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Positive developmental outcomes for youth are likely to occur when adults intentionally design environments to facilitate that development. However, in sport, studies typically examine only one adult relationship at a time, as opposed to the many that exist. The purpose of this study was to examine high school student-athletes’ perceptions of how a variety of stakeholders in their sport-ecosystem contribute to their life skills development and well-being. Bronfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological Model and Prilleltensky’s concept of psychopolitical validity served as a guiding framework for interviews conducted with student-athletes (N = 46) in three different states in the United States of America. Themes suggested that the student-athletes’ relationships have a reciprocal interaction with their developmental experiences to create three different forms of development. Student-athletes had basic life skills recognition when learning without meaning was fostered by low-engagement relationships, development through adverse experiences when learning through necessity occurred through challenging relationships, and meaningful development when anchored learning experiences were supported by transformative relationships in their sport world. Lay summary: High school student-athletes were asked about their life skills development and how adults in their sport system influenced or hindered that development. Student-athletes favored highly engaged adults that supported opportunities by anchoring their learning in meaningful experiences. The relationship with the adult and the meaningful experience reciprocally influenced each other. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICECoaches, parents, and athletic directors should aim to provide opportunities for athletes to practice life skills in a meaningful way.Fostering positive relationships with student-athletes and being highly engaged in their development is favored by student-athletes.Transformative relationships and meaningful learning experiences may promote a better sense of community well-being. Coaches, parents, and athletic directors should aim to provide opportunities for athletes to practice life skills in a meaningful way. Fostering positive relationships with student-athletes and being highly engaged in their development is favored by student-athletes. Transformative relationships and meaningful learning experiences may promote a better sense of community well-being.

The present study explored the degree to which participants of one sport-based positive youth development (PYD) camp learned self-control skills and transferred self-control skills to school during the year after participation. The influence of contextual and personal factors on transfer also were examined. The sample included 176 who participated in the 2017 LiFEsports camp and then returned in 2018. Significant (p

A phrase commonly used within high school sport is “education-based athletics”; however, there is no empirical investigation on the meaning of this phrase, nor how it is specific to the high school...

The introduction of suspension systems to mountain bikes began in the late 1980's and early 1990's. These suspensions created two types of mountain bikes; the hardtail and the full suspension mountain bike. However, designers of full suspension bikes must balance the need for pedaling efficiency, which calls for a stiff suspension, with comfort and trail contact, which calls for a soft suspension. This thesis presents experimental and theoretical results from the development of a rear suspension system that has been designed for a mountain bike. A magnetorheological (MR) damper is used to design a rear suspension system that can balance the need of ride comfort through shock absorption and performance characteristics such as handling and pedaling efficiency by using active control. Two control algorithms have been tested in this study – on/off control and proportional control. The damping was adjusted by setting the damper current to different levels in order to measure the effects of the change in response of the bike. The rear suspension system has been integrated into an existing bike frame and tested on a shaker table as well as a mountain trail. Shaker table testing demonstrates the effectiveness of the damper, while the trail testing indicates that the MR damper-based shock absorber can be used to implement different control algorithms. The shaker table and trail testing results indicate that active damping control can be implemented using an MR damper. Using the results of these experimental tests, a theoretical test was simulated using a mathematical model; which was used to represent the mountain bike mounted to the shaker table. The results were plotted using transmissibility, power spectrum density, and frequency mode shape plots which indicated three applicable natural frequencies near 5, 9, and 10 Hz, when applying the mountain bike, rear suspension system, and rider weight/distribution used for this experiment. Upon the analysis using MATLAB, the mathematical model was determined to correctly represent the overall dynamics of the bicycle pertaining to the sprung mass. Additional accelerometers will need to be placed throughout the bicycle to determine if the mathematical model correctly represented the overall dynamics of the bicycle as a whole.

Student-athletes in the United States encounter a myriad of academic, athletic, and social challenges as they transition into their first year of college sport and life. During this transition, str...

Antimicrobial peptides will be an essential component in combating the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance. Identifying synergistic combinations of two or more substances will increase the value of these peptides further. Several potential pitfalls in conducting synergy testing with peptides are discussed in detail. As case studies, we describe observations of AMP synergy with peptides, antibiotics, and metal ions as well as some of the mechanistic details that have been uncovered. The Bliss and Loewe models for synergy are presented prior to recommending protocols for conducting checkerboard, minimal inhibitory concentration, and time-kill assays. Establishing mechanisms of action and exploring the potential for resistance will be crucial to translate these studies into the clinic.

Background: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a severe, life-threatening soft tissue infection requiring prompt diagnosis and immediate surgical debridement. Imaging, including a computed tomography (CT) scan, can often aid in the diagnosis, though it can prolong time to treatment and diagnosis. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is often used in the ED to identify soft tissue infections. The objective of this study is to evaluate the use of POCUS to identify NF in patients presenting to the emergency department. Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with suspected soft tissue infection who received a computed tomography and/or surgical consult. POCUS images of the suspected site of infection were obtained by the emergency medicine physician and interpreted based on sonographic findings of NF. These findings were compared with CT scan or surgical impression. Results: We enrolled 64 patients in this study. Eight were determined to be at high risk of having NF based on CT scan and/or surgical impression. All of these patients also had POCUS images interpreted as concerning for NF. Furthermore, 56 patients were classified as being low risk for having NF based on CT scan and/or surgical impression. All but one of these patients had POCUS images interpreted as not concerning for NF. Conclusions: Our data indicates that POCUS can be used to identify NF with a high sensitivity and specificity.

Objectives This study investigated the effects of messaging on physical activity (PA) motivation, and whether the effectiveness of messages aimed to promote either affective benefits, physical health benefits, or a combination of benefits varied based on one’s current PA status. Methods Adult participants (N = 188) completed an online survey assessing demographic information and current stage of change. They then viewed one of four randomly assigned promotional flyers for a campus PA program. The flyers mentioned either the: (a) affective benefits of participation, (b) physical health benefits, (c) a combination of affective and physical health benefits, or (d) a control message. Participants then responded to questions about the flyers, their perceived control for participating, followed by their interest, intention to participate, likelihood of participating, and whether they wanted to sign-up. Results A 2 (activity status) x 2 (affective message) x 2 (physical health message) between-subjects ANOVA found that the effectiveness of the promotional messages on overall cognitive motivation (i.e., a combination of interest, intention, and likelihood of participating) varied based on the respondents’ PA status. Simple effects showed that messages promoting affective benefits led to greater scores for those who are active. A logistic regression showed that PA status, message condition, and their interactions were non-significant predictors of participants’ agreeing to schedule a session in the program. Conclusion Using specific messages to sell PA may help increase motivation. However, the type of message that effectively promotes PA appears to vary depending on the message receiver’s current PA.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has gained increased attention because of its broad spectrum activity and lower likelihood to elicit bacterial resistance. Although many photosensitizers excel at eradicating Gram-positive bacterial infections, they are generally less potent when utilized against Gram-negative bacteria. We hypothesized that conjugating the DNA-targeting, antimicrobial peptide buforin II to a metal-based photosensitizer would result in a potent APDT agent. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of a buforin II-[Ru(bpy)3]2+ bioconjugate (1). The submicromolar activity of 1 against the multidrug-resistant strains Escherichia coli AR 0114 and Acinetobacter baumannii Naval-17 indicates strong synergy between the ruthenium complex and buforin II. Our mechanistic studies point to an increased rate of DNA damage by 1 compared to [Ru(bpy)3]2+. These results suggest that conjugating metal complexes to antimicrobial peptides can lead to potent antimicrobial agents.

Hypermobile-type Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) is characterized by connective tissue laxity resulting in excessive joint mobility. This can lead to instability of the cervical spine resulting in spinal cord compression and neck pain. People with hEDS often utilize commercially available cervical collars to provide head support, but these devices are not well-suited for this population. This work describes the development of a novel head support designed specifically to meet the needs of people with hEDS. The head support was developed using the principles of human-centered design, in which the end user is an active participant in the design process. People with hEDS were interviewed to identify limitations of existing support devices and desirable features of a new device. Input from the interviews was combined with structured design methods to generate initial designs. A prototype of a selected initial design was developed and evaluated by a person with hEDS. Feedback from this evaluation was incorporated into a second-generation design. This improved design stabilizes and supports the head while flexing to allow limited motion. It has an open, well-ventilated structure, and can be worn under clothes. By including end users in the design process, making effective use of computer-aided design and additive manufacturing processes, and gaining feedback through rapid prototyping, the product development process has been accelerated and focused on the needs of the end-user. Future work will continue to include people with hEDS as part of the design team to develop a high-functioning, affordable head support.

Gram-negative bacteria are some of the biggest threats to public health due to a large prevalence of antibiotic resistance. The difficulty in treating bacterial infections, stemming from their double membrane structure combined with efflux pumps in the outer membrane, has resulted in a much greater need for antimicrobials with activity against these pathogens. Tunicate host defense peptide (HDP), Clavanin A, is capable of not only inhibiting Gram-negative growth but also potentiating activity in the presence of Zn(II). Here, we provide evidence that the improvements of Clavanin A activity in the presence of Zn(II) are due to its novel mechanism of action. We employed

Strategies to design novel antibacterial materials may rely on the combination of materials to achieve synergistic effects. The coupling of antibacterial peptides to nanoparticles, however, needs to be directed conveniently to avoid structural changes within the peptide and/or degradation of the nanoparticle. Here, we present the results of the attachment of a synthetic peptide (VIHGW-alkyne-G-NH2) containing the amino terminal copper and nickel (ATCUN) motif to silver nanoparticles. In order to direct the peptide-nanoparticle coupling, the peptide was functionalized with an alkyne, whereas the nanoparticles were functionalized with azide groups using thiol-polyethylene glycol-azide (HS-PEG-N3) chains, so that the acetylide and the azide can undergo a click reaction. The reaction was conducted at room temperature and the steps in the construction of the nanoparticle-PEG-ATCUN array were followed by a combination of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and infrared spectroscopy. Evidence of the attachment of the PEG molecules through the thiol termination indicates that the nanoparticle is functionalized with azide groups, although only partially. The click reaction with the synthetic peptide is evidenced by the loss of the N3-vibrational signal with infrared spectroscopy. Throughout the steps of the synthesis, the behavior of the nanoparticles was followed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements, observing that during the process there are no significant changes in the size of the nanoparticle and that the stability of the nanoparticles increases. Antibacterial tests, conducted using E. coli, showed that the activity of the Ag-PEG-ATCUN nanocomposites is higher than that of nanoparticles and ATCUN peptides separately.

Evaluate whether participation in Choose Health: Food, Fun, and Fitness (CHFFF), a hands-on, experiential curriculum aimed at third- to sixth-graders, resulted in improvements in the targeted obesity and chronic disease prevention behaviors.The researchers evaluated CHFFF in low-income youth participating in 2 federal programs in New York State during 2013-2015. Food and activity behaviors were assessed using the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program third- through fifth- and sixth- through eighth-grade pre-post surveys, along with 2 sets of added CHFFF-specific items completed by subsamples. Educators trained in CHFFF had youth complete the surveys as they delivered the curriculum, primarily in schools and after-school programs.Paired t tests showed significant (P .01) positive changes before to after CHFFF education for consumption of vegetables, fruits, sweetened drinks, nutrition label reading, and other food and activity behaviors.Results provide practice-based evidence that CHFFF promotes positive behavior change in participating youth.

Positive youth development is one of the primary goals of high school sport participation, yet the process of how youth transfer life skills from sport to other life domains is in need of greater e...

Confidence is a well-known psychological quality that is relevant for performing at one’s best. Previous literature examined sources from which athletes derive their confidence, what behaviors coaches perceive to be the most effective at building confidence, and the level of congruence between athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions on confidence-building techniques. However, research has rarely asked athletes what they believe are the most important behaviors coaches can do to build confidence in both individuals and teams. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore athletes’ perceptions of what coaches can do to build confidence from the perspective of athletes. Collegiate student-athletes (n = 264) completed two open-ended questions regarding specific behaviors that coaches do to build confidence in athletes and teams. A total of 649 interpretable meaning units were analyzed into 13 lower-order themes and 5 higher-order categories. Results revealed that creating a nurturing positive environment, responding to athletes productively, developing effective practices for training, developing interpersonal relationships with athletes, and possessing effective intrapersonal qualities themselves are all behaviors identified as important for building confidence. Many of the behaviors were common to building confidence in both athletes and teams, though there were confidence-building behaviors unique to either group.

Sport psychology professionals (SPPs) are well positioned to engage and collaborate with community sporting organizations to support and enhance philosophies, policies, and programs. This case stud...

Tunicates have been used as primitive models for understanding cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Clavanin A (ClavA) is one member of a family of antimicrobial peptides produced by the solitary tunicate Styela clava. In this work, we demonstrate that ClavA utilizes Zn2+ ions to potentiate its antimicrobial activity not only by reducing the concentration at which the peptide inhibits the growth of bacteria but also by increasing the rate of killing. Membrane depolarization, β-galactosidase leakage, and potassium leakage assays indicate that ClavA is membrane active, forms small pores, but induces cell death by targeting an intracellular component. ClavA and ClavA-Zn2+ added to Escherichia coli and imaged by confocal microscopy translocate across the cell membrane. E. coli mutants lacking the functional Zn2+ import system are less susceptible to ClavA, suggesting that the synergistic activity between ClavA and Zn2+ has a cytoplasmic target, which is further supported by its nucleolytic activity. Overall, t...

The tall poppy syndrome (TPS) is a culturally specific term defined as the “habit of denigrating or ‘cutting down’ those who are successful or who are high achievers”. The purpose of this study was to understand TPS from the perspective of elite New Zealand athletes. Specifically, this study sought to gain elite athletes’ perceptions of whether TPS exists and how it influences New Zealand sporting culture, their personal experiences of being a target of TPS, and how they personally responded to being a target of TPS. Nine current and 11 former New Zealand athletes were interviewed who had competed at Olympic, Commonwealth, or World Championship events. Athletes suggested that TPS was infused throughout society and influenced how the public celebrated winners and viewed success. Athletes believed they had been targets of TPS and viewed it both a positive and negative influence on athlete development. TPS-related criticisms were seen as providing motivation for hard work by some athletes, while others ident...

Objectives Researchers have advocated for coaches to intentionally teach life skills to their athletes given the accrued developmental benefits. The purpose of this research was to develop and offer initial evidence of validity and reliability for a measure assessing the extent to which coaches are intentional in their approaches to teaching life skills through sport. Design Using two independent samples (n = 623; n = 817), three studies were conducted to develop and initially validate the Coaching Life Skills in Sport Questionnaire (CLSS-Q). Method In study one, the scale development and content validity processes of the initial measure were conducted. In study two, the factorial validity of the CLSS-Q was tested through exploratory structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analyses. Moreover, scale invariance, discriminant and convergent validity, and construct reliability were assessed. In study three, concurrent validity was assessed with the combined sample (N = 1440) using two theoretically linked constructs. Results The results of the three studies provide initial evidence for the validity and reliability of the 5-factor 36-item CLSS-Q. Conclusions The CLSS-Q represents a useful scale for researchers interested in examining levels of intentionality in coaches' teaching of life skills through sport. As scale development is an ongoing process, further research is needed to continue to accumulate evidence for the validity and reliability of the CLSS-Q.

There is general agreement that for collegiate student-athletes to thrive in academics and athletics these individuals must develop and maintain quality commitments to both school and sport throughout college. Yet, limited research has investigated student-athletes’ concurrent negotiation of their discrete commitments to school and sport, and its consequences for these individuals' academic, athletic, and general lives. The purpose of the present study was threefold: (a) identify distinct profiles representing collegiate students-athletes’ dual commitment to school and sport, (b) detect whether these dual commitment profiles demonstrated compatibility versus conflict, and (c) examine the relationships between dual commitment profiles and student-athletes’ academic, athletic, and general life outcomes. A sample of 248 NCAA Division I student-athletes (Mage = 19.87 years, SD = 1.33 years) completed measures of commitment, engagement, and burnout in school and sport, as well as global psychological well-being indices (i.e., life satisfaction and subjective vitality). Using latent profile analyses, results supported a four-profile solution comprising dual commitment profiles with unique configurations of enthusiastic (EC) and constrained (CC) commitment to school and sport: Weak CC-Dominant: School/Strong EC-Dominant: Sport (n = 43), Weak CC-Dominant: School/Strong CC-Dominant: Sport (n = 71), Moderate Commitment: School & Sport (n = 91), and Strong EC-Dominant: School & Sport (n = 43). Dual commitment profiles characterized by enthusiastic-dominant commitment patterns were associated with higher levels of school/sport engagement and global psychological well-being, as well as lower levels of school/sport burnout. Overall, our findings established that collegiate student-athletes are tied to school and sport for various reasons and speak to a potential need for enhanced support networks and services catered to student-athletes’ academic role in the United States.

For athletes, life skills transfer represents the vital ongoing process in their personal development whereby they internalize the skills they have learned in sport and apply them to multiple life ...

For a sport skill to be considered a life skill, it must be successfully transferred and applied beyond sport. Life skills transfer is an essential process, but it has yet to be fully delineated within the sport psychology literature. The purpose of the current paper is to present a definition and model of life skills transfer and outline future research needs. A critical review of the literature within sport psychology and other learning-based disciplines is offered to assess our current understanding of learning transfer. A definition and model of transfer are then presented, focusing on the athlete learner’s experience of life skills transfer. Within the model, we first examine how athletes bring personal assets and autobiographical experiences to sport. Second, we explore how sport is a learning environment with distinctive demands, programme designs, and coach characteristics and strategies. Third, we explain how transfer contexts provide environmental conditions, which, depending on how they...

There is a paucity of sport parenting research that specifically examines the role parents play in the introductory stages of the youth sport experience, despite the fact that this is when youth involvement is at its highest. To fill this void in the literature, this study examined expert coaches’ v

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to gain student-athlete perceptions of: (1) the definition of leadership for high school student-athletes; (2) the process of leadership development in high school sport; and (3) the factors that have helped or hindered leadership transfer between high school sport and other life domains.\ud \ud Design: This study was grounded in an interpretivist ontological perspective and used focus group interviews to gather insights of student-athletes’ leadership experiences.\ud \ud Method: Purposeful sampling identified 33 high-school student-athlete leaders who were members of student advisory councils for high school state athletic associations in the United States. The 15 females and 18 males participated in focus-group interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis of the interview data was then conducted.\ud \ud Results: Results revealed that student-athlete leadership was viewed as a skill-set and a mindset, driven by individual agency. As an on-going developmental process, student-athletes gained awareness of leadership skills, increased self-expectations and self-confidence in their use and application of leadership skills, and developed a transformational leadership mindset, as they encountered and engaged with critical learning opportunities in high school sport and gained support from coaches and peers. Leadership application outside of sport was a multidimensional psychological process, including both conscious and implicit elements, and facilitated or constrained by environmental opportunities and social influences.\ud \ud Conclusions: High school sport offers a unique context where self-agentic youth leadership development in sport and life can occur through experiential learning opportunities. To this point, future research directions and recommendations for practitioners will be provided.

Gram-negative bacteria are some of the biggest threats to public health due to a large prevalence of antibiotic resistance. The difficulty in treating bacterial infections, stemming from their double membrane structure combined with efflux pumps in the outer membrane, has resulted in a much greater need for antimicrobials with activity against these pathogens. Tunicate host defense peptide (HDP), Clavanin A, is capable of not only inhibiting Gram-negative growth but also potentiating activity in the presence of Zn(II). Here, we provide evidence that the improvements of Clavanin A activity in the presence of Zn(II) are due to its novel mechanism of action. We employed E. coli TD172 (ΔrecA::kan) and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay to show in cellulae that DNA damage occurs upon treatment with Clavanin A. In vitro assays demonstrated that Zn(II) ions are required for the nuclease activity of the peptide. The quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of DNA damage. In the rate-determining step of the proposed mechanism, due to its Lewis acidity, the Zn(II) ion activates the scissile P–O bond of DNA and creates a hydroxyl nucleophile from a water molecule. A subsequent attack by this group to the electrophilic phosphorus cleaves the scissile phosphoester bond. Additionally, we utilized bacterial cytological profiling (BCP), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in the presence of lipid vesicles, and surface plasmon resonance combined with electrical impedance spectroscopy in order to address the apparent discrepancies between our results and the previous studies regarding the mechanism of action of Clavanin A. Finally, our approach may lead to the identification of additional Clavanin A like HDPs and promote the development of antimicrobial peptide based therapeutics.

Copper (Cu) ions are critical in controlling bacterial infections, and successful pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) possess multiple Cu resistance mechanisms. We report, as proof of concept, that a novel Cu hypersensitivity phenotype can be generated in mycobacteria, including Mtb, through a peptide, DAB-10, that is able to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) following Cu-binding. DAB-10 induces intramycobacterial oxidative stress in a Cu-dependent manner in vitro and during infection. DAB-10 penetrates murine macrophages and encounters intracellular mycobacteria. Significant intracellular Cu-dependent protection was observed when Mtb-infected macrophages were treated with DAB-10 alongside a cell-permeable Cu chelator. Treatment with the Cu chelator reversed the intramycobacterial oxidative shift induced by DAB-10. We conclude that DAB-10 utilizes the pool of phagosomal Cu ions in the host-Mtb interface to augment the mycobactericidal activity of macrophages while simultaneously exploiting the susceptibility of Mtb to ROS. DAB-10 serves as a model with which to develop next-generation, multifunctional antimicrobials.

This paper presents experimental results from the testing of a semi-active damping system in an off-road bicycle (bike). Magnetorheological dampers are being increasingly used in automotive applications to enhance damping capability of a suspension system or to mitigate the trade-off between ride comfort and handling. A magnetorheological (MR) damper requires a relatively low amount of energy to control damping characteristics, and behaves as a passive damper in the absence of any power input. This study investigates the use of a semi-active magnetorheological damper for the rear suspension of a mountain bike. The performance of this damper has been compared to the current shock absorber on the bike. All testing has been performed on a shaker table and the performance of the damper has been evaluated by comparing the input acceleration at the hub of the rear wheel to the acceleration at the seat of the bike. The main aim of this study is to investigate the viability of using an MR damper in a mountain bike suspension system. Test results indicate that the performance of the semi-active MR damper is comparable to the current shock absorber. Furthermore, the MR damper lends itself to hands-off control that will be investigated in a future study. Therefore, it can be concluded from preliminary testing that an MR damper can be used in a mountain bike to effectively control damping.

Healthy Children Healthy Families (HCHF): Parents Making a Difference! is an eight-session curriculum designed for use with low-income parents to promote parenting practices that positively influence children's healthy eating and active play.Assess impacts of HCHF on parenting practices and self-efficacy, diet quality and physical activity of parents and children from pre- to post-education as compared to a delayed intervention group; and retention of behavior change over 16 weeks post-education.A randomized controlled trial was conducted with low-income parents (n = 391) of children 3-5 years old from 11 daycares in New York City. EFNEP paraprofessionals delivered group lessons in English or Spanish; half the groups were Spanish speaking.Data on reported behaviors were collected four times, nine weeks apart: pre- (T1) and post-HCHF (T2 for immediate education, T3 for delayed education) and retention of behavior change in the medium term (T4). Targeted behaviors included intake of sweetened beverages, energy-dense foods, vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy, smaller portions, physical activity, screen time behaviors, and parenting skills. In-depth interviews were conducted with 23 graduates after T4.Data were analyzed for participants who graduated from HCHF (> six-sessions); no demographic differences were found between eligible enrollees and graduates. Participants in both immediate and delayed education groups reported significant change (P < .001) in targeted behaviors post-graduation (T2 and T3 respectively). There was no statistical difference in targeted behaviors between groups at T3 or T4 indicating retention of behavior change among immediate and delayed education participants. In interviews, participants reported lasting change in their own and their children's behavior, and also among other family members.HCHF is effective in supporting parents and children in making and maintaining behavior changes consistent with preventing unhealthy weight gain and chronic disease.None.