obtained from the waters of Pekalongan City with the Spectrophotometry Visible Method. The results showed that Cd and Pb levels in Green mussels were 0.4644 ppm (SD = 0.0695) and 1.7915 ppm (SD = 0.2894) The Cd content in the shells is still in accordance with the SNI standard 2009, because the Cd content is 1.5 ppm.

The importance of water pollutants on human health has been the subject of intense study and constitutes perhaps the most significant grand challenge for the future of human society. Water remediation faces many challenges in effectively combating pollution, especially for low income populations where poor water sanitation and little to no access to technically competent and cost effective remediation are nearly insurmountable issues. In an effort to provide low-cost adsorbents, research over the last few years has focused on biological residual materials from plants and animal biomass to not only to add value, but to remediate water at a lower cost with the same or improved efficiency as commercially available option. Crustacean shells are among a class of biological residues that are commonly treated as a waste product of the sea food industry. However, potential valorization by remediation of heavy metal ions, organic matter, and anionic species is a topic of high interest in the current eco-friendly environment. The aim of this review is to provide insight on the state of the art of crustacean shells for addressing water remediation and to offer some perspective regarding challenges and the future of this type of biomass.

Türkiye‘nin toplam su ürünleri üretimi son yıllarda az da olsa giderek azalmaktadır. Bu azalış avcılıktan kaynaklanmaktadır. Avcılığın tersine yetiştiricilik üretimi ise giderek hızla artmaktadır. Toplam su ürünleri üretiminin yaklaşık 1/5‘i ihracata konu olurken, su ürünleri dış ticaret hacmi, miktar ve değer olarak giderek hızla artmaktadır. Tarımdaki gelişimin aksine, su ürünleri dış ticaret dengesi, ihracattaki hızlı artışa paralel olarak giderek artan bir şekilde fazla vermektedir. Bu miktar 2016 yılında yaklaşık 610 milyon $‘a ulaşmıştır. Su ürünleri ihracatının kaynağını büyük ölçüde yetiştiricilik oluşturmaktadır. İhracat değeri içerisinde levrek (%24), çipura (%21) ve alabalık (%13) başta gelen türlerdir. İhracat pazarları arasında, %65‘lik payı ile AB ülkeleri başta gelirken, AB‘ni %6,6 ile Japonya, %5,9 ile Rusya, %3,9 ile Lübnan, %3,5 ile ABD izlemektedir. Türkiye‘nin su ürünleri dış pazarlamasındaki en büyük sorunu; uluslararası normlara uygun satış ve işlemedeki eksikliklerdir. Nitekim ihracatın yaklaşık %55‘ini taze ya da soğutulmuş balıklar oluştururken, %25‘ini balık filetoları ve %9‘unu dondurulmuş şeklindeki işlenmiş balıkların oluşturduğu gözlenmektedir. Öte yandan, özellikle son yıllarda yetiştiricilikte yem fiyatlarından dolayı yaşanan olumsuzluklar avcılık stoklarını, dolayısıyla dış ticareti de etkilemektedir. Nitekim toplam üretim içinde %49‘luk paya sahip olan hamsilerin yaklaşık yarısı, çaça balıklarının ise neredeyse tamamı balık unu ve yağı için kullanıldığından herbivor ve omnivor türlerin yetiştiriciliği gündeme gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada daha çok istatistiksel kaynaklardan sağlanan ikincil veriler ve bu konuda yapılmış çalışma sonuçlarından yararlanılmıştır. Bu çerçevede su ürünleri üretim ve dış ticaretindeki gelişmeler değerlendirilerek, su ürünleri dış ticaretinde karşılaşılan sorunlar ile bu sorunlara yönelik çözüm önerilerinin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.

Cyanobacteria produce toxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which are associated with potential hepatotoxicity in humans. The detection of cyanobacteria and their toxins in drinking water and sea food is therefore crucial. To date, methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA), and Raman spectroscopy have been employed to monitor MC-LR levels. Although these techniques are precise and sensitive, they require expensive instrumentation, well-trained personnel and involve time-consuming processes meaning that their application is generally limited to well-resourced, centralised laboratory facilities. Among the emerging MC-LR detection methods, aptasensors have received great attention because of their remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity. Aptamers, also known as "chemical" or "artificial antibodies", serve as the recognition moieties in aptasensors. This review explores the current state-of-the-art of MC-LR aptasensor platforms, evaluating the advantages and, limitations of typical transduction technologies to identify the most efficient detection system for the potentially harmful cyanobacteria associated toxin.

The study intends to see how food safety regulations introduced by the European Union affect Pakistani seafood exports to the EU. For the analysis time trend data of related variables has been taken into account from 1999-2017. The Gravity Model results indicate that imposition of food safety regulation deteriorates trade and sharing of common language (English) has a positive yet significant impact on seafood exports of Pakistan. The study provides imperative insights for policy makers to devise appropriate policies regarding enhancement of export potential of Pakistan.

This study identifies the effects of the invasions of the Pacific oyster, the American razor clam and the red-gilled mudworm on the trophic interactions within food webs of the tidal flats such as carbon flows and prey-predator interactions. In addition to the invasions, however, the Balgzand tidal flats (western Wadden Sea) experienced several other long-term changes in different components of the food web, including changes in riverine nutrient supply, in temperatures and in the occurrence of other inhabitants of the tidal flats such as bottom-dwelling fish and shrimps. This thesis describes how these concurrent changes within the system might have influenced each other. At one hand, for example, the American razor clam became a very important grazer of phytoplankton during its peak in biomass thereby enhancing the input of carbon into the local food web. Because this bivalve was difficult to access by birds, however, the additional carbon was not transferred to the rest of the food web. At the other hand, changes in factors such as salinity, nutrient availability and temperature played a role in shaping the Balgzand ecosystem and subsequently the potential of new species to become invasive. In the light of climate change, the tolerance of estuarine species towards higher temperatures and new dynamics in river runoff will become more and more important in determining who will be the winners and losers in the decades to come. This might induce shifts in present estuarine communities and, potentially, enable newly introduced species to become rapidly invasive.

This paper is dedicated to studying the nutrition, health status and food provision of the people living the northern regions of Russia. The authors developed a concept of comprehensive interdisciplinary research of traditional and innovative behavioral practices of actors in the northern regions of Russia in the field of food production and consumption in order to study the structure of nutrition of the population, its health status and the technologies that are used to provide the people with food products. The interdisciplinary comprehensive research applied the following methods: (a) statistical method, (b) sociological method of mass survey, (c) sociological method of expert interviews, (d) method of feasibility study, (e) method of mathematical modeling. According to the results of the analysis, the nutrition of the people living in the norther regions is characterized by insufficient consumption of fresh vegetables, meat and processed meat, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products, some vitamins and bio-elements (such as selenium, calcium) and excessive consumption of saturated fats and flour products. The following problems related to providing the population of the northern regions of Russia with food products were identified: the agriculture in almost all northern regions of Russia has negative profitability, imported food products and food ingredients are mostly used, there are drawbacks of logistics, transportation and storage of food products, the natural and climate conditions are unfavorable for traditional agriculture. The paper substantiates the economic, environmental, social, and political advantages of highly automated agro-industrial complex of vertical farming as an alternative method for providing food security of the inhabitants of the northern regions of Russia.

The Barents Sea is a subarctic shelf sea which has experienced major changes during the past decades. From ecological time-series, three different food-web configurations, reflecting successive shifts of dominance of pelagic fish, demersal fish, and zooplankton, as well as varying trophic control have been identified in the last decades. This covers a relatively short time-period as available ecological time-series are often relatively short. As we lack information for prior time-periods, we use a chance and necessity model to investigate if there are other possible configurations of the Barents Sea food-web than those observed in the ecological time-series, and if this food-web is characterized by a persistent trophic control. We perform food-web simulations using the Non-Deterministic Network Dynamic model (NDND) for the Barents Sea, identify food-web configurations and compare those to historical reconstructions of food-web dynamics. Biomass configurations fall into four major types and three trophic pathways. Reconstructed data match one of the major biomass configurations but is characterized by a different trophic pathway than most of the simulated configurations. The simulated biomass displays fluctuations between bottom-up and top-down trophic control over time rather than persistent trophic control. Our results show that the configurations we have reconstructed are strongly overlapping with our simulated configurations, though they represent only a subset of the possible configurations of the Barents Sea food-web.

The different forms of shellfish final products produced by Santa Catarina (SC) industries are very limited: oysters are usually sold alive with shells, cooled and maintained in styrofoam packs with ice; mussels are sold cooked without theirshells, chilled or frozen packed in plastic bags. The objective of this article is to point out reasons that justify the search for alternative techniques of shellfish processing and final presentation as well as to present technological solutions for theprocessing of mollusks adopted in other countries. The techniques covered are: modified atmosphere, fast individual freezing, pasteurizing at moderate temperatures, high hydrostatic pressure, sous-vide cooking, marination, among others. As formas de apresentação final para comercialização dos moluscos produzidos pelas indústrias de Santa Catarina (SC) são bastante limitadas: ostras são usualmente vendidas vivas com as conchas, resfriadas e mantidas em caixas de isopor com gelo; mexilhões são vendidos cozidos e desconchados, resfriados ou congelados e acondicionados em sacos plásticos. O objetivo deste artigo é expor motivos que justificam a busca por técnicas alternativas de processamento e apresentação de moluscos e apresentar soluções tecnológicas para o beneficiamento dos moluscos utilizadas em outros países. As técnicas abordadas são: atmosfera modificada, congelamento individual rápido, pasteurização em temperaturas moderadas, alta pressão hidrostática, cozimento sous-vide, marinação, entre outras.

This study was conducted to better understand the mechanism of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus biofilm formation and to assess the inactivation effects of methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) technology as a preventative measure. Optical microscopy, following crystal violet staining, was used to observe the kinetics of V. parahaemolyticus biofilm formation. The crystal violet-based assay was performed in microtiter plates, and it was employed to determine which factors were most influential in the formation of the biofilms. Colony counting and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to test the inactivation effect of methylene blue-mediated photodynamic technology on the biofilms. V. parahaemolyticus has the ability to form biofilms, as evidenced by their immediate adherence to glass surfaces and rapid maturity, within 24 h. High (7%) or low (0.5%) salinity was not conducive to the formation of biofilms, and rotational speed greater than 130 rpm also inhibited the process. A 4.05 log reduction in the concentration of viable biofilm cells was obtained with 100 μg/mL methylene blue and 20 min irradiation (24.996 J/cm2), but planktonic cells were more susceptible to the methylene blue-mediated photodynamic reaction (5.46 log reduction). The results presented here show that the methylene blue-mediated PDI technology is an effective means to inactivate V. parahaemolyticus by disrupting its membrane integrity and to inhibit the pathogen’s formation of protective biofilms. This technology is a valid tool that can be used to enhance food safety in the sea food industry.

Background: Lobsters are highly expensive and demanded sea food due to their taste and nutritional value. Especially people around the world prefer more and pay huge for live lobsters. They are being exportedin different forms like frozen, whole cooked, whole chilled frozen tails and as lobster meat. As there is an extreme targeted catch these lobster resources are being exploited. The spiny lobsters, P. homarus and P. ornatus are one among the major distributed lobster species along the Gulf of Mannar, South east coast of India. The two lobster species are flavored seafood in many countries because of their more nutrient content are fine flavor. Methods: The experiment was conducted for a period of one year (2018-2019). The spiny lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus werecultured under captivity in FRP tanks for a period of one year. After the study period the animal muscle was taken lyophilized and stored at 20o C and used for further analysis. Result: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the crude protein, carbohydrates, crude lipids, moisture ash, amino acids and fatty acids from harvested spiny lobster, P. homarus and P. ornatus. The maximum protein content carbohydrate, lipid, Moisture, Ash and amino acids, fatty acids was noted in P. ornatus. The biochemical compositions amino acids and fatty acids were observed moderate and lowest in P. homarus.

The concept is to identify and reduce the heavy metals produced in sea food. In this process, we use infra-red thermal sensor that senses the heavy metal in a certain sea food item and its location is determined by thermal imaging camera in future. Induction coil is used to provide heat to the sea food and once the metals are segregated the sea food is moved onto the conveyor belt by using a Servo Motor.