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The aim of this paper is to re-introduce Kilner and Calnan's technique of closing the nasal and buccal layers in V-Y pushback palatoplasty by using the spring carrier on the mouth gag.After flap elevation and dissection, the first suture is inserted through the nasal layer of the mucosa at the level of the posterior border of the hard palate. This 3-0 stitch is left untied until later. The nasal layer is approximated by inserting a series of 4-0 sutures so that the knots can be tied on the mucosal surface inside the nose. All sutures are inserted before any are tied. The sutures are inserted consecutively, moving from the hard palate region toward the uvula. The sutures may be held on the spring suture carrier attached to the mouth gag; they should be covered by a damp swab. When all sutures have been inserted, they are then tied firmly with three knots, working from behind to forward, and cut short by the surgeon. The buccal layer is closed starting from the uvula and moving toward the hard palate. A series of interrupted mattress sutures are inserted to unite the mucosa and the velar muscles. The inserted sutures are tied before the next stitch. They may be cut by the assistant, leaving 3 to 4 mm beyond the knot.In this technique, the untied sutures could be arranged well on the spring suture carrier attached to the mouth gag. When covered by a damp swab, the catgut sutures did not dry up.

Today’s data centers have various computing and storage devices for processing a myriad of data, and they generally consume a considerable amount of electrical energy. This paper proposes a smart grid-inspired methodology to observe and profile the power consumption of a data center. Based on this technique, our paper provides information that is useful for moderating the peak power consumption of the data centers. Our power measurement platform consists of several devices named CloudSockets, and each CloudSocket unit can measure the power consumption of multiple computing nodes and periodically transmit measurement data wirelessly to the coordinator unit. This data can be used to analyze the relationship between the workload and the power consumption of the data center. We tested our methodology through the application of various algorithms with a 32-node distributed system that runs Apache Spark for large-scale data analytics. An analysis of our experimental results reveals how and where the peak power of each node in the grid overlaps, providing opportunities for informed coordination of the computing components for peak power reduction.

With the recent success of deep learning, the amount of data and computation continues to grow daily. Hence a distributed deep learning system that shares the training workload has been researched extensively. Although a scale-out distributed environment using commodity servers is widely used, not only is there a limit due to synchronous operation and communication traffic but also combining deep neural network (DNN) training with existing clusters often demands additional hardware and migration between different cluster frameworks or libraries, which is highly inefficient. Therefore, we propose TensorLightning which integrates the widely used data pipeline of Apache Spark with powerful deep learning libraries, Caffe and TensorFlow. TensorLightning embraces a brand-new parameter aggregation algorithm and parallel asynchronous parameter managing schemes to relieve communication discrepancies and overhead. We redesign the elastic averaging stochastic gradient descent algorithm with pruned and sparse form parameters. Our approach provides the fast and flexible DNN training with high accessibility. We evaluated our proposed framework with convolutional neural network and recurrent neural network models; the framework reduces network traffic by 67% with faster convergence.

Ferric hydroxide adsorbent was prepared by a chemical treatment process with H2O2, NaOH, and aeration from a Fe2(SO4)3 aqueous solution as a side product discharged from the hydrometallurgical process used to extract neodymium. The ferric hydroxide was used as an adsorbent to prevent eutrophication in water. At the time of synthesis, the most important process variable is the pH condition, which, in this experiment, was changed from pH 3 to 13. The cost of synthesizing ferric hydroxide was sharply reduced by using ferric sulfate, which is considered a side product of the aforementioned hydrometallurgical process, as a starting material, and an adsorbent with high adsorption ability was prepared by controlling the pH level. Microstructural characterization of the synthesized ferric hydroxide revealed particles with a specific surface area of 194.2 m2/g and an average pore diameter of 2.66 nm at pH 6 and 298 K. A column-type packed-bed adsorption experiment was conducted under the following conditions: a flow rate of 0.567 BV/min (3.2 mL/min), 298 K, and atmospheric pressure. The results of the adsorption performance test indicated that the adsorption efficiency of phosphate at concentrations of 10 ppm was 100% at a flow rate of 0.567 BV/min within a contact time of 2 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity for phosphate ions was 65 mg/g.

We studied the ultrasonic effect on the leaching of copper from poorly soluble chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) mineral in aqueous FeCl3 solution. The leaching experiment employed two methods, basic leaching and ultrasonic-assisted leaching, and was conducted under the optimized experimental conditions: a slurry density of 20 g/L in 0.1M FeCl3 reactant in a solution of 0.1M HCl, with an agitation speed of 500 rpm and in the temperature range of 50 to 99 °C. The maximum yield obtained from the optimized basic leaching was 77%, and ultrasonic-assisted leaching increased the maximum copper recovery to 87% under the same conditions of basic leaching. In terms of the leaching mechanism, the overall reaction rate of basic leaching is determined by the diffusion of both the product and ash layers based on a shrinking core model with a constant spherical particle; however, in the case of ultrasonic-assisted leaching, the leaching rate is determined by diffusion of the ash layer only by the removal of sulfur adsorbed on the surface of chalcopyrite mineral.

In this paper, we propose the LED(Light-Emitting-Diode) emergency lighting in a tunnel by using the thermoelectric devices. To achieve high generated power, thermoelectric device should be have high Seebeck coefficient and small contact area. Also, we reveal that a moderate heatsink required for high generated power. From the waste heat of LED tunnel lighting module (25W), the generated power was 0.062W by thermoelectric device, and it could illuminate for 1hour after charge the battery of emergency lighting during about 101hours.

The heat dissipation conditions of high-power 5 watt LEDs-based searchlight modules were optimized with varying LED bar`shape, materials, and ambient temperature. The LED junction temperature was estimated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation. The optimal heat dissipation conditions were found as follows; LED bar` shape: L

Department of LED Fusion Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-739, Korea(Received June 5, 2014; Revised July 3, 2014; Accepted July 4, 2014)Abstract: Korea Expressway Corporation established standard of LED lighting fixture in Dec. 2013. To raise compatibility, the standard requires a fixed form and it is applied to street lights and tunnel lights, etc. Because streetlight has different circumstance condition from tunnel light that is down light and exposed to constant wind velocity over height of 8 meters, in case of LED module which has the same shape, characteristic of radiant heat can be different. In this paper, we designed 25 [W] LED Module that is designated by standard of Korea Expressway Corporation and analyzed characteristics of radiant heat about natural convection and forced convection. It is dropped 10.12[℃] that max temperature is decreased by increasing 20 mm of bended height of heatsink at the condition of natural convection. Radiant heat characteristic of bended height 35 mm became 78.08[℃] at the condition of natural convection, 55.30[℃] at the condition of forced convection so that 22.78[℃] is decreased that is 29.1[%] decrease. Bended height 55mm became 67.96[℃] at the condition of natural convection, 48.04[℃] at the condition of forced convection so that 19.92[℃] is decreased that is 29.3% decrease.Keywords: LED module, Heatsink, Standard, Forced convection, Natural convection

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Background: Hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia (HIL) cause preanalytical interference and vary unpredictably with different analytical equipments and measurement methods. We developed an integrated reporting system for verifying HIL status in order to identify the extent of interference by HIL on clinical chemistry results. Methods: HIL interference data from 30 chemical analytes were provided by the manufacturers and were used to generate a table of clinically relevant interference values that indicated the extent of bias at specific index values (alert index values). The HIL results generated by the Vista 1500 system (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, USA), Advia 2400 system (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics), and Modular DPE system (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) were analyzed and displayed on physicians’ personal computers. Results: Analytes 11 and 29 among the 30 chemical analytes were affected by interference due to hemolysis, when measured using the Vista and Modular systems, respectively. The hemolysis alert indices for the Vista and Modular systems were 0.1-25.8% and 0.1-64.7%, respectively. The alert indices for icterus and lipemia were

We studied the leaching kinetics of recovering neodymium in sulfuric acid from the rare earth elements (REE) slag concentrated by smelting reduction from a magnetite ore containing monazite. The leaching kinetics on neodymium was conducted at a reactant concentration of 1.5 g REE slag per L of 0.3 M H2SO4, agitation of 750 rpm and temperature ranging from 30 to 80 °C. Neodymium oxide included in the REE slag was completely converted into neodymium sulfate phase (Nd2(SO4)3) in H2SO4 after the leaching of 5 h, 80 °C. As a result, the leaching mechanism was determined in a two-stage model based on the shrinking core model with spherical particles. The first step was determined by chemical reaction, and the second step was determined by ash layer diffusion because the leaching of REEs by the first chemical reaction increases the formation of the ash layer affecting as a resistance against the leaching. By using the Arrhenius expression, the apparent activation energy of the first chemical reaction step was found to be 9 kJmol−1. After the first chemical reaction, leaching reaction rate was determined by the ash layer diffusion. The apparent activation energy of ash layer diffusion was found to be 32 kJmol−1.

REE slag was obtained from reduction smelting of magnetite ore containing monazite. Using the REE slag, the leaching kinetics of lanthanum from the slag was studied under the conditions of slurry density of 1.5 g slag per L of 0.3 M H 2 SO 4 , agitation of 750 rpm and temperature ranging from 30 to 80 °C. After five hours of leaching, the lanthanum was completely leached from the slag. Leaching kinetics can be described by the shrinking core model for spherical particles of unchanging size and leaching was found to occur in two stages. The initial leaching rate was controlled by chemical reaction. Using the Arrhenius equation, the apparent activation energy of the chemical reaction rate controlling step was determined to be 10.0 kJ mol − 1 . As leaching of the lanthanum increased, the reaction rate was controlled by diffusion through an ash layer. The apparent activation energy of the second stage was determined to be 24.8 kJ mol − 1 . The leaching rate and extent of leaching of lanthanum from the slag increased with an increase in leaching temperature.

The leaching kinetics of neodymium in NdFeB permanent magnet powder was analyzed for the purpose of recovery of neodymium in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from E-scrap (electric scrap) of NdFeB permanent magnet powder treated by oxidation roasting to form a reactant. The reaction was conducted with H2SO4 concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 3.5M, a pulp density of 110.8 g/L, an agitation speed of 750 rpm, and a temperature range of 30 to 70 °C. After 4 h of leaching, the neodymium content in the E-scrap powders was completely converted into a neodymium sulfate (Nd2(SO4)3) solution phase in H2SO4 in the condition of 70 °C and 3.0M H2SO4. Based on a shrinking core model with sphere shape, the leaching mechanism of neodymium was determined by the rate-determining step of the ash layer diffusion. Generally, the solubility of pure rare earth elements in H2SO4 is decreased with an increase in leaching temperatures. However, the leaching rate of the neodymium in E-scrap powders increased with the leaching temperatures in this study because the ash layer included in the E-scrap powder provided resistance against the leaching. Using the Arrhenius expression, the apparent activation energy values were determined to be 2.26 kJmol−1 in 2.5M H2SO4 and 2.77 kJmol−1 in 3.0 M H2SO4.

Background Rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue are useful for reconstruction of the chest wall, and abdominal, vaginal, and perianal defects. Thus, preoperative evaluation of rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue is important. This is a retrospective study that measured the thickness of rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue using computed tomography (CT) and analyzed the correlation with the patients' age, gestational history, history of laparotomy, and body mass index (BMI). Methods A total of 545 adult women were studied. Rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat thicknesses were measured with abdominopelvic CT. The results were analyzed to determine if the thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle or subcutaneous fat tissue was significantly correlated with age, number of pregnancies, history of laparotomy, and BMI. Results Rectus abdominis muscle thicknesses were 9.58 mm (right) and 9.73 mm (left) at the xiphoid level and 10.26 mm (right) and 10.26 mm (left) at the umbilicus level. Subcutaneous fat thicknesses were 24.31 mm (right) and 23.39 mm (left). Rectus abdominismuscle thickness decreased with age and pregnancy. History of laparotomy had a significant negative correlation with rectus abdominis muscle thickness at the xiphoid level. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness had no correlation with age, number of pregnancies, or history of laparotomy. Conclusions Age, gestational history, and history of laparotomy influenced rectus abdominis muscle thickness but did not influence abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness. These results are clinically valuable for planning a rectus abdominis muscle flap and safe elevation of muscle flap.

Background Skin injuries, such as lacerations due to trauma, are relatively common, and patients are very concerned about the resulting scars. Recently, the use of ablative and non-ablative lasers based on the fractional approach has been used to treat scars. In this study, the authors demonstrated the efficacy and safety of ablative fractional resurfacing (AFR) for traumatic scars using a 2,940-nm erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser for traumatic scars after primary repair during the early posttraumatic period. Methods Twelve patients with fifteen scars were enrolled. All had a history of facial laceration and primary repair by suturing on the day of trauma. Laser therapy was initiated at least 4 weeks after the primary repair. Each patient was treated four times at 1-month intervals with a fractional ablative 2,940-nm Er:YAG laser using the same parameters. Post-treatment evaluations were performed 1 month after the fourth treatment session. Results All 12 patients completed the study. After ablative fractional laser treatment, all treated portions of the scars showed improvements, as demonstrated by the Vancouver Scar Scale and the overall cosmetic scale as evaluated by 10 independent physicians, 10 independent non-physicians, and the patients themselves. Conclusions This study shows that ablative fractional Er:YAG laser treatment of scars reduces scars fairly according to both objective results and patient satisfaction rates. The authors suggest that early scar treatment using AFR can be one adjuvant scar management method for improving the quality of life of patients with traumatic scars.

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) powders were synthesized by using TiO 2 colloidal sol prepared from titanium-tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and used as a starting material by applying the sol–gel method. The effect of aging times and temperatures on physical and chemical properties of TiO 2 sol particles was systematically investigated. The results showed that the crystallinity and average particle size of TiO 2 can be successfully controlled by adjusting the aging time and temperature. The samples after calcination of TiO 2 powders were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption measurements. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of synthesized TiO 2 powders was evaluated by studying the degradation of 10 ppm aqueous methylene blue dye under 32 W high pressure mercury vapor lamp with 100 mg of TiO 2 powders. The highest photocatalytic activity was observed in TiO 2 powder synthesized at 90 °C for 0 h attributed to the presence of anatase and rutile phases in an 80:20 ratio.

Collaborative filtering is used the most for recommendation systems because it can recommend potential items. However, when there are not many items to be evaluated, collaborative filtering can be subject to the influence of similarity or preference depending on the situation or the whim of the evaluator. In addition, by recommending items only on the basis of similarity with items that have been evaluated previously without relation to the present situation of the user, the recommendations become less accurate. In this paper, in order to solve the above problems, before starting the collaborative filtering procedure, we calculated similarity not by comparing all the values evaluated by users but rather by comparing only those users who were above the average in order to improve the accuracy of the recommendations. In addition, in the ceaselessly changing ubiquitous computing environment, it is not proper to recommend service information based only on the items evaluated by users. Therefore, we used methods of calculating similarity wherein the users` real time context information was used and a high weight was assigned to similar users. Such methods improved the recommendation accuracy by 16.2% on average.

In this study, the heat transfer capability have been improved by using via-holes in FR4 PCB, when the LED lighting is designed to solve the thermal problem. The thermal resistance and junction temperature were measured by changing the dimension of FR4 PCB and size of via hole. As a result, when the dimension was increased initially, the thermal resistance and junction temperature was decreased rapidly, the ones was stabilized after the dimension of 200 (mm 2 ). Also, the light output was improved up to maximum 17% by formation of via-hole and expansion of dimension in FR4 PCB. Therefore, the thermal resistance and junction temperature could be improved by expansion of PCB dimension and configuration of via-hole ability.

The efficiency of LED package is increasing by applying the high power, and a existing lighting is changing as the LED lighting. However, many problems have appeared by heat. Therefore, in order to solve thermal problems, LED lighting is designing in several ways, but the advantages of LED lighting is fading due to increase the prices and volumes. In this study, we try to improve the thermal performance by formation of via holes. The junction temperature and thermal resistance in the FR4-PCB with via-holes of 0.6[mm] was excellent in experiment and FR4-PCB with Via-holes of 0.6[mm] was excellent in simulation without solder. Further, the thermal resistance and the optical properties can be improved through a formation of via-holes.

Recently, the demand of ceramic metal halide lamp has been expanded. Therefore, the lamp with high efficiency and long lifetime are increasing and the evaluation of reliability is needed. In this paper, the degradation phenomena of ceramic metal halide lamp was studied. The lamp was tested for 3000 on/off cycles with each cycle having a duration of 20 minutes on and 20 minutes off based on the accelerated aging experiment based on "Reliability Standards RS C 0085". As result, the corrosion of arc tube and leak was appeared from reaction between inner wall of PCA and chemical elements, and distortion of electrode was resulted from difference of thermal expansion between arc tube of PCA and electrode. Also, the efficiency of lamp was decreased by the change of inner pressure, operation temperature, and driving voltage from wall blackening.

Department of Electrical & Information Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea(Received September 27, 2010; Revised October 28, 2010; Accepted November 3, 2010) Abstract: The temperature of junction in LED affects the life time and performance. however, the measurement of junction temperature in module is very difficult. In this paper, to measure the junction temperature in LED module, optical and electrical properties is measured in single package in temperature from 25 [℃] to 85 [℃], and then junction temperature can is estimated in module with measuring the average voltage of single package. As results, the junction temperature of single package is measured the temperature of 61.2 [℃] in ambient temperature, also, the junction temperature of LED module is measured the temperature of 72.5 [℃] in ambient temperature. Keywords: LED, Junction temperature, Forward voltage

Optical analysis is necessary to optimize light emitting diode (LED) safety street lighting. In this study, optical analysis was conducted for 100 W LED safety street lighting. Experimental research on such a single LED was the first undertaken. Simulation modeling based on the optical properties of the single LED has compared between average road illuminances and has them analyzed with Korean Industrial Standards for LED safety street lighting (KS C7658:2009). The simulation results demonstrated that the illumination performance (average road illuminance) was 75.3 lx at a height of 4 m and an area of 32 m 2

A new approach to obtain high strength of non-oriented electrical steel by addition of phosphorus is proposed. The method includes B-additions which suppress grain boundary P segregation, strengthen the grain boundary cohesion and enhance the P solid solution hardening. Two 3% Si steels, a B-free 0.1%P steel and a 20 ppm B-added 0.1%P steel were analyzed. The microstructures were studied by EBSD. The B-addition resulted in a pronounced rotated cube component, {100}, after a hot-band annealing treatment. A -fiber texture was developed in the B-free steel. The B-addition caused a retardation of the recrystallization, allowing for the growth of grains with a lower stored energy, such as rotated cube oriented grains. The steels were further cold rolled and recrystallization annealed to observe a similar effect after large cold reductions. The present contribution focuses on the potential of this concept to obtain high strength 3% Si steels with low core losses.

In the recommendation system that recommends services to a specific user by using the estimation value of other users for users` recommendation service, collaborative filtering methods are widely used. But such recommendation systems have problems that exact classification is not possible because a specific user is classified to already classified group in the course of clustering and inexact result can be recommended in case of big errors in users` estimation values. In this paper, in order to increase estimation accuracy, the researchers suggest a recommendation system that applies collaborative filtering after reclassifying on the basis of a specific user`s classification items and then finding and correcting the estimation values of the users beyond the critical value of time. This system uses a method where a specific user is not classified to already classified group in the course of clustering but a group is reorganized on the basis of the specific user. In addition, the researchers correct estimation information by cutting off the subordinate 10% from the trimmed mean of samples and then applies weight over time to the remaining data. As the result of an experiment, the suggested method demonstrated about 14.9%`s more accurate estimation result in case of using MAE than general collaborative filtering method.

Aluminum sec-butoxide (ASB) was synthesized to a high purity grade from Al dross through dissolution reaction and vacuum distillation under the condition of 3 mol C4H9OH/mol Al as a stoichiometric reactant ratio and 10−3 mol HgI2/mol Al as a catalyst. The dissolution reaction proceeded for 24 hours, then pure ASB was recovered by vacuum distillation from the Al solution obtained after the dissolution. The ASB thus synthesized was quantitatively analyzed by a complexometric method for purity. This reaction gave a 99.2% purity and 28% yield. Characteristics of the synthesized ASB were analyzed by FT-IR, 27Al-NMR, and 1H-NMR. The result of analysis revealed that the crystalline structure between the synthesized ASB and commercial ASB was identical. Especially, the yield synthesized through this experiment corresponded to the total amount of Al metal existing in Al dross.

Nanosized TiO2 sol synthesized by sol-gel method was successfully coated on the porous red clay tile (PRC tile) with micrometer sized pores. PRC tile was first coated with a low-firing glaze (glaze-coated PRC tile) and then TiO2 sol was coated on the glaze layer. A low-fired glaze was prepared at various blending ratios with frit and feldspar, and a blending ratio glazed at 700 °C was selected as an optimum condition. Then TiO2 sol synthesized from TTIP was dip-coated on the glazed layer (TiO2/glaze-coated PRC tile), and it was calcined again at 500 °C. Here, these optimum calcination temperatures were selected to derive a strong bonding by a partial sintering between TiO2 sol particles and glaze layer. Photocatalytic activity on the TiO2/glaze-coated PRC tile was evaluated by the extent of photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and acetaldehyde. Methylene blue with the high concentration of 150 mg/l on the surface of TiO2/glaze-coated PRC tile was almost photodegraded within 5 hours under the condition of average UV intensity of 0.275 mW/cm2, while no photodegradation reaction of methylene blue occurred on the glaze-coated PRC tile without TiO2. Another photocatalytic activity was also evaluated by measuring the extent of photocatalytic degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde. The photodegradation efficiency in TiO2/glaze-coated PRC tile showed about 77% photocatalytic degradation of acetaldehyde from 45,480 mg/l to 10,536 mg/l after the UV irradiation of 14 hours, but only about 16% in the case of the glaze-coated PRC tile.

A kinetic study of dissolution reaction of Al can waste was conducted for the synthesis of aluminum isopropoxide (AIP). With the used Al can and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as reactants, the reaction was examined at the condition of 3 mol IPA/mol Al of stoichiometric ratio, adding 10−3 mol HgI2/mol Al for catalyst and no agitation at the reaction temperature ranging from 70 to 82 °C. After 17 h, the reaction gave a 75% yield. A two-stage dissolution mechanism was proposed in which the dissolution rate is determined first by a chemical reaction and then by ash layer diffusion. On the basis of the shrinking core model with the shape of flat plate, the first dissolution rate of Al can was controlled by chemical reaction. The concentration of isopropyl alcohol was added to the reaction at the stoichiometric ratio, then it was largely changed through the dissolution reaction. Therefore, since the conversion rate of isopropyl alcohol varies greatly depending on the reaction time, it was included as an integral term of the reaction time. By using the Arrhenius expression, the apparent activation energy of the first chemical reaction step was determined to be 92.4 kJ mol−1. In the second stage, the dissolution rate is controlled by diffusion control through the ash layer. The apparent activation energy of the second step was determined to be 174.9 kJ mol−1.

Background This study was proposed to evaluate the facial contour and electrophysiologic changes of the masseter and temporalis muscles before and after botulinum toxin A injection in the wide lower face (square face). Methods The botulinum toxin A injections were performed on 10 patients for the treatment of square face with masseter hypertrophy. To obtain an objective evaluation of the change in the facial contour, physical measurements, cephalometry, and clinical photographs were taken; and for evaluation of the function of the masseter and temporalis muscles, electromyographic studies were performed before and 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months after treatment. Results By physical measurements and cephalometry, the maximal reduction in lower facial contour (mean reduction, 6.6 mm by physical measurements and 7.5 mm by cephalometry) was observed 3 months after the injection, and increased slowly until 12 months after treatment. The maximal amplitude of the right and left masseter muscles decreased to the lowest value 1 month after treatment, with continuous increase being observed thereafter. There were statistically significant differences at all of the follow-up time points in reduction of lower facial contour by physical measurements and in electromyographic studies of the left masseter muscles. There was no hypertrophy of the temporalis muscle to compensate for the atrophy of the masseter muscles. Conclusions In this study, there was a 2-month interval between the lowest value of the maximal amplitude of the surface electromyography and the maximal clinical effects following botulinum toxin A injection, and there was similarity between the recovery of the masseter function and the diminution of the clinical effect. The clinical effect of botulinum toxin A persisted for 12 months after treatment on physical measurements, and the authors felt that this long-lasting effect of botulinum toxin A beyond expectation could be explained by incomplete recovery of muscle function.

Aluminum ethoxide (AE) was synthesized to a high purity grade through dissolution reaction and vacuum distillation from used Al cans (UACs) under the condition of 3 mol C2H5OH/mol Al of stoichiometric ratio. 10−3 mol Hgl2/mol Al as a catalyst and 0.5 mol xylene/mol Al as a solvent for the control of reaction temperature were added. The UACs were cut into small pieces and heat-treated at the condition of 600 °C to remove impurities from UACs. Using the pretreated UACs, the high purity AE was synthesized and analyzed quantitatively by a complexometric method. The results of our experiment revealed that the reaction gives a 99.1% purity and 75% yield corresponding to the total amount of Al existing in the pretreated UACs.

In general, recommendation systems quantify real-time context information obtained in the stage of collaborative filtering and use quantified context information in order to recommend services. But the recommendation systems can have problems of recommending inaccurate information because of lack of context information or classifying users into inaccurate groups because of simple classification works in the stage of quantification. In this paper, we solved the problems of lack of context information obtained in real-time by combining users` profile information used in the contents-based filtering and context information obtained in real-time. In addition, we tried collaborative filtering at the quantification stage by improving absolute classification methods to relative ones. As the result of experiments, this method improved prediction preference by 5.8% than real-time recommendation systems using context information in pure P2P environment.

BACKGROUND The incidence and etiology of facial bone fracture differ widely according to time and geographic setting. Because of this, prevention and management of facial bone fracture requires ongoing research. This study examines the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence of facial bone fractures in patients who had been admitted for facial bone fractures. METHODS A retrospective study was performed for all patients admitted for facial bone fracture at the National Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from 2010 to 2014. We sought correlations amongst age, gender, fracture type, injury mechanism, alcohol consumption, and type of medical insurance. RESULTS Out of the 303 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 214 (70.6%) patients were enrolled in National Health Insurance (NHI), 46 (15.2%) patients had Medical Aid, and 43 (14.2%) patients were homeless. The main causes of facial bone fractures were accidental trauma (51.4%), physical altercation (23.1%), and traffic accident (14.2%). On Pearson's chi-square test, alcohol consumption was correlated significantly with accidental trauma (p

Synthetic reaction of aluminum isopropoxide, which is used as a starting material for catalytic-grade alumina, has been studied in the presence of a small amount of HgI2, HgCl2, I2 or FeCl3 from aluminum dross. It was synthesized by solid-liquid reaction between the aluminum metal and isopropyl alcohol, using vacuum distillation process. The purity of the synthesized aluminum isopropoxide was obtained over 97.6% experimentally, which had been analyzed quantitatively by complexometric method. The initial amount of sodium, which directly affects the catalytic activation in the alumina catalyst, was in the range of 0.926 to 1.563 wt% in the aluminum dross. Finally, it was decreased to 0.007 wt% in the aluminum isopropoxide product. Yield was changed according to the amount of aluminium existing in the aluminum dross. Aluminum could mostly be recovered regardless of the amount of aluminium existing in the aluminum dross.

The aim of this study is to classify the nasal bone fractures based on computed tomography (CT) analysis and patterns of the nasal bone fractures, and review 503 cases treated between 1998-2004 at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, South Korea. The age, sex, etiology, associated injuries, pattern of fractures and treatments were reviewed and a radiographic study was analyzed. Plain simple radiographs of lateral and Waters view of the nasal bones combined with computed tomography scans were done. Nasal bone fractures were classified into six types: Type I) Simple without displacement; Type II) Simple with displacement/without telescoping; IIA; Unilateral; IIAs) Unilateral with septal fracture; IIB) Bilateral; IIBs) Bilateral with septal fracture; Type III) Comminuted with telescoping or depression. Diagnosis of nasal bone fractures were made positively by plain x-ray films in 82% of cases, negative finding was 9.5% and 8.5% of cases were suspicious of the fractures. Reliability of the plain film radiographs of the nasal bone fracture was 82% in this study. In the most of the fractured nasal bones (93%) the closed reduction was done, open reduction in 4% and no surgical intervention in 3%. Nasal reduction was carried out in average 6.5 days post the injury. The patterns of the nasal bones fractures classified by CT findings were type IIA (182 cases, 36%), IIBs (105 cases, 21%), IIB (90 cases, 18%), IIAs (66 cases, 13%), I (39 cases, 8%) and III (21 cases, 4.3%). We think the CT is necessary for diagnosing nasal bone fracture because the reliability of the plain film was only 82%.

The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic characteristics of foot polydactyly and identify its inheritance pattern by analyzing familial pedigree. Five cases from 2 Korean families were studied: 1 is a family whose members have been affected for 4 generations and the other for 2 generations. Using peripheral blood samples, we performed chromosomal analysis using the banding technique with Giemsa stain and karyotyping. We investigated the shape and structure of 46 chromosomes, looking for translation, deletion, inversion, ring chromosome, and isochromosome abnormalities. All peripheral blood samples demonstrated no chromosomal abnormalities, though the genetic nature of foot polydactyly and a new genetic locus was identified recently by other studies. Familial pedigree analysis suggested that polydactyly was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in the first family. The mode of inheritance for the second family could not be determined due to an insufficient number of family members. The result of this study brought us to the conclusion that, while genetic factors play a major role in polydactyly, other factors may contribute to its occurrence.

Background. Malignant changes in burn scars occasionally develop, the majority being squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant melanomas (MMs) arising in burn scars occur rarely. Objective. To present the case of a patient with a multiple MM developed at different burn scar areas. Methods. A case report and review of literature are given. Results. One was a large pigmented nodular lesion with central ulceration on right flank. It was widely excised and revealed lentigo MM. After that, we took notice another small pigmented lesion on right arm. It was also reported lentigo MM. Conclusion. This case provided a valuable lesson. Another kind of tumor may be present even if one tumor is found by pathologic observation, especially in burn scar patients. Clinicians should carefully observe burn scars, chronic ulcers, and other pigmented lesions.

Injury of the zygomaticotemporal nerve causes paresthesia in its distributed area, and its entrapment induces protractive pain in case of manipulation of the orbital lateral wall, a Gillies or Dingman reduction procedure for a zygomatic fracture, or an endoscopic subperiosteal facelift. The aim of this study was to elucidate the surgical anatomy of the zygomaticotemporal nerve in the orbit and temporal area. Twenty hemifaces from 10 adult Korean cadavers (10 male and 10 female) were used in the study. The zygomaticotemporal nerve ran along the lateral wall of the orbit, passed through the zygomaticotemporal foramen, and reached to the temporal fossa. The point where the zygomaticotemporal nerve appears at the margin of zygomatic bone is defined as the vulnerable point (Vp); hence, the nerve might be injured during surgical procedures. The Vp was 11.29 +/- 2.65 mm below the zygomaticofrontal suture and 21.76 +/- 2.76 mm from the superior border of zygomatic arch. The most vulnerable points were within a 10-mm diameter circle (vulnerable zone). Its center was 11 mm from the zygomaticofrontal suture at an angle of 45 degrees inferolaterally. The zygomaticotemporal nerve ran between the deep layer and the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia. It ran just superficial to the deep layer of the deep temporal fascia toward the temporal area and innervated the temporal skin. The area innervated by terminal branches of the zygomaticotemporal nerve included a circle with 30-mm diameter, with the center located 10 mm superior to the top of the auriculocephalic sulcus and 30 mm lateral to the lateral canthus. Precautions should be taken when working in the area of the vulnerable zone during the Dingman procedure involving periorbital incision in case of zygomatic fracture.