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This paper presents the design of Mini Brain Games (MBGs) to improve either the left or right hemisphere of the brain. The MBG includes spot the difference, piano, block view, word building, word scrambler, sudoku, left hand control, memory card, flash card, crossword, math logic and mnemonics technique used for the order of operations in algebra, the planets in solar system, and resistor color code. Stroop test and brain dominance test are used to measure the level of balance between the two hemispheres of the brain before and after the exercise program. The mini brain games designed in the Brain Balancing System Windows Application are shown to improve the balance between the left and right hemisphere of the brain. The results show that the mini brain games are indeed able to assist in the left or right brain development. The largest improvement achieved is that the percentage of dominance between the two brain hemispheres is reduced by 18.18%. The smallest improvement achieved was that the difference between the two brain hemispheres was reduced by 9.08%.

CRISPR arrays are prokaryotic genomic loci consisting of repeat sequences alternating with unique spacers acquired from foreign nucleic acids. As one of the fastest-evolving parts of the genome, CRISPR arrays can be used to differentiate closely related prokaryotic lineages and track individual strains in prokaryotic communities. However, the assembly of full-length CRISPR arrays sequences remains a problem. Here, we developed SCRAMBLER, a tool that includes several pipelines for assembling CRISPR arrays from high-throughput short-read sequencing data. We assessed its performance with model data sets (Escherichia coli strains containing different CRISPR arrays and imitating prokaryotic communities of different complexities) and intestinal microbiomes of extant and extinct pachyderms. Evaluation of SCRAMBLER's performance using model data sets demonstrated its ability to assemble CRISPR arrays correctly from reads containing pairs of spacers, yielding a precision rate of >80% and a recall rate of 60-85% when checked against ground-truth data. Likewise, SCRAMBLER successfully assembled CRISPR arrays from the environmental samples, as attested by their matching with database entries. SCRAMBLER, an open-source software (github.com/biolab-tools/SCRAMBLER), can facilitate analysis of the composition and dynamics of CRISPR arrays in complex communities.

This investigation was conducted to move forward the security of the vigenère cypher calculation by tending to the key conveyance issue and the most key issue within the calculation if cryptoanalysts effectively got it. The working demonstrates employments a 512-bit Electronic Code Book (ECB). The essential key utilized was a 512-bit arbitrary key. The randomized encoding table was also generated by the Blum Blum Shub calculation employing a scrambler key. The RSA calculation was utilized to scramble 512-bits random keys and scrambler keys. It comes about to appear that the proposed calculation does not include a key dissemination issue. With a randomized encoding table, the 512-bits arbitrary key cannot be utilized to unscramble the ciphertext off chance that cryptanalysis did not know the mixed table utilized. The preparing time appeared the proportion of the contrast of the vigenère cypher calculation. The proposed calculation was not as well essentially distinctive, and the longer the message was handled, the proportion of the time distinction possessed was moreover getting closer to one, which implies the distinction was not critical. The coming about ciphertext was too exceptionally secure, where the coming about ciphertext was irregular since the key utilized was random, and there were 3.75 x 10126 keys combination. This algorithm can be an alternative algorithm that is fast, safe, and easy to implement

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a dual-polarization (DP) transceiver imbalance monitoring scheme, which is applicable for the coherent system using square QAM signals. The scheme can separate/monitor various kinds of transceiver imbalances and has technical advantages of multi-dimension, wide monitoring range, and modulation-format-transparency. In the proposed scheme, a polarization scrambler is configured between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). After coherent detection, the proposed digital signal processing (DSP) modules are implemented to monitor transceiver imbalance based on the received signals. To simplify the DSP modules, the implementation sequence of DSP modules is in reverse order compared to the order in which the sequence of impairments is introduced. Firstly, Godard timing error detection (TED) and Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization procedure (GSOP) is used to monitor and compensate Rx imbalances. After compensating the Rx imbalances, Tx imbalance monitoring is implemented. Complex/real maximum likelihood independent component analysis (ML-ICA) and Godard-TED are used to monitor Tx imbalance. Finally, the amplitude ratios of the final output signal and Tx in-phase/quadrature (IQ) amplitude imbalance are fed back to mitigate the interaction of Tx imbalances on the signal power and improve monitoring accuracy. The transceiver IQ and x-polarization/y-polarization (XY) imbalances are separated for the first time by using the frequency offset (FO) naturally existing in the system and the continuous polarization rotation induced by a polarization scrambler. The separation method combined with the reverse algorithm design and amplitude ratio feedback mechanism makes the proposed scheme achieve the most multi-dimensional imbalance monitoring by far. The simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed scheme is modulation-format-transparent and can separate/monitor multi-dimensional transceiver imbalances within a wide range.

Key distribution is a major challenge of secure communication. Computational approaches to key distribution are breached by quantum algorithms, while quantum key distribution (QKD) is an expensive, slow, and sophisticated solution. Secure key generation and distribution from unpredictable and inherent physical-layer properties of optical fiber channel is a classical, simple and cost-effective solution. However, the quasi-static nature of fiber channels dramatically limits the available key generation rate (KGR) to the order of ∼kbit/s. Here we effectively accelerate the KGR by six orders of magnitude using a developed high-speed chaotic polarization scrambler (CPS) driven by digital chaos in fiber channels. An error-free KGR of 284.8 Mbit/s is experimentally demonstrated over a 24 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), where the generated key passes the random test suite. Moreover, we fully analyze the security mechanism and find that a strong asymmetry exists between legal and illegal users, ensuring a high-level of security against potential fiber-tapping attacks. This scheme provides a major step towards the practical implementation of the “one-time-pad” in secure data transmission over fiber networks.

A physical-layer secure key generation and distribution (SKGD) scheme in classical fiber channel is proposed and demonstrated using a bidirectional wide-band polarization scrambler (WBPS), to alter rapidly and symmetrically the state of polarization (SOP) for the two counter-propagating optical signals in fiber. Due to the optical channel reciprocity, highly-consistent key bits can be extracted from the correlated SOP fluctuations, while the key secrecy is ensured by the fiber channel uniqueness. A final key generation rate (KGR) of 2.7 Gb/s is demonstrated over 10 km single mode fiber (SMF), where error-free and true randomness of the generated key are achieved after post-processing. The obtained KGR at Gb/s makes a further step towards the implementation of one-time-pad data encryption with perfect secrecy in fiber networks.

Hundreds of image encryption algorithms have been developed for the security and integrity of images through the combination of DNA computing and chaotic maps. This combination of the two instruments is not sufficient enough to thwart the potential threats from the cryptanalysis community as the literature review suggests. To inject more robustness and security stuff, a novel image encryption scheme has been written in this research by fusing the chaotic system, DNA computing and Castle—a chess piece. As the plain image is input, its pixels are shifted to the scrambled image at the randomly chosen pixel addresses. This scrambling has been realized through the routine called Image Scrambler using Castle (ISUC). Castle randomly moves on the hypothetical large chessboard. Pixels taken from the plain image are shifted to the addresses of the scrambled image, where Castle lands in each iteration. After the plain image is scrambled, it is DNA encoded. Two mask images are also DNA encoded. Then to throw the diffusion effects in the cipher, DNA Addition and DNA XOR operations between the DNA encoded pixels data and the DNA encoded mask images have been conducted. Next, the pixels data are converted back into their decimal equivalents. Four dimensional chaotic system has been used to get the chaotic vectors. The hash codes given by the SHA-256 function have been used in the cipher to introduce the plaintext sensitivity in its design. We got an information entropy of 7.9974. Simulation carried out through the machine, and the thorough security analyses demonstrate the good security effects, defiance to the varied attacks from the cryptanalysis community, and the bright prospects for some real world application of the proposed image cipher.

Self-synchronous scramblers are more difficult to blindly estimate than synchronous scramblers because their input sequence affects the state of the scrambler’s linear feedback shift register. There has been much research on the estimation of synchronous scramblers and relatively little on the estimation of self-synchronous scramblers. For non-cooperative contexts, this paper proposes a method for the estimation of a self-synchronous scrambler in direct sequence spread spectrum systems. We blindly estimate the self-synchronous scrambling parameter, the feedback polynomial, using the repeated patterns by a spreading code, the linearity between the bits in a scrambling sequence, and the coidentity of the self-synchronous scrambled sequence and the linear feedback shift register states. To validate the proposed method, we show the estimation performance in terms of the computational complexity, required minimum scrambled sequence length, execution time, and detection probability.

We propose a new type of all-fiber mode scrambler for mode division multiplexed data transmission based on few mode fibers. By randomly placing multiple point-loads along the fiber length, low loss and wideband mode coupling is obtained amongst all the guided modes. The effect of mode coupling is simulated from a single point-load to multiple point-loads with a specific focus on the insertion loss and wavelength dependence. In an exemplar experimental demonstration we present a mode scrambler for step-index two mode fibers incorporating 150 randomly located point-loads. Uniform mode coupling is achieved over the C band with an insertion loss of less than 1 dB.

A number of techniques for securing plaintext, images and video frames have been developed in cryptography using jointly DNA computing and Chaos Theory. With the advancement of DNA/quantum computing, the threats of security breaches to information have an increasing possibility. In this paper, we propose a symmetric encryption algorithm for color images by extending the current encryption/decryption techniques. Our encryption algorithm is based on three chaotic systems (PWLCM, Lorenz and 4D Lorenz-type), a Secure Hash Algorithm, a scrambler, a chaotic generator and DNA sequence based Linear Feedback Shift Register. We introduce multilevel security to increase the degree of diffusion and confusion. Through experiments, we present security analysis for key irreproducibility and sensitivity, Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix based analysis, maximum deviation, irregular deviation, entropy, histogram, variance and correlation, number of pixel change rate, unified average cipher intensity, known/chosen-plaintext attacks, mean absolute error, robustness against noises of various types using PSNR and occlusion attacks. It is demonstrated that mostly our proposed encryption algorithm has enhanced performance as compared to contemporary works in information security, while comparable in other cases.

Expressions of facial expressions in addition to providing important emotional indicators, are very important objects in our daily lives too. Real-time video processing on mobile devices is a hot topic and has a very broad application. Photos that have used the filter have 21% more possibilities to be seen and 45% more likely to be commented on by photo consumers. The use of the Fisher-Yates algorithm is used as a filter scrambler for each facial expression emotion. The application is made for the iOS operating system with the Swift programming language that utilizes the Core ML and Vision framework. Custom Vision is used as a tool for creating and training models. In making a model, this study uses a dataset from Cohn-Kanade AU-Coded Facial Expression Database and Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces. Custom Vision can provide performance result training and provide precision and recall values ​​for data that has been trained. The facial expression match with the model is determined by the confidence level value. The results of trials with Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model method produce a percentage of pleasure in using the application (joy) of 79.39% of the users agree that the application provides joy.

Along with the evolution of wireless technologies, users are expected to have high-throughput and low-latency indoor mobile applications, such as augmented reality and virtual reality. Therefore, the use of millimeter-wave for low-latency communications becomes attractive. Under low-latency criteria, a fast multi-link establishment is desired. In this paper, we present a novel concurrent multi-beam training jointly with a proposed multi-beam codebook. First, we propose a progressive multi-beam estimation (PMBE). This algorithm makes multiple coarse beams emerge within a few training steps. Second, we propose a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based codebook which can be considered as a Discrete Fourier Transform based codebook built in a bit-reversal scrambler, thus forming a scattering multi-beam codebook. This FFT-based codebook design is optimally implemented on a sub-connected architecture, a hardware-efficient architecture. For fast multi-link establishment, we design our concurrent multi-beam training by combining the proposed PMBE jointly with the proposed FFT-based codebook, so as to further improve multiplexing gain. Since multiplexing gain can occur immediately, even under strictly-limited training steps, the high data rate can be achieved. Simulation results show that when reaching more than 95% capacity gain of exhaustive channel estimation, our work only spends 1% training steps of the exhaustive case.

We present the high-speed physical-layer secure key generation and distribution in fiber networks. A key generation rate of 2.7 Gb/s is achieved over 10 km single-mode fiber using a specifically-designed bidirectional polarization scrambler.

This paper considers the blind detection of interleaver and scrambler from the Gaussian noisy channel. Specifically, several architectures of the detectors are proposed based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). By fully exploiting the neural network (NN) structures, the detectors can recognize the interleaver and scrambler with little prior information and only need several codewords. Finally, extensive experiments demonstrate that the constructed detectors can generalize new samples which are not in the training set.

Blind recognition is of great significance in non-cooperative communication research. In practical communication scenarios, multistage signal processing schemes are usually used, including scrambling, coding, modulation, etc. However, most prior researches on blind recognition only focus on the scenario where the single signal processing method is applied, and it is impractical. In this paper, a blind recognition algorithm based on the characteristics of signal matrix and layered neural network for scrambled channel encoder is proposed. First, this method analyzes the difference between the matrix features in different types of scrambled channel encoders and regards it as an important condition for recognition. Then, the convolutional neural network is used to learn the scrambled codes and classify the different encoder types. At last, the layered neural network architecture of channel encoder type recognition is proposed, which can recognize different encoder types by categories. Moreover, it also can resist error code. In this paper, the recognition of 6 channel encoder types is realized with high robustness and adaptability. Simulation results show that the recognition rate of the convolution encoder has reached 95% when the bit error rate is 0.5%, which is better than the traditional channel encoder classification method based on matrix features.

In the modern era where huge amounts of information are being produced every second, still many loopholes are being found in the secured way of transferring data which risks the privacy of IP. Moreover, access to sensitive/confidential IoT sensor Data is vulnerable while transferring. A way to mitigate the issue that may cause serious data breach opportunities in the transferring of information from the IoT Device to a Remote Desktop/user device is being handled in this work. A new system has been described that uses multiple True Random Number Generators(TRNG’s) designed with the help of Fault-tolerant gates to generate OTP as a single-step authentication, which will then be used to transfer the files. Thus TRNG finds an effective application in the avenue of information security. The original IoT Sensor Data/scrambled IoT Sensor Data will be transferred depending upon the authentication. This ensures that only authorized users are accessible to the original data of the sensor values. The hamming distance of the original information file and the scrambled information file has been determined to verify the same and found to around 50%. Likewise, the time taken during original and scrambled file transfer has also been calculated to analyze the effectiveness of the proposal.

Sequence-based neural networks can learn to make accurate predictions from large biological datasets, but model interpretation remains challenging. Many existing feature attribution methods are optimized for continuous rather than discrete input patterns and assess individual feature importance in isolation, making them ill-suited for interpreting non-linear interactions in molecular sequences. Building on work in computer vision and natural language processing, we developed an approach based on deep generative modeling - Scrambler networks - wherein the most salient sequence positions are identified with learned input masks. Scramblers learn to generate Position-Specific Scoring Matrices (PSSMs) where unimportant nucleotides or residues are ‘scrambled’ by raising their entropy. We apply Scramblers to interpret the effects of genetic variants, uncover non-linear interactions between cis-regulatory elements, explain binding specificity for protein-protein interactions, and identify structural determinants of de novo designed proteins. We show that interpretation based on a generative model allows for efficient attribution across large datasets and results in high-quality explanations, often outperforming state-of-the-art methods.

We demonstrated an outdoor 70 m duplex portable visible-light-communication (VLC) system. Reliable communications above 8 Mbps is achieved using joint scrambler and filter scheme under the effect of solar irradiance with a bit-error-rate of 3.2×10-6.

The ESPRESSO spectrograph is a high resolution, super stable echelle cross-dispersed fibre-fed spectrograph, installed in the ESO-VLT Combined Coude Laboratory of the ESO-VLT in Cerro Paranal. In the framework of the Fiber-Link (FL) recovery project, which was necessary to meet the throughput requirement of the instrument, we redesigned and build the whole fibre bundle. The FL subsystem of ESPRESSO is composed by the Input Ends (IE), one per telescope and observing mode, which inject the telescope light into the fibres, the double scrambler and the light combiner for the multi-telescope mode, which merges the light of the four telescopes in a single fibre, and the spectrograph entrance slit. In this paper we focus on the alignment strategy, the tools developed and the activities performed to integrate the different components of the FL. We will describe the gluing system of the mini-lenses on the fibre ends, to guarantee the field and pupil centration; the integration of the IE, where the position and telecentricity of the two channels (star/sky) were necessary to meet the interface with the telescopes; and the integration of the beam combiner for the multi-telescope mode, particularly demanding for the small scale of the elements to integrate and the high accuracy required to guarantee the high throughput. We will also show the procedure for the scrambler alignment for the single telescope modes and the multi- telescope mode developed in laboratory and replicated at the telescope.

In this paper the implementation of a multi-carrier ADSL digital communication system in a TMS320C6748 DSP Development kit (LCDK) digital signal processor (DSP) is presented. QAM modulation / demodulation schemes, symbol timing and an equalization scheme are implemented. The information sent through the system is processed using cyclic redundancy check blocks, Scrambler and Reed-Solomon encoding. The operation of the system is verified experimentally by designating eight low frequency carriers and using the audio CODEC available in the DSP kit.

Super speed bus communication is achieved through USB 3.0 architecture due to its dual-bus architecture. The main purpose of this research work is to reduce the power consumption and area occupancy due to the different components of the physical layer of the USB 3.0. This research work has implemented the scrambler, 8b/10b encoder modules through a low $\mu$)wer consumption approach. The implementation of scrambler and 8b/10b encoding modules are performed on two different FPGA i.e. Kintex-7 KC705 Evaluation Platform (xc7k325tffg900-2) and ZedBoard Zynq evaluation and development kit (xc7z020c1g484-1) both are based on 28nm technology. The result of power utilization, area consumption of chip and different parameters are compared. The power obtained and area utilized by Kintex-7 of scrambler circuit is 0.26% and 6.34% lesser compared to ZedBoard and similarly for Sb/10b encoder power and area utilization is reduced by1.5% and 6.96%. The proposed research work has designed the scrambler and 8b/10b encoder modules of the USB 3.0 using Xilinx 1SE tool and implements the verilog codes on it by generating the FPGA report.

To solve the problem of insufficient number of check equation in the reconstruction of high order interfered scrambling code sequence, a reconstruction algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the check relationships based on the scrambling code generator polynomial are used to construct the factor graph, and the factor graph iteration method is used to estimate the scrambling code sequences. Secondly, the check relationship inspection method is used to evaluate the compatibility between the iterative estimation sequences and the generator polynomial, and select the best continuous codeword to restore the scrambler initial state. Finally, the optimal reconstruction sequence is selected from the scrambling code for initial state recovery according to the principle of minimum Hamming distance. Simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively solve the problem of reconstruction by using a limited number of check equations.

Educational game is a game in which there are elements of education that can hone and can increase knowledge, while the puzzle is a game of construction through the activity of installing or matching an object so that it becomes a certain pattern. The Fisher yates shuffle algorithm is a randomization technique in which this algorithm is implemented on puzzle pieces so that the puzzle pieces that come out will be different and rewarding without repetition and duplication. In this study, it can be concluded that the fisher yates shuffle algorithm can determine randomization solutions that are not multiple and do not repeat. Based on the pretest and posttest testing this puzzle education game was able to increase the knowledge of PAUD students by 23.68%, of which the pretest results were 64.13% and the posttest results were 87.81%.

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) use process variation, random and unpredictable errors introduced during chip manufacturing, to create a silicon fingerprint for each IC. In this paper, we describe two new implementations of the ring oscillator (RO) PUF, a parallel and a serial scheme. The two schemes are tested on Xilinx Spartan 7 FPGAs with an 8-bit input challenge and an 8-bit output response. Our designs have the advantage of taking up less area with no decrease in performance metrics of reliability, randomness, and uniqueness. Our serial scheme uses a linear feedback shift register and scrambler to generate more than one output bit using the same set of ring oscillators for the same input challenge. Our parallel scheme shows a higher speed and more randomness. We argue that our serial scheme can be designed to be just as random, reliable, and unique as a parallel scheme while using less hardware.

Dynamic properties of optical signals in fiber channel provide a unique, random and reciprocal source for physical-layer secure key generation and distribution (SKGD). In this paper, an inherent physical-layer SKGD scheme is proposed and demonstrated, where the random source is originated from the dynamic fluctuation of the instant state of polarization (SOP) of optical signals in fiber. Due to the channel reciprocity, highly-correlated fluctuation of Stokes parameter of SOP is shared between the legal partners, where an error-free key generation rate (KGR) of 196-bit/s is successfully demonstrated over 25-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). In addition, an active polarization scrambler is deployed in fiber to increase the KGR, where an error-free KGR of 200-kbit/s is achieved.

Human Body Communication (HBC), which utilizes the human body as a communication channel, is a promising communication method for wireless body area networks. In this paper, we use the deep-learning based approach to design and implement a new optimized architecture for HBC system with scalable date rates feature. The proposed transceiver is completely implemented using two deep neural networks, one represents the autoencoder for the transmitter and receiver, and the other for frame synchronization. The proposed autoencoder-based HBC improves block error rate by $2~dB$ compared to the conventional HBC design. In addition, low complexity modules for CRC encoder and decoder, Scrambler and Descrambler, and Preamble/SFD generator are proposed. Implemented under 45nm CMOS technology, the core size of the proposed design is $0.116~mm^{2}$ , and the estimated power is 1.468 mW with a peak data rate of 5.25 Mbps. The energy efficiency ( $E_{b}$ ) of the proposed design is 280 pJ/b that is over 3.5x better than the conventional HBC designs in literature.