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We use density functional theory plus dynamical mean-field theory (DFT+DMFT) to study multiple control parameters for tuning the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in CaVO$_3$ thin films. We focus on separating the effects resulting from substrate-induced epitaxial strain from those related to the reduced thickness of the film. We show that tensile epitaxial strain of around 3-4% is sufficient to induce a transition to a paramagnetic Mott-insulating phase. This corresponds to the level of strain that could be achieved on a SrTiO$_3$ substrate. Using free-standing slab models, we then demonstrate that reduced film thickness can also cause a MIT in CaVO$_3$, however, only for thicknesses of less than 4 perovskite units. Our calculations indicate that the MIT in such ultra-thin films results mainly from a surface-induced crystal-field splitting between the $t_{2g}$-orbitals, favoring the formation of an orbitally-polarized Mott insulator. This surface-induced crystal-field splitting is of the same type as the one resulting from tensile epitaxial strain, and thus the two effects can also cooperate. Furthermore, our calculations confirm an enhancement of correlation effects at the film surface, resulting in a reduced quasiparticle spectral weight in the outermost layer, whereas bulk-like properties are recovered within only a few layers away from the surface., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures

We investigate the effect of epitaxial strain on the Mott metal-insulator transition (MIT) in perovskite systems with d^1 and d^2 electron configuration of the transition metal (TM) cation. We first discuss the general trends expected from the changes in the crystal-field splitting and in the hopping parameters that are induced by epitaxial strain. We argue that the strain-induced crystal-field splitting generally favors the Mott-insulating state, whereas the strain-induced changes in the hopping parameters favor the metallic state under compressive strain and the insulating state under tensile strain. Thus, the two effects can effectively cancel each other under compressive strain, while they usually cooperate under tensile strain, in this case favoring the insulating state. We then validate these general considerations by performing electronic structure calculations for several d^1 and d^2 perovskites, using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT). We isolate the individual effects of strain-induced changes in either hopping or crystal-field by performing DMFT calculations where we fix one type of parameter to the corresponding unstrained DFT values. These calculations confirm our general considerations for SrVO_3 (d^1) and LaVO_3 (d^2), whereas the case of LaTiO_3 (d^1) is distinctly different, due to the strong effect of the octahedral tilt distortion in the underlying perovskite crystal structure. Our results demonstrate the possibility to tune the electronic properties of correlated TM oxides by using epitaxial strain, which allows to control the strength of electronic correlations and the vicinity to the Mott MIT., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures

The effect of epitaxial strain on the structural and electronic properties of LaVO_3 is investigated through density functional theory (DFT) and dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). Two different growth orientations of the crystal are considered, one preserving the bulk Pbnm space-group symmetry and another giving rise to a symmetry lowering to P2_1/m. In the nonmagnetic DFT structures, the two growth orientations are equally favored for all tensile strains considered here, as well as for compressive strains weaker than -3%. For stronger compressive strains, the P2_1/m orientation is favored and shows a complete suppression of octahedral tilts along the out-of-plane direction. Magnetically-ordered structures do not show a complete tilt suppression, but the trend points to a similar reduction of the out-of-plane V-O-V bond angles under compressive strain. Our DMFT calculations show that, in accord with room-temperature experiments, the bulk paramagnetic Mott-insulating state of LaVO_3 is robust against epitaxial strains attainable in thin films, since the suppression of orbital fluctuations counteracts the effect of bandwidth increase with compressive strain. Under stronger compressive strains, the straightening of the V-O-V bonds in the P2_1/m geometry interferes with the suppression of orbital fluctuations and hence perturbs the Mott phase more strongly, albeit not enough to achieve a metallic phase.

An efficient method for computing the Landauer-Buettiker conductance of an open quantum system within DFT+U is presented. The Hubbard potential is included in electronic structure and transport calculations as a simple renormalization of the non-local pseudopotential coefficients by restricting the integration for the on-site occupations within the cutoff spheres of the pseudopotential. We apply the methodology to the case of an Au monatomic chain in presence of a CO molecule adsorbed on it. We show that the Hubbard U correction removes the spurious magnetization in the pristine Au chain at the equilibrium spacing, as well as the unphysical contribution of d electrons to the conductance, resulting in a single (spin-degenerate) transmission channel and a more realistic conductance of 1 G_0 . We find that the conductance reduction due to CO adsorption is much larger for the atop site than for the bridge site, so that the general picture of electron transport in stretched Au chains given by the local density approximation remains valid at the equilibrium Au-Au spacing within DFT+U.

We address the energetic stability of the graphene/SiC(0001) interface and the associated binding mechanism by studying a series of low-strain commensurate interface structures within a density functional scheme. Among the structures with negligible strain, the 6\surd3\times6\surd3 R30{\deg} SiC periodicity shows the lowest interface energy, providing a rationale for its frequent experimental observation. The interface stability is driven by the enhanced local reactivity of the substrate-bonded graphene atoms undergoing sp2-to-sp3 rehybridization (pyramidalization). By this mechanism, relaxed structures of higher stability exhibit more pronounced graphene corrugations at the atomic scale.

We study the energetics, the electronic structure, and the ballistic transport of an infinite Au monatomic chain with an adsorbed CO molecule. We find that the bridge adsorption site is energetically favored with respect to the atop site, both at the equilibrium Au-Au spacing of the chain and at larger spacings. Instead, a substitutional configuration requires a very elongated Au-Au bond, well above the rupture distance of the pristine Au chain. The electronic structure properties can be described by the Blyholder model, which involves the formation of bonding/antibonding pairs of 5{\sigma} and 2{\pi}* states through the hybridization between molecular levels of CO and metallic states of the chain. In the atop geometry, we find an almost vanishing conductance due to the 5{\sigma} antibonding states giving rise to a Fano-like destructive interference close to the Fermi energy. In the bridge geometry, instead, the same states are shifted to higher energies and the conductance reduction with respect to pristine Au chain is much smaller. We also examine the effects of strain on the ballistic transport, finding opposite behaviors for the atop and bridge conductances. Only the bridge geometry shows a strain dependence compatible with the experimental conductance traces.

CO adsorption on an Au monatomic chain is studied within density functional theory in nanocontact geometries as a function of the contact stretching. We compare the bridge and atop adsorption sites of CO, finding that the bridge site is energetically favored at all strains studied here. Atop adsorption gives rise to an almost complete suppression of the ballistic conductance of the nanocontact, while adsorption at the bridge site results in a conductance value close to 0.6 G0, in agreement with previous experimental data. We show that only the bridge site can qualitatively account for the evolution of the conductance as a function of the contact stretching observed in the experimental conductance traces. The numerical discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental conductance slopes is rationalized through a simple model for the elastic response of the metallic leads. We also verify that our conductance values are not affected by the specific choice of the nanocontact geometry by comparing two different atomistic models for the tips.

Quantum ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of computer codes for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, based on density-functional theory, plane waves, and pseudopotentials (norm-conserving, ultrasoft, and projector-augmented wave). Quantum ESPRESSO stands for "opEn Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization". It is freely available to researchers around the world under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Quantum ESPRESSO builds upon newly-restructured electronic-structure codes that have been developed and tested by some of the original authors of novel electronic-structure algorithms and applied in the last twenty years by some of the leading materials modeling groups worldwide. Innovation and efficiency are still its main focus, with special attention paid to massively-parallel architectures, and a great effort being devoted to user friendliness. Quantum ESPRESSO is evolving towards a distribution of independent and inter-operable codes in the spirit of an open-source project, where researchers active in the field of electronic-structure calculations are encouraged to participate in the project by contributing their own codes or by implementing their own ideas into existing codes., Comment: 36 pages, 5 figures, resubmitted to J.Phys.: Condens. Matter

Recent experiments showed that the conductance of Pt nanocontacts and nanowires is measurably reduced by adsorption of CO. We present DFT calculations of the electronic structure and ballistic conductance of a Pt monoatomic chain and a CO molecule adsorbed in an on-top position. We find that the main electronic molecule-chain interaction occurs via the $5\sigma$ and $2\pi^{\star}$ orbitals of the molecule, involved in a donation/back-donation process similar to that of CO on transition-metal surfaces. The ideal ballistic conductance of the monoatomic chain undergoes a moderate reduction by about 1.0 G_0 (from 4 G_0 to 3.1 G_0) upon adsorption of CO. By repeating all calculations with and without spin-orbit coupling, no substantial spin-orbit induced change emerges either in the chain-molecule interaction mechanism or in the conductance., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, in proceedings of Frontiers of Fundamental and Computational Physics

We carry out a first-principles density functional study of the interaction between a monatomic Pt wire and a CO molecule, comparing the energy of different adsorption configurations (bridge, on top, substitutional, and tilted bridge) and discussing the effects of spin-orbit (SO) coupling on the electronic structure and on the ballistic conductance of two of these systems (bridge and substitutional). We find that, when the wire is unstrained, the bridge configuration is energetically favored, while the substitutional geometry becomes possible only after the breaking of the Pt-Pt bond next to CO. The interaction can be described by a donation/back-donation process similar to that occurring when CO adsorbs on transition-metal surfaces, a picture which remains valid also in presence of SO coupling. The ballistic conductance of the (tipless) nanowire is not much reduced by the adsorption of the molecule on the bridge and on-top sites, but shows a significant drop in the substitutional case. The differences in the electronic structure due to the SO coupling influence the transmission only at energies far away from the Fermi level so that fully- and scalar-relativistic conductances do not differ significantly., Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures; figure misplacement and minor syntax issues fixed, some references updated and corrected