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Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises a group of heterogeneous paediatric embryonal neoplasms of the hindbrain with strong links to early development of the hindbrain1-4. Mutations that activate Sonic hedgehog signalling lead to Sonic hedgehog MB in the upper rhombic lip (RL) granule cell lineage5-8. By contrast, mutations that activate WNT signalling lead to WNT MB in the lower RL9,10. However, little is known about the more commonly occurring group 4 (G4) MB, which is thought to arise in the unipolar brush cell lineage3,4. Here we demonstrate that somatic mutations that cause G4 MB converge on the core binding factor alpha (CBFA) complex and mutually exclusive alterations that affect CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, PRDM6, UTX and OTX2. CBFA2T2 is expressed early in the progenitor cells of the cerebellar RL subventricular zone in Homo sapiens, and G4 MB transcriptionally resembles these progenitors but are stalled in developmental time. Knockdown of OTX2 in model systems relieves this differentiation blockade, which allows MB cells to spontaneously proceed along normal developmental differentiation trajectories. The specific nature of the split human RL, which is destined to generate most of the neurons in the human brain, and its high level of susceptible EOMES+KI67+ unipolar brush cell progenitor cells probably predisposes our species to the development of G4 MB.

The document "Emotions and leisure: new insights and perspectives" examines the social nature of emotions in leisure and emphasizes the need for critical research on emotions in contemporary leisure contexts. The authors argue that previous studies on emotions in leisure have been limited by a focus on psychology and quantitative methods, and they advocate for a sociological understanding of emotions as embodied, relational, and culturally specific. The document discusses the work of various scholars who have theorized emotions from a sociological perspective and highlights the importance of broader perspectives and theories in leisure research. The document also presents a collection of 12 original contributions that explore the intersection of emotions and leisure from different disciplinary and methodological perspectives, covering topics such as identity, nature, disability, migration, representations, and the politics of emotions. The collection underscores the significance of emotions in understanding leisure experiences and their impact on individuals and society, while also calling for further interdisciplinary research on the psychological, cultural, anthropological, and educational aspects of emotions in leisure. The authors encourage deeper investigations into topics such as digital technologies, online hate, right-wing nationalist movements, and LGBTQ+ inclusion in physical activities. [Extracted from the article]

The classification of mindsports such as the card game of bridge within sport and society continues to be keenly debated. The concept of 'physicality' is often cited as being a prerequisite for an activity to be classed as a 'sport', a characteristic typically seen as lacking in mindsports. However, by drawing upon monist conceptualisations of the mind, body and world being intertwined, it is possible to problematise such arguments by highlighting the interconnected sensations experienced when participating in bridge. This article explores such a notion through phenomenologically-inspired analysis of 52 interviews with elite-level bridge players. The findings detail the importance players placed upon aspects of kinaesthesia, physical presence within the competitive environment, and the role of other social actors within their own understandings of their competition experience. These sensorial, emotional and embodied accounts of elite-level bridge shed light on the physical negotiations and socio-cultural influences involved in mindsport, which allude to a greater degree of 'physicality' than has previously been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sport is widely utilised as a tool for personal development, capacity building, and fostering peace, there are still numerous theoretical gaps in our knowledge about how sport influences individuals' identities, and how this translates into their everyday lives. Within the academic literature there has been seemingly little focus placed upon participants' emotional and embodied accounts of their sport-for-development (SfD) experiences. This paper uses phenomenologically-inspired theory to explore individuals' lived experiences of a SfD course, and their descriptions of the social interactions and feelings of confidence they encountered, in order to address this lack of experiential data. An ethnographic methodology was used to collect data through four sports leadership course observations, and cyclical interviews over 4–10 months with eleven course attendees, plus individual interviews with five tutors. Participants' understandings of their course experiences and the subsequent influence these understandings had on their lives were described through their use of the term confidence. A further phenomenological and sociological interrogation of this term enabled confidence to be seen as being experienced as a 'frame' and 'through the body' by participants. This study provides original conceptualisations of confidence in relation to participants' SfD experiences, as well as important discussions regarding the role of emotions and embodiment in understanding the impact of SfD on participants' everyday lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By extending a procedure originally developed in the study of finite-amplitude acoustics of clean gases, a single equation, describing plane finite-amplitude acoustic processes in aerosols is developed for monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions of nonvolatile spherical particulate matter. The results allow prediction of attenuation, dispersion, and harmonic growth up to the fourth harmonic, and include the effects of gas 'self-dissipation.' Previous finite-amplitude theory in dusty gases was limited to the third harmonic and neglected gas 'self-dissipation.' Physical mechanisms are suggested to account for the typical attenuation and dispersion behavior for the cases ωτ → 0, 1, ∞, where ω is the characteristic acoustic frequency and τ the particle momentum relaxation time. In addition, the power of the single governing equation approach to the study of finite-amplitude disturbances propagating through aerosols is well illustrated. The present theoretical results reduce to those of existing theories for the limiting cases of (i) infinitesimal and finite-amplitude acoustics of dissipationless gases, (ii) infinitesimal and finite-amplitude acoustics of clean, viscous, thermally conducting gases, (iii) infinitesimal amplitude acoustics of dusty gases including both gas and particulate dissipation mechanisms, and (iv) finite-amplitude acoustics of dusty gases neglecting gas dissipation terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]