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Although the number of Chinese immigrants moving to South Korea has increased in the past decade Koreans still hold negative attitudes toward China and the Chinese populace. To discover whether this prejudice can be reduced, we examined the effect of direct contact with Chinese people on Koreans' explicit and implicit attitudes toward China and Chinese people. Participants in our study were 91 Korean university students who were divided into two groups based on their contact experience with people from China. The contact group (n = 43) and the noncontact group (n = 48) both completed a cultural experience questionnaire, the Explicit Attitude Questionnaire, and the Implicit Association Test. According to the results, the contact group displayed more positive explicit and implicit attitudes toward China and Chinese people than did the noncontact group. These findings suggest that it may be possible to improve Koreans' perception of China and relations with Chinese people by increasing direct contact experience between the two communities.

Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is defined as the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in lymphocytic invasion. It is a very rare form of lymphoma that may occur as an initial presentation or recurrence. It affects various peripheral nervous structures and can therefore mimic disc-related nerve root pathology or compressive mononeuropathy. NL often occurs in malignant B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Notwithstanding its aggressiveness or intractability, NL should be discriminated from other neurologic complications of lymphoma. Herein, we present a case of primary NL as the initial presentation of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the sciatic nerve. The patient presented with weakness and pain in his left leg but had no obvious lesion explaining the neurologic deficit on initial lumbosacral and knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). NL of the left sciatic nerve at the greater sciatic foramen was diagnosed based on subsequent hip MRI, electrodiagnostic test, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and nerve biopsy findings. Leg weakness slightly improved after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We report a case wherein NL, a rare cause of leg weakness, manifested as the initial presentation of primary DLBCL involving the sciatic nerve at the greater sciatic foramen.

This study investigated the perception bias on affective emoticons in individuals with emotion dysregulation and a maladaptive regulation strategy. A total of 289 students from the university compl...

In the used car market, mileage is one of the principal criteria used for evaluating the overall condition of a vehicle. For this reason, mileage fraud continues to occur. Futhermore, the number of malicious brokers who obtain a monetary advantage by manipulating vehicle mileage is increasing. As many used cars with manipulated mileage are sold each year, buyers have suffered significant monetary damages. Although the number of mileage fraud reports has remained steady, governments and OEMs have no technical countermeasures to prevent it, beyond asking used car buyers to pay careful attention when purchasing used cars. This paper classifies odometer system architectures according to the types of sensors and controllers used to measure and transmit vehicle speed, and defines the assets to be protected in a secured odometer. Based on this classification, we analyze potential security threats related to mileage fraud. Finally, we propose realistic security requirements to prevent mileage fraud, within a resource constrained automotive controller environment.

Muscle invasion (MI) in patients with far-advanced cancer is often accompanied with pain. Conventional treatments used for pain relief may be associated with several side effects. We describe two cases of botulinum toxin injection (BTI) for relieving intractable pain in patients of far-advanced cancer having MI. The patients presented with persistent intractable pain that did not respond to conventional treatments, such as analgesic medications, epidural steroid injection, and radiotherapy. BTI relieved the intractable pain in these cases for at least 9-12 weeks without any reported side effects. We suggest that BTI can be an alternative method to relieve intractable pain associated with MI in patients with far-advanced cancer.

Tolerance design of vehicle suspension is an important factor that affects the ride and handling quality and cost of the vehicle. Also, applying geometric tolerance to an analysis model is found to be a difficult process. This paper presents a method for tolerance analysis of wheel alignment of vehicle suspension. Monte-Carlo simulation method is applied to multibody elasto-kinematic model to analyze the accumulated geometric tolerances. As an example, Macpherson Strut Type front half car model is used, and wheel alignment dispersion and contribution ratio to the dispersion by accumulated geometric tolerances is computed. This paper also presents an efficient modeling and analysis method for elasto-kinematic model of vehicle suspensions by computing the stiffness matrix analytically. The simulation results of a Macpherson Strut Type demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed method.

Purpose: The current study was performed to compare the difference in binocular visual function depending on variable background colors at near work. Method: Fifty four adults (18 males, 34 females) who consented to the present study and had no ocular disease, ocular surgery history, strabismus and amblyopia with normal binocular vision were participated into this study. The subjects were asked to read the novels with black letter printed on white, red, green and blue background for 15 min. Then, their heterophoria, AC/A ratio, near point of convergence, accommodation facility, relative accommodation and vergence were measured before and after reading. The difference of measurements were compared. Result: Overall heterophoria was tended to decrease with regardless of background color. AC/A ratio showed a tendency of increase after reading the novels with all backgrounds except white background. Near point of convergence was significantly increased compared to before reading at all background color. Accommodative facility of dominant and non-dominant eyes were also significantly increased after reading however, binocular accommodative facility showed a tendency of decrease. Negative relative accommodation also decreased at all background colors however, the change of positive relative accommodation was not significantly different. In case of vergence, there was significant difference in break point of far BO and recovery point of far BI by the wavelength of background color. Conclusions: From the results, it was known there is convergence change depending on the wavelength of light even though same amount of accommodation and convergence is required when doing near work for certain period. Thus, it can be suggested that the adjustment of the near working environment which perception of various color was required, should be conducted according to the main wavelength.

This paper describes the assessment of seismic performance of the concrete gravity dam seismically reinforced by post-tensioned anchors. In order to evaluate the seismic performance, the response spectrum analyses have been carried out for 7 different configurations of the post-tensioned anchors, and then their performance improvement in the maximum tensile and compressive stresses is compared to each other. The comparative results demonstrate that the layout of the post-tensioned anchors strongly influences the seismic performance of the concrete gravity dam. In this study, the slightly-inclined vertical anchorage system shows the largest improvement on the overall performance of the seismically- excited concrete gravity dam.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate whether the directions of eye movement in playing computer games for certain period affected the change of near point of convergence (NPC) and fusional reserve (FR) or not. Methods: Total 40 subjects in 20s who have the visual acuity of 1.0 or higher without any ocular disease and accommodative dysfunction were asked to successively play computer games. After the subjects were moving eyes in horizontal and vertical directions for 40 and 90 minutes, their horizontal fusional reserves, vertical fusional vergence and near point of convergence were measured. Results: The near point of convergence showed a tendency to be receded after computer gaming in the horizontal and vertical directions, and both of horizontal and vertical fusional reserves were significantly reduced. The range of declined fusional reserves and receded near point of convergence after computer gaming for 90 minutes was smaller than those after computer gaming for 40 minutes. The change of binocular vision was affected by the horizontal eye movement rather than the vertical movement when analyzed by the direction of eye movement. Conclusions: This study revealed that the change in FR and NPC was different along with dominant direction of eye movement during visual display terminal (VDT) tasks. Therefore, the adjustment of VDT working time is required to prevent the dysfunction of binocular vision according to the dominant direction of eye movement during VDT task.

The ITO and Yb-doped ITO (ITO:Yb) films were deposited on polyimide (PI) substrates by DC magnetron sputtering using ITO targets (doped-Yb: 0, 0.57, 3.2 and 7.75 at.%) containing different Yb ratios. Film deposition and post-annealing were carried out at room temperature and different temperatures (170 °C and 200 °C), respectively, in a pure Ar gas atmosphere at 1.0 Pa for 1 h. The ITO:Yb films had a higher crystallization temperature than that of the ITO films, which was attributed to Yb 3+ atoms degrading the crystallinity of the ITO film. The ITO:Yb films also had good mechanical properties and a very flat surface morphology above the crystallization temperature of the ITO films (approximately 170 °C). The lowest resistivity of the polycrystalline ITO films obtained was 2.983 × 10 − 4 Ω cm at 200 °C. On the other hand, the amorphous ITO:Yb films deposited from the 3.2 at.% Yb-doped ITO target at 170 °C had the lowest resistivity of 4.672 × 10 − 4 Ω cm. The transmittance of all the ITO:Yb films was > 80% in the visible region.

ITO and ITO:Ce films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering using an ITO (: 10 wt%) and doped ITO (: 0.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0 wt%) ceramic targets, respectively, on unheated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The lowest resistivity was obtained from ITO:Ce film deposited using (3.0 wt%) doped ITO target. On hte other hand, ITO:Ce (0.5wt%) film has the excellent mechanical durability which was evaluated by bending test. This result was attributed to the higher binding energy of compared to and . Therefore, atoms have a small displacement caused by the bombardment of high energy particles, and it attribute to the increase in adhesion caused by decrease in internal stress. The average transmittance of the films was more than 80% in the visible region.

ITO films were deposited using a RF superimposed DC magnetron sputtering system with an ITO (90.0 wt% In2O3 and 10.0 wt% SnO2) single ceramic target at either room temperature or the crystallization temperature of ITO films (170 °C). The total sputtering power (DC + RF) was maintained at 70 W, and the RF portion of the total power was varied from 0% to 100%. The discharge voltage and deposition rate decreased with increasing RF portion of the total power. The (2 2 2) X-ray diffraction peak showed the highest intensity at a RF/(RF + DC) power ratio of 50% with a total power of 70 W. The ITO film deposited at a RF/(RF + DC) power ratio of 50% at 170 °C showed relatively low resistivity (2.52 × 10−4 Ω cm).

ITO and ITO:Ce films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering using an ITO (SnO 2 : 10 wt.%) target and CeO 2 doped ITO (CeO 2 : 0.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0 wt.%) ceramic targets, respectively, on unheated non-alkali glass substrates (corning E2000). The as-deposited films were annealed at 200 °C in an Ar atmosphere at a pressure of 1 Pa. The crystallization temperature of the ITO film was increased by introducing Ce atoms because they decrease the level of crystallinity. It was also confirmed that the etching rate, surface morphology and work function were improved by the addition of Ce atoms despite there being increased resistivity. The current voltage ( I – V ) characteristics of the OLED devices deteriorated with increasing Ce content in the ITO anode, which was attributed to a decrease in carrier density despite there being a high work function. Therefore, the carrier density is one of the most important factors that determine the turn-on voltage for OLED applications.

Ce-doped and undoped ITO lms were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering using an ITO target composed of undoped In2O3 (90 wt%):SnO2 (10 wt%) and doping with 3.0 and 6.0 wt% CeO2, respectively. After deposition, the lms were post-annealed at di erent temperatures (170 C and 250 C) in pure Ar gas at a pressure of 1.0 Pa in a vacuum chamber for 1 hour. The ITO:Ce lms had a higher crystallization temperature than the undoped ITO lms, which was attributed to Ce atoms degrading the crystallinity of the ITO lms. The ITO:Ce lms also had a high etching rate and a very smooth surface morphology above the crystallization temperature of the ITO lms (170 C). The lowest resistivity and highest transmittance of the ITO:Ce lms were obtained at post-annealing temperatures up to 250 C.

Proto Flight Model of Reaction Wheel Assembly Interface Unit(RIU) for STSAT-2 was developed. The RIU of STSAT2 has three major functions for interface between satellite system and RWAs. It has switches for RWA main power, communication Mux. and communication line driver.

Indium–tin-oxide (ITO) films and Sm- or Yb-doped ITO films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering using sintered ceramic ITO targets containing 3.0 wt % of Sm or Yb. The depositions of the films were carried out in pure Ar inert gas under a total gas pressure of 0.5 Pa and without substrate heating. The as-deposited films were post annealed at various temperatures, viz., 170 and 250 °C, in an Ar gas atmosphere at 1.0 Pa for 1 h. The effect of the doped Sm- or Yb-impurities on the microstructure and electrical properties of the ITO films was investigated. It was confirmed that the microstructure, electrical properties, and surface morphology of the Sm- or Yb-doped ITO films were strongly dependent on the content of impurity atoms in the films. The crystallization of the films during deposition was interrupted owing to the large radii of the Yb3+ and Sm3+ ions doped into the In2O3 matrix. The surface roughness of the films was improved by the doping of Yb- or Sm-impurities, as compared with that of the undoped ITO film. The resistivity of the films gradually decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The minimum resistivity of the films was obtained at an annealing temperature of 250 °C owing to the increase in carrier concentration and Hall mobility.