157 results on '"Scott J Leischow"'
Search Results
2. A Comparative Study on Tobacco Cessation Methods: A Quantitative Systematic Review
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Gholamreza Heydari, Mohammadreza Masjedi, Arezoo Ebn Ahmady, Scott J Leischow, Harry A Lando, Mohammad Behgam Shadmehr, and Lida Fadaizadeh
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Methods ,systematic review ,tobacco cessation ,tobacco control ,Medicine - Abstract
Background: During recent years, there have been many advances in different types of pharmacological and non-pharmacological tobacco control treatments. In this study, we aimed to identify the most effective smoking cessation methods used in quit based upon a review of the literature. Methods: We did a search of PubMed, limited to English publications from 2000 to 2012. Two trained reviewers independently assessed titles, abstracts and full texts of articles after a pilot inter-rater reliability assessment which was conducted by the author (GH). The total number of papers and their conclusions including recommendation of that method (positive) or not supporting (negative) was computed for each method. The number of negative papers was subtracted from the number of positive ones for each method. In cases of inconsistency between the two reviewers, these were adjudicated by author. Results: Of the 932 articles that were critically assessed, 780 studies supported quit smoking methods. In 90 studies, the methods were not supported or rejected and in 62 cases the methods were not supported. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Champix and Zyban with 352, 117 and 71 studies respectively were the most supported methods and e-cigarettes and non-Nicotine medications with one case were the least supported methods. Finally, NRT with 39 and Champix and education with 36 scores were the most supported methods. Conclusions: Results of this review indicate that the scientific papers in the most recent decade recommend the use of NRT and Champix in combination with educational interventions. Additional research is needed to compare qualitative and quantitative studies for smoking cessation.
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- 2014
3. Information seeking regarding tobacco and lung cancer: effects of seasonality.
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Zhu Zhang, Xiaolong Zheng, Daniel Dajun Zeng, and Scott J Leischow
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
This paper conducted one of the first comprehensive international Internet analyses of seasonal patterns in information seeking concerning tobacco and lung cancer. Search query data for the terms "tobacco" and "lung cancer" from January 2004 to January 2014 was collected from Google Trends. The relevant countries included the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia, and China. Two statistical approaches including periodogram and cross-correlation were applied to analyze seasonal patterns in the collected search trends and their associations. For these countries except China, four out of six cross-correlations of seasonal components of the search trends regarding tobacco were above 0.600. For these English-speaking countries, similar patterns existed in the data concerning lung cancer, and all cross-correlations between seasonal components of the search trends regarding tobacco and that regarding lung cancer were also above 0.700. Seasonal patterns widely exist in information seeking concerning tobacco and lung cancer on an international scale. The findings provide a piece of novel Internet-based evidence for the seasonality and health effects of tobacco use.
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- 2015
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4. Assessment of different quit smoking methods selected by patients in tobacco cessation centers in Iran
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Gholamreza Heydari, Mohammadreza Masjedi, Arezoo Ebn Ahmady, Scott J Leischow, A Lando Harry, Mohammad B Shadmehr, and Lida Fadaizadeh
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Cessation ,health services ,patients ,tobacco ,Medicine - Abstract
Background: Health systems play key roles in identifying tobacco users and providing evidence-based care to help them quit. This treatment includes different methods such as simple medical consultation, medication, and telephone counseling. To assess different quit smoking methods selected by patients in tobacco cessation centers in Iran in order to identify those that are most appropriate for the country health system. Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, a random sample of all quit centers at the country level was used to obtain a representative sample. Patients completed the self-administered questionnaire which contained 10 questions regarding the quality, cost, effect, side effects and the results of quitting methods using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Percentages, frequencies, mean, T-test, and variance analyses were computed for all study variables. Results: A total of 1063 smokers returned completed survey questionnaires. The most frequently used methods were Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) and combination therapy (NRT and Counseling) with 228 and 163 individuals reporting these respectively. The least used methods were hypnotism (n = 8) and the quit and win (n = 17). The methods which gained the maximum scores were respectively the combined method, personal and Champix with means of 21.4, 20.4 and 18.4. The minimum scores were for e-cigarettes, hypnotism and education with means of 12.8, 11 and 10.8, respectively. There were significant differences in mean scores based on different cities and different methods. Conclusions: According to smokers′ selection the combined therapy, personal methods and Champix are the most effective methods for quit smoking and these methods could be much more considered in the country health system.
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- 2015
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5. Quit smoking experts′ opinions toward quality and results of quit smoking methods provided in tobacco cessation services centers in Iran
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Gholamreza Heydari, Mohammadreza Masjedi, Arezoo Ebn Ahmady, Scott J Leischow, Harry A Lando, Mohammad B Shadmehr, and Lida Fadaizadeh
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Attitude ,cigarette ,experts ,physicians ,quitting ,Medicine - Abstract
Background: One of the core responsibilities of health system is to treat tobacco dependence. This treatment includes different methods such as simple medical consultation, medication, and telephone counseling. To assess physicians′ opinions towards quality and result of different quit smoking methods provided in tobacco cessation services centers in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, random sampling of all quit centers at country level was used to obtain a representative sample size of 100 physicians. Physicians completed a self-administered questionnaire which contained 10 questions regarding the quality, cost, effect, side effects, and the results of quitting methods using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Percentages, frequencies, mean, T-test, and variance analyses were computed for all study variables. Results: Most experts preferred to use combination quit smoking methods and then Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) with 26 and 23, respectively. The least used methods were quit line and some methods without medication with 3 cases. The method which gained the maximum scores were telephone consultation, acupuncture, Willpower, Champix, combined method, and Interactive Voice Response (IVR) with the mean of 23.3, 23, 22.5, 22, 21.7 and 21.3, respectively. The minimum scores were related to e-cigarette, some methods without medication, and non-NRT medication with the mean of 12.3, 15.8 and 16.2, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean of scores based on different cities (P = 0.256). Analysis of variance in mean scores showed significant differences in the means scores of different methods (P < 0.000). Conclusions: According to physicians acupuncture, personal methods and Champix are the most effective methods and these methods could be much more feasible and cost effective than other methods.
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- 2015
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6. Balfour et al. Respond
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David J. K. Balfour, Neal L. Benowitz, Suzanne M. Colby, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Harry A. Lando, Scott J. Leischow, Caryn Lerman, Robin J. Mermelstein, Raymond Niaura, Kenneth A. Perkins, Ovide F. Pomerleau, Nancy A. Rigotti, Gary E. Swan, Kenneth E. Warner, and Robert West
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Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health - Published
- 2024
7. Understanding of Users' Response to the Intervention of FDA's New Deeming Rules in Twitter.
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Yin Luo, Qiudan Li, Song Sun, Daniel Zeng 0001, and Scott J. Leischow
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- 2018
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8. Data from Research Priorities, Measures, and Recommendations for Assessment of Tobacco Use in Clinical Cancer Research
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Graham W. Warren, Michael C. Fiore, Carolyn M. Dresler, Scott J. Leischow, Paul M. Cinciripini, Roy S. Herbst, Robert A. Schnoll, Linda P. Sarna, Sheila A. Prindiville, Thomas H. Brandon, Nancy A. Rigotti, Ellen R. Gritz, Sonia A. Duffy, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Jamie S. Ostroff, Sandra A. Mitchell, Carol M. Moinpour, Benjamin A. Toll, and Stephanie R. Land
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There is strong evidence that cigarette smoking causes adverse outcomes in people with cancer. However, more research is needed regarding those effects and the effects of alternative tobacco products and of secondhand smoke, the effects of cessation (before diagnosis, during treatment, or during survivorship), the biologic mechanisms, and optimal strategies for tobacco dependence treatment in oncology. Fundamentally, tobacco is an important source of variation in clinical treatment trials. Nevertheless, tobacco use assessment has not been uniform in clinical trials. Progress has been impeded by a lack of consensus regarding tobacco use assessment suitable for cancer patients. The NCI-AACR Cancer Patient Tobacco Use Assessment Task Force identified priority research areas and developed recommendations for assessment items and timing of assessment in cancer research. A cognitive interview study was conducted with 30 cancer patients at the NIH Clinical Center to evaluate and improve the measurement items. The resulting Cancer Patient Tobacco Use Questionnaire (C-TUQ) includes “Core” items for minimal assessment of tobacco use at initial and follow-up time points, and an “Extension” set. Domains include the following: cigarette and other tobacco use status, intensity, and past use; use relative to cancer diagnosis and treatment; cessation approaches and history; and secondhand smoke exposure. The Task Force recommends that assessment occur at study entry and, at a minimum, at the end of protocol therapy in clinical trials. Broad adoption of the recommended measures and timing protocol, and pursuit of the recommended research priorities, will help us to achieve a clearer understanding of the significance of tobacco use and cessation for cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(8); 1907–13. ©2016 AACR.
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- 2023
9. Supplementary Figure S1 from Research Priorities, Measures, and Recommendations for Assessment of Tobacco Use in Clinical Cancer Research
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Graham W. Warren, Michael C. Fiore, Carolyn M. Dresler, Scott J. Leischow, Paul M. Cinciripini, Roy S. Herbst, Robert A. Schnoll, Linda P. Sarna, Sheila A. Prindiville, Thomas H. Brandon, Nancy A. Rigotti, Ellen R. Gritz, Sonia A. Duffy, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Jamie S. Ostroff, Sandra A. Mitchell, Carol M. Moinpour, Benjamin A. Toll, and Stephanie R. Land
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This file contains the NCI-AACR tobacco use questionnaire and notes about its use.
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- 2023
10. Supplementary Data from Research Priorities, Measures, and Recommendations for Assessment of Tobacco Use in Clinical Cancer Research
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Graham W. Warren, Michael C. Fiore, Carolyn M. Dresler, Scott J. Leischow, Paul M. Cinciripini, Roy S. Herbst, Robert A. Schnoll, Linda P. Sarna, Sheila A. Prindiville, Thomas H. Brandon, Nancy A. Rigotti, Ellen R. Gritz, Sonia A. Duffy, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Jamie S. Ostroff, Sandra A. Mitchell, Carol M. Moinpour, Benjamin A. Toll, and Stephanie R. Land
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This file contains detailed information about the methodology.
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- 2023
11. Mapping the African Tobacco Control Network
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Scott J. Leischow, Olalekan Ayo-Yusuf, Janet Okamoto, Mary Warner, Jenny E. Twesten, Chad Stecher, Thomas W. Valente, and Mark Parascandola
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BackgroundTo understand the state of tobacco control efforts across Africa, a first-ever survey was implemented to assess the nature and activities of tobacco control stakeholders across the African continent.MethodsA survey in English, Arabic, and French was made available to individuals and organizations to assess the types and scope of tobacco control efforts and experience with tobacco control programs based on FCTC articles/MPOWER components.ResultsThere were 219 respondents from 32 African and 6 non-African countries. Research and advocacy were the most reported activities, and several organizations emerged as network nodes for connecting tobacco control efforts across multiple African countries. The most common FCTC articles/MPOWER components worked on were (W) warning about the dangers of tobacco (58%), (M) monitor tobacco use and policies (49%), and (P) protection against secondhand smoke exposure (47%). Significant between-country differences were also found on some FCTC articles/MPOWER components: (1) (R) price and tax measures [Articles 6 and 15] (F=1.57, p=0.048), (2) industry interference [Article 5.3] (F=1.62, p=0.038), and (3) economically viable alternatives to tobacco growing [Article 17] (F=1.94, p=0.007).DiscussionThis study found a broad and robust tobacco control network across Africa, with multiple organizations serving those networks and having overlapping collaborations. There is considerable variability in tobacco control priorities and networking, and multiple barriers were identified to expanding the network and to fostering increased tobacco control efforts. The results point to important directions for increasing collaboration across FCTC articles/MPOWER components to improve tobacco control efforts; potential research opportunities, including an analysis of tobacco industry activities, an exploration of ways to help people quit tobacco, and approaches to elevate the cost of tobacco; and a solid tobacco control network foundation on which to build. However, exploring creative approaches to increase research most relevant to specific countries and their cultural characteristics is essential.
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- 2022
12. Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes
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Kenneth A. Perkins, Suzanne M. Colby, Neal L. Benowitz, Kenneth E. Warner, Ovide F. Pomerleau, David J. K. Balfour, Scott J. Leischow, Raymond Niaura, Gary E. Swan, Caryn Lerman, Robin J. Mermelstein, Robert West, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Harry A. Lando, and Nancy A. Rigotti
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medicine.medical_treatment ,Environmental health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Media coverage ,Risks and benefits ,Psychology ,Odds - Abstract
The topic of e-cigarettes is controversial. Opponents focus on e-cigarettes’ risks for young people, while supporters emphasize the potential for e-cigarettes to assist smokers in quitting smoking. Most US health organizations, media coverage, and policymakers have focused primarily on risks to youths. Because of their messaging, much of the public—including most smokers—now consider e-cigarette use as dangerous as or more dangerous than smoking. By contrast, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine concluded that e-cigarette use is likely far less hazardous than smoking. Policies intended to reduce adolescent vaping may also reduce adult smokers’ use of e-cigarettes in quit attempts. Because evidence indicates that e-cigarette use can increase the odds of quitting smoking, many scientists, including this essay’s authors, encourage the health community, media, and policymakers to more carefully weigh vaping’s potential to reduce adult smoking-attributable mortality. We review the health risks of e-cigarette use, the likelihood that vaping increases smoking cessation, concerns about youth vaping, and the need to balance valid concerns about risks to youths with the potential benefits of increasing adult smoking cessation.
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- 2021
13. Text Messaging Promoting Physician-Led Brief Intervention Tobacco Cessation: A Before-And-After Study among Physicians in Three Tertiary Hospitals in Nigeria
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Olanrewaju Onigbogi, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Babalola Faseru, Oluwafunmilola James, Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf, Nkolika Uguru, Mustapha Abubakar Jamda, and Scott J. Leischow
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Nigeria ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Article ,Tertiary Care Centers ,Tobacco Use ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physicians ,Intervention (counseling) ,Text messaging ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Referral and Consultation ,Tobacco Use Cessation ,Text Messaging ,Education, Medical ,business.industry ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Middle Aged ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Controlled Before-After Studies ,Family medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Before and after study ,Clinical Competence ,Brief intervention ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Background: Physician-led smoking cessation services are suboptimal in Nigeria. Objectives: This study evaluated a text messaging intervention designed to increase the knowledge and practices of physicians in Nigeria to help smokers quit. Methods: Using a pre-post study design, all physicians ( N = 946) in 3 tertiary care hospitals located in 3 geopolitical zones in Nigeria were sent 2–3 text messages weekly over a 13-week period to create awareness and improve cessation practices using the “Ask, Advise and Refer” (AAR) model. The primary outcomes were the awareness of AAR and the proportion of physicians who offered each of the components of the brief intervention (AAR) to at least half of eligible patients. Secondary outcomes included the attitudes and self-reported effects of the messages on motivation to offer AAR to patients who smoke. Results: Of the 946 eligible respondents, only 165 responded to both the before and after intervention surveys (17.4% participation rate). Participants were more likely to indicate awareness of the AAR approach after the intervention (60%) than before (21.2%). Overall, physicians’ practice of each component of the AAR changed significantly after the intervention ( P Conclusions: A brief and low-cost text messaging intervention to physicians increased the awareness and practice of AAR in those who participated in the study. However, the relatively low participation rate highlights the importance of new research to improve and expand text messaging as an intervention among physicians to help them foster tobacco treatment among their patients.
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- 2020
14. Effects of immediate versus gradual nicotine reduction in cigarettes on biomarkers of biological effects
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David J. Drobes, Xianghua Luo, Mei Kuen Tang, Mustafa al'Absi, Jason D. Robinson, Alisa K. Heskin, Steven G. Carmella, Joni Jensen, Eric C. Donny, Ryan Vandrey, Stephen S. Hecht, Neal L. Benowitz, Andrew A. Strasser, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Joseph S. Koopmeiners, Joshua Ikuemonisan, Paul M. Cinciripini, and Scott J. Leischow
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Adult ,Erythrocyte Indices ,Male ,Nicotine ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Physiology ,Dinoprost ,Dinoprostone ,Article ,Cigarette Smoking ,Leukocyte Count ,03 medical and health sciences ,Red blood cell size ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Nicotinic Agonists ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Inflammation ,Platelet Count ,business.industry ,Bayes Theorem ,Mean age ,Tobacco Products ,Middle Aged ,Smoking Reduction ,Confidence interval ,Oxidative Stress ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,C-Reactive Protein ,Erythrocyte Count ,Female ,Time curve ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Biomarkers ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Author(s): Hatsukami, Dorothy K; Luo, Xianghua; Heskin, Alisa K; Tang, Mei Kuen; Carmella, Steven G; Jensen, Joni; Robinson, Jason D; Vandrey, Ryan; Drobes, David J; Strasser, Andrew A; al'Absi, Mustafa; Leischow, Scott; Cinciripini, Paul M; Koopmeiners, Joseph; Ikuemonisan, Joshua; Benowitz, Neal L; Donny, Eric C; Hecht, Stephen S | Abstract: AimA previous study showed significantly greater reductions in number of cigarettes smoked and biomarkers of toxicant and carcinogen exposure in smokers assigned to immediate reduction of nicotine in cigarettes to very low levels versus gradually over time or continued smoking of normal nicotine content cigarettes. This study examines the effects of these approaches on selected biomarkers associated with harmful biological effects.DesignThree-arm, randomized controlled trial.SettingTen United States academic institutional sites.ParticipantsDaily smokers uninterested in quitting smoking with a mean age of 45.1 [standard deviation (SD)n=n13.4)] years and smoking 17.1 (SDn=n8.5) cigarettes/day; 43.9% (549 of 1250) female; 60.6% (758 of 1250) white ethnicity.Interventions(1) Smoking cigarettes where nicotine content was immediately reduced to very low levels (nn=n503); (2) smoking cigarettes where nicotine content was gradually reduced, with dose changes occurring monthly (nn=n498); and (3) continued smoking with normal nicotine content cigarettes (nn=n249).MeasurementsSmokers were assessed at baseline while smoking their usual brand cigarettes, and again at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20nweeks. Outcomes were areas under the concentration time curve (AUC) for the period of study of biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and hematological parameters.FindingsNo consistent significant differences were observed across groups (Bayes factors showing data to be insensitive), with the only exception being red blood cell size variability, which was observed to be lower in the immediate versus gradual nicotine reduction [mean differencen=nn-0.11; 95% confidence interval (CI)n=n-0.18, -0.04, Pn=n0.004] and normal nicotine control groups (mean differencen=n-n0.15, 95% CIn=n-0.23, -0.06, Pn=n0.001).ConclusionIt remains unclear whether switching to very low nicotine cigarettes leads to a short-term reduction in biomarkers of tobacco-related harm.
- Published
- 2019
15. Commercial Tobacco Retailing in Tribal Jurisdictions: A Field Study
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Patricia Nez Henderson, Claradina Soto, Gregg Moor, Fritz L. Laux, and Scott J. Leischow
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Marketing ,Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Arizona ,Commerce ,Oklahoma ,Competitor analysis ,Tobacco Products ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,California ,Food and drug administration ,Product (business) ,Humans ,Business ,American Indian or Alaska Native - Abstract
Objectives: Our objective was to provide data contrasting commercial tobacco retailing in Tribal versus non-Tribal jurisdictions, in 3 states. These data may be relevant for US Food and Drug Administration regulation of Tribal retailing. Methods: With Tribal permission, observations were made on commercial tobacco advertising, product variety, pricing, and retail concept for stores within and just outside Tribal jurisdictions in areas of Arizona (AZ), California (CA), and Oklahoma (OK). Results: A total of 87 Tribal (20 AZ, 53 CA, 14 OK) and 67 (10, 43, 14) non-Tribal retailer visits were completed. There was substantial variation across tribes, with sales in AZ and most CA Tribal jurisdictions handled at convenience stores, whereas OK Tribal retailing was done mostly in specialized tobacco-specialty shops. Electronic cigarettes were ubiquitous across Tribal and non-Tribal outlets. Advertising and breadth of cigarette offerings was most extensive in the tobacco specialty retailers of Tribal OK. Surprisingly, Tribally manufactured cigarettes were found only at some CA Tribal retailers. Conclusions: Some Tribal commercial tobacco outlets actually price above their non-Tribal competitors and there is substantial variation in retailing strategy across Tribal jurisdictions. Tribal governments can continue to evaluate and reform commercial tobacco retailing so as to improve Tribal health.
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- 2021
16. Cannabis Concentrate Use in Adolescents
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Madeline H. Meier, Meagan Docherty, Scott J. Leischow, Kevin J. Grimm, and Dustin Pardini
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- 2020
17. Public Reactions to the Cigarette Control Regulation on a Chinese Microblogging Platform: Empirical Analysis
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Yongcheng Zhan, Jiaqi Liang, Ziqiang Li, Wanting Wen, Zhu Zhang, Daniel Zeng, and Scott J. Leischow
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Blogging ,Microblogging ,social media ,Control (management) ,030508 substance abuse ,cigarette smoking ,Health Informatics ,Public interest ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Asian People ,regulations ,medicine ,Humans ,Social media ,030212 general & internal medicine ,China ,Original Paper ,Descriptive statistics ,Public health ,Data Collection ,Advertising ,Tobacco Products ,Social Control Policies ,information networks ,Content analysis ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology - Abstract
Background On January 1, 2019, a new regulation on the control of smoking in public places was officially implemented in Hangzhou, China. On the day of the implementation, a large number of Chinese media reported the contents of the regulation on the microblog platform Weibo, causing a strong response from and heated discussion among netizens. Objective This study aimed to conduct a content and network analysis to examine topics and patterns in the social media response to the new regulation. Methods We analyzed all microblogs on Weibo that mentioned and explained the regulation in the first 8 days following the implementation. We conducted a content analysis on these microblogs and used social network visualization and descriptive statistics to identify key users and key microblogs. Results Of 7924 microblogs, 12.85% (1018/7924) were in support of the smoking control regulation, 84.12% (6666/7924) were neutral, and 1.31% (104/7924) were opposed to the smoking regulation control. For the negative posts, the public had doubts about the intentions of the policy, its implementation, and the regulations on electronic cigarettes. In addition, 1.72% (136/7924) were irrelevant to the smoking regulation control. Among the 1043 users who explicitly expressed their positive or negative attitude toward the policy, a large proportion of users showed supportive attitudes (956/1043, 91.66%). A total of 5 topics and 11 subtopics were identified. Conclusions This study used a content and network analysis to examine topics and patterns in the social media response to the new smoking regulation. We found that the number of posts with a positive attitude toward the regulation was considerably higher than that of the posts with a negative attitude toward the regulation. Our findings may assist public health policy makers to better understand the policy’s intentions, scope, and potential effects on public interest and support evidence-based public health regulations in the future.
- Published
- 2020
18. Characterizing Social Media Messages Related to Underage JUUL E-Cigarette Buying and Selling: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Reddit Subreddits (Preprint)
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Hejing Liu, Qiudan Li, Yongcheng Zhan, Zhu Zhang, Daniel D Zeng, and Scott J Leischow
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BACKGROUND Stopping the epidemic of e-cigarette use among youth has become the common goal of both regulatory authorities and health departments. JUUL is currently the most popular e-cigarette brand on the market. Young people usually obtain and exchange information about JUUL with the help of social media platforms. Along with the rising prevalence of JUUL, posts about underage JUUL buying and selling have appeared on social media platforms such as Reddit, which sharply increase the risk of minors being exposed to JUUL. OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze Reddit messages about JUUL buying and selling among the users of the UnderageJuul subreddit, and to further summarize the characteristics of those messages. The findings and insights can contribute to a better understanding of the patterns of underage JUUL use, and help public health officials provide timely education and guidance to minors who have intentions of accessing JUUL. METHODS We used a novel cross-subreddit method to analyze the Reddit messages on 2 subreddits. From July 9, 2017, to January 7, 2018, we collected data from the UnderageJuul subreddit, which was created for underage JUUL use discussion. The data set included 716 threads, 2935 comments, and 844 Reddit users (ie, Redditors). We collected our second data set, comprising 23,840 threads and 162,106 comments posted between July 9, 2017, and January 8, 2019, from the JUUL subreddit. We conducted analyses including the following: (1) annotation of users with buying/selling intention, (2) posting patterns discovery and topic comparison, and (3) posting activeness observation of discovered Redditors. Term frequency–inverse document frequency and regular expression-enhanced keyword search methods were applied during the content analysis to extract the posting patterns. The public posting records of the discovered users on the JUUL subreddit during the year after the UnderageJuul subreddit was shut down were analyzed to determine whether they were still active and interested in obtaining JUUL. RESULTS Our study revealed the following: (1) Among the 716 threads on the UnderageJuul subreddit, there were 214 threads related to JUUL sale and 168 threads related to JUUL purchase, which accounted for 53.5% (382/714) of threads. (2) Among the 844 Redditors of the UnderageJuul subreddit, 23.82% (201/844) of users were annotated with buying intention, and 21.10% (178/844) of users were annotated with selling intention. There were 34 users with buying/selling intention that self-reported as being CONCLUSIONS There were overlapping users active in the JUUL and UnderageJuul subreddits. The buying/selling-related content appeared in multiple venues with certain posting patterns from July 9, 2017, to January 7, 2018. Such content might lead to a high risk of health problems for minors, such as nicotine addiction. Based on these findings, this study provided some insights and suggestions that might contribute to the decision-making processes of regulators and public health officials.
- Published
- 2019
19. Social network analysis of a scientist–practitioner research initiative established to facilitate science dissemination and implementation within states and communities
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Janet Okamoto, Grace C. Huang, Scott J. Leischow, Elizabeth M. Ginexi, Michael Steketee, Todd Rogers, Amanda L. Huffman, Douglas A. Luke, Julie Bromberg, Keith Macallum, and Sophia Tsakraklides
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Scientist practitioner ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Public health ,Tobacco control ,Library and Information Sciences ,Public relations ,Research initiative ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Betweenness centrality ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,Seniority ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Social network analysis ,Network analysis - Abstract
This article presents a case study of a scientist–practitioner research network established by the National Cancer Institute’s State and Community Tobacco Control Research Initiative. While prior programs have focused on collaboration among scientists, a goal here was to encourage collaborations with non-university, practice-based partners. Two stages of analyses examine growth in the network and collaboration outcomes over a 2-year timeframe. First, visual and descriptive analyses were used to assess the network’s structure and characteristics. Second, regression modeling was used to assess the relationship between investigator characteristics on active collaboration with non-university partners in research and coauthorship. Network analysis revealed an increasing number of connections, low and decreasing density, increasing centralization and select individuals with high degree and betweenness centralities. Investigator seniority and experience did not predict the active partner connections. Rather, scientists’ betweenness centrality, or the extent to which they acted as bridges across the network, was the key predictor of collaboration. This finding suggests a novel way for dissemination-focused research programs to identify super-connector investigators to foster practitioner linkages.
- Published
- 2017
20. Tobacco Cessation Interventions in Tertiary Hospitals in Nigeria: An Audit of Patient Records
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Modupe Onigbogi, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Nkolika Uguru, Funmilola James, Mustapha Abubakar Jamda, Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf, Olanrewaju Onigbogi, Scott J. Leischow, and Babalola Faseru
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Psychological intervention ,Nigeria ,Audit ,Medical Records ,Tertiary Care Centers ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Documentation ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Practice Patterns, Physicians' ,Tobacco Use Cessation ,business.industry ,Medical record ,Tobacco control ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Checklist ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Family medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Brief intervention ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background Patient medical records are an objective tool for the systematic identification and treatment of tobacco users. The aim of this study was to assess brief intervention tobacco cessation activities documented by physicians in some select tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study using information obtained from 1588 randomly selected patient records in six teaching hospitals participating in a study to capacitate physicians to deliver brief advice. Trained data collectors collected data using a uniform checklist prior to the training of the physicians in these hospitals. Results Of the audited health records, 33.1% of patients had documentation of physicians' inquiry of their tobacco use mostly during out-patient clinics (37%) and by a resident doctor/medical officer (42.9%). Among identified tobacco users, it was documented that 12.9% were offered some form of tobacco cessation advice; readiness to quit was recorded in 2.6%; assistance with quitting was documented for 1.5% of tobacco users, while only 0.8% showed documentation of patient follow-up. Males and patients admitted to the hospital were 1.86 times and 2.14 times respectively more likely to have records of physicians' inquiry of their tobacco use. Patients who had tobacco-related morbidities and the unemployed were also more likely to have records of inquiry of their tobacco use. Conclusions There was poor documentation of tobacco use by physicians in these hospitals and many opportunities for brief intervention activities were missed. Efforts to educate the physicians on the importance of documenting tobacco use in clinical notes are recommended. Implications This study provides empirical evidence showing that there is poor documentation of tobacco use inquiry and brief intervention among physicians in tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Records showing implementation of the 5A's were abysmally low and opportunities for brief intervention may have been missed. In line with the World Health Organization recommendations of Article 14 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, efforts to promote brief intervention among physicians in tertiary hospitals in Nigeria should include an emphasis on appropriate documentation of tobacco control interventions in patient clinical notes.
- Published
- 2017
21. Underage JUUL Use Patterns: Content Analysis of Reddit Messages
- Author
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Zhu Zhang, Yongcheng Zhan, Daniel Zeng, Janet Okamoto, and Scott J. Leischow
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,social media ,Health Informatics ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Public health surveillance ,medicine ,Tobacco Smoking ,Humans ,Social media ,Public Health Surveillance ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,News media ,Demography ,Marketing ,Original Paper ,030505 public health ,Geography ,Public health ,Data Collection ,Vaping ,Smoking ,Advertising ,Popularity ,Preference ,Purchasing ,United States ,Content analysis ,minors ,Public Health ,0305 other medical science - Abstract
Background The popularity of JUUL (an e-cigarette brand) among youth has recently been reported in news media and academic papers, which has raised great public health concerns. Little research has been conducted on the age distribution, geographic distribution, approaches to buying JUUL, and flavor preferences pertaining to underage JUUL users. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze social media data related to demographics, methods of access, product characteristics, and use patterns of underage JUUL use. Methods We collected publicly available JUUL-related data from Reddit. We extracted and summarized the age, location, and flavor preference of subreddit UnderageJuul users. We also compared common and unique users between subreddit UnderageJuul and subreddit JUUL. The methods of purchasing JUULs were analyzed by manually examining the content of the Reddit threads. Results A total of 716 threads and 2935 comments were collected from the subreddit UnderageJuul before it was shut down. Most threads did not mention a specific age, but ages ranged from 13 years to greater than 21 years in those that did. Mango, mint, and cucumber were the most popular among the 7 flavors listed on JUUL’s official website, and 336 subreddit UnderageJuul threads mentioned 7 discreet approaches to circumvent relevant legal regulations to get JUUL products, the most common of which was purchasing JUUL from other Reddit users (n=181). Almost half of the UnderageJuul users (389/844, 46.1%) also participated in discussions on the main JUUL subreddit and sought information across multiple Reddit forums. Most (64/74, 86%) posters were from large metropolitan areas. Conclusions The subreddit UnderageJuul functioned as a forum to explore methods of obtaining JUUL and to discuss and recommend specific flavors before it was shut down. About half of those using UnderageJuul also used the more general JUUL subreddit, so a forum still exists where youths can attempt to share information on how to obtain JUUL and other products. Exploration of such social media data in real time for rapid public health surveillance could provide early warning for significant health risks before they become major public health threats.
- Published
- 2019
22. Cannabis Concentrate Use in Adolescents
- Author
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Dustin A. Pardini, Scott J. Leischow, Madeline H. Meier, Meagan Docherty, and Kevin J. Grimm
- Subjects
Marijuana Abuse ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Protective factor ,Poison control ,Marijuana Smoking ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,030225 pediatrics ,Injury prevention ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Dronabinol ,Psychiatry ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,business.industry ,Arizona ,Human factors and ergonomics ,biology.organism_classification ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Self Report ,Cannabis ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cannabis concentrates, which are cannabis plant extracts that contain high concentrations of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannbinol (THC), have become increasingly popular among adults in the United States. However, no studies have reported on the prevalence or correlates of cannabis concentrate use in adolescents, who, as a group, are thought to be particularly vulnerable to the harms of THC. METHODS: Participants are a racially and ethnically diverse group of 47 142 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students recruited from 245 schools across Arizona in 2018. Participants reported on their lifetime and past-month marijuana and cannabis concentrate use, other substance use, and risk and protective factors for substance use problems spanning multiple life domains (ie, individual, peer, family, school, and community). RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of all 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reported lifetime cannabis use, and 24% reported lifetime concentrate use. Seventy-two percent of all lifetime cannabis users had used concentrates. Relative to adolescent cannabis users who had not used concentrates, adolescent concentrate users were more likely to use other substances and to experience more risk factors, and fewer protective factors, for substance use problems across numerous life domains. CONCLUSIONS: Most adolescent cannabis users have used concentrates. Based on their risk and protective factor profile, adolescent concentrate users are at higher risk for substance use problems than adolescent cannabis users who do not use concentrates. Findings raise concerns about high-risk adolescents’ exposure to high-THC cannabis.
- Published
- 2019
23. SHAPING THE EVOLUTION OF THE INFORMATION FLOW: THE CENTRALIZING MECHANISMS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TOBACCO QUITLINE CONSORTIUM
- Author
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Robin H. Lemaire, Keith G. Provan, Liesbeth Mercken, Scott J. Leischow, Health promotion, and RS: CAPHRI - R6 - Promoting Health & Personalised Care
- Subjects
DYNAMICS ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Network information flow ,Public Administration ,ADOPTION ,COLLABORATION ,Article ,SYSTEMS ,Political science ,0502 economics and business ,050602 political science & public administration ,medicine ,IMPLEMENTATION ,Information flow (information theory) ,Business and International Management ,American tobacco ,OUTCOMES ,business.industry ,ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS ,Public health ,Corporate governance ,05 social sciences ,GOVERNANCE ,Public relations ,PREVENTION ,0506 political science ,Quitline ,INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS ,Position (finance) ,business ,050203 business & management - Abstract
The research reported here is an analysis of the evolution of the relationships that comprise a single public health network, focusing especially on the position of the network administrative organization (Provan and Kenis 2008) in the flow of knowledge among a large number of organizations providing similar services. Our study examines the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC), a multi-sector network that spans the US and Canada and whose members provide telephone-based tobacco cessation services to anyone interested in quitting smoking. Data were collected using web-based surveys at three different points of time. Implications are discussed for network organizing, for both theory and practice, focusing especially on the importance of the network administrative organization in shaping the evolution of the whole network information flow.
- Published
- 2019
24. Diné (Navajo) Healer Perspectives on Commercial Tobacco Use in Ceremonial Settings: An Oral Story Project to Promote Smoke-Free Life
- Author
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Jacqueline Nahee, Hershel Clark, Patricia Nez Henderson, Scott J. Leischow, Jamie Wilson, Carmenlita Chief, Alfred Yazzie, and Samantha Sabo
- Subjects
Male ,History ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cultural knowledge ,Tobacco use ,education ,030508 substance abuse ,Health Promotion ,Education ,Spiritual Therapies ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tobacco Use ,medicine ,Humans ,Sociology ,Secondhand smoke ,General Psychology ,Qualitative Research ,Smoke ,business.industry ,Public health ,Qualitative interviews ,Public relations ,Middle Aged ,language.human_language ,Dilemma ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Navajo ,Anthropology ,language ,Indians, North American ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Many American Indian (AI) healers are faced with a dilemma of how to maintain the ceremonial uses of traditional tobacco meant to encourage the restoration and balance of mind, body, and spirit, while discouraging commercial tobacco use and protecting against secondhand smoke exposure in ceremonial settings. To explore this dilemma and offer culturally informed solutions, researchers conducted qualitative interviews with Navajo healers who describe the history and role of commercial tobacco within ceremonial contexts. Healers understand the importance of their role on their community's health and expressed deep concern about the use of commercial tobacco in the ceremonial setting. Healers play an important role in curbing the use of commercial tobacco and limiting the exposure to secondhand smoke in ceremonial settings and beyond. Study implications include the importance of understanding traditional and cultural knowledge and its potential as a pathway to solve contemporary public health issues facing AI communities.
- Published
- 2019
25. Global Cancer Prevention
- Author
-
Scott J. Leischow and Janet Okamoto
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Cancer prevention ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Public health ,Tobacco control ,Global health ,Life expectancy ,medicine ,Standard of living ,business ,Tobacco industry ,Health equity - Abstract
The past few decades have produced significant improvement and advances in health, economic development and growth, and standards of living on a global scale. Major achievements in global health have produced greater life expectancy, enhanced maternal and child health, and reduced the spread and impact of infectious diseases. Yet major barriers to human health and development persist, with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) now the major cause of death and disability (World Health Organization, The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2008a). Noncommunicable diseases, including cancer, now account for more than half of all global mortality (Beaglehole et al., Lancet 377:1438–1447, 2011a) and are an increasing burden on the health and wealth of countries regardless of income or level of development. Some of the same social and economic changes that have heralded improvement and advances have also resulted in the risk factors for NCDs becoming widespread.
- Published
- 2019
26. Electronic cigarette usage patterns: a case study combining survey and social media data
- Author
-
Scott J. Leischow, Daniel Zeng, Jean-François Etter, and Yongcheng Zhan
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Health informatics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,020205 medical informatics ,Adolescent ,Datasets as Topic ,Health Informatics ,02 engineering and technology ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,Research and Applications ,Use pattern ,Social media ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Public health surveillance ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Humans ,Public Health Surveillance ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Electronic cigarette ,Survey ,ddc:613 ,Internet ,business.industry ,Public health ,Consumer Behavior ,Middle Aged ,Data science ,Logistic Models ,Information source ,Survey data collection ,The Internet ,Female ,business ,Psychology ,Social Media - Abstract
Objective To identify who were social media active e-cigarette users, to compare the use patterns from both survey and social media data for data triangulation, and to jointly use both datasets to conduct a comprehensive analysis on e-cigarette future use intentions. Materials and Methods We jointly used an e-cigarette use online survey (n = 5132) and a social media dataset. We conducted analysis from 3 different perspectives. We analyzed online forum participation patterns using survey data. We compared e-cigarette use patterns, including brand and flavor types, ratings, and purchase approaches, between the 2 datasets. We used logistic regression to study intentions to use e-cigarettes using both datasets. Results Male and younger e-cigarette users were the most likely to participate in e-cigarette-related discussion forums. Forum active survey participants were hardcore vapers. The e-cigarette use patterns were similar in the online survey data and the social media data. Intention to use e-cigarettes was positively related to e-liquid ratings and flavor ratings. Social media provided a valuable source of information on users’ ratings of e-cigarette refill liquids. Discussion For hardcore vapers, social media data were consistent with online survey data, which suggests that social media may be useful to study e-cigarette use behaviors and can serve as a useful complement to online survey research. We proposed an innovative framework for social media data triangulation in public health studies. Conclusion We illustrated how social media data, combined with online survey data, can serve as a new and rich information source for public health research.
- Published
- 2019
27. Electronic Cigarette Policy Recommendations: A Scoping Review
- Author
-
Benjamin R. Brady, Jennifer S De La Rosa, Uma S. Nair, and Scott J. Leischow
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Applied psychology ,MEDLINE ,Guidelines as Topic ,Smoking Prevention ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Vaping ,Tobacco control ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,International health ,Grey literature ,restrict ,Smoking cessation ,Position (finance) ,Smoking Cessation ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Electronic cigarette - Abstract
Objective: There is a lack of consensus on whether e-cigarettes facilitate or threaten existing tobacco prevention strategies. This uncertainty is reflected in organizations' conflicting e-cigarette position statements. We conducted a scoping review of position statements in published and gray literature to map the range and frequency of e-cigarette use recommendations. Methods: We collected 81 statements from international health organizations. Two coders independently performed qualitative content analysis to categorize e-cigarette recommendations. We explored differences based on organization type, geography, and the year recommendations were published. Results: We identified 5 recommendation types: encourage smokers to use ecigarettes as a cessation aid or as an alternative source of nicotine (N = 5); support individuals who use e-cigarettes to quit smoking (N = 20); avoid using until more research is available (N = 19); restrict access based on available evidence (N = 30); and prohibit e-cigarette marketing and sale (N = 7). Conclusion: Organizations presented diverse e-cigarette use recommendations. The variation related to organizations' differing tobacco prevention priorities and level of confidence in current e-cigarette research. These differences may create confusion. Additional research can examine whether this variability influences stakeholders' attitudes or behavior.
- Published
- 2018
28. Underage JUUL Use Patterns: Content Analysis of Reddit Messages (Preprint)
- Author
-
Yongcheng Zhan, Zhu Zhang, Janet M Okamoto, Daniel D Zeng, and Scott J Leischow
- Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of JUUL (an e-cigarette brand) among youth has recently been reported in news media and academic papers, which has raised great public health concerns. Little research has been conducted on the age distribution, geographic distribution, approaches to buying JUUL, and flavor preferences pertaining to underage JUUL users. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze social media data related to demographics, methods of access, product characteristics, and use patterns of underage JUUL use. METHODS We collected publicly available JUUL-related data from Reddit. We extracted and summarized the age, location, and flavor preference of subreddit UnderageJuul users. We also compared common and unique users between subreddit UnderageJuul and subreddit JUUL. The methods of purchasing JUULs were analyzed by manually examining the content of the Reddit threads. RESULTS A total of 716 threads and 2935 comments were collected from the subreddit UnderageJuul before it was shut down. Most threads did not mention a specific age, but ages ranged from 13 years to greater than 21 years in those that did. Mango, mint, and cucumber were the most popular among the 7 flavors listed on JUUL’s official website, and 336 subreddit UnderageJuul threads mentioned 7 discreet approaches to circumvent relevant legal regulations to get JUUL products, the most common of which was purchasing JUUL from other Reddit users (n=181). Almost half of the UnderageJuul users (389/844, 46.1%) also participated in discussions on the main JUUL subreddit and sought information across multiple Reddit forums. Most (64/74, 86%) posters were from large metropolitan areas. CONCLUSIONS The subreddit UnderageJuul functioned as a forum to explore methods of obtaining JUUL and to discuss and recommend specific flavors before it was shut down. About half of those using UnderageJuul also used the more general JUUL subreddit, so a forum still exists where youths can attempt to share information on how to obtain JUUL and other products. Exploration of such social media data in real time for rapid public health surveillance could provide early warning for significant health risks before they become major public health threats.
- Published
- 2018
29. Transplant center assessment of the inequity in the kidney transplant process and outcomes for the Indigenous American patients
- Author
-
Amit Sharma, Raymond L. Heilman, Muneeb Ilyas, Mira T. Keddis, Hasan Khamash, Scott J. Leischow, and Nan Zhang
- Subjects
Male ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030232 urology & nephrology ,lcsh:Medicine ,030230 surgery ,Vascular Medicine ,Coronary artery disease ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Renal Transplantation ,Coronary Heart Disease ,Cumulative incidence ,Public and Occupational Health ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,Middle Aged ,Socioeconomic Aspects of Health ,Body Fluids ,Blood ,Treatment Outcome ,Nephrology ,Engineering and Technology ,Female ,Anatomy ,Management Engineering ,Research Article ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Referral ,Endocrine Disorders ,Cardiology ,Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures ,Indigenous ,Urinary System Procedures ,03 medical and health sciences ,Insurance ,Population Groups ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,Medical Dialysis ,medicine ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Humans ,Vascular Diseases ,Healthcare Disparities ,Socioeconomic status ,Dialysis ,Transplantation ,Risk Management ,business.industry ,Vascular disease ,lcsh:R ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Organ Transplantation ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Transplantation ,Health Care ,Peripheral Vascular Disease ,Social Class ,Metabolic Disorders ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
Background The goal is to determine the delays and reduced rates of kidney transplant (KTx) for the Indigenous Americans and variables predictive of these outcomes at a large single transplant center. Methods 300 Indigenous Americans and 300 non-Hispanic white American patients presenting for KTx evaluation from 2012–2016 were studied. Results Compared to whites, the Indigenous Americans had the following: more diabetes, dialysis, physical limitation and worse socioeconomic characteristics(p
- Published
- 2018
30. Patient and allograft outcomes after kidney transplant for the Indigenous patients in the United States
- Author
-
Mira T. Keddis, Raymond L. Heilman, Nan Zhang, Sumi Sukumaran Nair, Amit Sharma, Hasan Khamash, Scott J. Leischow, and Regan Seipp
- Subjects
Graft Rejection ,Male ,Critical Care and Emergency Medicine ,Epidemiology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Endocrinology ,Medical Conditions ,0302 clinical medicine ,Chronic Kidney Disease ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Renal Transplantation ,Gastrointestinal Infections ,Cumulative incidence ,Multidisciplinary ,Incidence ,Cancer Risk Factors ,Graft Survival ,Middle Aged ,Treatment Outcome ,Oncology ,Nephrology ,Medicine ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,Immunosuppressive Agents ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocrine Disorders ,Science ,Urinary system ,Immunology ,Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures ,Gastroenterology and Hepatology ,Malignancy ,White People ,Urinary System Procedures ,03 medical and health sciences ,Transplantation Immunology ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Medical Dialysis ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Renal Diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Propensity Score ,American Indian or Alaska Native ,Dialysis ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Transplantation ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Transplant Rejection ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Organ Transplantation ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Transplantation ,Obesity ,United States ,Tacrolimus ,Metabolic Disorders ,Medical Risk Factors ,Propensity score matching ,Kidney Failure, Chronic ,Clinical Immunology ,Clinical Medicine ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Background The objective is to assess cardiovascular (CV), malignancy, infectious, graft outcomes and tacrolimus levels for the Indigenous patients compared to Whites after kidney transplant (KTx). Methods 165 Indigenous and 165 White patients matched for the KTx year at Mayo Clinic Arizona from 2007–2015 were studied over a median follow-up of 3 years. Propensity score was calculated to account for baseline differences. Results Compared to Whites, Indigenous patients had the following characteristics: younger age, more obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and required dialysis prior to KTx (p Conclusions Compared to Whites, Indigenous patients have similar CV events, graft outcomes and infectious complications after accounting for baseline differences.
- Published
- 2021
31. Analysis of symptoms and their potential associations with e-liquids’ components: a social media study
- Author
-
Daniel Dajun Zeng, Scott J. Leischow, Yongcheng Zhan, Qiudan Li, and Lei Wang
- Subjects
Taste ,Nicotine ,020205 medical informatics ,Injury control ,Accident prevention ,Reddit ,PG ,Poison control ,02 engineering and technology ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,e-cigarette ,law.invention ,Toxicology ,Social media ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Flavors ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Flavor ,business.industry ,e-liquid ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,food and beverages ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Propylene Glycol ,3. Good health ,Flavoring Agents ,e-juice ,chemistry ,Cough ,Symptoms ,Menthol ,business ,Electronic cigarette ,medicine.drug ,Research Article ,VG - Abstract
Background The electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) market has grown rapidly in recent years. However, causes of e-cigarette related symptoms among users and their impact on health remain uncertain. This research aims to mine the potential relationships between symptoms and e-liquid components, such as propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerine (VG), flavor extracts, and nicotine, using user-generated data collected from Reddit. Methods A total of 3605 e-liquid related posts from January 1st, 2011 to June 30th, 2015 were collected from Reddit. Then the patterns of VG/PG distribution among different flavors were analyzed. Next, the relationship between throat hit, which was a typical symptom of e-cigarette use, and e-liquid components was studied. Finally, other symptoms were examined based on e-liquid components and user sentiment. Results We discovered 3 main sets of findings: 1) We identified three groups of flavors in terms of VG/PG ratios. Fruits, cream, and nuts flavors were similar. Sweet, menthol, and seasonings flavors were classified into one group. Tobacco and beverages flavors were the third group. 2) Throat hit was analyzed and we found that menthol and tobacco flavors, as well as high ratios of PG and nicotine level, could produce more throat hit. 3) A total of 9 systems of 25 symptoms were identified and analyzed. Components including VG/PG ratio, flavor, and nicotine could be possible reasons for these symptoms. Conclusions E-liquid components shown to be associated with e-cigarette use symptomology were VG/PG ratios, flavors, and nicotine levels. Future analysis could be conducted based on the structure of e-liquid components categories built in this study. Information revealed in this study could be utilized by e-cigarette users to understand the relationship between e-liquid type and symptoms experienced, by vendors to choose appropriate recipes of e-liquid, and by policy makers to develop new regulations.
- Published
- 2016
32. Global Bridges: Development and Analysis of a Tobacco Treatment Network
- Author
-
Thomas J. Glynn, Richard D. Hurt, Janet Okamoto, Scott J. Leischow, Katherine E. Kemper, and J. Taylor Hays
- Subjects
Economic growth ,030505 public health ,Knowledge management ,business.industry ,Best practice ,Tobacco control ,Convention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Network analysis - Abstract
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) set standards for global tobacco control, including the implementation of evidence-based tobacco dependence treatment. However, efforts to implement tobacco treatment programmes globally have been few. In order to expand tobacco treatment expertise and programmes, a new network called Global Bridges (GB) was established. This network provided training in tobacco treatment and opportunities to share best practices on implementation of tobacco dependence treatment and training programmes. In this analysis of the GB network, we found that 75% of the network members attended trainings, 60% disseminated knowledge gained through GB training, and network centralization was high (0.85). These results demonstrate initial success in network implementation, and create a foundation for expanded focus on tobacco treatment globally.
- Published
- 2016
33. Feasibility of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in Surgical Patients
- Author
-
Darrell R. Schroeder, Scott J. Leischow, Sandeep Kadimpati, Ivana T. Croghan, David O. Warner, Margaret B. Nolan, and Andrew C. Hanson
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pilot Projects ,Smoking Prevention ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Postoperative Complications ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Risk factor ,Elective surgery ,Perioperative Period ,media_common ,Internet ,Harm reduction ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Perioperative ,Middle Aged ,Abstinence ,Surgery ,Nicotine delivery ,Emergency medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,Observational study ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for postoperative complications. Quitting or cutting down on cigarettes around the time of surgery may reduce these risks. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) to help patients achieve this goal, regardless of their intent to attempt long-term abstinence. METHODS An open-label observational study was performed of cigarette smoking adults scheduled for elective surgery at Mayo Clinic Rochester and seen in the pre-operative evaluation clinic between December 2014 and June 2015. Subjects were given a supply of ENDS to use prior to and 2 weeks after surgery. They were encouraged to use them whenever they craved a cigarette. Daily use of ENDS was recorded, and patients were asked about smoking behavior and ENDS use at baseline, 14 days and 30 days. RESULTS Of the 105 patients approached, 80 (76%) agreed to participate; five of these were later excluded. Among the 75, 67 (87%) tried ENDS during the study period. At 30-day follow-up, 34 (51%) who had used ENDS planned to continue using them. Average cigarette consumption decreased from 15.6 per person/d to 7.6 over the study period (P < .001). At 30 days, 11/67 (17%) reported abstinence from cigarettes. CONCLUSION ENDS use is feasible in adult smokers scheduled for elective surgery and is associated with a reduction in perioperative cigarette consumption. These results support further exploration of ENDS as a means to help surgical patients reduce or eliminate their cigarette consumption around the time of surgery. IMPLICATIONS Smoking in the perioperative period increases patients' risk for surgical complications and healing difficulties, but new strategies are needed to help patients quit or cut down during this stressful time. These pilot data suggest that ENDS use is feasible and well-accepted in surgical patients, and worthy of exploration as a harm reduction strategy in these patients.
- Published
- 2016
34. Advancing smoke-free policy adoption on the Navajo Nation
- Author
-
Scott J. Leischow, April Roeseler, Samantha Sabo, Patricia Nez Henderson, Priscilla Nez, Alfred Yazzie, Chantal Nez, Hershel Clark, and Gregg Moor
- Subjects
Priority/special populations ,Health (social science) ,Restaurants ,Public policy ,Disparities ,Smoking Prevention ,Public administration ,03 medical and health sciences ,Smoke-Free Policy ,0302 clinical medicine ,Secondhand smoke ,Order (exchange) ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,Business case ,health care economics and organizations ,030505 public health ,Cultural Characteristics ,Tobacco control ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,language.human_language ,Harm ,Navajo ,Scale (social sciences) ,Gambling ,language ,Indians, North American ,Tobacco Smoke Pollution ,0305 other medical science ,Research Paper - Abstract
Background Comprehensive smoke-free laws are effective at protecting non-smokers and reducing tobacco use, yet they are not widely adopted by tribal governments. Methods A series of smoke-free policy initiatives on the Navajo Nation, beginning in 2008, were reviewed to identify key issues, successes and setbacks. Results It has been essential that proposed policies acknowledge the Navajo people9s spiritual use of nat9oh, a sacred plant used for gift-giving, medicinal purposes and traditional ceremonies, while simultaneously discouraging a secular use of commercial tobacco. Concern that smoke-free policies economically harm tribal casinos has been a major barrier to broad implementation of comprehensive smoke-free laws in Navajo Nation. Conclusions It is necessary for tobacco control researchers and advocates to build relationships with tribal leaders and casino management in order to develop the business case that will take comprehensive smoke-free policies to scale throughout tribal lands.
- Published
- 2016
35. BMI changes in adolescents treated with bupropion SR for smoking cessation
- Author
-
Scott J. Leischow, Lysbeth Floden, Myra L. Muramoto, and Douglas Taren
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Overweight ,Placebo ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Bupropion ,030505 public health ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Physical therapy ,Smoking cessation ,medicine.symptom ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Weight gain ,Body mass index ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective Adolescent overweight and obesity and smoking continue to be very important health challenges because of their lasting effects on overall health. Weight gain after smoking cessation is a barrier to quitting as well as a negative consequence to health. This study reports changes in the body mass index (BMI) z-scores of adolescent smokers participating in a dose-ranging clinical trial of bupropion SR (150 mg/day and 300 mg/day) for smoking cessation. Methods A total of N = 296 adolescent smokers (placebo n = 100, 150 mg/day n = 101, 300 mg/day n = 95) with a BMI z-score of 0.5 (sd: 1.4), 0.5 (sd: 1.3), and 0.5 (sd: 1.2) in the placebo, 150 mg/day, and 300 mg/day groups, respectively, were followed for 6 months. Results Adolescents in the 300 mg/day group had a significant reduction in BMI z-score 6 weeks after quitting (β = −0.16, CI = (−0.29, −0.04), P-value = 0.01). This result was not sustained at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusions A reduction in BMI z-score during smoking cessation with bupropion has important implications for the future of adolescent smoking cessation. These results are particularly relevant for adolescents who have either overweight or obesity or who have reservations about quitting for fear of gaining weight or BMI.
- Published
- 2015
36. Meeting the Tobacco Cessation Coverage Requirement of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: State Smoking Cessation Quitlines and Cost Sharing
- Author
-
Robin H. Lemaire, Linda Bailey, and Scott J. Leischow
- Subjects
business.industry ,Hotline ,Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Insurance Carriers ,Service provider ,Public relations ,Essential health benefits ,United States ,Quitline ,Hotlines ,Environmental health ,Tobacco ,Humans ,Cost sharing ,Medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Smoking Cessation ,Cost Sharing ,business ,Qualitative Research ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Objectives. We explored whether various key stakeholders considered cost sharing with state telephone-based tobacco cessation quitlines, because including tobacco cessation services as part of the required essential health benefits is a new requirement of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Methods. We analyzed qualitative data collected from interviews conducted in April and May of 2014 with representatives of state health departments, quitline service providers, health plans, and insurance brokers in 4 US states. Results. State health departments varied in the strategies they considered the role their state quitline would play in meeting the ACA requirements. Health plans and insurance brokers referred to state quitlines because they were perceived as effective and free, but in 3 of the 4 states, the private stakeholder groups did not consider cost sharing. Conclusions. If state health departments are going to initiate cost-sharing agreements with private insurance providers, then they will need to engage a broad array of stakeholders and will need to overcome the perception that state quitline services are free.
- Published
- 2015
37. Characterizing Social Media Messages Related to Underage JUUL E-Cigarette Buying and Selling: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Reddit Subreddits
- Author
-
Qiudan Li, Yongcheng Zhan, Zhu Zhang, Daniel Zeng, Hejing Liu, and Scott J. Leischow
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,020205 medical informatics ,underage JUUL use ,Cross-sectional study ,Reddit ,electronic nicotine delivery system ,Health Informatics ,02 engineering and technology ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,e-cigarette ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,cross-sectional analysis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Health problems ,0302 clinical medicine ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Humans ,Social media ,030212 general & internal medicine ,JUUL ,Service (business) ,Original Paper ,Vaping ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Advertising ,Flavor preferences ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Content analysis ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,Female ,Psychology ,Social Media ,Shut down - Abstract
Background Stopping the epidemic of e-cigarette use among youth has become the common goal of both regulatory authorities and health departments. JUUL is currently the most popular e-cigarette brand on the market. Young people usually obtain and exchange information about JUUL with the help of social media platforms. Along with the rising prevalence of JUUL, posts about underage JUUL buying and selling have appeared on social media platforms such as Reddit, which sharply increase the risk of minors being exposed to JUUL. Objective This study aims to analyze Reddit messages about JUUL buying and selling among the users of the UnderageJuul subreddit, and to further summarize the characteristics of those messages. The findings and insights can contribute to a better understanding of the patterns of underage JUUL use, and help public health officials provide timely education and guidance to minors who have intentions of accessing JUUL. Methods We used a novel cross-subreddit method to analyze the Reddit messages on 2 subreddits. From July 9, 2017, to January 7, 2018, we collected data from the UnderageJuul subreddit, which was created for underage JUUL use discussion. The data set included 716 threads, 2935 comments, and 844 Reddit users (ie, Redditors). We collected our second data set, comprising 23,840 threads and 162,106 comments posted between July 9, 2017, and January 8, 2019, from the JUUL subreddit. We conducted analyses including the following: (1) annotation of users with buying/selling intention, (2) posting patterns discovery and topic comparison, and (3) posting activeness observation of discovered Redditors. Term frequency–inverse document frequency and regular expression-enhanced keyword search methods were applied during the content analysis to extract the posting patterns. The public posting records of the discovered users on the JUUL subreddit during the year after the UnderageJuul subreddit was shut down were analyzed to determine whether they were still active and interested in obtaining JUUL. Results Our study revealed the following: (1) Among the 716 threads on the UnderageJuul subreddit, there were 214 threads related to JUUL sale and 168 threads related to JUUL purchase, which accounted for 53.5% (382/714) of threads. (2) Among the 844 Redditors of the UnderageJuul subreddit, 23.82% (201/844) of users were annotated with buying intention, and 21.10% (178/844) of users were annotated with selling intention. There were 34 users with buying/selling intention that self-reported as being Conclusions There were overlapping users active in the JUUL and UnderageJuul subreddits. The buying/selling-related content appeared in multiple venues with certain posting patterns from July 9, 2017, to January 7, 2018. Such content might lead to a high risk of health problems for minors, such as nicotine addiction. Based on these findings, this study provided some insights and suggestions that might contribute to the decision-making processes of regulators and public health officials.
- Published
- 2020
38. Understanding of Users' Response to the Intervention of FDA's New Deeming Rules in Twitter
- Author
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Qiudan Li, Daniel Zeng, Yin Luo, Song Sun, and Scott J. Leischow
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Opposition (politics) ,Advertising ,commerce ,Viewpoints ,Democracy ,Tobacco pipe ,Food and drug administration ,Government regulation ,Intervention (counseling) ,Social media ,Psychology ,commerce.consumer_product ,media_common - Abstract
Background: On May 5, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) finalized a rule extending its authority to all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars, hookah tobacco and pipe tobacco, among others, which aims to help protect Americans from the dangers of tobacco and nicotine, especially the youth. The policy can be seen as a new intervention and become a hot discussion topic among the users in Twitter. Objective: This paper aims to examine the tweets related to the FDA's new policy in the social media, and gain a systematic understanding of users' responses to the intervention and the regulation. Methods: A total of 13864 tweets related to the policy from May 1st, 2016 to May 31st, 2016 were collected and analyzed, the support and opposition viewpoints about the six aspects including Regulation, Health, Industry, Democracy, Science, and Children were summarized, the time-sequence co-occurrence pattern of high-frequency words and the analysis of retweet and user dissemination network were analyzed. Results: Tweets are classified into six broad themes: Regulation, Health, Children, Industry, Science, and Democracy, the number of tweets about the six themes is 7547, 2764, 1678, 795, 670, 45. There are more supports on Regulation, Health, Science, and Children, the ratio of support(opposition) on the four themes are 80.6%(19.4%), 74.9%(25.1%), 85.9%(14.1%), 75.8%(24.2%), respectively, as for the themes of industry and democracy, most users hold the opposing view. The co-occurrence frequencies of "vaping" and "vape", "stocks" and "bigTobacco", "vapingsaveslives" and "ivapeivote" are 328, 61, 104. A network with 222 retweets and 361 replies is constructed. Among the 361 replies, there are 62 negative replies accounting for 17.2%, 120 positive replies accounting for 33.2%, and 179 neutral replies accounting for 49.6%. It shows clearly that social media such as Twitter can be employed to gather valuable user feedback effectively and response on the government regulation.
- Published
- 2018
39. Carbonyl emissions from a novel tobacco heated product (IQOS): comparison with an e-cigarette and a tobacco cigarette
- Author
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Scott J. Leischow, Anastasia Moysidou, Nikoletta Yannovits, Konstantinos Farsalinos, Theoni Sarri, and Konstantinos Poulas
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Chemistry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,03 medical and health sciences ,E-cigarettes ,novel products ,030104 developmental biology ,Product (mathematics) ,Food science - Abstract
Introduction Heated tobacco products have been recently marketed as harm reduction products, but the scientific literature is mostly comprised of industry funded studies. The aim of this independently-funded study was to compare carbonyl emissions from a novel heated tobacco product (IQOS) in comparison with a commercial tobacco cigarette and a new generation e-cigarette. Methods Aerosol and smoke was collected using an automated machine in 2 impingers connected in series that contained DNPH. The e-cigarette was tested at 2 power settings (10 W and 14 W). Health Canada Intense (HCI) and two more intense puffing regimes were tested. Analysis was performed using HPLC, using a previously validated method. Results IQOS regular and menthol IQOS emitted 6.4 and 5.0 μg/stick formaldehyde, 144.1 and 176.7 μg/stick acetaldehyde, 10.8 and 10.4 μg/stick acrolein, 12.8 and 11.0 μg/stick propionaldehyde and 2.0 and 1.9 μg/stick crotonaldehyde. IQOS products emitted approximately 10-fold less formaldehyde, 7-fold less acetaldehyde, 10-fold less acrolein, 9-fold less propionaldehyde and 20-fold less crotonaldehyde compared to the tobacco cigarette. The e-cigarette emitted approximately 65 to 130-fold less formaldehyde, 1000-fold less acetaldehyde and 300-fold less acrolein compared to the tobacco cigarette. Propionaldehyde and crotonaldehyde were not detected in the e-cigarette aerosol. At more intense puffing regimes, only formaldehyde was observed to be increased in IQOS products, while all other carbonyls were emitted at levels similar to the HCI regime. The levels of carbonyls emitted from IQOS were similar to those reported by the manufacturer in the literature. Conclusions IQOS emits substantially lower levels of carbonyls compared to a commercial tobacco cigarette but higher levels compared to an e-cigarette. There seems to be a risk continuum between different harm reduction products. Funding The study was funded by Mayo Clinic.
- Published
- 2018
40. Carbonyl emissions from a novel heated tobacco product (IQOS): comparison with an e-cigarette and a tobacco cigarette
- Author
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Konstantinos E, Farsalinos, Nikoletta, Yannovits, Theoni, Sarri, Vassilis, Voudris, Konstantinos, Poulas, and Scott J, Leischow
- Subjects
Aerosols ,Aldehydes ,Formaldehyde ,Smoke ,Tobacco ,Humans ,Acetaldehyde ,Tobacco Products ,Acrolein ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems - Abstract
To measure carbonyl emissions from a heated tobacco product (IQOS) in comparison with an e-cigarette (Nautilus Mini) and a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red).Regular and menthol variants of the heated tobacco product were tested. A tank-type atomizer was tested with a tobacco-flavoured liquid at 10 and 14 W. Aerosol and smoke were collected in impingers containing 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Health Canada Intense and two more intense puffing regimens were used.Analytical laboratory in Greece.Carbonyl levels in the aerosol and smoke.At the Health Canada Intense regimen, heated tobacco products emitted 5.0-6.4 μg/stick formaldehyde, 144.1-176.7 μg/stick acetaldehyde, 10.4-10.8 μg/stick acrolein, 11.0-12.8 μg/stick propionaldehyde and 1.9-2.0 μg/stick crotonaldehyde. Compared with the tobacco cigarette, levels were on average 91.6% lower for formaldehyde, 84.9% lower for acetaldehyde, 90.6% lower for acrolein, 89.0% lower for propionaldehyde and 95.3% lower for crotonaldehyde. The e-cigarette emitted 0.5-1.0 μg/12 puffs formaldehyde, 0.8-1.5 μg/12 puffs acetaldehyde and 0.3-0.4 μg/12 puffs acrolein, but no propionaldehyde and crotonaldehyde. At more intense puffing regimens, formaldehyde was increased in heated tobacco products, but levels were three-fourfold lower compared with the tobacco cigarette. Based on the findings from Health Canada Intense puffing regimen, use of 20 heated tobacco sticks would result in approximately 85% to 95% reduced carbonyl exposure compared with smoking 20 tobacco cigarettes; the respective reduction in exposure from use of 5 g e-cigarette liquid would be 97% to99%.The IQOS heated tobacco product emits substantially lower levels of carbonyls than a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red) but higher levels than a Nautilus Mini e-cigarette.
- Published
- 2018
41. Efficacy and Safety of a Nicotine Mouth Spray for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Multicenter, Controlled Study in a Naturalistic Setting
- Author
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Janice Solla, Roxanne Kapikian, Frederick Saunders, Mitchell A. Nides, Roland Perfekt, Scott J. Leischow, Tobias Danielsson, and Andrew E Myers
- Subjects
Counseling ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nicotine ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Vital signs ,law.invention ,Treatment and control groups ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pharmacotherapy ,Randomized controlled trial ,Double-Blind Method ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Nicotinic Agonists ,Adverse effect ,Carbon Monoxide ,business.industry ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Middle Aged ,Nicotine replacement therapy ,Tobacco Use Cessation Devices ,Treatment Outcome ,Physical therapy ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been demonstrated to be an effective pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation, and most types of NRT have been approved as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. In an effort to create a fast-acting, flexible, and discreet NRT, a nicotine mouth spray (NMS) has been developed. This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of NMS in a naturalistic setting in the United States. Methods This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 26-week study in 1198 smokers motivated to quit. The study was designed to resemble an OTC environment, and thus included limited intervention, limited motivational screening, and no behavioral support. The primary efficacy endpoint was carbon monoxide-verified, self-reported continuous abstinence from smoking from week 2 until week 6. The safety of NMS was assessed by measuring vital signs, visual mouth inspection, and collection of subject-reported adverse events (AEs). Results The percentage of subjects with carbon monoxide-verified continuous abstinence from week 2 to week 6 was statistically significantly greater in the NMS group compared with the placebo group (5.0% vs. 2.5%, p = .021). Statistically significant treatment effects for the NMS were maintained throughout the 26-week period. The study medications were generally well tolerated. The severity of AEs was similar for both treatment groups, and most AEs were of mild or moderate severity. Conclusions These study results demonstrate that the NMS is an effective and safe smoking cessation option for smokers motivated to quit, even in a naturalistic setting and without behavioral support. Implications This study demonstrated the safety, efficacy, and acceptability of an NMS in an OTC environment with no behavioral counseling or support. It provides an additional option for smokers motivated to quit. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT02355665).
- Published
- 2018
42. Tobacco Regulatory Science: Implementing a New Journal for Tobacco Control
- Author
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Scott J. Leischow, Ding Cheng Li, Janet M. Okamoto, and Hongfeng Liu
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health - Published
- 2015
43. Use of E-Cigarettes Among Current Smokers: Associations Among Reasons for Use, Quit Intentions, and Current Tobacco Use
- Author
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Jon O. Ebbert, Patrick M. Wilson, Amenah A. Agunwamba, Lila J. Finney Rutten, Scott J. Leischow, Kelly D. Blake, Rachel A. Grana, and Janet Okamoto
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Panel survey ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tobacco use ,Adolescent ,Smoking Prevention ,Intention ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,Quit smoking ,Intention to quit ,Young Adult ,Cigarette smoking ,Odds Ratio ,Humans ,Medicine ,Young adult ,Original Investigation ,Aged ,Motivation ,business.industry ,Public health ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,United States ,Socioeconomic Factors ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,business ,Demography - Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has documented growing availability and use of e-cigarettes in the United States over the last decade. METHODS We conducted a national panel survey of current adult cigarette smokers to assess attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors relating to e-cigarette use in the United States (N = 2,254). RESULTS Among current cigarette smokers, 20.4% reported current use of e-cigarettes on some days and 3.7% reported daily use. Reported reasons for e-cigarette use included: quit smoking (58.4%), reduce smoking (57.9%), and reduce health risks (51.9%). No significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics between e-cigarette users and nonusers were observed. Prior quit attempts were reported more frequently among e-cigarette users (82.8%) than nonusers (74.0%). Intention to quit was reported more frequently among e-cigarette users (64.7%) than nonusers (46.8%). Smokers intending to quit were more likely to be e-cigarette users than those not intending to quit (odds ratio [OR] = 1.90, CI =1.36-2.65). Those who used e-cigarettes to try to quit smoking (OR = 2.25, CI = 1.25-4.05), reduce stress (OR = 3.66, CI = 1.11-12.09), or because they cost less (OR = 3.42, CI = 1.64-7.13) were more likely to report decreases in cigarette smoking than those who did not indicate these reasons. Smokers who reported using e-cigarettes to quit smoking (OR = 16.25, CI = 8.32-31.74) or reduce stress (OR = 4.30, CI = 1.32-14.09) were significantly more likely to report an intention to quit than those who did not indicate those reasons for using e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Nearly a quarter of smokers in our study reported e-cigarettes use, primarily motivated by intentions to quit or reduce smoking. These findings identify a clinical and public health opportunity to re-engage smokers in cessation efforts.
- Published
- 2015
44. Coevolution of Information Sharing and Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices Among North American Tobacco Cessation Quitlines
- Author
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Robin H. Lemaire, Jessie E. Saul, Liesbeth Mercken, Thomas W. Valente, Scott J. Leischow, Health promotion, RS: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, and RS: CAPHRI - R6 - Promoting Health & Personalised Care
- Subjects
Canada ,Evidence-based practice ,Research and Practice ,Information Dissemination ,Data Collection ,Information sharing ,Tobacco control ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Service provider ,United States ,Interinstitutional Relations ,Quitline ,Evidence-Based Practice ,Hotlines ,Humans ,Smoking Cessation ,Longitudinal Studies ,Business ,American tobacco ,Marketing ,Coevolution - Abstract
Objectives. We examined the coevolution of information sharing and implementation of evidence-based practices among US and Canadian tobacco cessation quitlines within the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC). Methods. Web-based surveys were used to collect data from key respondents representing each of 74 participating funders of NAQC quitlines during the summer and fall of 2009, 2010, and 2011. We used stochastic actor-based models to estimate changes in information sharing and practice implementation in the NAQC network. Results. Funders were more likely to share information within their own country and with funders that contracted with the same service provider. Funders contracting with larger service providers shared less information but implemented significantly more practices. Funders connected to larger numbers of tobacco control researchers more often received information from other funders. Intensity of ties to the NAQC network administrative organization did not influence funders’ decisions to share information or implement practices. Conclusions. Our findings show the importance of monitoring the NAQC network over time. We recommend increased cross-border information sharing and sharing of information between funders contracting with different and smaller service providers.
- Published
- 2015
45. Effect of the Smoke-Free Illinois Act on casino admissions and revenue
- Author
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Gregg Moor, Frank J. Chaloupka, Scott J. Leischow, Patricia Nez Henderson, and John A. Tauras
- Subjects
Smoke ,Indiana ,Health (social science) ,Missouri ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public policy ,Adjusted gross income ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,Iowa ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Smoke-Free Policy ,Gambling ,Income ,Revenue ,Humans ,Demographic economics ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Business ,Illinois ,Secondhand smoke ,Economic consequences - Abstract
ObjectiveAs part of the Smoke-Free Illinois Act, smoking on the gambling floors of all commercial casinos in Illinois became prohibited. This study examined the effects of the Smoke-Free Illinois Act on casino admissions per-capita and real per-capita adjusted gross receipts using 18 years of data (10 years before and 8 years after the Illinois law went into effect).MethodsWe employed a difference-in-difference regression technique using monthly data for the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Missouri and control for numerous determinants expected to affect casino admissions and revenue.ResultsThe Smoke-free Illinois Act was found not to be a statistically significant determinant of per-capita casino admissions and of real per-capita gross adjusted receipts in all the models we estimated.ConclusionsThe estimates from this study clearly indicated that the Illinois law that banned smoking in casinos has had no significant negative economic consequences for casinos in terms of per-capita admissions or revenues.
- Published
- 2017
46. Network analysis of global tobacco control collaboration: data from the World Conference on Tobacco or Health (WCTOH)
- Author
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Scott J. Leischow, Scott McIntosh, Deborah J. Ossip, Harry A. Lando, and Janet Okamoto
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,FCTC ,Smoking Prevention ,Health Promotion ,Global tobacco control ,Global Health ,World Health Organization ,Tobacco industry ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Global health ,Humans ,Organizational Objectives ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Marketing ,Intersectoral Collaboration ,Government ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Tobacco control ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Middle Aged ,Collaboration ,3. Good health ,Health promotion ,Smoking cessation ,Network analysis ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
Background The World Conference on Tobacco or Health (WCTOH) is held every three years to foster communication and collaboration on global tobacco control. Very little is known about the nature of interactions between WCTOH attendees and their linkages to tobacco control organizations, so knowing this information could help improve tobacco control efforts. Methods At the 2015 WCTOH, we implemented an online survey to assess barriers to global tobacco control activities, which information sources they use for tobacco control information, and with whom they interact regarding tobacco control. Results A total of 169 respondents completed the survey, with responses from all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Respondents worked in all areas of tobacco control; the most common were research (29.2%) and patient care/treatment (23.3%). The top barriers faced regarding tobacco control activities were: funding is weak (56.8%), government commitment (45.0%), tobacco industry interference (43.8%), and lack of coordination (34.3%). The network analysis identified Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) and Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) as the two most prominent groups that people belonged to and where they went to exchange information and best practices. Important regional and country specific groups also appear to be growing, such as the African Tobacco Control Alliance (ATCA) and the Argentinian Association of Tabacology (ASAT). Discussion Mapping and better understanding the global tobacco control network is important for informing knowledge exchange and best practices, particularly as increasing attention is being focused on global tobacco control efforts in low- and middle-income countries in particular. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that even a subsample of the WCTOH shows considerable collaboration. The full WCTOH network should be mapped in order to foster greater collaboration that has the the potential to improve global tobacco control efforts.
- Published
- 2017
47. AACR Celebrates 50 Years of Tobacco Research and Policy
- Author
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Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Ellen R. Gritz, Denise R. Aberle, Graham W. Warren, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Stephanie R. Land, Peter G. Shields, Roy S. Herbst, Geoffrey T. Fong, Scott J. Leischow, Fadlo R. Khuri, Jennifer A. Hobin, Thomas H. Brandon, Jennifer R. Grandis, Waun Ki Hong, Benjamin A. Toll, and Ernest T. Hawk
- Subjects
Societies, Scientific ,Gerontology ,Surgeon general ,endocrine system ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Biomedical Research ,business.industry ,Public health ,Smoking ,MEDLINE ,Alternative medicine ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,Oncology ,Neoplasms ,Tobacco ,Humans ,Medicine ,Causal link ,business ,Lung cancer - Abstract
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the 1964 Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health . This landmark publication found a definitive, causal link between smoking and lung cancer in men, and, along with the subsequent reports, spurred a series of important public health initiatives that
- Published
- 2014
48. Smoking Cessation, Version 1.2016, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
- Author
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Monica Webb Hooper, Andrea Silber, Tawee Tanvetyanon, Jill Selzle, Laura J. Bierut, Andrew Hyland, Hilary A. Tindle, Bradley Collins, Scott J. Leischow, Paul M. Cinciripini, C. Will Whitlock, Reginald D. Tucker-Seeley, Douglas A. Arenberg, Brian Hitsman, Neal L. Benowitz, Sharon A. Spencer, W. Thomas Purcell, Roy S. Herbst, James Davis, Douglas E. Wood, James Urbanic, Sean P. David, Elyse R. Park, Brian Tiep, Peter G. Shields, Julie Bylund Luckart, Benny Weksler, Jennifer L. Burns, Margaret Lang, and Jillian L. Scavone
- Subjects
Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Alternative medicine ,MEDLINE ,Cancer ,Guideline ,medicine.disease ,Medical Oncology ,Clinical Practice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cigarette smoking ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Family medicine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Humans ,In patient ,Smoking Cessation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business - Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been implicated in causing many cancers and cancer deaths. There is mounting evidence indicating that smoking negatively impacts cancer treatment efficacy and overall survival. The NCCN Guidelines for Smoking Cessation have been created to emphasize the importance of smoking cessation and establish an evidence-based standard of care in all patients with cancer. These guidelines provide recommendations to address smoking in patients and outlines behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for smoking cessation throughout the continuum of oncology care.
- Published
- 2016
49. Increasing Smoking Cessation in the United States
- Author
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Scott J. Leischow
- Subjects
Over the counter medications ,Nicotine ,Smoking Cessation Agents ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Nonprescription Drugs ,General Medicine ,Tobacco Use Cessation Devices ,United States ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Behavior Therapy ,Family medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Smoking cessation ,Smoking Cessation ,Varenicline ,business ,Bupropion - Published
- 2019
50. Smart Health : International Conference, ICSH 2015, Phoenix, AZ, USA, November 17-18, 2015. Revised Selected Papers
- Author
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Xiaolong Zheng, Daniel Dajun Zeng, Hsinchun Chen, Scott J. Leischow, Xiaolong Zheng, Daniel Dajun Zeng, Hsinchun Chen, and Scott J. Leischow
- Subjects
- Computer science, Medical informatics, Database management, Application software, Data mining, Information storage and retrieval systems
- Abstract
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the International Conference for Smart Health, ICSH 2015, held in Phoenix, AZ, USA, in November 2015. The 33 papers presented together were carefully reviewed and selected from 43 submissions. The conference focused on topics and issues including medical monitoring and information extraction, clinical and medical data mining, health data analysis and management, big data and smart health, and healthcare intelligent systems and clinical practice.
- Published
- 2016
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