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Key Message: Among SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers, vaginal delivery rates were high and associated with favorable outcomes with no cases of neonatal COVID-19., Purpose: To investigate the mode of delivery and its impact on immediate neonatal outcome in SARS-CoV-2-infected women., Methods: A prospective study following pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 who delivered between March 15th and July 4th in seven university affiliated hospitals in Israel., Results: A total of 52 women with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 delivered in the participating centers during the study period. The median gestational age at the time of delivery was 38 weeks, with 16 (30.8%) cases complicated by spontaneous preterm birth. Forty-three women (82.7%) underwent a trial of labor. The remaining 9 women underwent pre-labor cesarean delivery mostly due to obstetric indications, whereas one woman with a critical COVID-19 course underwent urgent cesarean delivery due to maternal deterioration. Among those who underwent a trial of labor (n = 43), 39 (90.7%) delivered vaginally, whereas 4 (9.3%) cases resulted in cesarean delivery. Neonatal RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swabs tested negative in all cases, and none of the infants developed pneumonia. No maternal and neonatal deaths were encountered., Conclusions: In this prospective study among SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers, vaginal delivery rates were high and associated with favorable outcomes with no cases of neonatal COVID-19. Our findings underscore that delivery management among SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers should be based on obstetric indications and may potentially reduce the high rates of cesarean delivery previously reported in this setting.

Introduction: Ectopic-pregnancy is a leading cause of pregnancy-related maternal death in the first trimester. Early sonographic diagnostic ability of ectopic-pregnancy is limited. There is an increasing need to identify sonographic markers that can assist with the diagnosis., Objectives: To characterize the endometrial-pattern by transvaginal-ultrasound as an early marker for ectopic-pregnancy, before demonstration of tubal mass., Methods: A multicenter prospective study that included 52 women with a positive HCG test, referred to the ultrasound-unit with a diagnosis of pregnancy of unknown location. A transvaginal ultrasound was performed focusing on the endometrial-pattern, and classifying findings into four categories: homogeneous, heterogeneous, three-laminar and existence of fluid collection within the endometrial cavity., Results: A total of 38 women were diagnosed with ectopic-pregnancy. Three women demonstrated normal intrauterine pregnancy, 3 others had an early miscarriage and 8 women were excluded from the study. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of demographic, clinical, or laboratory characteristics. Three-laminar pattern had 94% positive predictive value and 18% negative predictive value for ectopic-pregnancy, with sensitivity and specificity of 42% and 83%, respectively. Changes in the endometrial-pattern were demonstrated during subsequent tests when performed., Conclusions: The use of transvaginal-ultrasound to identify the endometrial-pattern in early pregnancy does not require significant expertise. The identification of three-laminar endometrium in pregnancies of an unknown location, should raise the suspicion of ectopic-pregnancy., Discussion: Three-laminar pattern has high PPV for predicting ectopic pregnancy in women with pregnancy of an unknown location. The changes in the endometrial-pattern during subsequent tests, especially the transition of three-laminar into homogeneous pattern, a phenomenon not reported in previous studies, raised the need for further studies.

Background: Knotless barbed sutures are monofilament sutures with barbs cut into them. These sutures self-anchor, maintaining tissue approximation without the need for surgical knots., Objective: The hypothesis of this study was that knotless barbed suture could be used on the myometrium to close the hysterotomy at cesarean delivery. The objective was to compare uterine closure time, need for additional sutures, and blood loss between this and a conventional suture., Study Design: This was a prospective, unblinded, randomized controlled trial conducted at the Ziv Medical Center, Zefat, Israel. The primary outcome was the length of time needed to close the uterine incision, which was measured from the start of the first suture on the uterus until obtaining uterine hemostasis. To minimize provider bias, women were randomized by sealed envelopes that were opened in the operating room just prior to uterine closure with either a bidirectional knotless barbed suture or conventional suture. Secondary outcomes included the number of additional hemostatic sutures needed and blood loss during incision closure., Results: Patients were enrolled from August 2016 until March 2017. One hundred two women were randomized. Fifty-one had uterine closure with knotless barbed suture and 51 with conventional suture. The groups were similar for demographics as well as number of previous cesarean deliveries. Uterine closure time using the knotless barbed suture was significantly shorter than the conventional suture by a mean of 1 minute 43 seconds (P < .001, 95% confidence interval, 67.69-138.47 seconds). Knotless barbed sutures were associated with a lower need for hemostatic sutures (median 0 vs 1, P < .001), and blood loss measured during incision closure was significantly lower (mean 221 mL vs 268 mL, P < .005)., Conclusion: The use of a knotless barbed suture is a reasonable alternative to conventional sutures because it reduced the closure time of the uterine incision. There was also less need for additional hemostatic sutures and slightly reduced estimated blood loss., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To compare uterine arteries (UtA) blood flow after cesarean section (CS) or vaginal delivery (VD)., Methods: We performed a prospective case-control study comparing UtA blood flow impedance in patients who delivered by CS or VD. The UtA pulsatility index (PI) was measured with Doppler ultrasound during post partum using a transabdominal convex probe. Maternal and gestational age, parity, gravidity, and delay between delivery and Doppler measurement were noted., Results: We examined 106 postnatal patients, of whom 35 had CS delivery and 71 had VD. The median delay from delivery to Doppler measurement was 35 hours for the CS group and 32 hours for the VD group. The mean PI following CS and VD was 1.62 ± 0.45 and 1.42 ± 0.47, respectively. Using a linear model, the regression coefficients for mean, right, and left PI were not significantly different depending on the mode of delivery. There was no difference between emergency and elective CS., Conclusions: Early postpartum UtA blood flow impedance is not significantly different after CS or VD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:278-283, 2016., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

"What does it mean, Doctor?" and "Is it going to affect my baby in some way?". Those are the most typical questions of pregnant women to obstetricians. Answering is sometimes easier but placental calcification is not the case, since placental architecture and disease are two different faces of the same coin and the association between them is not completely clear. Placenta can function properly, even in the presence of architectural alterations, without any fetal consequences. So, remains the question, when does a placental structural anomaly become a sign of increased attention to maternal conditions, fetal development and well-being? The present review will analyze these concepts, with emphasis on placental calcification, its pathogenesis, and the state-of-the-art regarding the influence of this finding on pregnancy outcomes among low-risk pregnant patients.

Introduction: Idiopathic antenatal calcification is a rare, generally lethal, condition with unclear etiology., Materials and Methods: Around 200 cases, most of them undergoing postnatal diagnosis, are reported in literature. The majority of the affected infants die before the age of 6 months, and very few have survived for more than 1 year. Five cases of spontaneous resolution of the disease are described., Discussion: An autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance has been suggested for this condition, with some gene mutations which have been recently discovered. Therapy with bisphosphonates has been suggested, with conflicting evidence regarding the utility in the regression of the disease., Conclusion: The main purpose of the present report is to provide the available knowledge on this subject through a systematic review of the literature. In addition, we describe two cases of antenatal idiopathic arterial calcification in which antenatal diagnosis was achieved.

The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) describes a state of extensive fetal multi organ involvement during chorioamnionitis, and is associated with grave implications on perinatal outcome. The syndrome has been linked to the preterm parturition syndrome and is associated with inflammation/infection processes in most of the fetal organs. The fetal thymus, a major organ in the developing immune system involutes during severe neonatal disease and has been shown to be smaller in fetuses with FIRS. Various methods for imaging of the fetal thymus and measurement are described. Currently the only method to diagnose FIRS prenatally is through amniocentesis. We suggest that women who are admitted with preterm labor with intact membranes and those with PPROM should have a detailed sonographic examination of the fetal thymus as a surrogate marker of fetal involvement in intrauterine infection/inflammation processes., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objective: To assess whether prolonged second stage of labour influences the gestational age at the subsequent delivery., Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study. Clinical information was retrieved from the McGill Obstetrical and Neonatal Database for the period of January 2001 to February 2008. We evaluated primiparous women with term singleton pregnancies who reached the second stage of labour. Women were divided into two groups, according to the duration of the second stage: delivery after more than three hours of full cervical dilatation, or delivery within three hours. The primary outcome measured was the incidence of spontaneous preterm births at the subsequent delivery., Results: Among 1818 women whose records were available for analysis, 416 women (22.9%) had a prolonged second stage of labour in their first delivery. Women with a prolonged second stage in their first delivery did not deliver prematurely more often in the successive delivery than those women whose second stage was not prolonged (rate of preterm birth 4.3% in the prolonged second stage group and 5.5% in the normal second stage group; P = 0.3)., Conclusion: In our population of primiparous women with a singleton term delivery, a prolonged second stage of labour lasting more than three hours was not associated with preterm birth at their subsequent delivery.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of medical abortions with mifepristone and misoprostol following the approval of medical abortion in Israel., Methods: A retrospective review of 377 consecutive medical records at an ambulatory care unit of a university medical centre was performed, screening all women undergoing medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol. Transvaginal ultrasonographic study and serum beta hCG measurement were performed 14-20 days after the procedure. The clinical outcome was defined as complete expulsion of intrauterine contents with (failed group) or without (successful group) surgical intervention., Results: Surgical intervention was performed in 7.4% of patients. Residual products of conception were confirmed in 89%. Older age, previous spontaneous abortions, multigravidity, and earlier follow-up visit were independently associated with unsuccessful medical abortion. Significant differences were found in mean serum beta hCG and mean endometrial thickness in the successful versus failed procedure groups., Conclusions: Medical termination of pregnancy with mifepristone and misoprostol is >90% effective. High risk group for failure of the procedure can be characterised. An algorithm of follow up using follow-up visit date, serum beta hCG and sonographic endometrial stripe is suggested to define high risk patients for failed medical abortion.

Objective: This study was undertaken to examine the value of 3-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) ultrasound imaging in diagnosis and follow-up of fetal vascular anomalies., Study Design: In 174 women undergoing early second-trimester targeted organ scanning, followed by a midtrimester second scan in a university hospital setting, 3DPD was applied to the fetal intra-abdominal and intrathoracic vessels., Results: In 137 of 174 fetuses (75%) in the earlier scan, and in 164 of 174 fetuses (95%) in the later scan, 3DPD ultrasound successfully visualized the fetal vessels. In an additional 9 cases, anomalous vascularity was identified: fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix (2), persistent right umbilical vein (1), agenesis of ductus venosus (2), eventration of diaphragm (1), parenchymal and vascular lung anomaly (1), sacrococcygeal teratoma (1), and chorioangioma (1). 3DPD improved diagnostic precision, aided our understanding of anomalous structure, and added information on the vascular volume of lesions in some cases., Conclusion: 3DPD improved ultrasound visualization of the fetal vessels of the abdomen and thorax in normal and anomalous cases.

The treasured ancient papyri provide a glimpse into understanding of common concepts and practices in ancient Egypt. The Kahun gynecological papyrus and other texts unveil the traditions of reproduction, conception and delivery. This article addresses the rationale of beliefs and practices of that era. Frequently, the reason for common traditions exercised at the time is based on medical knowledge of female anatomy and physiology during pregnancy. Surprisingly some of the remedies commonly used in ancient Egypt were recently explored and found intriguing. This paper was aimed to look at the reflection of archaic practices and concepts of ancient Egypt by the modern mirror of evidence-based medicine.