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Copyright of Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Notfall & Rettungsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Background: Both alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy present significant health risks to the unborn child, including developmental disorders and cognitive deficits. By abstinence from alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy these risks can be completely avoided. Aim: The article provides an overview of prevention and intervention methods, such as education, brief interventions, and treatment and provision of support. It also highlights the importance of systematic screening in health care facilities to identify pregnant women at an early stage and to facilitate access to support services. Conclusions: However, serious gaps in the German care system hinder adequate guideline-based prevention and treatment. Lastly, the article underscores the responsibility of society and health policy to create an environment where abstaining from alcohol and tobacco is the norm, thereby promoting the choice of a smoke-free and alcohol-free life in pregnancy and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gynäkologische Endokrinologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant people has increased dramatically during the opioid epidemic, affecting a significant number of families with young children. Parents with OUD commonly face significant challenges as they are often balancing the stress of caring for young children with maintaining recovery and co‐occurring psychosocial challenges (e.g., mental health, low social support). Toward designing interventions to address parenting needs among parents with OUD, we conducted a mixed‐methods study to understand the acceptability of receiving parenting support prenatally among pregnant people with OUD residing in the United States. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted among 18 pregnant and early postpartum people recruited from a substance use treatment program specializing in the care of pregnant and parenting populations. Among all participants, a prenatal parenting program that comprehensively addresses recovery, parenting, and wellbeing was found to be widely acceptable. Regarding content most desirable within a parenting intervention, participants indicated an interest in breastfeeding, caring for newborns with in‐utero opioid exposure, parent‐infant bonding, infant soothing techniques, their own wellbeing/mental health, and parenting skills. We introduce a prenatal adaptation of the well‐established Family Check‐up parenting intervention as a novel, prenatal intervention to prevent negative outcomes for caregivers in recovery and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient, multidimensional instrument is needed to screen non‐optimal prenatal parental representations predictive of postnatal parenting behavior and child attachment. The present work aimed to revise and validate the Prenatal Caregiving Expectations Questionnaire—Revised (PCEQ‐R). Survey data from two independent samples of pregnant, primarily Danish, women (N = 300/322) were collected to 1) test the factor structure and select items for a 20‐item version, and 2) confirm the factor structure, examine internal consistency, and establish initial construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a three‐factor model of helpless‐dysregulated, anxious‐hyperactivated, and avoidant‐deactivated caregiving representations. Internal consistency was acceptable (α >.73). Construct validity analyses showed that higher helpless‐dysregulated caregiving was associated with low maternal antenatal attachment quality (rs = −.36) and intensity (rs = −.11), increased risk of perinatal depression (rs=.37), and trait anxiety (rs=.37). Higher anxious‐hyperactivated caregiving was associated with better maternal antenatal attachment quality (rs=.20) and higher intensity (rs =.26), while avoidant‐deactivated caregiving was not associated with maternal antenatal attachment. These findings support the validity and multidimensional structure of the measure. The homogenous nature of the sample limits generalizability of results. Future studies should examine predictive validity of the PCEQ‐R and include clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anaesthesiologie & Intensivmedizin is the property of DGAI e.V. - Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at increased risk of severe disease progression. Comorbidities, such as chronic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, advanced maternal age and high body mass index, may predispose to severe disease. The management of pregnant COVID-19 patients on the intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging and requires careful consideration of maternal, fetal and ethical issues. Objective: Description and discussion of intensive care treatment strategies and perinatal anesthesiological management in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS). Material and methods: We analyzed the demographic data, maternal medical history, clinical intensive care management, complications, indications and management of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and infant survival of all pregnant patients treated for severe CARDS in the anesthesiological ICU of a German university hospital between March and November 2021. Results: The cohort included 9 patients with a mean age of 30.3 years (range 26–40 years). The gestational age ranged from 21 + 3 weeks to 37 + 2 weeks. None of the patients had been vaccinated against SARS-CoV‑2. Of the nine patients seven were immigrants and communication was hampered by inadequate Central European language skills. Of the patients five had a PaO2/FiO2 index < 150 mm Hg despite escalated invasive ventilation (FiO2 > 0.9 and a positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP] of 14 mbar) and were therefore treated with repeated prolonged prone positioning maneuvers (5–14 prone positions for 16 h each, a total of 47 prone positioning treatments) and 2 required treatment with inhaled nitric oxide and venovenous ECMO. The most common complications were bacterial superinfection of the lungs, urinary tract infection and delirium. All the women and five neonates survived. All newborns were delivered by cesarean section, two patients were discharged home with an intact pregnancy and two intrauterine fetal deaths were observed. None of the newborns tested positive for SARS-CoV‑2 at birth. Conclusion: High survival rates are possible in pregnant patients with CARDS. The peripartum management of pregnant women with CARDS requires close interdisciplinary collaboration and should prioritize maternal survival in early pregnancy. In our experience, prolonged prone positioning, an essential evidence-based cornerstone in the treatment of ARDS, can also be safely used in advanced stages of pregnancy. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and ECMO should be considered as life-saving treatment options for carefully selected patients. For cesarean section, neuraxial anesthesia can be safely performed in patients with mild CARDS if well planned but the therapeutic anticoagulation recommended for COVID-19 may increase the risk of bleeding complications, making general anesthesia a more viable alternative, especially in severe disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Im Zusammenhang mit der medizintechnologischen Vision über Schwangerschaftsprozesse außerhalb des Körpers werden ‚Lösungen des Abtreibungsproblems‘ diskutiert. Der Beitrag analysiert die dominanten Debattenstränge und deren antifeministische Motive sowie deren Relevanz im deutschsprachigen Kontext. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die Diskussion zum Thema auch im deutschen Kontext voranzutreiben und eine intersektionalfeministische Perspektive miteinzubeziehen. Mittels einer hermeneutischen Textanalyse bioethischer und juristischer Literatur sowie politischer Stellungnahmen (Deutscher Juristinnenbund; Doctors for Choice) wird erörtert, welche Auswirkungen die Zentralisierung des ‚moralischen Status‘ des Fötus sowie die Ausweitung fötaler Lebensfähigkeit durch die Weiterentwicklung extrakorporaler Reproduktionstechnologie haben können. In Reflexion auf den deutschen Kontext zeigt die Untersuchung weitere mögliche Effekte bezüglich selektiver Reproduktion und der Neuregelungen zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch auf. Der Beitrag plädiert für eine breitere Kontextualisierung von Abtreibungen, um die biopolitischen Zusammenhänge zu verstehen und verkürzte Schlüsse anhand des Einsatzes medizintechnologischer Innovationen zu verhindern.

Software-Apps sind inzwischen zentraler Bestandteil des alltäglichen Lebens. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser umfassenden Digitalisierung des Sozialen fragt der Beitrag danach, welche Selbstverhältnisse und generationalen Beziehungen durch Erziehungs- und Schwangerschaftsapps konstruiert und adressiert werden, welche normierenden Effekte diese Apps haben und welche Themen ausgeklammert werden. Der Beitrag beruht auf einer qualitativen Analyse von 55 Inhaltsbeschreibungen von Schwangerschafts- und Erziehungsapps aus App-Stores. Wir zeigen, dass neben hetero- und geschlechternormativen Adressierungen Schwangere und Eltern als vorausschauende Subjekte adressiert werden, die im Sinne einer antizipatorischen Risikologik insbesondere mit einem Regime des Upto- Date- bzw. Alert-sein-Müssens und einer ‚Pflicht zum Wissen‘ konfrontiert sind. Der Handlungsdruck, der auf diese Weise erzeugt wird, geht zugleich mit dem Versprechen einher, diese Aufgaben an die App abgeben zu können.

Pregnant individuals and parents have experienced elevated mental health problems and stress during COVID‐19. Stress during pregnancy can be harmful to the fetus and detrimental to the parent–child relationship. However, social support is known to act as a protective factor, buffering against the adverse effects of stress. The present study examined whether (1) prenatal stress during COVID‐19 was associated with parent–infant closeness at 6 months postpartum, and (2) social support moderated the effect of prenatal stress on the parent–infant relationship. In total, 181 participants completed questionnaires during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. A hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to assess whether social support moderated the effect of stress during pregnancy on parent–infant closeness at 6 months postpartum. Results indicated a significant interaction between prenatal stress and social support on parents' perceptions of closeness with their infants at 6 months postpartum (β =.805, p =.029); parents who experienced high prenatal stress with high social support reported greater parent–infant closeness, compared to those who reported high levels of stress and low social support. Findings underscore the importance of social support in protecting the parent–infant relationship, particularly in times of high stress, such as during the COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is evidence that gender-specific differences can influence the diagnostics, treatment and long-term disease course of myasthenia gravis (MG). In women the diagnosis is often made during childbearing age. Objective: Gender-specific differences in MG and relevant aspects in routine clinical practice are presented. In addition, current studies on family planning, pregnancy and childbirth in MG are highlighted and treatment recommendations are derived. Material and methods: Narrative literature review. Results: In addition to sociodemographic data, gender-specific differences encompass clinical as well as paraclinical factors, such as disease severity and antibody status. With few exceptions pregnancy is possible with good maternal and neonatal outcome. During pregnancy and peripartum, children of MG patients should be closely monitored for early detection and treatment of potential syndromes caused by diaplacental transfer of maternal antibodies. Conclusion: Gender-specific factors can influence the course of MG. Adequate medical counselling and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential for MG patients who wish to have children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a case before the Supreme Court (OGH) in Austria, which deals with the question of whether an unintended pregnancy and birth, despite the use of a contraceptive coil, can lead to compensation for financial losses. The OGH suggests that national case law on "wrongful conception" is not applicable within the scope of the Product Liability Directive. The plaintiff accuses the manufacturer of the coil of producing faulty products and not adequately informing the public about the defect. The court dismissed the lawsuit as it could not establish any liability on the part of the manufacturer. [Extracted from the article]

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a congenital ion channel disorder causing prolonged ventricular repolarization and presents on surface ECG with a prolonged QTc interval. This condition predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias and also sudden cardiac death. LQTS without appropriate therapy during pregnancy and the postnatal phase poses an additionally increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to physiological changes associated with gestation. We present a case report of a 30-year-old pregnant woman with known long QT syndrome Type 2 (LQT2) and discuss the management in cardiological practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Nephrologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of German Journal of Forced Migration & Refugee Studies / Zeitschrift für Flüchtlingsforschung (Z'Flucht) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Radial artery cannulation helps to maintain the stability of maternal hemodynamics and reduce complications; however, it is difficult for women with gestational hypertension. Subcutaneous nitroglycerin was found to improve the first attempt success rate of radial artery cannulation in pediatric patients. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of subcutaneous nitroglycerin on the radial artery diameter and area, blood flow rate and the success rate of radial artery cannulation in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Methods: A total of 94 women with gestational hypertension and risk of intraoperative bleeding undergoing cesarean section were identified and randomized into the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group and control group. The primary outcome was the success rate of left radial artery cannulation within 3 min after subcutaneous injecting (T2). The puncture time, number of attempts, the overall complications, and ultrasonographic measurements including radial artery diameter, cross-sectional area and depth were also recorded before subcutaneous injection (T1), 3 min after subcutaneous injection (T2) and immediately after radial artery cannulation (T3). Results: The first attempt success rate of radial artery cannulation was significantly higher (97.9% vs. 76.6%, p = 0.004) and procedure time to success was significantly shorter (111 ± 18 s vs. 171 ± 70 s, p < 0.001) in the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group as compared to the control group. The subcutaneous nitroglycerin group also had a significantly less overall number of attempts as 1/2/3 attempts (n), 46/1/0 vs. 36/7/4 (p = 0.008). Compared with the control group, the diameter and cross-sectional area of radial artery increased significantly at the T2 and T3 points in the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group (p < 0.001), as well as percentage change of radial artery diameter and CSA. Vasospasm (6.4% vs. 31.9%; p = 0.003) was significantly lower in the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group; however, no difference was found in hematoma (2.1% vs. 12.8%; p = 0.111). Conclusion: Subcutaneous nitroglycerin along with the routine local anesthetic preparation before radial artery cannulation increased the first attempt success rate of radial artery cannulation and decreased the overall number of cannulation attempts in women with gestational hypertension and risks of intraoperative bleeding undergoing cesarean section, it also decreased cannulation times and overall number of vasospasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sports medicine, as a classical cross-sectional subject, includes diverse topics which show gender-specific differences and thus require a differentiated consideration. Evidence-based research exists in the field of musculoskeletal medicine, for example, in relation to cruciate ligament injuries or concussions. Marked differences in trainability (both muscular and cardiac or pulmonary) are also emerging. Pregnancy and sport is also a topic of increasing interest. Close interdisciplinary care of female athletes, knowledge of physiological changes during pregnancy and contraindications to sports activity (especially with higher intensity) are essential here. Aspects in the field of internal sports medicine with gender differences are topics like iron deficiency or the relative energy deficit (REDS). There are also sex and gender differences with implications for preventative aspects such as the annual screening examination (so called 'preparticipation screening'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Unfallchirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract:Aims: The consumption of alcohol and nicotine during pregnancy relate to a multitude of personal and socioeconomic factors. Since even the consumption in non-clinical populations pose a health risk to children, epidemiologic data related to factors potentially contributing to an increase in consumption during pregnancy were investigated. Methodology: Cross-sectional analyses were based on interview data from 260 pregnant women taking part in a longitudinal intervention project (Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development). Women had a below-average family income, a migration background, or faced other social and cultural challenges. Descriptive statistics were calculated to determine consumption prevalence. Logistic regression models were conducted to estimate associations of alcohol or nicotine consumption with personal and socioeconomic factors. Results: Of the total sample (mean age: 31.1 years), 45 % consumed alcohol and/or nicotine during pregnancy. 92.3 % quit drinking and 62.8 % stopped smoking following confirmation of pregnancy. Better social support and higher age increased the likelihood of alcohol consumption, while this was decreased by an Islamic cultural background. Smoking was predicted by a lower level of education. Unplanned pregnancies predicted the consumption of both, alcohol and nicotine. Conclusions: A multitude of factors influence alcohol and nicotine consumption in non-clinical populations. Preventive strategies should include pre-pregnancy stages and health information needs to mirror factors contributing to consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay "Thoughts on a Neolithic Cave Painting of Birth in Anatolia and its Implications" by Derya Yalçıklı deals with the late Neolithic wall paintings in the İnkaya Cave in Anatolia. The paintings depict the life cycle, particularly the formation, development, and birth of the fetus, as well as the integration of the newborn into society with an emphasis on the role of the shaman. Similar topics such as sexuality, pregnancy, and birth are addressed in Neolithic Anatolia through wall paintings, relief art, and statuettes. The use of the "X-ray" style in the cave paintings of İnkaya fills a gap in the history of Anatolian wall painting and sculpture. The cave is located in the Delice neighborhood of the Dursunbey district in the Balıkesir province, Turkey. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Public Health Forum is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)