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Exploratory discriminant analysis was used to determine the extent adult consumers' interest motivation to participate in a free educational dairy farm event and their beliefs of the dairy industry could correctly classify the respondents' predicted participation in a nonformal educational event. The most prominent conclusion of the study was that nearly three of four adult consumers in an Indiana community would attend an educational event on a dairy farm if they: (1) were motivated to attend an educational agricultural event because it is fun, interesting, and enjoyable, (2) were motivated to attend educational agricultural events to acquire new knowledge and meet a challenge, (3) were motivated to attend educational agricultural events out of desire to be nutritionally healthy, (4) were familiar with agriculture or directly involved in the industry, (5) were in agreement with the animal welfare practices that dairy farmers implement, and (6) resided in a household that reportedly consumed at least three gallons of fluid milk per week, on average, while at home. This finding may help outreach organizations develop non-formal, educational events that are more appealing to their target audiences as well as market those events in a way that will motivate more consumers to attend.

Schutz and Lipscomb (2007) reported an audiovisual illusion in which the length of the gesture used to produce a sound altered the perception of that sound's duration. This contradicts the widely accepted claim that the auditory system generally dominates temporal tasks because of its superior temporal acuity. Here, in the first of 4 experiments, we show that impact gestures influence duration ratings of percussive but not sustained sounds. In the 2nd, we show that the illusion is present even if the percussive sound occurs up to 700 ms after the visible impact, but disappears if the percussive sound precedes the visible impact. In the 3rd experiment, we show that only the motion after the visible impact influences perceived tone duration. The 4th experiment (replacing the impact gestures with the written text "long" and "short") suggests that the phenomenon is not due to response bias. Given that visual influence in this paradigm is dependent on the presence of an ecologically plausible audiovisual relationship, we conclude that cross-modal causality plays a key role in governing the integration of sensory information. (Contains 4 footnotes, 1 table, and 17 figures.)

A growing body of research analyzing musical scores suggests mode's relationship with other expressive cues has changed over time. However, to the best of our knowledge, the perceptual implications of these changes have not been formally assessed. Here, we explore how compositional choices of 17th- and 19th-century composers (J. S. Bach and F. Chopin, respectively) differentially affect emotional communication. This novel exploration builds on our team's previous techniques using commonality analysis to decompose intercorrelated cues in unaltered excerpts of influential compositions. In doing so, we offer an important naturalistic complement to traditional experimental work—often involving tightly controlled stimuli constructed to avoid the intercorrelations inherent to naturalistic music. Our data indicate intriguing changes in cues' effects between Bach and Chopin, consistent with score-based research suggesting mode's "meaning" changed across historical eras. For example, mode's unique effect accounts for the most variance in valence ratings of Chopin's preludes, whereas its shared use with attack rate plays a more prominent role in Bach's. We discuss the implications of these findings as part of our field's ongoing effort to understand the complexity of musical communication—addressing issues only visible when moving beyond stimuli created for scientific, rather than artistic, goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The N-terminal histidine tag modification in sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus suggests that three cysteine residues are required for the reductive half-reaction, which also govern the catalytic activity. Furthermore, mutation of valine residue to aspartate in the flavin-binding domain markedly reduces substrate affinity for both sulfide and quinone.

Research has been conducted on the gene encoding sulfide-quinone reductase. The cloning of this reductase by tryptic peptide amino acid sequences is discussed.

The article examines the sequence of the 3.5-kb fragment of genomic DNA from Rhodobacter capsulatus. The functions of the sulfide-quinone reductase of R. capsulatus are discussed.

Audiences, juries, and critics continually evaluate performers based on their interpretations of familiar classics. Yet formally assessing the perceptual consequences of interpretive decisions is challenging – particularly with respect to how they shape emotional messages. Here, we explore the issue through comparison of emotion ratings (using scales of arousal and valence) for excerpts of all 48 pieces from Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier. In this series of studies, participants evaluated one of seven interpretations by highly regarded pianists. This work offers the novel ability to simultaneously explore (1) how different interpretations by expert pianists shape emotional messages, (2) the degree to which structural and interpretative elements shape the clarity of emotional messages, and (3) how interpretative differences affect the strength of specific features or cues to convey musical emotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]