79 results on '"Scott TB"'
Search Results
2. Low Temperature Ageing Behaviour of U-Nb $\gamma^{o}$ Phase Alloys
- Author
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Sutcliffe, JE, Jones, CP, Darnbrough, JE, Hallam, KR, Springell, RS, Ryan, P, Cartwright, T, and Scott, TB
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science - Abstract
Ageing mechanisms of the U-7\%wtNb alloy have been investigated on samples exposed to temperatures of 150$^{o}$C for up to 5000\,hours. A variety of surface and bulk analytic techniques have been used to investigate microstructural, chemical and crystallographic changes. Characterisation of the alloy's evolving behaviour was carried out through secondary electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Vickers hardness testing showed evidence of a strong thermal hardening relationship with ageing. The mechanism responsible for these changes is thought to be a stress-induced isothermal martensitic transformation; a displacive reaction, in which correlated shuffling of atoms creates a phase change from $\gamma^{o}$ to $\alpha''$ without chemical species redistribution.
- Published
- 2018
3. XPS study of the surface chemistry of UO 2 (111) single crystal film
- Author
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Maslakov, KI, Teterin, YA, Popel, AJ, Teterin, AY, Ivanov, KE, Kalmykov, SN, Petrov, VG, Springell, R, Scott, TB, and Farnan, I
- Subjects
Ar sputtering ,XPS ,Thin film ,UO2 ,Surface chemistry ,Ionic composition - Abstract
A (111) air-exposed surface of UO2 thin film (150 nm) on (111) YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) before and after the Ar+ etching and subsequent in situ annealing in the spectrometer analytic chamber was studied by XPS technique. The U 5f, U 4f and O 1s electron peak intensities were employed for determining the oxygen coefficient kO = 2 + x of a UO2+x oxide on the surface. It was found that initial surface (several nm) had kO = 2.20. A 20 second Ar+ etching led to formation of oxide UO2.12, whose composition does not depend significantly on the etching time (up to 180 seconds). Ar+ etching and subsequent annealing at temperatures 100–380 °C in vacuum was established to result in formation of stable well-organized structure UO2.12 reflected in the U 4f XPS spectra as high intensity (~28% of the basic peak) shake-up satellites 6.9 eV away from the basic peaks, and virtually did not change the oxygen coefficient of the sample surface. This agrees with the suggestion that a stable (self-assembling) phase with the oxygen coefficient kO ≈ 2.12 forms on the UO2 surface.
- Published
- 2018
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4. The effect of fission-energy Xe ion irradiation on dissolution of UO$_2$ thin films
- Author
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Popel, AJ, Petrov, VG, Lebedev, VA, Day, J, Kalmykov, SN, Springell, R, Scott, TB, Farnan, I, Popel, Aleksej [0000-0003-4436-9961], Farnan, Ian [0000-0001-7844-5112], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Radiation damage ,ion-beam-induced mixing ,Ion irradiation ,radiation damage ,ion irradiation ,Secondary phases ,dissolution ,UO2 ,secondary phases ,Ion-beam-induced mixing ,Dissolution ,UO$_2$ - Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effect of fission fragment damage on the dissolution of UO$_2$ thin films in water. For this purpose, thin films of UO$_2$ on LSAT (Al$_{10}$La$_3$O$_{51}$Sr$_{14}$Ta$_7$) substrates were produced and irradiated by 92 MeV $^{129}$Xe$^{23+}$ ions to a fluence of 4.8 × 10$^{15}$ ions/cm$^2$ to simulate the fission damage and induce chemical mixing that occur within nuclear fuels. The dissolution experiment was conducted under a nitrogen atmosphere (200–900 O$_2$ ppm in N$_2$ ) to study the effect of the induced irradiation damage and mixing on the dissolution of the UO$_2$ matrix. The irradiated samples showed a decrease in the amount of dissolved uranium, as compared to the corresponding unirradiated samples. This was ascribed to the irradiation-induced chemical mixing of the UO$_2$ films with the substrate elements, which resulted in stabilisation of the UO$_2$ matrix and increased its aqueous durability. Secondary phases were also observed on the surface of the UO$_2$ films after the dissolution experiment.
- Published
- 2017
5. Structural effects in UO$_2$ thin films irradiated with U ions
- Author
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Popel, AJ, Adamska, AM, Martin, PG, Payton, OD, Lampronti, GI, Picco, L, Payne, L, Springell, R, Scott, TB, Monnet, I, Grygiel, C, Farnan, I, Centre de recherche sur les Ions, les MAtériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP - UMR 6252), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Popel, Aleksej [0000-0003-4436-9961], Farnan, Ian [0000-0001-7844-5112], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,thin film ,EBSD ,ion irradiation ,sub-03 ,UO2 ,nano-structure ,single crystal ,Instrumentation ,UO$_2$ - Abstract
This work presents the results of a detailed structural characterisation of irradiated and unirradiated single crystal thin films of UO$_2$. Thin films of UO$_2$ were produced by reactive magnetron sputtering onto (0 0 1), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) single crystal yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) substrates. Half of the samples were irradiated with 110 MeV $^{238}$U$^{31+}$ ions to fluences of 5 $\times$ 10$^{10}$, 5 $\times$ 10$^{11}$ and 5 $\times$ 10$^{12}$ ions/cm$^2$ to induce radiation damage, with the remainder kept for reference measurements. It was observed that as-produced UO$_2$ films adopted the crystallographic orientation of their YSZ substrates. The irradiation fluences used in this study however, were not sufficient to cause any permanent change in the crystalline nature of UO$_2$. It has been demonstrated that the effect of epitaxial re-crystallisation of the induced radiation damage can be quantified in terms of kernel average misorientation (KAM) and different crystallographic orientations of UO$_2$ respond differently to ion irradiation.
- Published
- 2016
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6. An Investigation on the Persistence of Uranium Hydride during Storage of Simulant Nuclear Waste Packages
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Stitt, CA, Harker, NJ, Hallam, KR, Paraskevoulakos, C, Banos, A, Rennie, S, Jowsey, J, Scott, TB, Interface Analysis Centre [Bristol ], H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol]-University of Bristol [Bristol], European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Sellafield Ltd, Seascale, Cumbria, England, and Janssen, PJ
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General Science & Technology ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,MD Multidisciplinary ,lcsh:R ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,lcsh:Science - Abstract
International audience; Synchrotron X-rays have been used to study the oxidation of uranium and uranium hydride when encapsulated in grout and stored in de-ionised water for 10 months. Periodic synchrotron X-ray tomography and X-ray powder diffraction have allowed measurement and identification of the arising corrosion products and the rates of corrosion. The oxidation rates of the uranium metal and uranium hydride were slower than empirically derived rates previously reported for each reactant in an anoxic water system, but without encapsulation in grout. This was attributed to the grout acting as a physical barrier limiting the access of oxidising species to the uranium surface. Uranium hydride was observed to persist throughout the 10 month storage period and industrial consequences of this observed persistence are discussed
- Published
- 2015
7. Design, Fabrication, and Assembly of an Apparatus for Electrokinetic Remediation Studies
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Chaney, RC, primary, Demars, K, additional, Yeung, AT, additional, Scott, TB, additional, Gopinath, S, additional, Menon, RM, additional, and Hsu, C, additional
- Published
- 1997
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8. Design, Fabrication, and Assembly of an Apparatus for Electrokinetic Remediation Studies
- Author
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Yeung, AT, Scott, TB, Gopinath, S, Menon, RM, and Hsu, C
- Abstract
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and assembly of a new geo-environmental engineering apparatus specifically made to experimentally evaluate the viability, feasibility, practicality, and economics of electrokinetic extraction of conservative and reactive contaminants from fine-grained soils and to develop a better understanding of the various complex transport processes, electrochemical reactions, and physicochemical soil-contaminant interactions during the process. The design criteria and details of each component of the new apparatus are presented. The distinct advantages of the apparatus developed are discussed. Typical experimental results obtained by the apparatus are presented to demonstrate its simplicity of operation and versatility of measuring various parameters at different spatial and temporal intervals.
- Published
- 1997
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9. Long-Range Imaging of Alpha Emitters Using Radioluminescence in Open Environments: Daytime and Night-Time Applications.
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Kong L, Scott TB, Day JCC, and Megson-Smith DA
- Abstract
Alpha emitters like plutonium pose severe health risks when ingested, damaging DNA and potentially causing cancer. Traditional detection methods require proximity within millimeters of the contamination source, presenting safety risks and operational inefficiencies. Long-range detection through alpha radioluminescence (RL) offers a promising alternative. However, most of the previous experiments have been carried out under controlled conditions that preclude the overwhelming effect of ambient light. This study demonstrates the successful detection of a 3 MBq alpha emitter in an open environment using a compact alpha camera. This camera incorporates a deep-cooled CCD and a low f-number lens system designed to minimize the blue shift effects of filters. Night-time imaging was achieved with a dual-filter system using a sandwich filter assembly centered at 337 nm and 343 nm for capturing alpha RL and subtracting background light, respectively. At night, the alpha source was detected from 1 m away within one minute, and the lowest detection limit can be calculated as 75 kBq. The system was also evaluated under simulated urban lighting conditions. For daytime imaging, a stack of tilted 276 nm short pass filters minimized sunlight interference, enabling the detection of the alpha source at 70 cm within 10 min under indirect sunlight. This research highlights the viability of long-range optical detection of alpha emitters for environmental monitoring in real-world settings.
- Published
- 2024
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10. Advancements in Remote Alpha Radiation Detection: Alpha-Induced Radio-Luminescence Imaging with Enhanced Ambient Light Suppression.
- Author
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Kong L, Scott TB, Day JCC, and Megson-Smith DA
- Abstract
Heavy nuclides like uranium and their decay products are commonly found in nuclear industries and can pose a significant health risk to humans due to their alpha-emitting properties. Traditional alpha detectors require close contact with the contaminated surface, which can be time-consuming, labour-intensive, and put personnel at risk. Remote detection is urgently needed but very challenging. To this end, a candidate detection mechanism is alpha-induced radio-luminescence. This approach uses the emission of photons from radio-ionised excited nitrogen molecules to imply the presence of alpha emitters from a distance. Herein, the use of this phenomenon to remotely image various alpha emitters with unparalleled levels of sensitivity and spatial accuracy is demonstrated. Notably, the system detected a 29 kBq Am-241 source at a distance of 3 m within 10 min. Furthermore, it demonstrated the capability to discern a 29 kBq source positioned 7 cm away from a 3 MBq source at a 2 m distance. Additionally, a 'sandwich' filter structure is described that incorporates an absorptive filter between two interference filters to enhance the ambient light rejection. The testing of the system is described in different lighting environments, including room light and inside a glovebox. This method promises safer and more efficient alpha monitoring, with applications in nuclear forensics, waste management and decommissioning.
- Published
- 2024
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11. Examining the residual radiological footprint of a former colliery: An industrial nuclear archaeology investigation.
- Author
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Parker E, Ryan Tucker M, Okeme I, Holland E, Connor DT, Mohamed O, Martin PG, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Archaeology, Radioisotopes analysis, Coal Ash analysis, Coal analysis, Radiation Monitoring methods, Uranium analysis, Coal Mining
- Abstract
Nuclear industrial archaeology utilises radiation mapping and characterisation technologies to gain an insight into the radiological footprint of industrial heritage sites. Increased concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials at legacy mine sites are the result of elemental enrichment during coal mining and subsequent combustion. Public safety is of concern around these sites, and therefore, an increased understanding of their associated hazard is essential. Using coincident laser scanning and gamma detection technologies, this study sought to assess the radiological legacy of a coal mine located in Bristol, UK. From this, we can increase our understanding of the residual footprints associated with the local coal mining industry. Samples taken from inside the site were characterised using high resolution gamma spectrometry, wherein the radionuclide content and activities of samples were then quantified. An area of elevated low-level radioactivity was observed at and around buildings believed to belong to the colliery, while Th, U, and K are confirmed at the site from photopeak's of daughter radionuclides. Activities of the radionuclides K-40, U-238, and Th-232 were further quantified during subsequent laboratory analysis. Results highlight an enrichment of naturally occurring radionuclides when compared with global averages for unburned coal. Employing these techniques at further legacy sites would enable an increased understanding of the lasting traces of the coal mining industry, with a focus on NORM enrichment in residual fly ash., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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12. Airborne gamma-ray mapping using fixed-wing vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) uncrewed aerial vehicles.
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Woodbridge E, Connor DT, Verbelen Y, Hine D, Richardson T, and Scott TB
- Abstract
Low-cost uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are replacing manned aircraft for airborne radiation mapping applications such as nuclear accident response scenarios or surveying ore deposits and mine sites because of their cost-effectiveness and ability to conduct surveys at lower altitude compared to manned counterparts. Both multi-rotor UAVs and fixed-wing UAVs are well established technologies for aerial radiation mapping applications, however, both also have drawbacks: multi-rotor UAVs are very limited in flight time and range, and fixed-wing UAVs usually require facilities for take-off and landing. A compromise solution is introduced in this work, using a fixed-wing vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) UAV that combines the flexibility of a multi-rotor UAV with the range and flight time of a fixed-wing UAV. The first implementation of a VTOL with radiation mapping capabilities is presented, based on a commercial WingtraOne UAV augmented with CsI scintillator and CZT semiconductor gamma spectrometers. The radiation mapping capabilities of the prototype are demonstrated in a case study, mapping the distribution of radionuclides around the South Terras legacy uranium mine in the south of England, United Kingdom, and the results are compared with previous studies using multi-rotor and manned aircraft to survey the same area., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Woodbridge, Connor, Verbelen, Hine, Richardson and Scott.)
- Published
- 2023
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13. A highly scalable and autonomous spectroscopic radiation mapping system with resilient IoT detector units for dosimetry, safety and security.
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Russell-Pavier FS, Kaluvan S, Megson-Smith D, Connor DT, Fearn SJ, Connolly EL, Scott TB, and Martin PG
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- Humans, Radiation, Ionizing, Radiometry, Radiation Monitoring methods
- Abstract
Technologies utilizing radiological materials across power generation, defence, industry, research and medicine have increased the global inventory of highly active and hazardous materials. Consequently, an amplified threat exists of illicitly obtained materials being used as part of hostile acts. The potential for intentional releases occurs alongside risks from natural disasters or facility accidents. In any such event, it is crucial to rapidly assess the release composition and extent of response and remediation activities. Therefore, the deployment of an effective, resilient and autonomous radiation monitoring network is pivotal both during and after an incident. Underpinning this assessment is a detailed understanding of the pre-event or background, radiation levels, the knowledge of which is also essential in assessing a population's dosimetric exposure to, and impact from anthropogenic and naturally occurring/varying sources of ionizing radiation. Presented here is a fully operational cloud-based spectroscopic radiation mapping platform comprising IoT modules compatible with cellular networks, without modification, in over 180 countries. Combined with locally roaming vehicles, a continuous multi-pass radiological characterization of an urban environment was performed. Such IoT devices are deployable as either individual sensors for specific localized temporal events or integrated over a greater time period (and area) to represent a larger static sensor. Over several months of continued operation, more than 1000 000 individual location-referenced gamma-ray spectra were collected and securely uploaded, in real-time, to an online cloud database and automatically characterized via a custom multi-step workflow. Fine-scale local variations in the radiological fingerprint of a 1 km × 1 km urban area were subsequently rendered in near-real-time to an interactive secure online graphical dashboard for temporal, spatial and spectral interrogation by the user. Considerations for the automated 'elastic' handling of ever-expanding volumes of input data have been carried out, facilitating propagation and expansion of the system's database without human input., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)
- Published
- 2023
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14. Quantifying impacts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on natural assemblages of riverine phytobenthos and phytoplankton in an outdoor setting.
- Author
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Yallop M, Wang Y, Masuda S, Daniels J, Ockenden A, Masani H, Scott TB, Xie F, Ryan M, Jones C, and Porter AE
- Subjects
- Phytoplankton, Titanium chemistry, Titanium toxicity, Diatoms, Nanoparticles chemistry
- Abstract
Impacts of widespread release of engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO
2 ) on freshwater phytoplankton and phytobenthic assemblages in the field, represents a significant knowledge gap. Using outdoor experiments, we quantified impacts of nTiO2 on phytoplankton and periphyton from UK rivers, applied at levels representative of environmentally realistic concentrations (0.05 mg/L) and hot spots of accumulation (5.0 mg/L). Addition of nTiO2 to river water led to rapid temporal size changes in homoagglomerates and many heteroaggregates of nTiO2 with cells in the phytoplankton, including green algae, pennate and centric diatoms, increasing settlement of some cells. Changes in phytoplankton composition were evident after 72-h resulting from a significant decline in the relative abundance of very small phytoplankton cells (1-3 μm), often accompanied by increases in centric diatoms at both concentrations. Significant changes detected in the composition of the phytobenthos after 12 days, following nTiO2 treatments, were not evident when using benthic diatoms alone after 56 days. A lack of inhibition in the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) in phytobenthos after 72-h exposures contrasted with a significant inhibition in Fv/Fm in 75% of phytoplankton samples, the highest recorded in Rutile nTiO2 exposures at both concentrations of nTiO2 . After 12 days, strong positive stimulatory responses were recorded in the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax ) and the maximum non-photochemical coefficient (NPQmax ), in phytoplankton and phytobenthos samples exposed to the higher Anatase nTiO2 concentration, were not measured in Rutile exposed biota. Collectively, these results indicate that the Rutile phase of nTiO2 has more negative impacts on freshwater algae than the Anatase form, at specific time scales, and phytoplankton may be more impacted by nTiO2 than phytobenthos. We caution that repeated release of nTiO2 , could lead to significant changes in riverine algal biomass and species composition, dependent on the phase and concentration of nTiO2 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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15. Characterisation of rare earth elements and toxic heavy metals in coal and coal fly ash.
- Author
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Okeme IC, Crane RA, Nash WM, Ojonimi TI, and Scott TB
- Abstract
Due to increasing demand for rare earth elements (REE), growing concerns over their sustainability, and domination of their supply by China, coal fly ash has recently emerged as a viable target for REE recovery. With billions of tonnes in repositories and still more being generated across the globe, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly and economical extraction technologies for the recovery of the REEs from coal fly ash, and to consider the environmental implications of such a recovery process. This study reports characterisation of Nigerian simulant coal fly ash, and investigates the distribution and leaching of the REEs and U, Th, As, Cr, Cd and Pb from these materials using ethanoic acid. Significant amounts (14% to 31%) of the REEs were recovered in the acid-soluble fraction of a sequential extraction procedure using ethanoic acid. While the greatest amounts of U (53% to 62%) and Th (89% to 96%) were recovered in the stable residual fraction, significant amounts (3% to 13%) of U were recovered in the acid-soluble fraction. As was the most enriched element in the mobile acid-soluble fraction (46% to 60%), followed by Cd (15% to 34%). These results demonstrate that REEs contained within coal fly ash - especially those sourced from coal-fired power plants burning coal at temperatures between 700 °C and 1100 °C - can be recovered through an environmentally friendly procedure using the cost-effective heap leaching method, with ethanoic acid or the more cheaply-available vinegar as lixiviant. These results are also valuable for cost evaluation of rare earths recovery from coal fly ash generated by fluidised bed combustion coal fired power plants, and the development of methodologies for coal fly ash management., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
- Published
- 2022
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16. An assessment of contamination pickup on ground robotic vehicles for nuclear surveying application.
- Author
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Banos A, Hayman J, Wallace-Smith T, Bird B, Lennox B, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Computer Simulation, Monte Carlo Method, Robotic Surgical Procedures, Robotics
- Abstract
Ground robotic vehicles are often deployed to inspect areas where radioactive floor contamination is a prominent risk. However, the accuracy of detection could be adversely affected by enhanced radiation signal through self-contamination of the robot occurring over the course of the inspection. In this work, it was hypothesised that a six-legged robot could offer advantages over the more conventional ground robotic devices such as wheeled and tracked rovers. To investigate this, experimental contamination testing and computational Monte Carlo simulation techniques (GEANT4) were employed to understand how radioactive contamination pick-up on three different robotic vehicles would affect their detection accuracy. Two robotic vehicles were selected for comparison with the hexapod robot based on their type of locomotion; a wheeled rover and a tracked rover. With the aid of a non-toxic fluorescent tracer dust, the contamination received by the all three vehicles when traversing a contaminated area was initially compared through physical inspection using high definition cameras. The parametric results from these tests where used in the computational study carried out in GEANT4. A cadmium zinc telluride detector was simulated at heights ranging from 10 to 50 cm above each contaminated vehicle, as if it were mounted on a plinth. Assuming a uniform activity of 60 Bq cm
-2 on all contaminated surfaces, the results suggested that due to the hexapod's small ground-contacting surface area and geometry, radiation detection rates using an uncollimated detector are likely to be overestimated by between only 0.07%-0.12%, compared with 3.95%-8.43% and 1.75%-14.53% for the wheeled and tracked robot alternatives, respectively., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)- Published
- 2021
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17. Miniaturised Low-Cost Gamma Scanning Platform for Contamination Identification, Localisation and Characterisation: A New Instrument in the Decommissioning Toolkit.
- Author
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Verbelen Y, Martin PG, Ahmad K, Kaluvan S, and Scott TB
- Abstract
Formerly clandestine, abandoned and legacy nuclear facilities, whether associated with civil or military applications, represent a significant decommissioning challenge owing to the lack of knowledge surrounding the existence, location and types of radioactive material(s) that may be present. Consequently, mobile and highly deployable systems that are able to identify, spatially locate and compositionally assay contamination ahead of remedial actions are of vital importance. Deployment imposes constraints to dimensions resulting from small diameter access ports or pipes. Herein, we describe a prototype low-cost, miniaturised and rapidly deployable 'cell characterisation' gamma-ray scanning system to allow for the examination of enclosed (internal) or outdoor (external) spaces for radioactive 'hot-spots'. The readout from the miniaturised and lead-collimated gamma-ray spectrometer, that is progressively rastered through a stepped snake motion, is combined with distance measurements derived from a single-point laser range-finder to obtain an array of measurements in order to yield a 3-dimensional point-cloud, based on a polar coordinate system-scaled for radiation intensity. Existing as a smaller and more cost-effective platform than presently available, we are able to produce a millimetre-accurate 3D volumetric rendering of a space-whether internal or external, onto which fully spectroscopic radiation intensity data can be overlain to pinpoint the exact positions at which (even low abundance) gamma-emitting materials exist.
- Published
- 2021
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18. Radioactive Source Localisation via Projective Linear Reconstruction.
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White SR, Wood KT, Martin PG, Connor DT, Scott TB, and Megson-Smith DA
- Abstract
Radiation mapping, through the detection of ionising gamma-ray emissions, is an important technique used across the nuclear industry to characterise environments over a range of length scales. In complex scenarios, the precise localisation and activity of radiological sources becomes difficult to determine due to the inability to directly image gamma photon emissions. This is a result of the potentially unknown number of sources combined with uncertainties associated with the source-detector separation-causing an apparent 'blurring' of the as-detected radiation field relative to the true distribution. Accurate delimitation of distinct sources is important for decommissioning, waste processing, and homeland security. Therefore, methods for estimating the precise, 'true' solution from radiation mapping measurements are required. Herein is presented a computational method of enhanced radiological source localisation from scanning survey measurements conducted with a robotic arm. The procedure uses an experimentally derived Detector Response Function (DRF) to perform a randomised-Kaczmarz deconvolution from robotically acquired radiation field measurements. The performance of the process is assessed on radiation maps obtained from a series of emulated waste processing scenarios. The results demonstrate a Projective Linear Reconstruction (PLR) algorithm can successfully locate a series of point sources to within 2 cm of the true locations, corresponding to resolution enhancements of between 5× and 10×.
- Published
- 2021
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19. Structural and compositional characteristics of Fukushima release particulate material from Units 1 and 3 elucidates release mechanisms, accident chronology and future decommissioning strategy.
- Author
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Martin PG, Jones CP, Bartlett S, Ignatyev K, Megson-Smith D, Satou Y, Cipiccia S, Batey DJ, Rau C, Sueki K, Ishii T, Igarashi J, Ninomiya K, Shinohara A, Rust A, and Scott TB
- Abstract
The structural form and elemental distribution of material originating from different Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reactors (Units 1 and 3) is hereby examined to elucidate their contrasting release dynamics and the current in-reactor conditions to influence future decommissioning challenges. Complimentary computed X-ray absorption tomography and X-ray fluorescence data show that the two suites of Si-based material sourced from the different reactor Units have contrasting internal structure and compositional distribution. The known event and condition chronology correlate with the observed internal and external structures of the particulates examined, which suggest that Unit 1 ejecta material sustained a greater degree of melting than that likely derived from reactor Unit 3. In particular, we attribute the near-spherical shape of Unit 1 ejecta and their internal voids to there being sufficient time for surface tension to round these objects before the hot (and so relatively low viscosity) silicate melt cooled to form glass. In contrast, a more complex internal form associated with the sub-mm particulates invoked to originate from Unit 3 suggest a lower peak temperature, over a longer duration. Using volcanic analogues, we consider the structural form of this material and how it relates to its environmental particulate stability and the bulk removal of residual materials from the damaged reactors. We conclude that the brittle and angular Unit 3 particulate are more susceptible to further fragmentation and particulate generation hazard than the round, higher-strength, more homogenous Unit 1 material.
- Published
- 2020
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20. Radiation Mapping and Laser Profiling Using a Robotic Manipulator.
- Author
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White SR, Megson-Smith DA, Zhang K, Connor DT, Martin PG, Hutson C, Herrmann G, Dilworth J, and Scott TB
- Abstract
The use of a robotic arm manipulator as a platform for coincident radiation mapping and laser profiling of radioactive sources on a flat surface is investigated in this work. A combined scanning head, integrating a micro-gamma spectrometer and Time of Flight (ToF) sensor were moved in a raster scan pattern across the surface, autonomously undertaken by the robot arm over a 600 × 260 mm survey area. A series of radioactive sources of different emission intensities were scanned in different configurations to test the accuracy and sensitivity of the system. We demonstrate that in each test configuration the system was able to generate a centimeter accurate 3D model complete with an overlaid radiation map detailing the emitted radiation intensity and the corrected surface dose rate., Competing Interests: JD was employed by the company KUKA Systems UK Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 White, Megson-Smith, Zhang, Connor, Martin, Hutson, Herrmann, Dilworth and Scott.)
- Published
- 2020
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21. A review of the reaction rates of uranium corrosion in water.
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Banos A and Scott TB
- Abstract
This work conducts a review on the kinetics of the uranium and water reaction system by gathering all available kinetic data and across a wide range of reaction conditions. Temperature and pressure dependent kinetic equations that describe the reaction are derived for the uraniumwater vapour and uranium-liquid water systems. Detailed tables which provide information about the reaction conditions and other parameters for each rate point are constructed. From evaluation of the tables, the effects of underlying parameters on the reaction kinetics are discussed. It is suggested that these parameters contribute to the reported discrepancies between reaction rate values under similar conditions. Better prediction of the corrosion rate and rate behaviour can be achieved by combining the kinetic rate equations with the effect of these underlying parameters., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2020
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22. Project IPAD, a database to catalogue the analysis of Fukushima Daiichi accident fragmental release material.
- Author
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Martin P, Alhaddad O, Verbelen Y, Satou Y, Igarashi Y, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Japan, Pacific Ocean, Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Radioactive Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
The 2011 accident at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant released a considerable inventory of radioactive material into the local and global environments. While the vast majority of this contamination was in the form of gaseous and aerosol species, of which a large component was distributed out over the neighbouring Pacific Ocean (where it was subsequently deposited), a substantial portion of the radioactive release was in particulate form and was deposited across Fukushima Prefecture. To provide an underpinning understanding of the dynamics of this catastrophic accident, alongside assisting in the off-site remediation and eventual reactor decommissioning activities, the 'International Particle Analysis Database', or 'IPAD', was established to serve as an interactive repository for the continually expanding analysis dataset of the sub-mm ejecta particulate. In addition to a fully interrogatable database of analysis results for registered users (exploiting multiple search methods), the database also comprises an open-access front-end for members of the public to engage with the multi-national analysis activities by exploring a streamlined version of the data.
- Published
- 2020
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23. The kinetics and mechanism of the uranium hydride - water vapour system under ambient conditions.
- Author
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Banos A and Scott TB
- Abstract
This work investigated the reaction of uranium hydride powder with saturated water vapour at 25 °C. Two corrosion experiments were conducted one with deionised water (H
2 O) and one with deuterated water (D2 O). The kinetics of the reaction were measured through gas generation method while concurrent residual gas analysis (RGA) allowed better understanding of the oxidation mechanism governing the system. From the analysis, it was found that the kinetics of the reaction are robust initially, followed by quasi-linear decelerating regime indicative of a 'shrinking core' type oxidation behaviour. The extent of the reaction (conversion to UO2 ) was lower in comparison to other works. The reaction remained incomplete bolstering the case of UH3 persistence in legacy wastes. Through interpretation of the gas analysis data, a mechanism for the uranium hydride water reaction was suggested.- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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24. Project Gatekeeper: An Entrance Control System Embedded Radiation Detection Capability for Security Applications.
- Author
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Martin PG, Verbelen Y, Sciama Bandel E, Andrews M, and Scott TB
- Abstract
Threat assessments continue to conclude that terrorist groups and individuals as well as those wanting to cause harm to society have the ambition and increasing means to acquire unconventional weapons such as improvised nuclear explosive devices and radiological disposal devices. Such assessments are given credence by public statements of intent by such groups/persons, by reports of attempts to acquire radioactive material and by law enforcement actions which have interdicted, apprehended or prevented attempts to acquire such material. As a mechanism through which to identify radioactive materials being transported on an individual's person, this work sought to develop a detection system that is of lower-cost, reduced form-factor and more covert than existing infrastructure, while maintaining adequate sensitivity and being retrofittable into an industry standard and widely utilised Gunnebo Speed Gate system. The system developed comprised an array of six off-set Geiger-Muller detectors positioned around the gate, alongside a single scintillator detector for spectroscopy, triggered by the systems inbuilt existing IR proximity sensor. This configuration served to not only reduce the cost for such a system but also allowed for source localisation and identification to be performed. Utilising the current setup, it was possible to detect a 1 µSv/h source carried into the Speed Gate in all test scenarios, alongside locating and spectrally analysing the material in a significant number.
- Published
- 2020
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25. Corrigendum: Radiological Mapping of Post-Disaster Nuclear Environments Using Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Study From Chornobyl.
- Author
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Connor DT, Wood K, Martin PG, Goren S, Megson-Smith D, Verbelen Y, Chyzhevskyi I, Kirieiev S, Smith NT, Richardson T, and Scott TB
- Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00149.]., (Copyright © 2020 Connor, Wood, Martin, Goren, Megson-Smith, Verbelen, Chyzhevskyi, Kirieiev, Smith, Richardson and Scott.)
- Published
- 2020
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26. Compositional and structural analysis of Fukushima-derived particulates using high-resolution x-ray imaging and synchrotron characterisation techniques.
- Author
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Martin PG, Jones CP, Cipiccia S, Batey DJ, Hallam KR, Satou Y, Griffiths I, Rau C, Richards DA, Sueki K, Ishii T, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Dust analysis, Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Japan, Nuclear Power Plants, Radiation Monitoring methods, Radiography methods, Soil Pollutants, Radioactive, Synchrotrons, Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis, X-Rays, Cesium Radioisotopes chemistry, Radioactive Fallout analysis
- Abstract
Both the three-dimensional internal structure and elemental distribution of near-field radioactive fallout particulate material released during the March 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is analysed using combined high-resolution laboratory and synchrotron radiation x-ray techniques. Results from this study allow for the proposition of the likely formation mechanism of the particles, as well as the potential risks associated with their existence in the environment, and the likely implications for future planned reactor decommissioning. A suite of particles is analyzed from a locality 2 km from the north-western perimeter of the site - north of the primary contaminant plume in an area formerly attributed to being contaminated by fallout from reactor Unit 1. The particles are shown to exhibit significant structural similarities; being amorphous with a textured exterior, and containing inclusions of contrasting compositions, as well as an extensive internal void volume - bimodal in its size distribution. A heterogeneous distribution of the various elemental constituents is observed inside a representative particle, which also exhibited a Fukushima-derived radiocesium (134Cs, 135Cs and 137Cs) signature with negligible natural Cs. We consider the structure and composition of the particle to suggest it formed from materials associated with the reactor Unit 1 building explosion, with debris fragments embedded into the particles surface. Such a high void ratio, comparable to geological pumice, suggests such material formed during a rapid depressurisation and is potentially susceptible to fragmentation through attrition.
- Published
- 2020
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27. Radiological Mapping of Post-Disaster Nuclear Environments Using Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Study From Chornobyl.
- Author
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Connor DT, Wood K, Martin PG, Goren S, Megson-Smith D, Verbelen Y, Chyzhevskyi I, Kirieiev S, Smith NT, Richardson T, and Scott TB
- Abstract
In the immediate aftermath following a large-scale release of radioactive material into the environment, it is necessary to determine the spatial distribution of radioactivity quickly. At present, this is conducted by utilizing manned aircraft equipped with large-volume radiation detection systems. Whilst these are capable of mapping large areas quickly, they suffer from a low spatial resolution due to the operating altitude of the aircraft. They are also expensive to deploy and their manned nature means that the operators are still at risk of exposure to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. Previous studies have identified the feasibility of utilizing unmanned aerial systems (UASs) in monitoring radiation in post-disaster environments. However, the majority of these systems suffer from a limited range or are too heavy to be easily integrated into regulatory restrictions that exist on the deployment of UASs worldwide. This study presents a new radiation mapping UAS based on a lightweight (8 kg) fixed-wing unmanned aircraft and tests its suitability to mapping post-disaster radiation in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). The system is capable of continuous flight for more than 1 h and can resolve small scale changes in dose-rate in high resolution (sub-20 m). It is envisaged that with some minor development, these systems could be utilized to map large areas of hazardous land without exposing a single operator to a harmful dose of ionizing radiation., (Copyright © 2020 Connor, Wood, Martin, Goren, Megson-Smith, Verbelen, Chyzhevskyi, Kirieiev, Smith, Richardson and Scott.)
- Published
- 2020
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28. Spatially Resolved Dissolution and Speciation Changes of ZnO Nanorods during Short-Term in Situ Incubation in a Simulated Wastewater Environment.
- Author
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Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Koronfel MA, Goode AE, Al-Ejji M, Voulvoulis N, Parker JE, Quinn PD, Scott TB, Xie F, Yallop ML, Porter AE, and Ryan MP
- Abstract
Zinc oxide engineered nanomaterials (ZnO ENMs) are used in a variety of applications worldwide due to their optoelectronic and antibacterial properties with potential contaminant risk to the environment following their disposal. One of the main potential pathways for ZnO nanomaterials to reach the environment is via urban wastewater treatment plants. So far there is no technique that can provide spatiotemporal nanoscale information about the rates and mechanisms by which the individual nanoparticles transform. Fundamental knowledge of how the surface chemistry of individual particles change, and the heterogeneity of transformations within the system, will reveal the critical physicochemical properties determining environmental damage and deactivation. We applied a methodology based on spatially resolved in situ X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), allowing observation of real-time dissolution and morphological and chemical evolution of synthetic template-grown ZnO nanorods (∼725 nm length, ∼140 nm diameter). Core-shell ZnO-ZnS nanostructures were formed rapidly within 1 h, and significant amounts of ZnS species were generated, with a corresponding depletion of ZnO after 3 h. Diffuse nanoparticles of ZnS, Zn
3 (PO4 )2 , and Zn adsorbed to Fe-oxyhydroxides were also imaged in some nonsterically impeded regions after 3 h. The formation of diffuse nanoparticles was affected by ongoing ZnO dissolution (quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and the humic acid content in the simulated sludge. Complementary ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed a significant decrease in the ZnO contribution over time. Application of time-resolved XFM enables predictions about the rates at which ZnO nanomaterials transform during their first stages of the wastewater treatment process.- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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29. Evaluation of Scintillator Detection Materials for Application within Airborne Environmental Radiation Monitoring.
- Author
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Lowdon M, Martin PG, Hubbard MWJ, Taggart MP, Connor DT, Verbelen Y, Sellin PJ, and Scott TB
- Abstract
In response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, there has occurred the unabated growth in the number of airborne platforms developed to perform radiation mapping-each utilising various designs of a low-altitude uncrewed aerial vehicle. Alongside the associated advancements in the airborne system transporting the radiation detection payload, from the earliest radiological analyses performed using gas-filled Geiger-Muller tube detectors, modern radiation detection and mapping platforms are now based near-exclusively on solid-state scintillator detectors. With numerous varieties of such light-emitting crystalline materials now in existence, this combined desk and computational modelling study sought to evaluate the best-available detector material compatible with the requirements for low-altitude autonomous radiation detection, localisation and subsequent high spatial-resolution mapping of both naturally occurring and anthropogenically-derived radionuclides. The ideal geometry of such detector materials is also evaluated. While NaI and CsI (both elementally doped) are (and will likely remain) the mainstays of radiation detection, LaBr
3 scintillation detectors were determined to possess not only a greater sensitivity to incident gamma-ray radiation, but also a far superior spectral (energy) resolution over existing and other potentially deployable detector materials. Combined with their current competitive cost, an array of three such composition cylindrical detectors were determined to provide the best means of detecting and discriminating the various incident gamma-rays.- Published
- 2019
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30. Provenance of uranium particulate contained within Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 1 ejecta material.
- Author
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Martin PG, Louvel M, Cipiccia S, Jones CP, Batey DJ, Hallam KR, Yang IAX, Satou Y, Rau C, Mosselmans JFW, Richards DA, and Scott TB
- Abstract
Here we report the results of multiple analytical techniques on sub-mm particulate material derived from Unit 1 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to provide a better understanding of the events that occurred and the environmental legacy. Through combined x-ray fluorescence and absorption contrast micro-focused x-ray tomography, entrapped U particulate are observed to exist around the exterior circumference of the highly porous Si-based particle. Further synchrotron radiation analysis of a number of these entrapped particles shows them to exist as UO
2 -identical to reactor fuel, with confirmation of their nuclear origin shown via mass spectrometry analysis. While unlikely to represent an environmental or health hazard, such assertions would likely change should break-up of the Si-containing bulk particle occur. However, more important to the long-term decommissioning of the reactors at the FDNPP (and environmental clean-upon), is the knowledge that core integrity of reactor Unit 1 was compromised with nuclear material existing outside of the reactors primary containment.- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
31. Iron-based nanoparticles prepared from yerba mate extract. Synthesis, characterization and use on chromium removal.
- Author
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García FE, Senn AM, Meichtry JM, Scott TB, Pullin H, Leyva AG, Halac EB, Ramos CP, Sacanell J, Mizrahi M, Requejo FG, and Litter MI
- Subjects
- Chromium, Iron, Plant Extracts, Ilex paraguariensis, Nanoparticles, Water Pollutants, Chemical
- Abstract
Iron-based nanoparticles were synthesized by a rapid method at room temperature using yerba mate (YM) extracts with FeCl
3 in different proportions. Materials prepared from green tea (GT) extracts were also synthesized for comparison. These materials were thoroughly characterized by chemical analyses, XRD, magnetization, SEM-EDS, TEM-SAED, FTIR, UV-Vis, Raman, Mössbauer and XANES spectroscopies, and BET area analysis. It was concluded that the products are nonmagnetic iron complexes of the components of the extracts. The applicability of the materials for Cr(VI) (300 μM) removal from aqueous solutions at pH 3 using two Cr(VI):Fe molar ratios (MR), 1:3 and 1:0.5, has been tested. At Cr(VI):Fe MR = 1:3, the best YM materials gave complete Cr(VI) removal after two minutes of contact, similar to that obtained with commercial nanoscale zerovalent iron (N25), with dissolved Fe(II), and with a likewise prepared GT material. At a lower Cr(VI):Fe MR (1:0.5), although Cr(VI) removal was not complete after 20 min of reaction, the YM nanoparticles were more efficient than N25, GT nanoparticles and Fe(II) in solution. The results suggest that an optimal Cr(VI):Fe MR ratio could be reached when using the new YM nanoparticles, able to achieve a complete Cr(VI) reduction, and leaving very low Cr and Fe concentrations in the treated solutions. The rapid preparation of the nanoparticles would allow their use in removal of pollutants in soils and groundwater by direct injection of the mixture of precursors., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
32. Radiological comparison of a FDNPP waste storage site during and after construction.
- Author
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Connor DT, Martin PG, Pullin H, Hallam KR, Payton OD, Yamashiki Y, Smith NT, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Cesium Radioisotopes analysis, Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Japan, Radiation Monitoring, Hazardous Waste Sites, Radioactive Waste
- Abstract
The clean-up effort that is occurring across the region affected by the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident is unprecedented in its magnitude as well as the financial cost that will eventually result. A major component of this remediation is the stripping of large volumes of material from the land surface, depositing this into large waste storage bags before placing these 1 cubic meter bags into specially constructed stores across Fukushima Prefecture. In this work, using an unmanned aerial vehicle to perform radiological surveys of a site, the time-resolved distribution of contamination during the construction of one of these waste storage sites was assessed. The results indicated that radioactive material was progressively leaching from the store into the surrounding environment. A subsequent survey of the site conducted eight months later revealed that in response to this survey and remedial actions, the contamination issue once existing on this site had been successfully resolved. Such results highlight the potential of low-altitude unmanned aerial systems to easily and rapidly assess site-wide changes over time - providing highly-visual results; therefore, permitting for prompt remedial actions to be undertaken as required. Use of UAV radiation mapping and airborne photogrammetry to produce a time-resolved assessment of remediation efforts within a Fukushima temporary storage facility., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Spatial pattern of plutonium and radiocaesium contamination released during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster.
- Author
-
Dunne JA, Martin PG, Yamashiki Y, Ang IXY, Scott TB, and Richards DA
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring methods, Mass Spectrometry methods, Spatial Analysis, Cesium Radioisotopes analysis, Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Plutonium analysis, Radiation Monitoring methods, Radioactive Fallout analysis
- Abstract
Plutonium and radiocaesium are hazardous contaminants released by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) disaster and their distribution in the environment requires careful characterisation using isotopic information. Comprehensive spatial survey of
134 Cs and137 Cs has been conducted on a regular basis since the accident, but the dataset for135 Cs/137 Cs atom ratios and trace isotopic analysis of Pu remains limited because of analytical challenges. We have developed a combined chemical procedure to separate Pu and Cs for isotopic analysis of environmental samples from contaminated catchments. Ultra-trace analyses reveal a FDNPP Pu signature in environmental samples, some from further afield than previously reported. For two samples, we attribute the dominant source of Pu to Reactor Unit 3. We review the mechanisms responsible for an emergent spatial pattern in134,135 Cs/137 Cs in areas northwest (high134 Cs/137 Cs, low135 Cs/137 Cs) and southwest (low134 Cs/137 Cs, high135 Cs/137 Cs) of FDNPP. Several samples exhibit consistent134,135 Cs/137 Cs values that are significantly different from those deposited on plant specimens collected in previous works. A complex spatial pattern of Pu and Cs isotopic signature is apparent. To confidently attribute the sources of mixed fallout material, future studies must focus on analysis of individual FDNPP-derived particles.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Tunable Magnetocaloric Effect in Ni-Mn-Ga Microwires.
- Author
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Qian M, Zhang X, Wei L, Martin P, Sun J, Geng L, Scott TB, and Peng HX
- Abstract
Magnetic refrigeration is of great interest due to its high energy efficiency, environmental friendliness and low cost. However, undesired hysteresis losses, concentrated working temperature interval (WTI) and poor mechanical stability are vital drawbacks that hinder its practical application. Off-stoichiometric Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloys are capable of giant magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and tunable transformation temperatures. Here, by creating Ni-Mn-Ga microwires with diameter of 35-80 μm using a melt-extraction technique, negligible hysteresis and relatively good mechanical stability are found due to the high specific surface area (SSA) that reduces incompatibility between neighboring grains. The high SSA also favors the element evaporation at high temperatures so that the transformation temperatures can be feasibly adjusted. Tunable magnetocaloric effect owing to different magneto-structural coupling states is realized by (i) composition design and subsequent tuning, which adjusts the temperature difference between the martensite transformation (MT) and the magnetic transition, and (ii) creation of gradient composition distribution state, which manipulates the MT range. Magnetic entropy change ΔS
m ~-18.5 J kg-1 K-1 with relatively concentrated WTI and WTI up to ~60 K with net refrigeration capacity ~240 J kg-1 at 50 kOe are demonstrated in the present Ni-Mn-Ga microwires. This criterion is also applicable for other small-sized materials.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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35. A study of dynamic nanoscale corrosion initiation events using HS-AFM.
- Author
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Moore S, Burrows R, Picco L, Martin TL, Greenwell SJ, Scott TB, and Payton OD
- Abstract
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are capable of high-resolution mapping of structures and the measurement of mechanical properties on nanometre scales within gaseous, liquid and vacuum environments. The contact mode high-speed AFM (HS-AFM) developed at Bristol Nano Dynamics Ltd. operates at speeds that are orders of magnitude faster than conventional AFMs, and is capable of capturing multiple frames per second. This allows for direct observation of dynamic events in real-time, with nanometre lateral resolution and subatomic height resolution. HS-AFM is a valuable tool for the imaging of nanoscale corrosion initiation events, such as metastable pitting, grain boundary (GB) dissolution and short crack formation during stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Within this study HS-AFM was combined with SEM and FIB milling to produce a multifaceted picture of localised corrosion events occurring on thermally sensitised AISI 304 stainless steel in an aqueous solution of 1% sodium chloride (NaCl). HS-AFM measurements were performed in situ by imaging within a custom built liquid cell with parallel electrochemical control. The high resolution of the HS-AFM allowed for measurements to be performed at individual reaction sites, i.e. at specific GB carbide surfaces. Topographic maps of the sample surface allowed for accurate measurements of the dimensions of pits formed. Using these measurements it was possible to calculate, and subsequently model, the volumes of metal reacting with respect to time, and so the current densities and ionic fluxes at work. In this manner, the local electrochemistry at nanoscale reaction sites may be reconstructed.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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36. Validation of a novel radiation mapping platform for the reduction of operator-induced shielding effects.
- Author
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Martin PG, Hutson C, Payne L, Connor D, Payton OD, Yamashiki Y, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Geographic Information Systems, Humans, Radiation Monitoring instrumentation, Radiation Protection, Retrospective Studies, Radiation Monitoring methods
- Abstract
With extensive remediation currently ongoing because of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, there exists the even greater need to provide a system with which the distribution of radiation (specifically radiocesium) can be rapidly determined across extensive areas, yet at high (metre or sub-metre) spatial resolutions. Although a range of potential survey methods have been utilised (e.g. fixed-wing aircraft, helicopter, vehicular and more-recently unmanned aerial vehicle) to characterise the distribution of radiological contamination, ground-based (on-foot) methods that employ human operatives to traverse sites of interest remains one of the primary methods through which to perform routine radiological site surveys. Through the application of a newly-developed platform carried as a backpack-contained unit, it was possible to map sites at twice the rate previously possible-reducing not only the exposure time of the operator to ionising radiation, but also dramatically reducing the level of radiation attenuation (introduced by the operator) onto the detector. Like magnetometry platforms used during geological ore prospecting, this system was similarly boom-based, extending sideways away from the central operator. While conventional radiological survey platforms require a correction be performed on the data to account for the carrier (aircraft, vehicle or human) interception and attenuation incident radiation-this system is shown to not require such a retrospective correction.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. In-situ, time resolved monitoring of uranium in BFS:OPC grout. Part 2: Corrosion in water.
- Author
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Stitt CA, Paraskevoulakos C, Banos A, Harker NJ, Hallam KR, Pullin H, Davenport A, Street S, and Scott TB
- Abstract
To reflect potential conditions in a geological disposal facility, uranium was encapsulated in grout and submersed in de-ionised water for time periods between 2-47 weeks. Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction and X-ray Tomography were used to identify the dominant corrosion products and measure their dimensions. Uranium dioxide was observed as the dominant corrosion product and time dependent thickness measurements were used to calculate oxidation rates. The effectiveness of physical and chemical grout properties to uranium corrosion and mobilisation is discussed and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was used to measure
238 U(aq) content in the residual water of several samples.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Source identification of uranium-containing materials at mine legacy sites in Portugal.
- Author
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Keatley AC, Martin PG, Hallam KR, Payton OD, Awbery R, Carvalho FP, Oliveira JM, Silva L, Malta M, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Mining, Portugal, Radiation Monitoring methods, Soil Pollutants, Radioactive analysis, Uranium analysis
- Abstract
Whilst prior nuclear forensic studies have focused on identifying signatures to distinguish between different uranium deposit types, this paper focuses on providing a scientific basis for source identification of materials from different uranium mine sites within a single region, which can then be potentially used within nuclear forensics. A number of different tools, including gamma spectrometry, alpha spectrometry, mineralogy and major and minor elemental analysis, have been utilised to determine the provenance of uranium mineral samples collected at eight mine sites, located within three different uranium provinces, in Portugal. A radiation survey was initially conducted by foot and/or unmanned aerial vehicle at each site to assist sample collection. The results from each mine site were then compared to determine if individual mine sites could be distinguished based on characteristic elemental and isotopic signatures. Gamma and alpha spectrometry were used to differentiate between samples from different sites and also give an indication of past milling and mining activities. Ore samples from the different mine sites were found to be very similar in terms of gangue and uranium mineralogy. However, rarer minerals or specific impurity elements, such as calcium and copper, did permit some separation of the sites examined. In addition, classification rates using linear discriminant analysis were comparable to those in the literature., (Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Development and validation of a high-resolution mapping platform to aid in the public awareness of radiological hazards.
- Author
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Martin PG, Connor D, Payton OD, Leal-Olloqui M, Keatley AC, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Awareness, Humans, Radiation Exposure adverse effects, Radiation Monitoring methods
- Abstract
The distribution, quantification and exposure-related effects of radiation in the environment, arising from both natural and anthropogenic sources, is of great (and growing) concern for global populations. Recent events at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant (FDNPP) have further highlighted the importance of developing radiation mapping technologies that not only contribute to the continued assessment of contamination, but can serve as an educational tool for members of the public regarding both its behaviour and extent. With an even greater number of people possessing smart-phone technology, a lightweight and portable 'connected system' has been developed to demonstrate to users the calibrated radioactive dose rate in an area, viewable in real-time through a dedicated phone application. As well as allowing for system users to be alerted where variations in dose rate are experienced, the combined results from multiple systems are viewable through a custom-built desktop application-permitting the output obtained via any number of units to be similarly displayed in real-time. A successful initial trialling of the system is described at a former tin mine in Cornwall (south-west England)-known to exhibit low, but identifiable radiation anomalies in discrete areas. Additional applications outside of its educational usage are also discussed.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Application of airborne photogrammetry for the visualisation and assessment of contamination migration arising from a Fukushima waste storage facility.
- Author
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Connor DT, Martin PG, Smith NT, Payne L, Hutson C, Payton OD, Yamashiki Y, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Radioactive Waste, Remote Sensing Technology, Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Photogrammetry, Radiation Monitoring methods
- Abstract
Airborne systems such as lightweight and highly portable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly widespread in both academia and industry - with an ever-increasing range of applications, including (but not limited to), air quality sampling, wildlife monitoring and land-use mapping. In this work, high-resolution airborne photogrammetry obtained using a multi-rotor system operating at low survey altitudes, is combined with ground-based radiation mapping data acquired at an interim storage facility for wastes removed as part of the large-scale Fukushima clean-up program. The investigation aimed to assess the extent to which the remediation program at a specific site has contained the stored contaminants, as well as present a new methodology for rapidly surveying radiological sites globally. From the three-dimensional rendering of the site of interest, it was possible to not only generate a powerful graphic confirming the elevated radiological intensity existing at the location of the waste bags, but also to also illustrate the downslope movement of contamination due to species leakage from the large 1m
3 storage bags. The entire survey took less than 1 h to perform, and was subsequently post-processed using graphical information software to obtain the renderings. The conclusions within this study not only highlight the usefulness of incorporating three-dimensional renderings within radiation mapping protocols, but also conclude that current methods of monitoring these storage facilities in the long term could be improved through the integration of UAVs within the standard protocol., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Experimental leaching of massive sulphide from TAG active hydrothermal mound and implications for seafloor mining.
- Author
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Fallon EK, Niehorster E, Brooker RA, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Atlantic Ocean, Minerals chemistry, Metals, Heavy analysis, Mining, Sulfides analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
Seafloor massive sulphide samples from the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse active mound on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were characterised and subjected to leaching experiments to emulate proposed mining processes. Over time, leached Fe is removed from solution by the precipitation of Fe oxy-hydroxides, whereas Cu and Pb leached remained in solution at ppb levels. Results suggest that bulk chemistry is not the main control on leachate concentrations; instead mineralogy and/or galvanic couples between minerals are the driving forces behind the type and concentration of metals that remain in solution. Dissolved concentrations exceed ANZECC toxicity guidelines by 620 times, implying the formation of localised toxicity in a stagnant water column. Moreover, concentrations will be higher when scaled to higher rock-fluid ratios and finer grain sizes proposed for mining scenarios. The distance at which dilution is achieved to meet guidelines is unlikely to be sufficient, indicating a need for the refinement of the mining process., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. In-situ, time resolved monitoring of uranium in BFS:OPC grout. Part 1: Corrosion in water vapour.
- Author
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Stitt CA, Paraskevoulakos C, Banos A, Harker NJ, Hallam KR, Davenport A, Street S, and Scott TB
- Abstract
Uranium encapsulated in grout was exposed to water vapour for extended periods of time. Through synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction and tomography measurements, uranium dioxide was determined the dominant corrosion product over a 50-week time period. The oxide growth rate initiated rapidly, with rates comparable to the U + H
2 O reaction. Over time, the reaction rate decreased and eventually plateaued to a rate similar to the U + H2 O + O2 reaction. This behaviour was not attributed to oxygen ingress, but instead the decreasing permeability of the grout, limiting oxidising species access to the metal surface.- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Evaluating laser-driven Bremsstrahlung radiation sources for imaging and analysis of nuclear waste packages.
- Author
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Jones CP, Brenner CM, Stitt CA, Armstrong C, Rusby DR, Mirfayzi SR, Wilson LA, Alejo A, Ahmed H, Allott R, Butler NMH, Clarke RJ, Haddock D, Hernandez-Gomez C, Higginson A, Murphy C, Notley M, Paraskevoulakos C, Jowsey J, McKenna P, Neely D, Kar S, and Scott TB
- Abstract
A small scale sample nuclear waste package, consisting of a 28mm diameter uranium penny encased in grout, was imaged by absorption contrast radiography using a single pulse exposure from an X-ray source driven by a high-power laser. The Vulcan laser was used to deliver a focused pulse of photons to a tantalum foil, in order to generate a bright burst of highly penetrating X-rays (with energy >500keV), with a source size of <0.5mm. BAS-TR and BAS-SR image plates were used for image capture, alongside a newly developed Thalium doped Caesium Iodide scintillator-based detector coupled to CCD chips. The uranium penny was clearly resolved to sub-mm accuracy over a 30cm(2) scan area from a single shot acquisition. In addition, neutron generation was demonstrated in situ with the X-ray beam, with a single shot, thus demonstrating the potential for multi-modal criticality testing of waste materials. This feasibility study successfully demonstrated non-destructive radiography of encapsulated, high density, nuclear material. With recent developments of high-power laser systems, to 10Hz operation, a laser-driven multi-modal beamline for waste monitoring applications is envisioned., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. High-resolution radiation mapping to investigate FDNPP derived contaminant migration.
- Author
-
Martin PG, Payton OD, Yamashiki Y, Richards DA, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Japan, Pacific Ocean, Radioactive Fallout, Spectrometry, Gamma, Cesium Radioisotopes analysis, Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Radiation Monitoring, Soil Pollutants, Radioactive analysis
- Abstract
As of March 2016, five years will have passed since the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that crippled the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant on Japan's eastern coast, resulting in the explosive release of significant quantities of radioactive material. Over this period, significant time and resource has been expended on both the study of the contamination as well as its remediation from the affected environments. Presented in this work is a high-spatial resolution foot-based radiation mapping study using gamma-spectrometry at a site in the contaminated Iitate Village; conducted at different times, seventeen months apart. The specific site selected for this work was one in which consistent uniform agriculture was observed across its entire extent. From these surveys, obtained from along the main northwest trending line of the fallout plume, it was possible to determine the rate of reduction in the levels of contamination around the site attributable to the natural decay of the radiocesium, remediation efforts or material transport. Results from the work suggest that neither the natural decay of radiocesium nor its downward migration through the soil horizons were responsible for the decline in measured activity levels across the site, with the mobilisation of contaminant species likely adhered to soil particulate and the subsequent fluvial transport responsible for the measurable reduction in activity. This transport of contaminant via fluvial methods has already well studied implications for the input of contaminant material entering the neighbouring Pacific Ocean, as well as the deposition of material along rivers within previously decontaminated areas., (Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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45. Examination of Surface Deposits on Oldbury Reactor Core Graphite to Determine the Concentration and Distribution of 14C.
- Author
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Payne L, Heard PJ, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Nuclear Reactors, Power Plants, Carbon Radioisotopes analysis, Graphite chemistry
- Abstract
Pile Grade A graphite was used as a moderator and reflector material in the first generation of UK Magnox nuclear power reactors. As all of these reactors are now shut down there is a need to examine the concentration and distribution of long lived radioisotopes, such as 14C, to aid in understanding their behaviour in a geological disposal facility. A selection of irradiated graphite samples from Oldbury reactor one were examined where it was observed that Raman spectroscopy can distinguish between underlying graphite and a surface deposit found on exposed channel wall surfaces. The concentration of 14C in this deposit was examined by sequentially oxidising the graphite samples in air at low temperatures (450°C and 600°C) to remove the deposit and then the underlying graphite. The gases produced were captured in a series of bubbler solutions that were analysed using liquid scintillation counting. It was observed that the surface deposit was relatively enriched with 14C, with samples originating lower in the reactor exhibiting a higher concentration of 14C. Oxidation at 600°C showed that the remaining graphite material consisted of two fractions of 14C, a surface associated fraction and a graphite lattice associated fraction. The results presented correlate well with previous studies on irradiated graphite that suggest there are up to three fractions of 14C; a readily releasable fraction (corresponding to that removed by oxidation at 450°C in this study), a slowly releasable fraction (removed early at 600°C in this study), and an unreleasable fraction (removed later at 600°C in this study)., Competing Interests: We have the following interests: This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and Radioactive Waste Management (RWM) under the contract GeoWaste (EP/I036354/1). There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
- Published
- 2016
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46. XPS Study of Ion Irradiated and Unirradiated UO2 Thin Films.
- Author
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Teterin YA, Popel AJ, Maslakov KI, Teterin AY, Ivanov KE, Kalmykov SN, Springell R, Scott TB, and Farnan I
- Abstract
XPS determination of the oxygen coefficient kO = 2 + x and ionic (U(4+), U(5+), and U(6+)) composition of oxides UO2+x formed on the surfaces of differently oriented (hkl) planes of thin UO2 films on LSAT (Al10La3O51Sr14Ta7) and YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) substrates was performed. The U 4f and O 1s core-electron peak intensities as well as the U 5f relative intensity before and after the (129)Xe(23+) and (238)U(31+) irradiations were employed. It was found that the presence of uranium dioxide film in air results in formation of oxide UO2+x on the surface with mean oxygen coefficients kO in the range 2.07-2.11 on LSAT and 2.17-2.23 on YSZ substrates. These oxygen coefficients depend on the substrate and weakly on the crystallographic orientation. On the basis of the spectral parameters it was established that uranium dioxide films AP2,3 on the LSAT substrates have the smallest kO values, and from the XRD and EBSD results it follows that these samples have a regular monocrystalline structure. The XRD and EBSD results indicate that samples AP5-7 on the YSZ substrates have monocrystalline structure; however, they have the highest kO values. The observed difference in the kO values was probably caused by the different nature of the substrates: the YSZ substrates provide 6.4% compressive strain, whereas (001) LSAT substrates result only in 0.03% tensile strain in the UO2 films. (129)Xe(23+) irradiation (92 MeV, 4.8 × 10(15) ions/cm(2)) of uranium dioxide films on the LSAT substrates was shown to destroy both long-range ordering and uranium close environment, which results in an increase of uranium oxidation state and regrouping of oxygen ions in uranium close environment. (238)U(31+) (110 MeV, 5 × 10(10), 5 × 10(11), 5 × 10(12) ions/cm(2)) irradiations of uranium dioxide films on the YSZ substrates were shown to form the lattice damage only with partial destruction of the long-range ordering.
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- 2016
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47. Tactic response of bacteria to zero-valent iron nanoparticles.
- Author
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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Jimenez-Sanchez C, Pratarolo P, Pullin H, Scott TB, and Thompson IP
- Subjects
- Soil chemistry, Soil Microbiology, Iron toxicity, Metal Nanoparticles toxicity, Pseudomonas putida drug effects, Pseudomonas putida physiology
- Abstract
The microbial assessment of pollutant toxicity rarely includes behavioral responses. In this study, we investigated the tactic response of Pseudomonas putida G7, a representative of soil bacterium, towards engineered zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVIs), as a new end-point assessment of toxicity. The study integrated the characterization of size distribution and charge of nZVIs and tactic reaction response by means of inverted capillary assay and computer-assisted motion analysis of motility behavior. Iron nanoparticles (diameter ≤ 100 nm) were prepared in the absence of oxygen to prevent aggregation, and then exposed in aerobic conditions. We first demonstrate that iron nanoparticles can elicit a negative tactic response in bacteria at low but environmentally-relevant, sub-lethal concentrations (1-10 μg/L). Cells were repelled by nZVIs in the concentration gradients created inside the capillaries, and a significant increase in turning events, characteristic of negative taxis, was detected under exposure to nZVIs. These tactic responses were not detectable after sustained exposure of the nanoparticles to oxygen. This new behavioral assessment may be prospected for the design of sensitive bioassays for nanomaterial toxicity., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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48. Hybrid biological, electron beam and zero-valent nano iron treatment of recalcitrant metalworking fluids.
- Author
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Thill PG, Ager DK, Vojnovic B, Tesh SJ, Scott TB, and Thompson IP
- Subjects
- Bacteria genetics, Bacteria metabolism, Biodegradation, Environmental, Bioreactors microbiology, Industrial Waste, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Nanostructures chemistry, Nanostructures ultrastructure, Oxidation-Reduction, Reproducibility of Results, Time Factors, Water Purification methods, Electrons, Iron chemistry, Metallurgy, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods
- Abstract
Hybrid approaches for the remediation and detoxification of toxic recalcitrant industrial wastewater were investigated. The focus was waste metalworking fluid, which was selected as a representative model of other waste streams that are toxic, recalcitrant and that require more sustainable routes of safe disposal. The hybrid approaches included biodegradation, electron beam irradiation and zero-valent nano iron advanced oxidation processes that were employed individually and in sequence employing a factorial design. To compare process performance operationally exhausted and pristine metalworking fluid were compared. Sequential hybrid electron beam irradiation, biological, nanoscale zero-valent iron and biological treatment lead to synergistic detoxification and degradation of both recalcitrant streams, as determined by complementary surrogates and lead to overall improved COD removal of 92.8 ± 1.4% up from 85.9 ± 3.4% for the pristine metalworking fluid. Electron beam pre-treatment enabled more effective biotreatment, achieving 69.5 ± 8% (p = 0.005) and 24.6 ± 4.8% (p = 0.044) COD reductions., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2016
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49. Impact of high CO2 on the geochemistry of the coralline algae Lithothamnion glaciale.
- Author
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Ragazzola F, Foster LC, Jones CJ, Scott TB, Fietzke J, Kilburn MR, and Schmidt DN
- Subjects
- Calcium Carbonate metabolism, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Ecosystem, Magnesium chemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Nanotechnology, Rhodophyta growth & development, Seasons, Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion, Temperature, X-Ray Diffraction, Calcium Carbonate chemistry, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Rhodophyta metabolism
- Abstract
Coralline algae are a significant component of the benthic ecosystem. Their ability to withstand physical stresses in high energy environments relies on their skeletal structure which is composed of high Mg-calcite. High Mg-calcite is, however, the most soluble form of calcium carbonate and therefore potentially vulnerable to the change in carbonate chemistry resulting from the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean. We examine the geochemistry of the cold water coralline alga Lithothamnion glaciale grown under predicted future (year 2050) high pCO2 (589 μatm) using Electron microprobe and NanoSIMS analysis. In the natural and control material, higher Mg calcite forms clear concentric bands around the algal cells. As expected, summer growth has a higher Mg content compared to the winter growth. In contrast, under elevated CO2 no banding of Mg is recognisable and overall Mg concentrations are lower. This reduction in Mg in the carbonate undermines the accuracy of the Mg/Ca ratio as proxy for past temperatures in time intervals with significantly different carbonate chemistry. Fundamentally, the loss of Mg in the calcite may reduce elasticity thereby changing the structural properties, which may affect the ability of L. glaciale to efficiently function as a habitat former in the future ocean.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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50. Low altitude unmanned aerial vehicle for characterising remediation effectiveness following the FDNPP accident.
- Author
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Martin PG, Payton OD, Fardoulis JS, Richards DA, Yamashiki Y, and Scott TB
- Subjects
- Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Japan, Radiation Monitoring instrumentation, Aircraft, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, Radiation Monitoring methods, Soil Pollutants, Radioactive analysis
- Abstract
On the 12th of March 2011, The Great Tōhoku Earthquake occurred 70 km off the eastern coast of Japan, generating a large 14 m high tsunami. The ensuing catalogue of events over the succeeding 12 d resulted in the release of considerable quantities of radioactive material into the environment. Important to the large-scale remediation of the affected areas is the accurate and high spatial resolution characterisation of contamination, including the verification of decontaminated areas. To enable this, a low altitude unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a lightweight gamma-spectrometer and height normalisation system was used to produce sub-meter resolution maps of contamination. This system provided a valuable method to examine both contaminated and remediated areas rapidly, whilst greatly reducing the dose received by the operator, typically in localities formerly inaccessible to ground-based survey methods. The characterisation of three sites within Fukushima Prefecture is presented; one remediated (and a site of much previous attention), one un-remediated and a third having been subjected to an alternative method to reduce emitted radiation dose., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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