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Introduction: Treatment of reflux has been shown to improve time to healing of Venous Leg Ulcers (VLU). Terminal Interruption of the Reflux Source (TIRS) treats reflux within the plexus of veins around an active VLU using foam sclerotherapy. The efficacy of TIRS in managing VLU has never been tested., Methods: We performed a pragmatic, single centre, assessor-blinded, randomised controlled trial comparing endovenous ablation of the axial superficial veins (Axial Ablation-AA) vs TIRS. Patients of any age with VLU of any duration were eligible., Results: 98 Participants were randomised to AA or TIRS. 39/55, 70.9% (95%CI; 57.1-82.37) healed their VLU in the AA group, while 29/39, 74.36% (95%CI; 57.87-86.96) healed their VLU in the TIRS group, P = 0.45.4 were lost to follow-up. Median time to ulcer healing was 84 days (95%CI; 74.67-93.33) in the axial ablation group and 84 days (95%CI; 73.02-94.98) in the TIRS group. Hazard Ratio for ulcer healing with AA vs TIRS was 0.96 (95%CI 0.59-1.56). There were no significant quality of life differences., Conclusion: The AAVTIRS trial did not show that axial ablation was superior to TIRS in the primary outcome of number of VLU healed in 6 months, or time to VLU healing. This trial is not powered to show non-inferiority. TIRS is a viable option for treatment of VLU. Further investigation is necessary before it can be recommended as an alternative to axial ablation.Trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT04484168., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Lower extremity reticular and telangiectatic veins are of common cosmetic concern., Objective: To retrospectively evaluate results of lower extremity sclerotherapy using a combination of foam and liquid sclerosing agents., Methods: A retrospective chart review of sclerotherapy patients at a dermatology practice (January 2014 to April 2023) was performed., Results: Eight hundred and nine patients (775 women and 34 men) with a mean age of 49.6 ± 12.2 (18-84) years underwent a mean 1.4 ± 0.7 (1-7) sessions. Multiple different sclerosing agents were used, with 0.2% sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam/liquid predominating, although 72% glycerin liquid and 0.25% to 0.5% polidocanol foam/liquid were also used. Coagula occurred in 61.0% of patients at 2 weeks and 6.4% at 3 months, whereas postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation was seen in 5.0% and 19.1% of patients at the same time points. Both were more common after first-round treatment, each with a trend toward decreased frequency with increasing session number. Telangiectatic matting was found in 2.3% of 3-month follow-up patients. Edema, superficial venous thrombophlebitis, migraines, and ulceration were rarely seen. Significant clinical improvement was noted in 72.0% of treatments., Conclusion: This retrospective chart review, the largest to date of its kind, confirms the safety and efficacy of cosmetic lower extremity sclerotherapy with a combination of foam and liquid sclerosing agents., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to share our experience in treating patients with lymphatic malformations (LMs) over a span of 14 years, evaluating the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy, particularly with the use of ethanol as sclerosant of choice., Methods: A retrospective review of pediatric patients diagnosed and later treated for LMs between 2008 and 2022 was conducted. We collected patient demographics, LM characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes, including response to treatment and complications., Results: The cohort included 36 patients (24 male patients), first presenting clinically at a median age of 5 months (range: 0-12 years). LMs were macrocystic (17), microcystic (3), and mixed types (16). In most patients (22), the malformation involved the cervicofacial area. Twenty-five patients underwent 54 procedures, averaging 2 procedures per patient (range: 1-13). Sclerotherapy resulted in 90% of patients exhibiting some response of the LM (P = .005). Ethanol was used in most procedures (31) and proved most efficacious, facilitating partial or complete response of the malformations in all cases compared with 72% with other sclerosants (P = .06). Sclerotherapy exhibited low complication rates among all sclerosants used (7%, P = .74)., Conclusions: Sclerotherapy is a safe and effective intervention for pediatric LMs. Ethanol demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety to other sclerosants, highlighting its potential as a preferred treatment option. This study supports the tailored use of sclerotherapy, guided by a thorough understanding of the risks and benefits, to provide optimized care for patients with LMs., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of coils plus glue (CPG) in slope embankment technology vs coils plus sclerosant (CPS) in treating reflux-type pelvic venous disorders., Methods: The analysis included patients diagnosed with reflux-type pelvic venous disorders who were treated with CPG or CPS from 2019 to 2021. The inclusion criteria were noncyclic pain lasting more than 6 months, atypical varicose, and transvaginal Doppler ultrasound (TVDUS) and computed tomographic venography confirming the diagnosis and excluding compression factors and other diseases. Propensity score matching was performed at a 1:1.1 ratio based on the following covariates: age, pregnancy, body mass index, pretreatment visual analog scale (VAS), dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, urinary urgency, tenesmus, low back pain, vulvar varicosities, vaginal varicosities, and lower limb varices. The pain was relieved by embolizing the target lesions with different embolic materials. The efficacy and safety of the different embolization materials were compared by VAS and TVDUS examinations at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months., Results: From a total of 495 patients, 88 patients were selected from the CPG group and 77 patients from the CPS group by propensity score matching. The patients were followed up for 36 months. The preoperative VAS score of the CPG group was 8 (range, 6-8), and the CPS score was 8 (range, 7-8; P = .64). The postembolization VAS score of the CPG group was 2.05 ± 0.37, and the CPS score was 2.14 ± 0.35 (P = .55). A total of 28 cases (16.9%) showed complications, most of which were transient pain after embolization. No serious complications such as coil embolization to the lungs occurred. In addition, the CPG group used fewer coils than the CPS group by using the slope embankment technique. The mean coil length of the CPG group was 77.18 ± 33.82 cm, and the CPS group was 105.29 ± 71 cm (P = .001). The CPG group had an average operative time of 44.49 ± 5.72 minutes, whereas the CPS group took 43.45 ± 4.18 minutes on average (P = .19). The radiation dose in the CPG group was 398.40 ± 76.16 mGy, and the radiation dose in the CPS group was 388 ± 44.23 mGy (P = .30). The median recurrence-free survival in the CPG group was 34.23 months (95% confidence interval, 33.2-35.2), and the median recurrence-free survival in the CPS group was 30.39 months (95% confidence interval, 28.2-32.6; log rank P = .018)., Conclusions: Embolization therapy for refluxing PeVD was safe and effective, and proficient use of slope embankment technique with CPG increased efficacy and reduced complications., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: We compared the effectiveness and safety of polidocanol 1% endovenous microfoam ablation vs endovenous thermal ablation with radiofrequency or laser energy for treatment of venous insufficiency caused by lower extremity truncal vein incompetence via network meta-analysis of published comparative evidence., Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review following best practices, including a prospective protocol. We screened studies published in English from 2000 to 2023 for randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting direct or indirect comparisons between polidocanol 1% endovenous microfoam and endovenous thermal ablation. Thirteen studies met our eligibility criteria for the network meta-analysis. The co-primary effectiveness outcomes were the closure rate ≥3 months after procedure and the average change in the Venous Clinical Severity Score. For the subgroup of venous ulcer patients, the ulcer healing rate was the primary effectiveness outcome. The secondary outcomes included safety and patient-reported outcomes. Network meta-analyses were conducted on outcomes having sufficient data. Categorical outcomes were summarized using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity tests and estimates of network inconsistency were used to investigate the robustness of our meta-analysis., Results: We found that polidocanol 1% endovenous microfoam was not significantly different statistically from endovenous thermal ablation for venous closure (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.36-1.18; P = .16). Although not the primary aim of the study, the network meta-analysis also provided evidence to confirm our supposition that polidocanol 1% endovenous microfoam was significantly differentiated statistically from physician-compounded foam, with higher odds for vein closure (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.58-5.37; P < .01). A sensitivity analysis using the longest available time point for closure in each study, with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up (median, 48 months; range, 12-72 months), showed results similar to those of the main analysis. No association was found between the risk of deep vein thrombosis and the treatment received. The available data were insufficient for a network meta-analysis of Venous Clinical Severity Score improvement and ulcer healing rates., Conclusions: Polidocanol 1% endovenous microfoam was not significantly different statistically from endovenous thermal ablation for venous closure and deep vein thrombosis risk for chronic venous insufficiency treatment, based on a network meta-analysis of published evidence. Polidocanol 1% endovenous microfoam was significantly differentiated statistically from physician-compounded foam, with higher odds of vein closure. A sensitivity analysis found venous closure findings were robust at follow-up intervals of 12 months or greater and for up to 6 years. New evidence meeting the inclusion criteria for this review will be incorporated at regular intervals into a living network meta-analysis., Competing Interests: Disclosures L.S.K. provides education and consulting services to Boston Scientific, Beck and Dickinson, Amsel Medical, and AngioDynamics. J.C.J. is a consultant and speaker for Boston Scientific. S.M.C., L.G., D.F., and C.G. are consultants for Boston Scientific. K.O. is a speaker/advisory consultant for Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Terumo and Convatec; primary investigator for the W.L. Gore & Associates Venous stent trial; primary investigator for SAAVE study enVVeno Medical Corporation, serves on the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Vascular Interventional Board; and is a Capital District Physicians’ Health Plan committee member., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To compare and analyze the efficacy and safety of different methods for injecting polidocanol in the treatment of venous malformations., Methods: The medical records of patients with venous malformations in our hospital from April 2021 to April 2023 were analyzed retrospectively, and they were divided into control group ( n = 38) and observation group ( n = 20) according to different treatment methods. Control group was injected with polidocanol under ultrasound guidance, while observation group was injected with polidocanol under digital subtraction angiography (DSA) monitoring. Therapeutic effects of observation group and control group after 3-6 months of treatment were compared and analyzed, and complications that can be used to reflect the safety of treatment in two groups were collected and recorded., Results: After treatment, the total effective rates of observation group and control group were 97.37% (37/38) and 75.00% (15/20) respectively, with significant differences (both p < .05). After 3-6 months of treatment, 13 complications occurred in observation group, while 16 occurred in control group. The number of complications in observation group was 6, with an incidence rate of 15.78%; while that in control group was 9, with an incidence rate of 45.00%, with a significant difference ( p < .05). There were no significant differences among other baseline data, age and complications between two groups (all p > .05)., Conclusion: Injection of polidocanol in patients with venous malformations under DSA monitoring was more effective and safer., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Hemorrhoids are a common and painful condition, with conventional treatments such as endoscopic rubber band ligation (ERBL) and injection sclerotherapy often falling short due to high recurrence rates and significant post-operative pain. A clinical trial by Qu et al introduces a novel approach called endoscopic poli-docanol foam sclerobanding (EFSB). This multicenter randomized trial involved 195 patients with grade II and III internal hemorrhoids and demonstrated that EFSB significantly reduced recurrence rates and post-procedural pain while improving symptom relief and patient satisfaction compared to ERBL. The study's strengths include its robust design, comprehensive outcome evaluation, and patient-centered approach. Despite limitations such as the single-blind design and relatively short follow-up period, the findings suggest that EFSB could enhance clinical practice by offering a more effective and patient-friendly treatment option. Further research is needed to validate these results and explore the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of EFSB., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Polidocanol endovenous microfoam (PEM) has been used to treat lower extremity venous reflux for almost one decade with specific advantages for below knee (BK) truncal veins where thermal ablation poses a risk of injury to adjacent nerves. The current literature of the BK segment often examines short-term outcomes with modest sample sizes. We aim to identify factors associated with recanalization and reintervention in this subset of patients., Methods: We performed a retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database of patients from a single institution who underwent 1% PEM ablation for BK great saphenous vein (GSV) and small saphenous vein (SSV) reflux. Patients underwent duplex ultrasound (DU) within 7 days after injection, every 3 to 6 months for 1 year, and every 6 to 12 months thereafter. Patients with symptomatic recanalization underwent reintervention. The 26 patients lost to follow-up without DU after ablation were excluded. The factors associated with recanalization and reintervention were examined by multivariate and nonparametric analyses., Results: Between March 2018 and July 2023, 411 patients (166 male, 245 female) with 573 treated limbs (284 right, 289 left) met the study criteria. Of the 573 included limbs, 457 (79.8%) had undergone prior above knee saphenous ablations. A total of 554 BK GSV and 42 SSV ablations were performed. The most recent DU was performed at a mean of 231 ± 329 days. The overall recanalization rate was 10.6% (55 GSVs and 8 SSVs) at a mean follow-up of 104 ± 180 days. Comparing the closed and recanalized veins, we found no significant difference in age (P = .90), treated laterality (P = .14), patient body mass index (P = .59), preprocedural CEAP (clinical-etiology-anatomy-pathophysiology) score (P = .79), recanalization rate in GSVs vs SSVs (P = .06), or administered PEM volume (P = .24). The recanalized veins had significantly larger preprocedural diameters than the veins that remained closed (recanalized, 4.9 mm; closed, 4.3 mm; P = .001). Men had higher incidence of recanalization than women (men, 14.2%; women, 8%; P = .015). Anticoagulation use was associated with recanalization (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.6; P = .03). Early recanalization at the first DU accounted for 31 failures (49.2%) and had a significantly lower administered PEM volume compared with later recanalization (early, 4 mL; late, 5 mL; P = .025). There were no significant differences between the 33 recanalized patients requiring reintervention (52.4%) and the 30 who did not. Twenty-four reinterventions were performed with PEM, 100% of which remained closed at a median of 160 days (interquartile range, 257 days)., Conclusions: PEM is successful for the treatment of BK GSV and SSV reflux with a closure rate of 89% at a mean of 231 days and shows promise as salvage therapy. Most cases of recanalization were noted in the early postprocedure period and were associated with a lower PEM volume. A larger vein diameter, male sex, and anticoagulation use are associated with higher rates of recanalization., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Purpose: To systematically review current literature on the treatment of lymphatic malformations (LMs) of the head and neck to guide treatment strategy., Methods and Materials: A systematic review and meta-analysis of literature until 16 November 2021 was performed on treatments of LMs in the head and neck., Results: Out of 9044 articles, 54 studies were eligible for inclusion with 26 studies providing detailed participant data. A total number of 1573 patients with a mean age of 21.22 months were analysed. Comparative meta-analysis did not reveal significant differences two proportions of volume reduction (≥ 50% and 100%) between sclerotherapy and surgical treatment. Regression demonstrated that positive predictors for volume reduction were surgery 17 (95% CI 0.26-34; p = 0.047) and treatment of macrocystic lesions 19 (95% CI 5.5-32; p = 0.006). Treatment of mixed lesions also demonstrated a trend towards achieving a greater volume reduction (p = 0.052). A higher de Serres stage of the lesion had a negative effect on the amount of volume reduction - 3.7 (95% CI - 7.0 to - 0.35; p = 0.030)., Conclusion: This comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrated no significant difference in volume reduction between various treatment modalities at study level. However, individual patient data indicated that surgery and larger cyst types are associated with a significant higher percentage of volume reduction, whereas a higher de Serres stage negatively impacted the amount of volume reduction. These findings can be used for patient counseling and treatment planning based on cyst type and de Serres stage. However volume reduction constitutes just one objective within a more complex treatment spectrum., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Inadvertent intra-arterial injection of sclerosants is an uncommon adverse event of both ultrasound-guided and direct vision sclerotherapy. This complication can result in significant tissue or limb loss and significant long-term morbidity., Objectives: To provide recommendations for diagnosis and immediate management of an unintentional intra-arterial injection of sclerosing agents., Methods: An international and multidisciplinary expert panel representing the endorsing societies and relevant specialities reviewed the published biomedical, scientific and legal literature and developed the consensus-based recommendations., Results: Actual and suspected cases of an intra-arterial sclerosant injection should be immediately transferred to a facility with a vascular/interventional unit. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) is the key investigation to confirm the diagnosis and help select the appropriate intra-arterial therapy for tissue ischaemia. Emergency endovascular intervention will be required to manage the risk of major limb ischaemia. This includes intra-arterial administration of vasodilators to reduce vasospasm, and anticoagulants and thrombolytic agents to mitigate thrombosis. Mechanical thrombectomy, other endovascular interventions and even open surgery may be required. Lumbar sympathetic block may be considered but has a high risk of bleeding. Systemic anti-inflammatory agents, anticoagulants, and platelet inhibitors and modifiers would complement the intra-arterial endovascular procedures. For risk of minor ischaemia, systemic oral anti-inflammatory agents, anticoagulants, vasodilators and antiplatelet treatments are recommended., Conclusion: Inadvertent intra-arterial injection is an adverse event of both ultrasound-guided and direct vision sclerotherapy. Medical practitioners performing sclerotherapy must ensure completion of a course of formal training (specialty or subspecialty training, or equivalent recognition) in the management of venous and lymphatic disorders (phlebology), and be personally proficient in the use of duplex ultrasound in vascular (both arterial and venous) applications, to diagnose and provide image guidance to venous procedure. Expertise in diagnosis and immediate management of an intra-arterial injection is essential for all practitioners performing sclerotherapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: KG has declared consultancy for Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Gore, Philips and Koya, research support from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Gore and Philips and speaker for Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Philips and Janssen. All other authors have no competing interests or conflicts of interest to declare.

Objectives: The catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy (FS) and the suggested perivenous tumescent application for great saphenous vein (GSV) diameter reduction are suggested to improve technical and clinical results; yet, their use is reported rather indiscriminately. Our aim is to introduce an algorithm categorising the use of technical modalities accompanying ultrasound-guided FS of the GSV and present the technical efficacy of FS through a 5 F × 11  cm sheath placed at the knee level., Methods: Representative cases of GSV insufficiency were chosen to describe our methodology., Results: Sole sheath-directed FS can achieve complete GSV occlusion proximally at a level comparable to the catheter-directed technique. We apply perivenous 4°C cold tumescent to GSV >6 mm even in the standing position to ensure diameter reduction of the proximal GSV as close to the saphenofemoral junction. We use long catheters only to overcome large varicosities above the knee level that could otherwise compromise the adequate foam infusion from the sheath tip. When GSV insufficiency extends along the entire limb and severe skin lesions preclude the antegrade distal catheterisation, the sheath-directed FS in the thigh can be concomitantly combined with retrograde FS from catheterisation just below the knee., Conclusions: A topology-oriented methodology with sheath-directed FS is technically feasible and avoids indiscriminate use of more complex modalities., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: Telangiectasias, characterized by dilated venules, are frequently observed in the lower extremities. Sclerotherapy stands out as the predominant treatment of these vascular lesions. The integration of laser therapy with a mild sclerosing agent, serving as an osmotic sclerosant, presents an enhanced cosmetic treatment approach, aiming to optimize outcomes and minimize potential adverse effects. This study sought to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of cryo-laser and cryo-sclerotherapy (CLaCS) and compare it with injection sclerotherapy for the treatment of telangiectasia and reticular veins., Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, individuals expressing concerns about telangiectasia and reticular veins were recruited for aesthetic treatment. The enrolled patients were prospectively randomized according to the chosen treatment technique. Group A included patients undergoing CLaCS with 70% dextrose, focusing on a single area measuring 20 cm by 20 cm. Group B included patients receiving polidocanol injection sclerotherapy for a single area of the same dimensions., Results: Group A comprised 195 patients and group B comprised 197 patients. The rates of complete lesion elimination after the first, second, and third treatment sessions were 64.6%, 86.2%, and 100% in group A and 50.3%, 74.1%, and 85.3% in group B, respectively. Group A exhibited a significantly higher complete elimination rate compared with group B at the conclusion of the study (P < .001). Furthermore, group A demonstrated a statistically significant lower incidence of postprocedural pigmentation and other complications compared with group B (P < .001). These findings underscore the enhanced efficacy and safety profile associated with the CLaCS technique using 70% dextrose compared with injection sclerotherapy with polidocanol., Conclusions: CLaCS, combining cryo-laser and cryo-sclerotherapy, demonstrated superior efficacy and safety compared with traditional polidocanol sclerotherapy for treating telangiectasia and reticular veins., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after endovenous ablation of varicose veins varies in the literature. Little is known about the characteristics of this complication and associated factors. This study aimed: 1) to study the occurrence of DVT after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) alone or combined with endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) for lower-limb varicose veins; 2) to identify factors associated with DVT. Patients and methods: The study included all outpatients aged 18 years or older who underwent UGFS and EVLA or UGFS alone at the University Hospital of Zurich between 2011 and 2015. Data were extracted from the hospital electronic medical record. Patients were surveyed about their level of pain after the procedure and their level of satisfaction with the procedure. Duplex ultrasound was used to assess the deep venous system 7-10 days and 6-8 months after the procedure. Regression analysis was used to examine the association of patient and procedure characteristics with the development of DVT. Results: A total of 334 patients (561 procedures performed in 393 different sessions) were included: 73% of the patients underwent combined UGFS and EVLA and 27% underwent UGFS alone. DVT occurred in 24 (7.2%) patients, of whom 88% underwent combined procedures and 17% underwent interventions involving both the great and small saphenous veins on the same session. DVT occurred in 8.2% of patients receiving thromboprophylaxis and in 9.5% of patients not receiving thromboprophylaxis. DVT occurred in 5.2% of women and 11.9% of men. No factors associated with a diagnosis of DVT after intervention were identified. Pain and satisfaction levels did not differ between patients with and without DVT. Conclusions: This study adds to the knowledge of the risk of DVT following UGFS alone or combined with EVLA. Further studies are needed to revise thromboprophylaxis.

Venous malformation (VM) stands as the most prevalent form of vascular malformation, characterized by its diverse morphology. These lesions can manifest in any part of the body, affecting different tissue planes and giving rise to symptoms such as pain, swelling, or physical dysfunction. In the realm of treatment, direct puncture VM sclerotherapy holds its place as the primary approach. This technique involves the administration of a sclerosing agent into the VM channels during contrast phlebography while simultaneously managing the outflow veins through different methods. The process of VM sclerotherapy induces endothelial damage, thrombosis, and fibrosis, resulting in symptom relief through lesion shrinkage. It is crucial to exercise caution techniques and sclerosing agents during VM sclerotherapy to minimize procedural complications, enhance clinical outcomes, and ultimately improve the patient's overall quality of life., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Plantar warts are common skin lesions that continue to represent a therapeutic challenge. They are still resistant to therapy and are highly recurrent, despite the diverse number of treatments available. Therapies targeting vasculature, such as pulsed dye laser, have been used successfully in the treatment of plantar warts. Polidocanol, a detergent sclerosant approved for the sclerotherapy of incompetent and dilated saphenous veins, has also been used as an off-label therapy for a wide range of skin conditions with vascular components such as hemangiomas and pyogenic granuloma. The current, open-label, prospective, pilot study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the intralesional polidocanol 3% in the treatment of plantar warts. Twenty patients (11 females and 9 males), with plantar warts, aged 12-50 years received biweekly sessions of intralesional polidocanol 3% until complete clearance or for a maximum of 6 sessions. Response to treatment was graded as complete (100% clearance), partial (50-99%), and no response (< 50%). At the end of the study, 12 (60%) patients achieved complete clearance of their warts after 1-5 sessions, 5 (25%) patients had only partial response, and 3 (15%) patients did not achieve any clearance of their warts. The procedure was largely tolerable by patients. Pain at the injection site and bruises were reported by 9 (45%) and 2 (10%) patients, respectively. Both side effects resolved spontaneously and completely within a few days. The findings of the current study suggest that intralesional injection of 3% polidocanol in biweekly sessions may be a safe, effective, and tolerable method for the treatment of plantar warts., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background and Study Aims: Endoscopic minimally invasive treatment of internal hemorrhoids may cause postoperative pain. The aim of the study is to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine plus lauromacrogol on postoperative pain caused by endoscopic rubber band ligation (ERBL) combined with injection sclerotherapy (IS) for internal hemorrhoids treatment., Patients and Methods: Clinical data of grade Ⅲ internal hemorrhoids patients who underwent ERBL combined with IS in department of Digestive Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, were retrospectively analyzed. According to difference in the composition of sclerosing solution, the patients were divided into control group (lauromacrogol group, 46 patients) and study group (lidocaine plus lauromacrogol group, 20 patients). Postoperative pain (quantized by Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), pain relief time and postoperative adverse reactions were compared. The therapeutic effect was followed up 1 month after operation., Results: VAS of postoperative pain was 0.80 ± 0.42 points and pain relief time was 0.90 ± 0.56 days in the study group, while VAS of postoperative pain was 4.11 ± 1.37 points and pain relief time was 2.57 ± 0.83 days in the control group, there was statistical difference between them (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions and follow-up therapeutic effect between the control group and the study group., Conclusion: Lidocaine plus lauromacrogol is useful for pain alleviation on ERBL combined with IS for internal hemorrhoids treatment because of its convenient procedure, low adverse reaction incidence and good therapeutic effect, which is worthy of promotion., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Lymphatic leak after lymph node dissection is a rare but well-known surgical complication that is often treated with conservative management and ultimately reoperation. The purpose of this report is to offer an alternative treatment for chyle leak that avoids hospitalization and subsequent surgery. Sclerotherapy has been used to treat lymphatic leaks in the past and has been shown to be safe and effective. This report presents a patient with a known cervical lymphocele who was followed through multiple sclerotherapy appointments until resolution of the lymphocele., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Hemorrhage associated with varices at the site of choledochojejunostomy is an unusual, difficult to treat, and often fatal manifestation of portal hypertension. So far, no treatment guidelines have been established., Case Summary: We reported three patients with jejunal varices at the site of choledochojejunostomy managed by endoscopic sclerotherapy with lauromacrogol/α-butyl cyanoacrylate injection at our institution between June 2021 and August 2023. We reviewed all patient records, clinical presentation, endoscopic findings and treatment, outcomes and follow-up. Three patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with a Whipple anastomosis were examined using conventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for suspected hemorrhage from the afferent jejunal loop. Varices with stigmata of recent hemorrhage or active hemorrhage were observed around the choledochojejunostomy site in all three patients. Endoscopic injection of lauromacrogol/α-butyl cyanoacrylate was carried out at jejunal varices for all three patients. The bleeding ceased and patency was observed for 26 and 2 months in two patients. In one patient with multiorgan failure and internal environment disturbance, rebleeding occurred 1 month after endoscopic sclerotherapy, and despite a second endoscopic sclerotherapy, repeated episodes of bleeding and multiorgan failure resulted in eventual death., Conclusion: We conclude that endoscopic sclerotherapy with lauromacrogol/α-butyl cyanoacrylate injection can be an easy, effective, safe and low-cost treatment option for jejunal varicose bleeding at the site of choledochojejunostomy., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Question: What are the complications of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy for the treatment of endometriomas?, Summary Answer: Sclerotherapy is a reliable, minimally invasive method applicable in outpatient procedures but with specific and potential life-threatening complications that need to be identified and prevented., What Is Known Already: There are currently few data on the use of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy, and we mainly note septic complications., Study Design, Size, Duration: A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out. The study was conducted at an academic hospital and included 126 women aged 31.9 ± 5.5 years (mean ± SD), between November 2013 and June 2021. We analyzed a total of 157 ethanol sclerotherapy treatment (EST), treated by 131 EST procedures, in 126 women., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: The study included women with an indication for transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy. Indications were women with at least one endometrioma over 10 mm, isolated or associated with other endometriosis locations, requiring treatment for pain or infertility before assisted reproductive treatment. We followed a standardized transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedure consisting of an ultrasound-guided transvaginal puncture of one or more endometriomas under general anesthesia. The cyst content was completely removed and flushed with saline solution. Ethanol (96%) was injected at 60% of the initial volume of the endometrioma, remained in the cyst for 10 min and was then completely removed. Ethanol loss was defined as a loss of 5 ml or more than 10% of the initial volume of the injected ethanol. Failure was defined by the contraindication of endometrioma puncture because of interposition of the digestive tract, ethanol loss in the previous endometrioma treated (in case of multiple ESTs), failure to aspirate the endometriotic fluid, contraindication to start ethanol injection owing to saline solution leakage, or contraindication to continue ethanol injection owing to suspicions of ethanol leakage at sonography. Intraoperative complications were defined by ethanol loss, positive blood alcohol level, and ethanol intoxication. Postoperative complications were defined by fever, biological inflammatory syndrome, and ovarian abscess. Complications were classified according to the Clavien and Dindo surgical classification, which is a system for classifying postoperative complications in five grades of increasing severity., Main Results and the Role of Chance: We reported a total of 17/157 (10.8%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy failures during 14/131 (10.7%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedures in 13/126 (10.3%) women. In the same sets of data, complication was reported for 15/157 (9.5%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy in 13/131 (9.9%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedures in 13/126 (10.3%) women. Nine of 126 women (7.1%) had a grade I complication, one (0.8%) had a grade II complication (medical treatment for suspicion of pelvic infection), two (1.6%) had a grade III complication (ovarian abscess) and one (0.8%) had a grade IV complication (ethanol intoxication). We did not observe any grade V complications., Limitations, Reasons for Caution: This was a retrospective study and pain assessment not considered. The benefit-risk balance of endometrioma transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy was not evaluated., Wider Implications of the Findings: Our study is the first to evaluate the complications of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy with such a large cohort of women in a standardized protocol. Transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy seems to be an effective alternative to laparoscopic surgery in the management of endometriomas and limits the alteration of ovarian reserve. Transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy is a reliable, minimally invasive method applicable on an outpatient basis. The majority of complications are Clavien-Dindo ≤IV, for which preventative measures, or at least early diagnosis and treatment, can be easily performed. The risk of ethanol intoxication is rare, but it is a life-threatening risk that must be avoided by appropriate implementation and promotion of the sclerotherapy procedures., Study Funding/competing Interest(s): None., Trial Registration Number: Aix Marseille University's ethics committee registration number 2021-06-03-01., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background and Objective: Lower limb varicose veins are a prevalent disease associated with several available treatment options, including conventional surgery and polidocanol foam sclerotherapy. However, few studies have analyzed therapeutic modality outcomes based on Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). This large sample-size study was designed to evaluate the outcomes of polidocanol foam sclerotherapy compared to conventional surgery based on an analysis of PROMs., Methods: This was a prospective, observational, and qualitative study of 205 patients who underwent varicose vein treatment with either polidocanol foam sclerotherapy (57 patients, 90 legs) or conventional surgery (148 patients, 236 legs). Patients were preoperatively assessed and re-evaluated 30 days after the procedure using the Venous Disease Severity Score (VCSS) and specific venous disease quality-of-life questionnaires (VEINES-QoL/Sym)., Results: Both treatments significantly improved VCSS and VEINES results 30 days after the procedure (p < 0.05). However, surgery promoted greater improvements in VCSS (on average 4.02-points improvement, p < 0.001), VEINES-QoL (average 8-points improvement, p < 0.001), and VEINES-Sym (average 11.66 points improvement, p < 0.001) than did sclerotherapy. Postoperative pain and aesthetic concerns about the legs were the domains of the questionnaires in which the results varied the most between the treatment modalities, with worse results for sclerotherapy., Conclusion: Both polidocanol foam sclerotherapy and conventional surgery positively impact patients' quality of life after 30 days, but the improvement is more significant for patients who undergo conventional surgery., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 HCFMUSP. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: The aim of this registry supplement study was to evaluate the effects of the oral supplement Pycnogenol ® on possible skin discolorations or other minor skin changes after varicose vein sclerotherapy in comparison with a standard management (SM)., Methods: One hundred sixty-one subjects completed the study. 84 took Pycnogenol ® from the day before sclerotherapy for 12 weeks and followed SM. 77 followed SM only and served as controls. 420 injection sites were followed-up in the Pycnogenol ® group and 431 in the control group. The number of injected veins (using only Aetoxysklerol) was on average 4-8 veins/patient. No side effects were observed for the SM or for supplementation. Pycnogenol ® supplementation showed a good tolerability. The two management groups were comparable for age, sex and veins distribution at inclusion., Results: After 12 weeks, skin discoloration assessed by a skin staining score was generally significantly lower and less frequent (P<0.05) with Pycnogenol ® with a score of 0.4±0.2 compared to controls (with a score of 2.1±0.4). In addition, the number of stains per treated vein was significantly lower in the Pycnogenol ® group than the control group., Conclusions: Varicose vein sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive procedure almost without complications. Pycnogenol ® intake appears to improve healing and prevent skin discolorations after injection of the sclerosing agent. To verify this effect of Pycnogenol ® , more studies for a longer period are needed.

Acute variceal bleeding is a serious complication of portal hypertension. This most often manifests as bleeding from esophageal varices. Although less likely to occur, bleeding from gastric varices is usually more severe. The best endoscopic management for acute esophageal variceal bleeding is band ligation and this often proves to be definitive therapy for these patients. For gastric variceal bleeding, the best endoscopic therapy is endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection but this can be cumbersome to perform and is not a readily available resource at most centers in the United States., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest K. Jobe – none; Z. Henry – none., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of minimally invasive methods for the treatment of incompetent great saphenous vein and perforating veins., Methods: Between December 2019 and October 2020, F-care radiofrequency ablation combined with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and residual perforator ligation and concomitant microphlebectomy were adopted for all eligible patients. The clinical symptoms scores, complications, and quality of life were recorded., Results: 49 patients (64 limbs) with a mean age of 63.29 ± 10.14 years, and 60.9% 4 were male. The 1-year truncal closure rate was 63/64 (98.4%). 1 A significant improvement in the Venous Disability Score, the Venous Segmental Disease Score, the Venous Clinical Severity Score and Chronic Venous Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire Score, at 12 months after the combination of minimally invasive treatment, were observed in the study. One patient developed intermuscular vein thrombosis that was successfully managed with rivaroxaban., Conclusions: The combination of minimally invasive methods is a safe and effective method for the treatment of lower extremity varicose veins. Further large-scale, prospective, multi-center studies are needed to further verify the findings of this study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

A 48-year-old man developed sudden-onset haematemesis and melena after decompensated posthepatitic cirrhosis. Endoscopic variceal injectional sclerotherapy was emergently performed. However, the patient developed esophago-pleural fistula, empyema, and liver failure. He thus received symptomatic treatments and nasojejunal feedings, which failed to restore the nutrition as the gastroesophageal reflux exacerbated the hydrothorax. Percutaneous endoscopic gastro-jejunal (PEG-J) was therefore carefully performed for enteral nutrition support. The patient had recovered from the fistula at a six-month follow-up, which allowed the resumption of an oral diet. Our literature review revealed that PEG-J is a feasible approach to treating esophago-pleural fistula, a rare but lethal complication of endoscopic sclerotherapy.

Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: The evidence for post-foam sclerotherapy compression stockings for varicose veins is limited. Thus, we examined the effects of post-procedural compression stockings on varicose vein patients undergoing foam sclerotherapy., Methods: The CONFETTI study was a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial. Patients with foam sclerotherapy-suitable varicose veins were randomly assigned to the compression group (CG) or the no compression stockings group (NCG) for 7 days. The primary outcome was post-procedural pain measured on a 100-mm visual analog scale for 10 days. Secondary outcomes included clinical severity, generic and disease-specific quality of life scores, return to normal activities and/or work, occlusion rates, degree of ecchymosis, CG compliance, and complications. Patients were reviewed at 2 weeks and 6 months., Results: A total of 139 patients were consented to and randomly assigned. The intention-to-treat analysis included 15 patients who did not receive the allocated intervention. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. Of the patients, 63.3% and 55.4% returned for follow-up at 2 weeks and 6 months, respectively. Most of the veins treated were tributaries. The CG experienced significantly lower pain scores than the NCG, with median scores of 7 mm and 19 mm, respectively (Mann-Whitney U-test; P = .001). At 2 weeks, no differences were observed in ecchymosis or the time to return to normal activities or work. Both groups showed improvements in clinical severity and quality of life, and occlusion rates were comparable. The NCG experienced one deep venous thrombosis and superficial thrombophlebitis, whereas the CG experienced two superficial thrombophlebitis., Conclusions: The CONFETTI study suggests that short-term post-procedural compression stockings are beneficial for reducing post-procedure pain., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Ethanol has been a commonly used sclerosant for low-flow vascular malformations, but it carries a high risk of complications. Bleomycin has been recently introduced as a potentially effective treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of bleomycin intralesional injection for the treatment of low-flow vascular malformations and determine the different factors affecting the outcome., Patients and Methods: A total of fifty patients with low-flow vascular malformations were enrolled in the study between April 2020 and March 2022. All patients underwent preoperative duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography. The procedure was performed under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance. All patients were assessed for the objective improvement, ultrasound assessment, and patient-reported outcome., Results: The overall rate of objective improvement was 79.53% (78.05% in venous and 87.5% in lymphatic malformations), whereas 81.25% of the patients showed a degree of size reduction or complete obliteration on postoperative ultrasound. The patient-reported outcome analysis showed a statistically significant improvement in the mean score for the pain, overall symptoms, and self-confidence. On regression analysis, the only factor associated with poor objective outcome was diffuse lesions (ill-defined or extending in more than one body region or one compartment). No major complications were recorded., Conclusions: Bleomycin intralesional injection is a safe and effective treatment for low-flow vascular malformations., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of polidocanol in managing pain, swelling, functional limiting and cosmetic disorders in patients with venous malformations (VMs)., Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent sclerotherapy with polidocanol for VMs between 2020 and 2022. Patient records, imaging findings, and evaluation questionnaires used in the preprocedure and follow-up phases were reviewed. After sclerotherapy, patients were followed up at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. During these visits, the previously used 11-point verbal numerical rating scale (from 0 [no pain] to 10 [worst pain thinkable]) was used to evaluate the severity of symptoms such as pain, swelling, cosmetic discomfort, and functional limitation, and patients were asked to report the number of days per week they experienced these symptoms owing to the VM., Results: A total of 194 sclerotherapy procedures (mean, 1.6 ± 0.3 procedures) in 84 patients (55 female and 29 male patients; mean age, 22.45 ± 11.83 years) were conducted. The majority of these malformations (81%, or 68 patients) were located in the extremities. We found a significant decrease in pain, swelling, functional limitation, cosmetic appearance, and number of painful days between all time points, except for the comparison between months 3 and 6 (P < .001) CONCLUSIONS: Polidocanol sclerotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for VMs that significantly decreases patient complaints and has a very low complication rate. Particularly, following patients at short intervals and administering additional sclerotherapy sessions when necessary will significantly increase patient satisfaction., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aims to investigate the difference in safety and efficacy between two treatments for venous malformations (VMs), electrochemotherapy combined with polidocanol foam (ECP) and bleomycin polidocanol foam (BPF), providing alternative therapies for VMs., Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 152 patients with VMs treated with ECP and BPF. Pre- and post-treatment magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were collected, and clinical follow-up assessments were performed. Imaging results were used to calculate lesion volume changes. Clinical outcomes included changes in pain and improvements in perceived swelling. Patients were followed up at 1 week and 6 months after surgery. All emerging complications were documented in detail., Results: Of the 152 patients, 87 (57.2%) received BPF treatment, and 65 (42.8%) received ECP treatment. The most common location of VMs was the lower extremities (92/152; 60.2%), and the most common symptom was pain (108/152; 71.1%). Forty-three patients had previously undergone therapy in the BPF group (43/87; 49.4%), whereas 30 patients had received prior treatment in the ECP group (30/65; 46.2%). The study found that the percentage of lesion volume reduction in the BPF group was not significantly different from that in the ECP group (75.00% ± 17.85% vs 74.69% ± 8.48%; P = .899). ECP was more effective when the initial lesion volume was greater than 30 mL (67.66% ± 12.34% vs 73.47% ± 8.00%; P = .048). Patients treated with BPF had significantly less posttreatment pain than those treated with ECP, in different baseline lesion size. In the overall sample, pain relief was significantly higher in the BPF group than in the ECP group (4.21 ± 1.19 vs 3.57 ± 0.76; P = .002). However, there was no difference in pain relief between the two groups for the treatment of initially large VMs (4.20 ± 0.94 vs 3.70 ± 0.87; P = .113). The ECP group was significantly more likely to develop hyperpigmentation (5/87; 5.75% vs 11/65; 16.92%; P = .026) and swelling (9/87; 10.34% vs 16/65; 24.62%; P = .019) 1 week after surgery than the BPF group., Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that both BPF and ECP are effective treatments for VMs, with BPF being a safer option. ECP is a better choice for patients with the initial lesion volume greater than 30 mL, but it is more likely to lead to early swelling and hyperpigmentation., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Sclerotherapy with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate is the first-line endoscopic approach for gastric and ectopic variceal bleeding, but it can be associated with local or systemic complications. Episodes of transient bacteremia after the procedure are frequent, but documented cases of recurrent bacteremia are rare. The authors report a 47-year-old female patient with liver cirrhosis who underwent duodenal sclerotherapy with cyanoacrylate after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Subsequently, she developed five episodes of bacteremia with unknown origin. A definitive diagnosis of recurrent bacteremia due to cyanoacrylate was only possible after an exhaustive study to exclude other infectious foci. This case highlights a rare complication in an unusual topography (ectopic varices) and with a high number of episodes of bacteremia. A multidisciplinary management was paramount due to the patient's high surgical and anesthetic risk, comorbidities, and surgical aggressiveness.

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sclerotherapy methods for hemorrhoidal disease (HD) over the past 40 years., Methods: The review followed the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted, including studies reporting the use of sclerotherapy in patients with HD. Study eligibility criteria were defined, and data were extracted independently by the authors. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to assess outcomes of interest., Results: Out of 1965 records identified, 44 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 9729 patients. The majority of studies were conducted in Japan, followed by the UK, Italy, and Portugal. The median age of participants was 52 years, and the majority were male. The Goligher grade distribution indicated varying degrees of HD severity. Sclerotherapy was predominantly administered through anoscopy, with polidocanol being the most commonly used agent. The procedure was generally performed without pre-injection analgesia. The meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) revealed that sclerotherapy was not inferior to control interventions in terms of success rate (risk ratio [RR] 1.00, 95% CI 0.71-1.41) and recurrence rate (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.69-1.77), while resulting in fewer complications (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23-0.92)., Conclusions: This systematic review highlights the safety and efficacy of sclerotherapy for HD, which yields similar success rates and fewer complications compared to other conservative or surgical approaches. Further research is warranted to optimize sclerotherapy techniques and evaluate long-term outcomes., Registration: PROSPERO 2023 CRD42023396910., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Endometriosis, as a chronic disorder that is a source of severe pain ailments and infertility, requires a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Sclerotherapy, consisting of the administration of sclerosing agents into the cyst, is a constantly evolving minimally invasive treatment method for this disease. Hence, the main objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of its most often used variant, transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy, on endometriosis-related symptoms, endometrial cyst recurrence rate, ovarian reserve, assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes, and pregnancy outcomes, as well as to assess potential complications resulting from this treatment. This systematic review was undertaken using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases on 24 November 2023. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed with the use of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) and the revised Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool for randomized controlled trials. From the 1141 records obtained from all databases, 16 studies have been included in this review. The use of ethanol sclerotherapy was characterized by a low rate of post-procedural complications. The recurrence rate of endometrial cysts after the procedure depended on the ethanol instillation time within the cyst. Although ethanol sclerotherapy had negligible influence on ovarian reserves when compared to laparoscopic cystectomy, the effects of both these methods on pregnancy outcomes were comparable. This review identifies that sclerotherapy is safe, provides significant relief of symptoms, and does not impair the reproductive potential of the patients.

Background: This study aimed to retrospectively compare the clinical outcomes of endovenous microwave versus radiofrequency ablation combined with foam sclerotherapy in patients with lower limb varicose veins., Methods: We identified patients with lower limb varicose veins treated with endovenous microwave ablation or radiofrequency ablation with foam sclerotherapy between January 2018 and June 2021 at our institution. Patients were followed-up for 12 months. Clinical results, including the pre-post-Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire and post-Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire and Venous Clinical Severity Score, were compared. Complications were documented and treated accordingly., Results: We included 287 cases (295 limbs total; endovenous microwave ablation + foam sclerosing agent: n = 142, 146 limbs; radiofrequency ablation + foam sclerosing agent: n = 145, 149 limbs). The operative time was shorter for endovenous microwave ablation than radiofrequency ablation (42.58 ± 15.62 min vs. 65.46 ± 24.38 min, P < 0.05); however, other procedural parameters did not differ. Furthermore, hospitalization costs for endovenous microwave ablation were lower than those for radiofrequency ablation (21,063.74 ± 850.47 yuan vs. 23,312.40 ± 1,035.86 yuan, P < 0.05). At the 12-month follow-up, the great saphenous vein closure rate was similar in both groups (endovenous microwave ablation, 97% [142/146] vs. radiofrequency ablation, 98% [146/149]; P > 0.05). Additionally, the satisfaction or incidence rates of complications were not different among the groups. In both groups, the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire and Venous Clinical Severity Score values were significantly lower 12 months postsurgery than before surgery; however, the postoperative values did not differ., Conclusions: Endovenous microwave ablation effectively treated lower limb varicose veins, with similar short-term effects as radiofrequency ablation. Moreover, it had a shorter operative time and was less expensive than endovenous radiofrequency ablation., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objectives: Lymphocele formation after kidney transplant is a common complication that causes significant morbidity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intraoperative prophylactic povidone-iodine sclerotherapy through the closed suction drain to prevent lymphocele after kidney transplant., Materials and Methods: In this retrospective comparative single-institution study, we compared patients who underwent intraoperative prophylactic povidone-iodine sclerotherapy through the closed suction drain (group A) with patients who did not receive sclerotherapy (group B). Patients were treated between September 2017 and July 2023. Atthe end of the kidney transplant surgery, after the closure of the external oblique muscle layer and before skin closure, 10 mL of 10% povidone-iodine in 40 mL of normal saline were instilled via the closed suction drain and dwelled in the cavity for 30 minutes., Results: During the study period, 300 living-related donor kidney transplants were performed. Prophylactic povidone-iodine sclerotherapy was performed in 150 patients (50%).We noted a significantly lower incidence of lymphorrhea and lymphocele in group A. On postoperative days 1 and 5, we noted a significant reduction in drain output in group A (P < .001). One patient in group A and 5 patients in group B required ultrasonography-guideddrainage andpovidone-iodine sclerotherapy. No sclerotherapy-related complications were reported after a median follow-up of 16 months (range, 3-29 months)., Conclusions: Intraoperative prophylactic povidoneiodine sclerotherapy appears to be an easy, safe, and effective procedure for preventing lymphatic complications after living donor kidney transplant.

Background: endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) represents the gold standard in treating both great and small saphenous veins (GSV and SSV) incompetence. To achieve a "no-scalpel" procedure in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI, CEAP C3-C6), concomitant phlebectomies could be replaced by ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) into varicose tributaries. The aim of this study is to present a single-centre experience on EVLA + UGFS for patients with CVI secondary to varicose veins and saphenous trunk incompetence, analysing ling-term outcomes., Methods: all consecutive patients with CVI and treated by EVLA + UGFS from 2010 to 2022 were included in the analysis. EVLA was performed using a 1470-nm diode laser (LASEmaR® 1500, Eufoton, Trieste, Italy), adapting the linear endovenous energy density (LEED) depending on saphenous trunk diameter. Tessari method was used for UGFS. Patients were evaluated clinically and by duplex scanning at 1, 3 and 6 months, and annually up to 4 years, to assess treatment efficacy and adverse reactions., Results: 5500 procedures in 4895 patients (3818 women, 1077 men) with a mean age of 51.4 years were analysed during the study period. A total of 3950 GSVs and 1550 SSVs were treated with EVLA + UGFS (C3 59%, C4 23%, C5 17% and C6 1%). Neither deep vein thrombosis nor pulmonary embolism were detected during follow-up, as well as superficial burns. Ecchymoses (7%), transitory paraesthesia (2%), palpable vein induration/superficial vein thrombosis (15%) and transient dyschromia (1%) were registered. Saphenous and tributaries closure rate at 30 days, 1 and 4 years were 99.1%, 98.3% and 97.9%, respectively., Conclusions: EVLA + UGFS for an extremely minimally invasive procedure appears to be a safe technique, with only minor effects and acceptable long-term outcomes, in patients with CVI. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm the role of this combined therapy in such patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Author CB has served as speaker for Eufoton; Eufoton didn’t provide any feedbacks or opinion about data, results and considerations expressed in this manuscript and didn’t take part to both proof writing and final revision. The authors certify that there is no other conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate sclerotherapy using consecutive polidocanol and bleomycin foam (CPBF) for large untreated venous malformations (VMs) and/or those resistant to prior treatment., Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included all patients treated with CPBF for untreated VMs larger than 10 mL and/or refractory to treatment between May 2016 and October 2019. Baseline and follow-up VM volumes were measured on fat-suppressed T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Outcome was evaluated on postprocedural MR imaging volumetry and by a retrospective survey assessing clinical response and adverse events. Imaging response was considered good for volume reduction from 50% to 70% and excellent for volume reduction ≥70%. Symptoms and quality-of-life (QoL) scores were compared before and after CPBF sclerotherapy., Results: Forty-five patients (mean age, 16 years; range, 1-63 years; 25 males) with 57 VMs were analyzed and treated by 80 sclerotherapy. Sixty percent (27 of 45) of patients had undergone prior treatment for VM. Median VM volume was 36.7 mL (interquartile range, 84 mL) on pretherapy MR imaging. Good and excellent results after the last sclerotherapy were achieved in 36% (16 of 45) and 29% (13 of 45) of patients, respectively, corresponding to a decrease of >50% in 60% (34 of 57) of VMs. QoL score increased by at least 3 points, regardless of initial symptoms. Most patients did not desire additional sclerotherapy owing to near complete symptomatic relief, even for patients who did not achieve a good response. Swelling, pain, and motor impairment scores significantly improved after CPBF. Adverse events included fever (44%, 15 of 34) and nausea/vomiting (29%, 10 of 34)., Conclusions: CPBF sclerotherapy represents an effective therapy for large and/or refractory VMs with minimal adverse events., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Percutaneous sclerotherapy is an effective treatment for lymphatic malformations (LM) of the head and neck in adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the indications and efficacy of sclerotherapy for head/neck LM in the neonate and infant population., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients treated with percutaneous sclerotherapy for LM of the head/neck at age ≤12 months at a single vascular anomalies clinic. The clinical, anatomic, and technical aspects of each treatment, complications, and post-treatment clinical and imaging outcomes were analyzed., Results: 22 patients underwent 36 treatments during the first year of life. Median age at first treatment was 6.2 months (range 2-320 days). Severe airway compromise was the most frequent indication for treatment (31.8%). Sclerosants included doxycycline (80.5%), sodium tetradecyl sulfate (55.5%), bleomycin (11.1%) and ethanol (2.8%). There were no immediate procedure-related complications; sclerosant-related laboratory complications included transient metabolic acidosis (8.3%) and hemolytic anemia (5.5%). Median follow-up was 3.7 years (IQR 0.6-4.8). 47.6% of patients showed >75% lesion size reduction and 19.0% showed minimal response (<25% improvement). At last follow-up, 71.4% of children were developmentally normal and asymptomatic, 23.8% had recurring symptoms, and 4.8% required permanent tracheostomy. Patients with ongoing symptoms or limited response to percutaneous sclerotherapy (33.3%) were treated with long-term sirolimus., Conclusions: Percutaneous sclerotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic LM of the head and neck in neonates and infants. Treatment strategy and management of recurrent symptoms requires consensus from an experienced, multidisciplinary team., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness, safety, and predictors of outcomes and adverse events for percutaneous sclerotherapy using polidocanol for the treatment of venous malformations (VMs)., Methods: A retrospective single-center analysis was performed, including patients with VMs who were treated with sclerotherapy using polidocanol between January 2011 and November 2021 at a tertiary center. Demographic characteristics, clinical data, and radiologic features were analyzed, and the influence of patient- and VM-related factors on the subjective clinical outcome and adverse events were investigated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis., Results: In total, 167 patients who received 325 treatment sessions were included in this study. Overall symptom improvement was observed in 67.5%, stable symptoms were observed in 25.0%, and worsening was reported in 7.5% (clinical follow-up, 1.04 ± 1.67 years). The total adverse event rate was 10.2%, with an overall rate of 4.2% for permanent adverse events within the cohort. In multivariate analysis, the clinical outcome was worse in children (P = .01; 57.1% symptom improvement in children [age, <18 years] and 79.7% in adults), and adverse events were more frequently observed after the treatment of VMs located at the extremities (P < .01; 8.4% for VMs of the extremities and 1.2% for VMs in other locations)., Conclusions: Sclerotherapy using polidocanol can be an effective treatment option for VMs with an acceptable safety profile. However, it can be less effective in children, and adverse events can be more frequently expected for VMs of the extremities., (Copyright © 2023 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To assess the reported safety and effectiveness of sclerotherapy for the treatment of nonparasitic splenic cysts through a systematic review and meta-analysis., Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library through July 2023 was performed. Studies including at least 5 patients reporting percutaneous sclerotherapy of nonparasitic splenic cysts, initial and posttreatment cyst size, clinical symptoms as well as adverse events (AEs), and recurrence rates were included. A 0-8-point scale for case reports and case series was used to assess bias. Data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis., Results: Twenty-three of 833 citations were selected for full-text assessment, and 7 studies were included for a total of 99 patients. The methodological quality of the studies included scored 3-7. Composite analysis demonstrated 38% (95% CI, 23%-55%) rate of recurrence after treatment with significant heterogeneity; however, when assessed for a cyst size of <8 cm, recurrence dropped to 7% (95% CI, 2%-20%). Residual symptoms after treatment completion were present in 17% (95% CI, 7%-33%). Intraprocedural and postprocedural AE rates were 6% (95% CI, 3%-13%) and 6% (95% CI, 3%-12%) respectively., Conclusions: Sclerotherapy of splenic cysts seemed to be safe, with a high rate of recurrence for cysts ≥8 cm., (Copyright © 2023 SIR. All rights reserved.)

Insufficiency of the small saphenous vein causes 15% of varicose veins in the lower extremities. Endovenous ablation for the treatment of small saphenous vein varices has become a trend, and an increasing number of studies have reported the effects of different types of endovenous ablation in patients with small saphenous varicose veins. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the results of existing studies on endovenous ablation for the treatment of small saphenous varicose veins, compare its role and efficacy, and provide insights into the future development of endovenous ablation for treating small saphenous varicose veins. A systematic review of literature published from January 1, 2002 to January 1, 2022 was conducted from PubMed, Embase, and China Academic Journals full-text databases. The pre-determined inclusion criteria were clinical literature of endovenous ablation for treating small saphenous varicose veins. Keywords included "ablation", "small saphenous vein", "lesser saphenous vein", "short saphenous vein", "xiaoyinjingmai" and "xiaorong". Of the 506 articles screened, 33 articles were included in this review: 19 articles were related to endovenous laser ablation, five were related to mechanochemical ablation, seven were related to radiofrequency ablation, and two were related to both endovenous laser ablation and radiofrequency ablation. The anatomical success rate of endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and mechanochemical ablation were 94.3%, 96.0%, and 88.1%, respectively, and the heterogeneities were all moderate. Most of the current studies are of a low-quality level of research. Hence, long-term follow-up studies and large-scale randomized controlled trials are required to obtain high-quality evidence. Although the gold standard for the treatment of small saphenous vein insufficiency remains unclear, endovenous ablation is still the recommended method.

Background: Few studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of treatment of cosmetic dorsal hand and chest/breast veins., Objective: To retrospectively evaluate results of dorsal hand and chest vein foam sclerotherapy., Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of dorsal hand and chest vein sclerotherapy patients at a dermatology practice was performed between January 2014 and April 2023., Results: Fifty-five patients (54 female and 1 male patients) with a mean age of 55.8 ± 10.5 (31-83) years underwent treatment. Mean number of sessions for dorsal hand ( n = 41) and chest ( n = 14) patients were 1.5 ± 0.9 (1-5) and 1.6 ± 1.2 (1-5), respectively. Both groups were predominantly treated with 0.2% sodium tetradecyl sulfate or 0.5% polidocanol foam. Rate of coagulum formation across all sessions in the dorsal hands and chest was 15.2% and 3.0%, respectively. Vein induration, edema, postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation, and persistent erythema were rarely seen. No patients experienced superficial venous thrombophlebitis, erosion/ulceration, telangiectatic matting, or neurologic side effects. Seventy-five percent and 63.2% of chest and hand patients, respectively, demonstrated significant clinical improvement at 3-month follow-up, although not systematically evaluated., Conclusion: Foam sclerotherapy of dorsal hand and chest veins with detergent sclerosing agents is safe and effective with mild, self-limited adverse events., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of tortuous Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) insufficiency., Methods: In this prospective non-randomized study 62 patients with tortuous GSV insufficiency were included. All patients were delivered sclerosant agent in the form of foam into the GSV through a cannula above the knee level. Characteristics of patients, diameter of veins, reflux grades, Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) and Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, Pathological (CEAP) scores, concentration of sclerosant agent, complications and follow-up results were recorded., Results: Foam sclerotheraphy was performed with 100% technical success in all patients at operative room. There were no allergic reactions or neurological complications during and after the operations. Ecchymosis was the most common complication with 37.1% frequency. . VCSS scores significantly decreased from 6.43% to 2.53%, during follow-up from initial admission to sixth months, respectively ( P <0.05).In the first month parameters, successful occlusion rate was 88.7%, whereas its rate was 82.3% in sixth month. Recanalization rate significantly increased from 11.3% to 17.7% during follow-up from first to sixth months, respectively ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Due to its low complication rate, low cost, acceptable total occlusion rate and reproducibility; Foam sclerotherapy can be considered a reliable treatment for patients with tortuous GSV insufficiency., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestThe author(s) declared no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Background: To retrospectively analyze the short-term outcomes of catheter-based versus direct foam sclerotherapy when combined with high ligation (HL) for the treatment of great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence., Methods: From July 2018 to October 2019, a total of 82 lower limbs of 70 patients with GSV incompetence received HL combined with catheter-based foam sclerotherapy (CFS group) or direct foam sclerotherapy (DFS group) for GSV proximal trunk. Among them, 40 limbs of 36 patients were treated with CFS, and 42 limbs of 34 patients were treated with DFS. The occlusion of GSV proximal trunk was evaluated with venous duplex ultrasound examinations; Venous Clinical Severity Scores (VCSS) was used to assess clinical improvement; Aberdeen Varicose Veins Questionnaire (AVVQ) was used to assess quality-of-life scores; and Complications was used for the safety evaluation., Results: At day 7 post-operatively, complete occlusion of proximal trunk of the GSV was achieved in 92.5% legs of the CFS group and 71.4% of the DFS group ( p = 0.014). Additionally, anterograde flow was found in 7.5% legs of the CFS group and 26.2% of the DFS group ( p = 0.025). No significant differences in the occurrence of complications were observed between the two groups. The median follow-up was 285.5 days in the DFS group and 318 days in the CFS group ( p = 0.140). VCSS and AVVQ reduction were significant in both CFS group and DFS group (5.3 ± 2.5, 5.5 ± 2.4, p < 0.001 for VCSS; 15.9 ± 8.0, 16.3 ± 8.6, p < 0.001 for AVVQ), but no significant difference were observed between two groups ( p = 0.655 for VCSS, p = 0.934 for AVVQ)., Conclusions: Although the occlusion of great saphenous vein proximal trunk were different, two modalities result in similar clinical and quality-of-life improvements. DFS is a feasible alternative to CFS when combined with HL., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Sclerotherapy is among the mainstays of chronic venous disease treatment, yet its occlusion rate remains suboptimal compared to thermal tumescent techniques. An innovative three-balloons catheter has been developed to allow sclerotherapy in empty vein conditions (empty vein ablation technique, EVA). Aim of this investigation was to describe the EVA technical aspects and related ex-vivo effects on vein wall., Methods: Two samples from jugular veins of an adult sheep were treated by EVA or foam sclerotherapy (FS, Tessari method). Primary outcome was the percentage of circumferential intima treated by EVA or FS; secondary outcomes were intima and media thickness modifications after treatment., Results: Intact circumferential residual intima were 6.07±2.94% and 16.55±0.70% after EVA and FS, respectively (P=0.020). Despite the average intima and media thickness did not differ between treatments, EVA demonstrated a homogenous damage throughout the vein segment, while FS effect was less destructive distally to the injection site, because moving away from the injection site and floating, it has a less contact with internal surface of the vein., Conclusions: EVA seems to overcome chemical ablation limits as flushing effect and the increases vein wall/sclerosant agent contact effect compared to FS. Ex-vivo encouraging results need in-vivo validation to evaluate other points like deactivation of sclerosing agent by blood protein and the contact time control between SA and the vein wall. If we have further confirmations in vivo we might think we have a potential higher occlusion rate compared to FS, paving the way for future clinical trials.

Management of splenic cysts in children remains undefined. Sclerotherapy is an innovative, less invasive treatment. This study examined the safety and preliminary effectiveness of sclerotherapy for splenic cysts in children compared with those of surgical treatment. A retrospective review of pediatric patients treated for nonparasitic splenic cysts from 2007 to 2021 was performed at a single institution. Posttreatment outcomes for patients who underwent either expectant management, sclerotherapy, or surgery were reviewed. Thirty patients aged between 0 and 18 years met the inclusion criteria. Cysts in 3 of 8 patients who underwent sclerotherapy were either unresolved or recurred. Patients who underwent sclerotherapy and required surgery for residual symptomatic cyst had an initial cyst diameter of >8 cm. Symptoms resolved in 5 of 8 patients who underwent sclerotherapy, with a significantly reduced cyst size compared with that in patients with continued symptoms who underwent sclerotherapy (61.4% vs 7.0%, P = .01). Sclerotherapy is an effective treatment for splenic cysts, particularly those measuring <8 cm. However, surgical excision may be preferable for large cysts., (Copyright © 2023 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Foam sclerotherapy is considered an acceptable method to treat great saphenous vein (GSV) insufficiency, promoting occlusion of its trunk and eradicating reflux. Various modalities and techniques have been described, varying form foam infusion through multiple short cannulae along the GSV to catheter-directed techniques in order to facilitate complete proximal GSV occlusion and improve technical and clinical success. Purpose: To present a modification of the sclerotherapy tehcnique where the presence of venous ulcers poses an extra challenge to the treatment of GSV treatment. Technique: We describe a technical proposal of single foam perfusion through a 11 cm 5F sheath placed at the knee level combined with simultaneous retrograde infusion below the knee. Perivenous tumescent segmental infiltration with cold normal saline at 4°C is applied initially to reduce the diameter in those GSV >6-7 mm. Conclusions: This combination avoids multiple vein cannulation in the GSV along the thigh as well as the need for antegrade infusion when GSV cannulation at the lower tibia is prohibited by a large ulcer area.